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A
I
work
at
the
science
policy
research
unit
at
the
university
of
sussex,
I'm
going
to
talk
to
you
today,
following
on
from
previous
talks
on
infrastructure
and
design
as
a
system,
I'm
going
to
particularly
draw
on
a
report
that
we
did
with
colleagues
as
part
of
the
center
for
research
into
energy
demand,
solutions
on
energy
demand
in
a
net
zero
carbon
uk
and
also
draw
on
other
work.
That's
been
published
in
the
journal
nature,
climate
change
and
the
uk
climate
assembly
report.
A
So,
for
example,
people's
willingness
to
walk
or
cycle
may
be
constrained
by
the
availability
of
safe
routes
for
walking
and
cycling.
So
individuals
taking
action
is
very
important
and
they
can
provide
an
example
and
support
change,
but
I
would
argue
to
collectively
tackle
climate
change.
We
need
to
change
these
systems.
A
So
in
the
report
that
I
mentioned,
we
argued
for
shifting
the
focus
of
climate
policy
and
action
onto
also
looking
at
energy
energy
demand
and
these
systems
that
that
give
rise
to
the
use
of
energy.
So,
uk
climate
policy
has
mainly
focused
on
the
supply
of
clean
energy,
for
example
wind
power,
solar
power,
biomass
energy.
A
Now
these
are
very
important
and
necessary
part
of
the
transition
to
a
net
zero
carbon
uk,
but
all
forms
of
energy
generation
and
production
involve
some
type
of
of
environmental
impacts.
A
So
we
argued
that
that
energy
demand
change
is
more
than
just
energy
efficiency
improvements.
That's
important
part
of
it,
as
we
will
see,
but
bigger
potential
changes
which
lead
to
reductions
in
carbon
emissions
can
come
from
changing
the
way
we
use
energy
and
the
systems
that
that
give
rise
to
this.
These
energy
use,
so
that's
important,
as
well
as
looking
at
improving
energy
efficiency,
changing
the
time
of
energy
use
and,
of
course,
switching
to
low
carbon
fuels.
A
This
is
about
three
different
ways
of
changing
demand
to
reduce
carbon
emissions,
so
avoiding
is
about
avoiding
unnecessary
high
carbon
activities
and,
for
example,
one
of
the
things
that
we're
doing
now
is
an
example
of
this
we're
meeting
online
by
a
zoom
rather
than
physically
traveling,
which
would
give
rise
to
high
carbon
emissions.
A
In
the
paper
that
I
mentioned,
they
considered
a
range
of
different
potential
changes
under
these
headings
of
avoid
shift
and
improve
to
a
range
of
different
types
of
systems
of
provision
that
provide
different
services.
So
the
transport
system
provides
a
service
of
access
to
things
that
people
want,
and
mobility
for
getting
around.
A
The
the
building
system
provides
clearly
shelter
and
space
for
people
to
live
and
work,
manufacture,
systems
which
provide
manufactured
products
and
systems
provide
the
services
that
we
need
in
relation
to
clothing,
appliances,
etc,
and
the
food
system
provision
provides
nutrition
and
calories
that
we
need
to
live
and,
as
we
said,
for
each
of
these
systems,
we
can
look
at
changes
about
improving,
shifting
or
avoiding
options.
A
So
in
the
transport
example
that
could
be
about
moving
to
electric
car
or
electric
bike,
for
example,
shifting
is
about
shifting
the
mode
of
provision
so,
for
example,
from
the
car
to
cycling
or
walking
or
using
public
transport
and
avoiding
is
about
changing
the
system
so,
for
example,
integrating
transport
and
land
use
planning
or
moving
to
teleworking,
for
example,
so
or
having
meetings
such
as
this
at
a
distance
rather
than
physically
traveling,
and
you
can
look
at
the
similar
examples
for
the
building
manufactured
products
and
food
systems.
A
A
So
the
other
benefits,
in
addition
to
to
lowering
carbon
emissions
are
include
improvement
in
air
quality
which
improves
you
know.
A
A
But
this
investment
in
local
economic
solutions,
as
I
mentioned,
means
that
money
stays
in
a
local
community
which
provides
again
benefits
to
everyone,
and
we
know
by
investing
in
innovation
in
new
ways
of
doing
things.
These
new
ways
of
doing
things
usually
become
cheaper
over
time,
so
that
again
benefits
everybody
as
new
ways
of
doing
things
become
cheaper
and
more
widely
available
and
accessible
to
to
all.
A
So
why
aren't
we
doing
this?
If
there
are
all
these
benefits?
Well,
the
the
calculations
that
are
done
and
and
required
by
to
be
done
by
the
council,
for
example,
tend
to
focus
on
narrow
economic
costs
and
benefits,
rather
rather
than
these
wider
social
and
environmental
benefits
that
I've
mentioned.
A
There
are,
of
course,
vested
interests
of
people
and
businesses
who
benefit
from
the
current
system.
Who
therefore
tend
to
act
to
to
against
these.
These
changes
I
mentioned
there
are
rules,
rules
that
the
council
often
has
to
follow,
which
are
designed
around
the
current
system
rather
than
around
this
idea
of
promoting
alternatives,
and
there
are
also
this
sort
of
cultural
problem
if
you
like
of
that,
we've
been
become
used
to
focusing
on
individual
benefits.
What's
in
it
for
me,
rather
than
collective
benefits,
how
do
we
do
this
better
together?
A
So
I
would
argue
by
following
these
type
of
actions,
avoiding
shifting
and
improving
to
reduce
carbon
emissions,
that
we
can
collectively
tackle
climate
change
and
support
our
places
and
people
to
thrive.
Thanks
very
much.