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From YouTube: Apollo 11 Anniversary - Dr. James Lochner
Description
Dr. James Lochner talks about the Apollo 11 anniversary.
A
B
B
A
Okay,
so
today
we
have
a
very
special
person
here
by
his
name
is
dr.
James
Lautner?
He
is
a
physicist
and
he's.
Formerly,
the
education
and
public
outreach
lead
for
a
specific
division
at
NASA
Goddard
Space
Flight
Center,
while
under
contract
with
University
Space
Research
Association.
That
means
he
developed
a
lot
of
educational
resources
and
he
gave
professional
development
to
teachers
and
astrophysics
and
astronomy.
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A
In
and
its
associated
curriculum
support
material,
so
there's
a
lot
of
things
there
also
for
teachers.
Special
projects
included
topics
such
as
black
holes,
galaxies,
the
origin
of
the
elements
and
the
history
of
the
universe
and
I
here
we're
studying
right
now,
the
origin
of
the
universe
is
very
cool.
Dr.
Lochner
is
also
organizer
of
the
annual
command
at
walk
event.
Coming
here
have
been
to
the
planet,
walk
dad.
You.
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A
A
Master
physicists
engineers,
those
kind
of
people
on
all
the
planets
and
then
asteroids
and
other
things
too,
and
they
have
activities
for
you
if
you
can't
think
of
any
questions,
but
you
can
just
have
conversation
with
them.
So
if
this
is
a
field
that
you
are
interested
in,
it's
a
way
to
find
out
more
information.
A
A
He
is
the
president
of
the
astronomy
club
and
he
was
is
going
to
be
spearheading
field
trips
and
projects
and
of
course
the
event
also
includes,
and
a
public
astronomy
talk
in
the
evening
at
the
Anne
Arundel
Community
College,
and
if
the
weather
is
good,
the
skies
are
clear.
There's
a
star
party,
there's
a
lot
of
fun
and
you
get
to
hear
it
really
cool.
Ok,
please
help
me
welcome
dr.
James
Lackner.
C
Thank
you.
Thank
you.
Thank
you,
mr.
Benington
man.
Thank
you
for
having
me
and
thank
you
for
being
here
so
this
year,
we're
celebrating
the
50th
anniversary
of
the
first
landing
on
the
moon,
and
the
first
exploration
of
it
actually
was
a
culmination
of
both
a
scientific
and
an
engineering
effort,
but
it
actually
started
as
a
political
effort,
so
first
going
back
to
1957.
This
is
when
the
Russians
launched
Sputnik,
which
was
the
first
artificial
satellite
to
orbit
the
earth
that
took
the
world
by
surprise.
C
Now
the
Americans
had
been
developing
artificial
satellites,
but
they
hadn't,
yet
they
weren't
yet
ready
for
launch.
So
the
Russians
launched
the
first
artificial
satellite
in
1957.
This
was
sort
of
not
quite
this
was
kind
of
rather
upsetting
for
the
America
and
then
in
1961
the
Russians
launched
the
first
person
into
space
Irina
that
was
in
April
of
1961.
This
really
took
the
world
even
more
by
surprise
and
in
some
ways
the
Russians
really
linked
their
space
achievements
with
essentially
Russian
superiority,
Soviet
superiority
and
at
this
time,
in
the
late
50s
and
into
the
60s.
C
This
was
tough.
This
was
the
time
of
the
Cold
War,
which
meant
that
essentially,
it
was
the
u.s.
and
the
Soviets
trying
to
see
who
would
be
the
more
dominant
world
power,
not
necessarily
militarily,
not
necessarily,
you
know,
through
military
actions,
but
just
being
able
to
influence
the
world,
and
so.
C
Why
the
Russians
were
pretty
important
now
John,
F
Kennedy
was
elected
in
1960.
He
took
office
as
president
in
early
1961,
so
when
Gagarin
was
the
first
man
in
space,
Kennedy
was
not
happy
about
this.
He
was
not
happy
that
the
Soviets
had
surpassed
the
u.s.
Kennedy
needed
to
lose
and
so
Kennedy
started
to
think
about.
What
can
we
do?
What
can
the
United
States
do?
That
would
really
be
a
leapfrog
over
the
Russians.
C
He
gave
this
speech
before
Congress
and
since
everything
is
on
the
Internet,
you
can
go
and
you
can
listen
to
this
on
the
internet
and
you
should
because
you
catch
a
sort
of
hist
and
his
rhythm,
as
he
says.
He
says
I
believe
that
this
nation
should
commit
itself
to
achieving
the
goal
before
this
decade
is
out
of
landing.
B
C
Man
on
the
moon
and
returning
him
safely
to
the
earth,
and
he
goes
on
to
say
no
single
space
project
in
this
period
will
be
more
impressive
to
mankind
or
more
important
for
the
long-range
exploration
of
space,
and
none
will
be
so
difficult
or
expensive
to
accomplish
so
so
Kennedy.
He
was
looking
for
a
way
to
beat
the
Russians.
Though
there
were
alternatives,
you
could
go
militarily,
you
could
go
economically
or
to
go
by
technology.
He
thought
technology
was
actually
the
most
practical,
and
so
that's
why
he
settled
on
this
and
later
it's
so
earlier.
C
In
May
of
1961
Alan
Shepard
became
the
first
American
in
space.
He
actually
took
a
suborbital
flight
into
space.
It
was
only
up
for
about
15
minutes,
but
this
was
a
major
achievement
and
this
helped
Kennedy
and
this
sort
of
spurred
him
on
to
give
this
speech
later
in
May
of
1961
and
then
further
later
in
February
of
1962
Johnny
Glenn
became
the
first
American
to
actually
order
theater,
and
this
was
a
really
big
accomplishment
and
so
partly
spurred
by
that
in
September
of
1962.
C
The
speech
near
the
end
of
the
speech
Kennedy
talks
about
he
says,
but
if
I
were
to
say
my
fellow
Americans
that
we
shall
send
to
the
moon
240,000
miles
away
from
the
control
station
here
in
Houston
a
giant
rocket,
more
than
300
feet
tall,
and
then
he
goes
on
to
talk
about
how
the
rocket
is
made
of
alloys
of
material,
possibly
not
yet
invented.
He
goes
on
to
talk
about
the
systems
by
which
we
would
go
to
the
moon
and
come
back.
C
He
talks
about
the
re-entry
of
the
space
capsule
and
how
the
heat
shield
on
the
space
capsule
would
have
to
withstand
temperatures
of
240,000
degrees,
and
he
says
this
is
almost
as
hot
as
it
as
it
is
here
today
in
Houston.
He
goes
on
to
say
these
things
that
he
says.
If
we
are
to
do
these
things,
then
we
must
be
bold
and
so
Kennedy
really
believed
in
this
mission,
and
he
really-
and
he
was
one
of
the
strongest
impetuses
to
doing
this,
and
when
and
and
so
this
did
become
a
space
race.
C
C
So,
as
I
said
that
this
journey
to
the
moon
was
very
incremental,
it
started
step-by-step
testing
each
step
along
the
way.
Now
it
started
with
the
Mercury
program.
Now
the
Mercury
program
was
already
underway.
When
John
Kennedy
proposed
the
Mercury
program
was
single
astronaut
launched
into
space.
They
were
known
as
the
mercury
7
because
there
was
seven
astronauts
and
the
purpose
of
the
Mercury
program
was
just
the
first
get
us
into
space
and
then
also
to
see,
can
people
operate
in
space?
Can
we
you
know,
can
we
can
we
function
in
space?
C
Can
we
do
basic
things
in
space
and
we
found
out
that?
Yes,
we
could,
and
so
the
Mercury
program
was
then
followed
by
the
Gemini
program
Gemini,
which
in
Greek
mythology
is
the
story
of
the
twins.
So
there
were
two
astronauts
that
went
up
on
the
Gemini
program
and
these
two
astronauts
extended
the
capabilities
of
the
Mercury
program.
C
They
they
again
extended
the
ability
of
functioning
in
space,
but,
more
importantly,
it
was
a
matter
of
can
we
do
things
like
space
Lincoln,
two
spacecraft
meet
in
space
and
actually
dock,
so
what
they
started
to
do
is
to
put
together
the
building
blocks
of
things
that
would
be
needed
in
order
to
go
to
the
moon
so
docking
in
space,
doing
spacewalks
and
those
sorts
of
things.
Those
were
the
things
that
the
Gemini
program
took.
C
So
when
Gemini
was
done,
then
we
were
ready
for
Apollo
and
the
Apollo
program
was
the
program
that
would
actually
take
us
to
the
moon.
So
these
are
the
astronauts
from
Apollo
1.
This
is
Ed
White,
Gus,
Grissom
and
Roger
Chaffee.
Now
ed
white
and
Gus
Grissom.
They
had
been
in
space
before
and
Apollo
1
was
supposed
to
launch
in
February
in
1967.
Now
in
January
of
1967,
they
were
doing
a
simple
test.
C
They
were
doing
the
test
inside
the
capsule
atop
a
top
of
the
rocket,
and
it
was
supposed
to
be
just
a
simple
test
of
this
checking
out
the
mechanisms
and
checking
out
the
pristine.
So
these
three
astronauts
were
in
that
capsule
atop
the
rocket.
Now
at
that
time
the
capsule
was
had
a
100%
pure
oxygen
atmosphere
in
it
and
so
the
astronauts
they
were
in
there
doing
the
test
and
it
turned
out
that
there
was
faulty
wiring
in
the
capsule
and
to
faulty
wiring.
C
There
was
a
spark
that
went
on
in
the
capsule
and
then
there
was
a
fire
in
the
capsule
and
the
mansion.
There
was
a
one
hundred
percent
pure
oxygen
atmosphere
in
that
capsule.
So
the
fire
spread
very
quickly
and
the
astronauts
could
not
get
out
of
the
capsule,
and
so
these
three
astronauts
perished
in
the
capsule
on
the
ground.
This
was
a
big
tragedy
for
NASA.
It
was
a
really
big
moment
for
NASA
and
much
soul-searching
for
NASA,
so
they
did
a
study.
C
They
figured
out
what
went
wrong
and
then
it
has
a
recommitted
itself
to
this
goal
of
going
to
the
moon
and
they
reek
emitted.
All
the
people
who
were
working
on
this
there
were
400,000
people
in
the
United
States
working
on
the
Apollo
program,
building,
building
a
spacecraft
creating
the
but
of
the
spacesuits,
and
all
these
people
re
committed
themselves
and
they
began
to
think
about.
C
The
life
of
these
astronauts
is
in
my
hands,
and
so
they
became
dedicated
to
top
quality,
to
make
sure
that
they
would
do
their
very
best
to
ensure
the
safety
of
the
astronauts
and
the
success
of
the
mission.
So
with
this
recommitment
from
NASA
and
all
the
contractors
that
worked
on
it,
the
Apollo
program
did
continue.
So
a
rocket
that
was
to
take
the
astronauts
to
the
moon
is
a
Saturn
5
rocket.
C
This
is
this
is
an
immense
rocket
300
feet
tall
a
person
on
this
scale
would
probably
be
about
that
thick,
so
this
is
an
immense.
It
was.
It
was
engineered
and
designed
by
Verna
von
Braun,
and
it
was
designed
to
take
humans
from
Earth
to
to
the
moon,
and
it
needed
to
be
this
big
because
of
the
power
that
was
needed
to
escape
Earth's
gravity.
Now
the
capsule,
where
the
astronauts
are
is
way
up
here
on
the
top
okay
and
all
of
this
here's
the
first
stage,
the
second
stage
and
the
third
stage.
C
That
comes
back
is
this
capsule,
so
this
is
actually
a
picture
of
Apollo
4,
so
what
they
did
was
they
did
unmanned
uncrewed
tests
of
the
of
the
rocket
to
make
sure
that
everything
was
in
order.
So
this
is
actually
Apollo
for
this
was
actually
launched
in
November
of
1967,
and
then
there
was
a
puddle
5
and
a
published
6
works
were
also
uncrewed
and
no
one
was
aborted.
But
then,
finally,
in
October
of
1968
Apollo
7
launched
Apollo
7
didn't
quite
go
on
this
rocket
and
went
on
a
slightly
smaller
version
of
this
rocket.
C
But
Apollo
7
was
the
first
successful
mission
in
the
Apollo
program.
There
were
three
astronauts
aboard
and
the
purpose
of
Apollo
7
it
all
it
did
it
just
orbited
the
earth,
but
the
purpose
of
Apollo
7
was
to
test
everything
the
test,
everything
in
the
command
module
where
the
astronauts
were
and
to
see
can
they
stay
up
for
the
top
for
the
length
of
time
that
it
would
take
to
get
to
the
moon
and
come
back
and
Apollo
7
was
immensely
successful,
so
with
Apollo
7
done.
Apollo
8
was
the
next
mission.
C
Now
part
of
the
design
of
the
Apollo
program
was
to
have
what
they
called
his
lunar
module
that
would
actually
go
down
to
the
surface
of
the
Moon
and
land
on
the
moon.
The
problem
was
Apollo.
8
was
supposed
to
test
the
lunar
module,
but
the
lunar
module
was
not
ready
in
late
1968,
so
they
thought
about
what
to
do
with
Apollo
8.
C
The
Soviets
had
continued
to
send
robotic
missions
to
the
moon
and
there
was
intelligence
that
the
Russians
were
preparing
to
send
the
crew
around
the
moon,
and
so
we
didn't
want
to
get
beat
again,
and
so
a
decision
was
made
to
send
Apollo
8
to
the
moon,
to
do
again
just
to
orbit
the
moon
not
to
land
on
the
moon,
but
just
to
work
at
the
moon.
And
so
that's
what
Apollo
8
did
and
one
of
the
things
that
Paolo
II
did
was
to
take
this
picture.
C
C
They
got
this
picture
in
color
now,
Frank
Borman
commented
that
he
said
our
earth
was
quite
coddled
colorful
and
pretty
and
delicate
compared
to
the
very
rough
rugged,
beat-up
even
boring,
lunar
surface
I
think
it
struck
everybody
that
here
we
come
240,000
miles
to
see
the
moon
and
it
was
the
earth
that
was
really
worth
looking
down
when
this
picture
was
published.
It
in
a
sense
really
changed
everything
because
it
gave
people
a
different
perspective.
C
Astronauts
head
up
head
expert
when
they
get
when
astronauts
go
into
space.
They
often
comment
on
the
Oasis
that
the
earth
looks
in
this
deep
blackness
of
space
and
with
the
publication
of
this
picture,
this
really
started
the
environmental
movement
we're
back
in
the
late
60s
in
the
early
70s.
It
was
called
the
ecology,
but
this
picture
really
started
them
and
if
you
want
to
know
where
does
birthday
come
from,
Earth
Day
has
its
origins
in
this
picture.
C
Now
this
was
late,
1968,
it
actually
Apollo
8
knew
actually
over
Christmas
of
1968,
and
so
this
was
also
near
the
end
of
President
Johnson's
presidency.
So
when
his
presidency
ended
in
early
1970
one
of
the
things
he
did
was
he
wrote
a
letter.
He
wrote
a
letter
to
each
of
the
world
leaders
and
he
included
this
picture.
In
that
note,
I
think
it
was
a
matter
to
give
more
leaders
a
truly
global
perspective
on
where
we
are
and
what
their
relationship
to
each
other
should
be.
C
One
other
thing
that
happened
with
Apollo
8,
as
I
said
it
flew
over
Christmas.
You
know
it
started
a
few
days
before
Christmas
and
it
came
back
after
Christmas
and
on
Christmas
Eve.
They
gave
a
telecast,
and
you
know
it
was
to
show
the
astronauts
in
space
around
going
around
the
moon
and
they
knew
that
they
would
be
doing
this
telecast
and
beforehand.
They
thought
about
well
what
you
would
do
with
this
telecast
and,
and
one
of
the
wives
said
well,
why
don't
you
read
the
creation
story
from
Genesis
and
he
says
okay.
C
Someone
later
told
Frank
Foreman,
thank
you,
you
saved
1968,
so
1968
was
a
smashing
success.
After
1968
after
after
Apollo
8
came
sorry,
Apollo
8
was
a
smashing.
Success,
1968
might
not
affect,
but
Apollo
8
was
a
smashing
success.
After
Apollo
8
came
Apollo
9
now,
Apollo
9
did
have
the
lunar
module
on
it.
An
Apollo
9
was
essentially
testing
this
system,
Apollo
9
it
just
orbited
the
earth.
Apollo
9
did
not
go
to
the
moon,
but
it
was
testing
this
system.
Here's
the
command
module
where
the
astronauts
were.
This
is
the
service
module.
C
This
has
the
oxygen
tanks,
it
has
the
fuel,
it
has
the
electrical
power,
that's
in
the
service
module.
It
also
serves
at
the
propulsion,
and
this
is
the
lunar
module.
This
is
the
lunar
module.
It
goes
down
to
the
moon,
there's
two
stages.
This
is
the
descent
stage
and
a
semi
and
and
passing
stage
and
the
lunar
module.
The
astronauts
are
here
in
the
ascent
stage,
though
the
purpose
of
Apollo
8,
Apollo
9,
was
to
test
this
entire
system.
C
C
Okay,
okay,
sorry,
then,
in
May
of
1969
Apollo
10
was
essentially
the
dry
run
to
the
moon.
It
took
this,
went
to
the
moon
and
did
everything
but
land
on
the
moon.
A
lunar
module
actually
went
down
to
about
eight
miles
within
the
lunar
surface
and
then,
finally,
who
was
Apollo
11,
and
this
is
the
crew
of
Apollo
11,
Neil
Armstrong.
C
Buzz
Aldrin
and
Michael
Collins
these
astronauts
as
many
of
the
astronauts.
They
were
fighter,
pilots,
they
hadn't,
some
of
them
had
military
experience
and
the
reason
the
astronauts
word
had.
This
kind
of
cadre
was
because
this
essentially
was
a
whole
big
engineering
test,
and
these
were
in
a
sense,
experimental
spacecraft.
C
So
just
like,
when
you
have
experimental
aircraft,
you
want
people
who
are
really
capable
of
being
able
to
work
the
technology
and
to
know
and
to
know
what
to
do
when
things
don't
go
quite
right,
and
so
that's
why
many
of
the
early
astronauts
were
fighter
pilots
and
test
pilots.
So
this
was
the
crew
of
Apollo
11
II,
and
this,
of
course
put
it
all
together.
In
July
of
1969,
there
was
Neil
Armstrong
who
took
the
first
step
on
the
moon
and
his
famous
words.
It's
one
small
step
for
man,
one
giant
leap
for
mankind.
C
C
To
say
my
first
up
on
the
moon
and
his
brother
said
you
have.
That
sounds
good,
and
so
that's
what
he
said
now
it
was
Neil
Armstrong
who
took
the
pictures.
So
that
means
the
pictures
that
you
see
are
all
of
Buzz
Aldrin,
because
Neil
happy
camera.
So
this
is
Buzz
Aldrin
descending
from
the
lunar
module
onto
the
lunar
surface,
Buzz
Aldrin's.
First
words
on
the
moon
was
magnificent
desolation
because
he
saw
this
lunar
landscape,
this
grey,
lunar
landscape
and
look,
and
it
was
very
desolate.
But
yet
there
was
some
magnificence
about
it.
C
So
that's
why
he
said
magnificent
desolation,
Neil
and
Buzz
were
on
we're
on
the
lunar
surface
for
about
two
and
a
half
hours,
they
did
things
like
they
set
up
the
flag.
Now
the
flag
has
this
little
wave
in
it.
Only
because
now
that
the
flag
was
sort
of
in
this
three
pieces
assembly
thing
and
we
when
they
took
it
out,
they
actually
bent
one
of
the
rods.
C
So
there's
no
air
on
the
moon,
of
course,
and
so
when
they
were
when,
when,
when
the
engineers
were
designing
this
and
they
thought
well,
how
are
you
going
to
display
the
flag?
Well,
we're
gonna
need
some
horizontal
rods
in
order
to
display
the
flag,
and
so,
however,
when
they
took
out
when
the
astronauts
took
out
the
flag,
they
accidentally
bent
one
of
the
rods,
and
so
that's
why
the
flag
has
its
little
wave
in
it.
Well
all
the
subsequent
astronauts
they
liked
the
fact
that
it
had
the
little
wave
in
it.
C
So
they
made
sure
that
you
know
they
did
a
slight
Bend
of
the
rod
in
order
to
have
so
that
the
flag
would
have
this
little
wave.
So
here,
of
course,
is
Buzz
Aldrin
standing
with
the
standing
with
the
flag.
The
other
thing
they
did
was
they
unveiled
this
plaque.
This
is
a
product
that
was
on
one
of
the
legs
of
the
lunar
module
and
it
says
and
again
you
can
go
online.
C
And
this
again
is
another
picture
of
Buzz
Aldrin,
and
here
you
can
actually
see
and
the
reflection
of
his
helmet.
There
is
the
picture
of
Neil
Armstrong
taking
Buzz's
picture.
So,
as
I
said,
they
were
on
the
moon
for
about
two
and
a
half
hours
they
collected
about
48
pounds
of
moon
rocks
and
their
entire
walk
on
the
moon.
I
think
would
just
about
fit
inside
this
one
room,
maybe
a
little
bigger
than
this
room,
so
they
didn't
go
terribly
far
from
the
lunar
module,
but
they
did
things
that
were
very
important
and
an
after.
C
Oh,
no.
The
other
ceremonial
thing
is
that
Richard
Nixon
actually
called
them
and
talked
to
them
on
the
moon
and
one
of
the
things
Richard
Nixon
said
he
first
of
all
said
this
has
to
be
the
most
historic
phone
call
ever
placed,
and
they
concluded
that
by
saying
the
whole
world
is
united
for
one
moment.
For
one
priceless
moment,
the
world
is
united
in
art,
but
in
our
pride
in
an
our
hopes
for
your
safe
return,
so
after
they
got
done
with
all
this
sort
of
a
ceremonial
stuff,
then
they
actually
got
to
work.
C
C
The
Lowell
Observatory
actually
sent
the
laser
beam
to
the
moon
and
received
the
reflection
of
the
laser
beam
back
and
how
that's
useful
is
that
allows
scientists
that
determined
precisely
how
far
away
the
moon
is,
and
in
doing
so,
they
could
also
track
through
time
the
rate
at
which
the
moon
is
actually
moving
away
from
them.
So
they
did
the
experiments
and
they
collected
all
the
moon,
rocks
I.
Think
we're
done
now.
C
One
of
the
other
interesting
things
is
that
when
you
go
online
and
you
and
you
look
at
the
television
pictures,
there's
a
television
picture
of
Neil
descending
the
ladder-
this
is
a
ghostly
image
and
there
is
this
television
picture
of
them
descending
the
ladder
and
it's
stepping
on
the
moon
and
staying
his
famous
words
turns
out
that
camera
has
a
local
connection.
Miss
abetik
mentioned
the
planet.
C
Walk
the
planet,
walk
on
the
BNA
trail
was
established
by
Stan
Lamarr
Stan
Lebar
was
in
charge
of
developing
the
camera
that
brought
us
the
television
pictures
from
the
moon.
He
worked
at
Westinghouse
and
he
was
the
head
of
the
team,
and
this
was
a
big
job,
because
at
the
time
television
cameras
were.
C
Cameras
they
sat
on
tripods
away
like
foreigner
crowns
and
the
job
of
his
team
was
to
miniaturize
that
so
it
could
be
seven
pounds
and
it
could
be
and
it
could
go
on
the
lunar
module.
Essentially,
what
stan
levar
did
was
to
invent
the
first
handheld
video
camera.
That
was
actually
a
television
antenna,
so
miniaturization
of
electronics
was
something
that
was
very
important
in
the
development
of
Apollo.
C
So
in
a
pod,
so
this
broadcast
was
watched
by
615
million
people.
This
was
a
ser,
a
fair
fraction
of
the
number
of
people
in
the
free
world
at
that
time,
and
it
was
also
broadcast
on
radio
as
well.
So
this
was
among
the
first
in
Palo,
a
Christmas
Eve
light
up
and
the
first
global
broadcast.
This
was
certainly
among
the
first
and
probably
the
largest
global
broadcast
ever
so
I'm
gonna
pause
here
and
I'm
gonna.
Ask
anyone
who
happen
to
be
alive
at
that
time.
B
A
Besides,
were
you
alive,
yeah
I
always
liked?
Well,
I
was
at
the
time
a
camp
counselor
in
Missouri,
and
all
of
us
camp
counselors
got
together
because
there
was
only
one
TV
at
camp
hotter
day
and
it
was
at
the
cheap
camp
counselors
cabin,
and
so
we
all
crowded
in
there
around
this
little
bitty
TV
and
very
enthusiastically
watched
the
historic
moon
landing.
It
was
very
cool
right.
C
The
moon
landing
itself
took
place
on
a
Sunday
afternoon
and
then
the
moonwalk
was
later
that
evening
was
10.
I
think
was
1056
Eastern
Time
when
Neil
first
stepped
foot
on
the
moon,
July
20th
yeah,
that's
like
silicon.
Now
everything
is
at
the
descent
stage.
It's
still
there
yep
this
part.
The
ascent
stage
took
the
astronauts
back
up,
but
the
descent
stage
is
still
on
the
North.
Now
now
a
subsequent
NASA
mission
called
the
Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter,
which
orbited
the
moon
and
did
continued
studies
of
the
moment.
C
It
actually
took
pictures
of
all
of
the
lunar
landing
sites
and
in
those
pictures
you
can
see
the
descent
stage
and
you
can
see
the
little
tracks
of
the
astronauts
and
the
path
that
they
took.
Exploring
the
lunar
surface.
So
so
you
can
actually
see
those
things
and
those
things
remain,
the
flag
is
still
there.
The
only
thing
about
the
flag
is
that
the
colors
of
the
flag
have
been
faded.
There's
because
of
the
ultraviolet
light
that's
coming
from
the
Sun.
A
A
C
C
Now,
in
the
middle
50
years
ago,
there
were
only
three
television
revenues
and
each
of
these
networks,
of
course,
had
their
Evening
News
and
the
anchors
for
those
evening
dinners
with
fairly
prominent
people-
and
you
know,
fairly
important
people-
and
this
was
a
time
in
the
late
60s
when
these,
when
the
anchors
engendered
trust
and
among
them
and
most
prominent
among
them,
was
Walter
Cronkite
he's
what
he
was
with
CBS
and
he
was
probably
about
the
most
trusted.
Man
in
America.
C
People
would
tune
into
Walter
Cronkite
and
they
knew
they
could
that
he
knew
that
he
was
given
as
Walter
Cronkite
was
telling
him
the
straight
dope,
but
Walter
was
also
a
big
fan
of
the
space
program
and
he
was
the
one
who
was
there,
who
would
who
would
anchor
the
broadcast
for
the
support
for
all
of
the
Apollo
missions?
I
think
even
the
Gemini
mission
he
was
there
and
during
the
moon
landing
and
during
the
moonwalk,
nearly
half
of
the
57
million
television
sets
in
America
were
tuned
to
Walter
Cronkite.
C
Now
I'm
gonna
go
back
and
I'm
gonna
tell
the
story
about
the
landing
and
stuff
because
it
ends
with
Walter.
So
the
moon
landing
itself,
like
I
said,
was
on
a
Sunday
afternoon,
and
everybody
really
did
think
that
it
was
the
most
risky
part
of
the
entire
adventure.
And
again
you
can
go
online
and
you
can
listen
to
this
and
you
can
watch
it
now
in
watching.
B
C
When
you
see
it,
when
you
see
these
things-
and
you
see
these
commemoratives
and
you
said
they
these
commemorative
programs
and
they
go
through
the
moon-landing.
Often
what
you
see
is
the
shot
of
a
lunar
surface
and
you
see
the
dust
and
all
that
sort
of
thing.
That's
not
what
we
saw,
because
the
that
that
camera
was
actually
a
film
camera
taken
outside
taking
pictures
taking
a
film
outside
of
one
of
the
windows
of
the
lunar
module.
C
That
means
they
have
60
seconds
or
the
fuel
left
and
what's
happening.
Is
that
the
automatic
pilot
on
them
on
the
lunar
module
was
taking
the
lunar
module
into
a
crater
and
Neil
Armstrong?
Who
saw
this
and
he
took
control
and
he
piloted
the
lunar
module
and
he
was
looking
for
a
safe
landing
site
and.
B
C
The
holiday,
do
you
hear
Buzz
Aldrin
he's
calling
out
numbers
he's,
calling
out
things
like
for
forward
and
30
and
two
and
a
half
down,
and
what
he's
calling
out
is
he's
calling
out
the
forward
velocity
or
ft/s
forward
velocity
he's
calling
out
how
far
above
the
lunar
surface,
they
are
30
feet,
17
feet
he's
calling
out
what
their
descent
velocity
is.
Two
and
a
half
feet
two
and
a
half
feet
per
second,
so
he's
calling
out
these
numbers
and
they
get
a
menu
here,
30
seconds
they
have
30
seconds
of
fuel
left.
C
And
finally,
you
hear
you
know
picking
up
some
dust
contact,
light
on
engine
off
and
then
buzz
goes
through
a
bunch
of
things
where
he's
taught
he's
essentially
shutting
down
the
systems
and
the
Neil
comes
on
and
he
says
Houston
tranquility
base
here
the
eagle
has
landed
and
Mission
Control
in
Houston
comes
back,
it's
Charlie
Duke.
He
says
tranquility
we
copy
on
the
ground.
You
got
a
bunch
of
guys
here
about
to
turn
blue
we're
breathing.
Again
thanks
a
lot
and
then
in
the
CBS
broadcast
it
kind
of
day
they
had
the
simulation.
C
The
camera
cuts
to
Wally
schirra
now
Wally
schirra
had
flown
on
the
Mercury
Gemini
and
Apollo
missions.
Wally
schirra
was
essentially
the
technical
expert
that
that
Walter
Cronkite
use
he
was
kind
of
we
might
think
of
it
as
the
color
commentator.
So
the
camera
turns
to
Wally
schirra
and
Wally.
Schirra
is
wiping
his
eye
and
and
Walter
Cronkite
for
the
first
time
ever
well.
For
the
first
time
ever,
he
says
Wally
I'm
speechless,
say
something
there's
about
the
only
time
Walter
Cronkite
was
ever
speechless.
C
C
So
this
was
a
really
big
moment.
It
was
a
big
moment
throughout
forever.
Okay,
so
Apollo
11
was
successful.
Later
there
were
other
Apollo
missions
they
spent
longer
on
the
moon.
They
did
more
extensive,
traverses,
Apollo
14.
Sorry,
Apollo
14
was
first
to
use
the
lunar
rover
and
this
really
allowed
the
astronauts
to
go
further,
the
Oscar
not
to
spend
longer
on
the
moon
there
EPA's
might
be
on
order
four
hours
long
and
when
Apollo
17,
which
was
the
last
of
which
was
the
last
one.
This
was
in
December
of
1916.
C
Sorry
1972
there
were
one
of
the
astronauts
was
Harrison
Schmitt.
He
was
the
first
scientist
to
go
to
the
moon.
He
was
a
geologist
and
he
actually
trained
the
other
astronauts
he
trained
them
so
that
when
they
got
to
the
moon,
what
to
look
for
what
types
of
rocks
to
pick
up
and
that
sort
of
thing
so
Apollo
17
traveled
about
4.7
miles
from
the
lunar
module.
Four
point:
seven
miles:
that's
about
the
distance
from
here
till
our
supermarket.
They
did
a
total
distance
driving
around
of
about
22
miles
the
furthest
they
went
from.
C
The
lunar
module
was
about
four
point
seven
miles,
and
this
was
one
of
the
last
pictures
taken
by
Apollo
17
we're
going
back
to
earth
and
this
another
is
a.
This
was
a
nut,
that's
again
taken
in
December
of
1972.
This
continued
to
spur
on
the
ecology,
movement
and
the
environmental
movement
that
to
take
a
real
picture.
These
are
all
real
pictures.
So,
what's
what's
interesting
about
this
picture
is
the
contrast.
We
see
the
white
of
Antarctica,
the
clouds,
the
blue
of
the
oceans,
and
here
is
Africa.
Essentially
it's
a
picture.
That's
really
everything.
C
C
C
Finally,
what
then
is
the
legacy
of
the
Apollo
missions?
What
did
we
learn
from
it?
What
came
about
from
it?
Well,
first
of
all,
it
showed
that
the
United
States
could
accomplish
something
that
was
difficult,
that
we
could
achieve
a
goal
that,
and
it
was
through
a
civilian
program
and
we
were
able
to
meet
the
technology
challenges.
C
There
was
an
optimism,
America's
ability,
but
really
very
much
a
can-do
spirit.
It
demonstrated
Americans
abilities
to
the
world.
It
was
one
of
the
best
diplomatic
messages
that
America
could
ever
give
that
we
could
set
out
to
accomplish
this
and
we
could
do
it,
and
the
world
saw
this
not
just
as
America's
accomplishment,
but
they
really
saw
it
as
the
world's
accomplishment.
C
It
was
also
a
technology
revolution,
all
of
that
miniaturization
to
take
up
your
cell
phone.
Where
is
that
miniaturization
start?
It
starts
in
the
60s
and
it
really
accelerates
with
the
Apollo
program
and
the
necessity
of
miniaturization
and
computers
and
electronics
I
mentioned
it
also
started
the
ecology
or
the
environmental
movement,
and
so,
if
all
that
this
was
so
great,
why
did
it
end?
Well,
it
actually
added
for
a
number
of
reasons.
First
of
all,
it
was
partly
the
cost.
C
It
was
10
percent
that
the
Apollo
program
was
about
10
percent
of
the
federal
budget
over
the
course
of
a
10
or
11
years.
It
cost
about
25
million
dollars.
Now
that's
a
1960
dollars.
If
you
put
that
in
today's
dollars,
it's
about
a
hundred
and
eighty
billion
dollars,
the
NASA
budget
is
twenty
billion
dollars
a
year,
but
the
cost
to
go
to
the
moon
was
180
billion.
E
C
Overall,
the
space
crow
program
was
actually
not
universally
popular.
It
was
popular.
It
was
popular
for
Apollo,
8
and
Apollo
11.
Those
really
caught
the
imagination,
but
it
was
not
universally
popular.
There
were
people
who
were
against
the
space
program.
There
were
people
who
thought.
Why
are
we
spending
this
money
on
space?
When
we
could
spend
the
money
on
other
things,
we
could
spend
the
money
on
infrastructure.
We
could
spend
the
money
on
helping
the
poor
and
there
was
also
the
idea.
C
Why
are
we
devoting
all
of
our
technology
to
going
to
space
when
we
could
utilize
their
technology
to
solving
problems
here
on
earth?
So
it
was
not
universally
popular,
but
there
was
enough
will,
as
I
mentioned,
there
was
kind
of
that
legacy
of
Kennedy
that
helped
to
drive
us
to
the
moon
and
accomplish
the
goal
now,
but
near
the
conclusion
of
the
Apollo
program.
Nasa
set
up
a
task
force
in
order
to
think
about
what
should
we
do
next
and
they
have
big
ideas.
C
They
had
ideas
like
a
space
station,
a
base
on
the
moon,
a
space
shuttle
program
going
to
Mars,
and
all
of
these
things
were
presented
to
President
Nixon
but
Nixon.
He
said
that
that
that
many
critical
probe
of
problems
here
on
this
planet
make
high
priority
demands
on
our
attention
and
our
resources,
and
so
of
all
the
things
that
were
proposed.
C
There
was
a
Vietnam
War.
There
were
things
that,
where
people
became
less
trusted
in
their
code
in
government
and
among
young
people
become
partly
because
of
the
background
that
the
astronauts
had
younger
people
thought
of
the
astronauts,
even
though
not
all
the
astronauts
were
military
and
not
all
the
astronauts,
you
know
had
military
backgrounds,
but
younger
people
perceived
them
to
be
part
of
that
military
establishment
and,
of
course,
in
the
late
60s
in
the
early
70s.
The
young
people,
of
course,
were
being
drafted
to
go
to
Vietnam
were
very
much
against
the
military.
C
The
later
Apollo
missions
I
mentioned
that
when
Apollo
11
landed,
you
know
they
did
the
ceremonial
things
and
then
they
got
to
work
well.
The
later
Apollo
missions
were
very
much
working
missions,
they
were
exploring
the
moon
and
they
were
doing
the
science
and
that
doesn't
quite
catch
people's
imagination.
Unless
you're,
an
astronomer
or
a
planetary
scientist
doesn't
quite
catch
people's
imagination
to
get
up
at
4:00
a.m.
in
to
watch.
You
know,
men
walk
on
the
moon
as
as
Apollo
11
might
have,
and
then.
C
C
We
like
things
that
are
that
that
have
drama
and
that
are
adventurous
and
after
Apollo
11
that
the
one
exception
of
Apollo
13
it
was
kind
of
routine,
and
so
it
sort
of
fell
out
of
it
fell
out
of
the
American
consciousness,
except,
of
course,
when
we
come
back
to
anniversaries
like
this.
So
thank
you
all
for
your
kind
attention
and
if
you
have
any
questions,
I
won't
take
questions.
E
B
C
B
B
C
C
So
why
white
only
two
people
walk
around
well
that
was
kind
of
the
design
of
the
mission
because
they
head
to
the
in
some
ways
they
tend
to
minimize
what
they
sent
up
just
because
of
the
capability
of
the
Saturn
5.
The
Saturn
5
was
pretty
powerful
rocket,
but
wasn't
infinitely
powerful.
There
was
a
limit
to
what
it
could
launch
and
then
they
also
thought
in
terms
of
how
they
were
going
to
go
to
the
moon.
I'm
gonna
have
that
service
module
in
the
command
module
and
a
separate
lunar
module,
so
what
they
did.
C
What
they
decided
was
that
we
needed
someone
to
stay
in
the
command
module
two
would
go
dead.
Two
would
go
down
to
the
lunar
moth
to
the
surface
of
the
Moon,
but
we
need
to
needed
someone
to
stay
up
in
the
command
module
so
that
the
lunar
module
could
duck
back
up.
So
it
was
sort
of
you
know
this
kind
of
like
okay.
We
need
to
figure
out
what
is
the
minimum
number
of
people
we
need
to
take,
and
so
they
decided
three,
two
of
which
could
go
down.
B
C
C
I'll,
try
not
to
be
too
pedantic,
so
there
was
as
far
as
the
ones
that
had
people
on
them.
There
was
Apollo
one
which
course
failed
on
the
ground
and
then
Apollo,
seven
through
17,
so
there
were
11
of
them.
Apollo
11
through
17.
Their
missions
were
to
land
on
the
moon
and
an
Apollo
13
because
of
the
explosion
of
an
oxygen
tank
in
the
service
module.
That
mission
was
curtailed
and
did
not
land
on
the
home,
so
essentially
Apollo
11,
12,
14,
15,
16
and
17.
They,
those
are
the
ones
that
landed.
C
C
Did
they
know
how
to
get
to
the
moon?
So
it's
not.
So
that
actually
is
a
interesting
question,
because
because
the
moon
is
a
moving
target,
so
when
you
launch
you
know
when
you
launch,
you
can't
aim
your
rocket
at
where
the
moon
is
because,
by
the
time
you
get
there,
the
moon's
gonna
move,
and
so
they
actually
had
to
work
out
what
they
call
celestial
mechanics
and
it
would
have
to
figure
out.
C
D
C
C
B
A
C
Okay,
well,
I,
don't
I,
don't
think
you
could
fall
off
the
moon,
because
the
moon
is
a
sphere
just
like
the
earth,
so
I
don't
think
that
that
is
impossible.
There
is
sort
of
the
issue
in
terms
of
what,
if
they
had
an
accident
and
if
they
were
injured
so
long
as
they
could
get
into
the
lunar
module
and
take
the
ascent
stage
back
up
to
the
command
module,
then
they
could
get
home.
C
D
C
Do
it
one
other
thing?
So,
as
I
said,
there
were
four
hundred
thousand
four
hundred
thousand
people
who
worked
on
the
Apollo
program
recently
at
the
Air
and
Space
Museum.
Three
of
the
women
who
worked
on
the
Apollo
program
gave
short
talks
and
you
can
actually
watch
this.
This
is
a
webcast.
All
you
have
to
do
is
just
google
women
of
Apollo
air
and
spins,
and
then
this
will
come
up
and
these
three
women
they
don't
work.
It's
different
in
different
portions
of
Apollo
Joann
Morgan.