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From YouTube: Margaret E. Wagner on America and the Great War
Description
Author Margaret E. Wagner speaks about her book, "America and the Great War: A Library of Congress Illustrated History". Recorded June 21 2017 at the Arlington Public Library.
A
Oh
good
evening,
everybody
hear
me
all
right:
I'm
Dianne
crash
director
of
Arlington
County
Library
delighted
to
see
such
a
nice
crowd
for
a
very
specialized
topic
this
evening,
but
certainly
a
very
timely
one.
Some
of
you
may
be
aware
that
Arlington
has
convened
a
commemorative
taskforce
in
honor
of
our
involvement
in
World
War,
one
aka,
the
Great
War,
because
it
wasn't
supposed
to
happen
again,
but
Margaret
will
explain
all
of
that
as
we
get
into
the
program
this
evening,
a
couple
of
housekeeping
things.
If
you've
got
a
phone,
please
turn
it
off.
A
This
will
be
taped.
So
when
we
get
into
the
question
and
answer
period,
Vicki
will
hand
microphones
and
I
know
that
can
be
annoying,
but
it
really
helps
with
the
audio
preservation
of
the
program
and
then
other
people
have
access
to
it.
Margaret
will
speak
around
40
minutes
and
then
invite
questions.
We
do
have
one
page
books
here
with
us
this
evening.
A
Margaret
is
a
senior
writer
publisher
with
the
publishing
office
at
the
Library
of
Congress
and
the
author
of
a
few
more
books.
Of
course,
let's
see
Library
of
Congress
World
War,
two
companion
in
the
Civil
War
American
Civil
War
365
days,
and
also
an
illustrated
history
of
Maxfield
Parrish.
So
your
multi-dimensional,
but
tonight
we're
here
to
talk
about
World
War,
one.
So
without
further
pauses.
Please
welcome
Margaret
Wagner.
B
So
thank
you
to
Diane
and
thank
you
to
one
more
page
books
for
being
here
and
it's
a
particular
joy
for
me
to
be
at
this
library.
Of
course,
I
love.
Libraries
in
my
checkered
career
I
have
worked
at
two
of
them.
I
was
MS
ready
reference
at
the
Rockford
Illinois
Public
Library,
briefly
after
I
graduated
from
college
and
of
course
now.
B
I
have
the
great
joy
to
work
at
the
nation's
library,
your
library,
the
Library
of
Congress,
but
I
have
a
particular
feeling
for
the
Arlington
libraries,
because
I'm
a
long
time,
Arlington
Ian
and
for
some
of
the
first
years
that
I
lived
here,
I
lived
right
across
the
street
at
1020
North
Quincy
Street.
So
this
was
my
second
home
so
I'm
home
again,
so
it
is,
and
since
I'm
talking
about
libraries
by
the
way
and
since
Diane
had
mentioned,
I
will
get
this
right.
B
Since
Diane
had
mentioned
that
Arlington,
like
many
other
local
venues,
are,
are
celebrating
or
commemorating
the
American
participation
in
World
War,
one
I.
Just
like
to
point
out
and
invite
you
to
the
Library
of
Congress,
which
is
also
commemorating
World
War
one,
and
some
of
you
have
picked
up
this
Library
of
Congress
magazine
commemorative
edition.
B
One
veteran's
and
the
library
is
also
mounting,
has
mounted
a
major
exhibition,
echoes
of
the
Great
War,
which
will
extend
through
January
of
2019,
and
so
please
do
come
and
participate.
Take
a
look
at
the
exhibition.
It's
going
to
go
through
three
rotations,
which
means
that
they'll
be
changing
out
items.
So
by
the
end
of
that
there
will
be.
B
B
B
B
B
B
There
are
impeccably
well
cared
for,
but
you
can
see
in
the
relative
size
and
coloration
of
the
tombstones
there,
the
outcome
of
the
war
and
the
emotional
reverberations
from
it
in
France,
a
number
of
the
memorials
commemorate
the
American
contribution
to
the
war
during
its
relatively
short,
but
very
important
time
of
belligerence.
Only
nineteen
months,
however,
what
did
World
War
One
mean
to
the
United
States
from
the
very
beginning
to
the
after
me,
half
of
the
war.
That
is
what
America
and
the
Great
War
examines.
B
B
Arizona
and
New
Mexico
had
just
been
added
to
the
country
in
1912,
so
in
Americans
some
Americans
were
thinking
in
the
words
of
a
popular
song
of
the
day.
Oh
boy,
oh
joy,
where
do
we
go
from
here?
It
was
a
boisterous
entrepreneurial
nation.
It
was
a
nation
of
immigrants.
It
had
a
tiny
army
for
the
United.
States
did
not
wish
to
be
a
militaristic
nation.
It
figured
an
army
of
128,000.
B
Actually
in
1912
it
was
fewer
than
100,000.
Men
would
be
adequate
to
take
care
of
the
defense
of
the
nation.
The
prologue
looks
at
the
four-person
contest
that
brought
Woodrow
Wilson
to
the
presidency,
and
it
looks
at
the
belief
that
was
prevalent
among
forward-looking,
Europeans
and
Americans,
including
Wilson's
Secretary
of
State
William
Jennings
Bryan,
Bryan,
that
the
era
of
major
military
conflicts
was
over
that
the
developed
nations,
if
you
will
of
the
world,
were
so
intertwined
in
finances
in
trade
in
many
ways
that
there
would
be
no
sense
to
have
a
major
war.
B
It
was
also
the
apex
of
the
Progressive
Era,
as
Woodrow
Wilson
said
in
his
first
inaugural
address.
The
great
government
we
loved
has
too
often
been
made
use
of
for
private
and
selfish
purposes,
and
those
who
used
it
had
forgotten
the
people
so
progressives
Wilson
and
the
progressives
who
supported
him
were
dealing
with
major
problems.
They
were
determined
to
reform
some
of
these
problems,
some
of
which
will
sound
very
familiar
to
us
today.
Great
concern
over
income
inequality,
great
concern
over
regulating
the
giant
conglomerates
called
business
trusts.
B
B
Another
problem
that
the
progressives
address
but
which
white
progressives
very
much,
including
Woodrow
Wilson
preferred
to
ignore,
was
the
country's
troubled
racial
relations.
The
portrait
at
the
upper
right
here
is
of
the
outspoken
civil
rights
activist,
William
Monroe
Trotter,
who
was
the
spokesman
that
so
offended
President
Wilson
on
the
second
visit
to
the
White
House.
He
led
two
delegations
when
in
November
of
13
and
one
in
November
of
1914
asking
the
Wilson
administration
to
rescind
the
segregation
of
the
federal
workforce
which
Wilson
had
imposed
when
he
got
into
office.
B
He
had
so
offended
the
president
that
the
president
effectively
declared
him
persona
non
grata.
He
would
never
get
to
the
White
House
again,
despite
the
nation's
and
Wilson's
preferred
concentration
on
domestic
improvement.
Americans
absolutely
could
not
avoid
foreign
relations
concerns.
The
most
immediate
and
press
in
the
spring
of
1914
was
the
ongoing
revolution
in
Mexico,
the
southern
neighbor
in
which
40,000
Americans
lived
at
that
time
and
in
which
Americans
had
significant
financial
holdings.
B
B
B
Even
before
the
formal
declarations
of
war
that
occurred
in
Europe
in
early
August,
the
war
affected
the
United
States.
There
were
a
number,
many
Europeans
were
heavily
invested
in
American
industry
and
they
began
as
the
war
got
closer.
They
began
cashing
in
their
stocks
for
American
gold.
As
a
result,
the
government
became
very
concerned
in
the
American
stock
markets
closed
down
at
the
end
of
July
1914
and
did
not
open
again
for
months.
B
130,000
Americans
were
now
trapped
in
Europe.
They
had
been
traveling
there.
They
had
been
studying
there.
All
the
banks
were
shut
down,
transportation
was
unavailable,
so
the
book
goes
into
the
story.
It's
a
very
nice
story,
one
of
my
favorites
in
the
book
of
the
rescue
mission,
the
government
and
private
sector
rescue
mission
that
brought
all
130,000
back
by
the
end
of
October.
B
This
young
gentleman
here
commemorates
the
fact
that
10,000
of
those
people
trapped
were
school
teachers
who
were
off
studying
school
systems
of
other
countries
and
he's
looking
at
an
apt
and
accurate
reflection
of
newspaper
headlines
that
were
saying
well,
it
looks
like
school
is
going
to
have
to
be
delayed
until
these
teachers
get
back
and
he's
saying
to
hear
everybody
talk.
You'd
think
this
here
war
was
a
bad
thing,
but
this
year
war
was
a
bad
thing.
B
Americans
immediately
the
American
government
immediately
declared
neutrality
and
Woodrow
Wilson,
soon
embarked
on
a
quest
to
guide
the
warring
nations
to
the
conference
table
to
find
a
negotiated
settlement
for
the
war
and
Wilson
was
a
man
with
a
sense
of
mission.
He
felt
very
strongly
that
the
United
States
as
the
greatest
and
most
powerful,
the
largest
neutral
nation
and
one
with
an
exceptional
Democratic
history.
It
would
be
the
perfect
instrument
to
guide
the
belligerents
to
the
conference
table
in
October.
B
B
Strict
neutrality
meant
no
loans
to
anybody
that
was
fighting,
but
in
the
event,
all
this
money
that
was
loaned
out
came
quickly
back
to
the
United
States,
so
that
by
1915
the
recession
that
had
been
going
on
in
1913
1914
was
over
and
the
United
States
was
well
on
its
way
to
becoming
a
principal
world
economic
power.
Most
of
the
money
loaned,
of
course
went
to
the
Allies,
but
at
the
beginning
some
also
went
to
the
Central
Powers.
The.
B
Another
great
effort
started
of
it
became
eventually
became
known
as
Near
East
relief
and
that
rivaled
the
Commission's
for
relief
in
Belgium
in
its
size,
but
all
over
Europe
Americans
who
lived
in
Europe
were
setting
up
hospitals
and
ambulance
cores.
There
was
such
great
outpouring,
and
the
book
also
touches
on
the
experiences
of
some
of
the
American
men
who
floated
u.s.
neutrality
to
join
belligerent
fighting
units.
Almost
all
of
them
fought
for
the
Allies
by
the
end
of
1914
expectations
for
a
short
war
were
dashed.
B
There
always
seemed
to
be
expectations
for
a
short
war,
and
there
almost
always
the
land
war
became
an
industrial
age
nightmare
that
introduced
a
host
of
new
and
improved.
If
you
can
call
them
that
weapons
organized
air
forces,
the
flamethrower
lethal
gases,
those
last
two
were
introduced
in
1915
by
the
Germans
masked
heavy
artillery
masked
machine
guns.
All
of
this
made
the
war
a
nightmare.
No
one
had
ever
anticipated.
B
It
was
the
maritime
war,
however,
that
most
immediately
concerned
Americans
the
Allied
surface,
Navy
blockaded
the
Central
Powers,
which,
as
it
expanded
violated
the
accepted
rules
of
war
for
blockading,
was
a
near
constant
irritant
to
Americans,
but
it
was
an
irritant
that
was
generally
offset
by
the
incoming
allied
war
orders
the
u-boat
counter
blockade
on
which
the
Germans
embarked
in
February
1915
and
for
which
there
were
no
applicable
rules
of
war.
Since
this
is
the
first
war
in
which
there
was
organized
submarine
warfare
that
counter
blockade
put
American
lives
in
peril.
B
The
first
major
crisis
came
in
May
1915,
when
123
Americans
were
among
the
eleven
hundred
and
ninety-eight
people
who
died
when
a
u-boat
sank,
the
British
liner
Lusitania,
without
any
warning
from
then
until
April
1917.
That's
almost
two
years,
President
Wilson,
still
determined
to
bring
both
sides
to
the
negotiating
table,
still
determined
that
America
would
Renate
would
remain
neutral,
walked
a
very
challenging
diplomatic
tightrope
while
facing
increased
political
pressures
at
home.
The
American
peace
movement
remained
very
strong.
B
B
B
The
Wilson
administration
turned
away
from
poncho
via
who
had
seemed
to
Americans
at
the
very
first
to
be
the
strongest
faction
and
the
one
least
most
likely
to
end
the
turmoil,
and
it
recognized
the
government
of
venustiano
carranza
and
this,
of
course,
infuriated
poncho
via
in
January
1916.
The
American
review
of
reviews
had
this
to
say
about
the
war.
War
for
Europe
is
meaning
devastation
and
death
for
America,
a
bumper
crop
of
new
millionaires
and
a
hectic
hastening
of
prosperity
revival,
and
this
was
accurate.
B
1916
would
be
another
financially
profitable
year.
However,
pressures
from
beyond
US
borders
were
increasing
the
u-boat
danger,
which
waned
and
waxed
waned
again
in
March.
When,
for
the
second
time,
the
Germans
pledged
that
their
submarines
would
abide
by
the
rules
of
surface
naval
warfare,
they
would
not
sink
merchant
vessels
without
prior
warning
and
without
seeing
to
the
safety
of
the
passengers
and
crew.
This
was
restricted
submarine
warfare
that
same
month,
March
Pancho
Villa
and
his
guerrilla
band
raided
Columbus,
New,
Mexico,
killing
seventeen
Americans
and
infuriating
every
one
of
their
countrymen.
B
General
John,
J
Pershing
led
several
thousand
troops
into
Mexico
on
a
month-long
punitive
expedition
and
in
that
photo,
General
Pershing
is
right
there.
Fourth
from
the
left
and
the
gentlemen
lurking
behind
him
is
a
young
staff
officer
by
the
name
of
George
Patton
who,
when
he
went
over
to
Europe,
would
become
fascinated
by
these
new
devices:
cold
tanks.
B
B
Meanwhile,
Britain
also
incurred
American
anger
when,
despite
us
pleas
for
mercy,
it
executed
the
leaders
of
the
Easter
Rising
in
Ireland
and
again
when
the
British
government
issued
a
blacklist
of
more
than
80
American
firms
and
individuals
suspected
of
doing
business
with
the
central
powers
in
Europe.
The
horrors
of
war
seemed
to
be
growing
exponentially
and
1916
saw
the
months-long
battles
of
they're
done,
and
the
Somme
Americans
individual
Americans
were
serving
in
the
ranks
of
the
Allied
armies.
B
At
both
these
battles,
a
very
unique
individual,
the
african-american
Eugene
Bullard
was
who
had
joined
the
Foreign
Legion
was
fighting
at
Verdun
and
was
severely
wounded.
He
would
go
on
to
become
a
pilot
in
the
French
air
forces
and
Alan
Seeger,
an
American
poet
who
had
just
completed
what
his
his
most
famous
poem
about
a
month
before
I
have
a
rendezvous
with
death
was
killed
in
the
first
days
of
the
Battle
of
the
Somme
Americans
were
also
flying
over
the
trenches.
B
At
those
battles,
1916
saw
the
official
debut
of
a
discrete
American
flying
unit
in
the
French
forces.
The
soon-to-be
famous
Lafayette
Escadrille
at
home
preparedness
forces
were
gaining
ground
now,
with
the
wholehearted
assistance
of
President
Wilson.
Who
said
in
one
speech
all
the
rest
of
the
world
is
on
fire
and
our
own
house
is
not
fireproof
so
to
begin
fire
proofing,
the
house
that
year
Congress
passed
a
naval
Appropriations
Act,
which
called
for
a
massive
expansion
of
the
u.s.
Navy
by
the
year
1925.
B
It
also
passed
the
National
descents
Act,
which
allowed
for
an
increase
in
the
US
Army
all
the
way
up
to
175,000
men
and
also
strengthened
federal
control
over
the
National
Guard
and
for
the
first
time
in
American,
history
allowed
the
President
to
deploy
the
National
Guard
overseas
for
the
period
of
an
emergency
May
27th
of
this
year,
President
Wilson
also
announced
a
major
shift
in
u.s.
foreign
policy,
declaring
the
u.s.
a
full
partner
in
international
affairs.
Americans
had
been
involved
internationally.
B
Of
course,
ever
since
we
became
a
United,
States
are
businessmen
and
missionaries
were
all
over.
The
world
were
very
interested
in
world
trade,
but
now
the
war
was
teaching
Wilson
that
we
could
not
remain
totally
aloof
from
what
people
had
Americans
before
thought
of
as
the
political
squabbles
between
foreign
nations.
We
are
participants
whether
we
would
or
not
in
the
life
of
the
world.
B
Wilson
said
what
affects
mankind
is
inevitably
our
affair,
while
all
this
was
happening,
members
of
the
American
Union
against
militarism
were
touring
American
cities
making
speeches
against
what
they
saw
as
the
American
drift
toward
european-style
militarism,
which,
in
their
view,
could
only
bring
the
United
States
to
the
kind
of
disaster
that
was
occurring
in
Europe.
A
UAM
speakers
were
accompanied
by
a
giant
paper,
mache
dinosaur
named
jingo,
which
was
identified
as
being
all
armor
plate
and
new
brains.
B
19:16
was
also
a
presidential
election
year,
Wilson
versus
two
very
respected
Republican
Charles,
Evans
Hughes,
and
that
race
became
a
very
close
one
and
not
just
because
Wilson
still
refused
to
endorse
a
constitutional
amendment
for
women's
suffrage.
He
said
he
believed
that
was
a
matter
for
the
states
and
in
fact,
a
number
of
u.s.
B
states
by
this
time
had
given
women
the
right
to
vote,
but
there
was
no
national,
no
constitutional
amendment
once
he
was
reelected
and
it
took
three
days
after
the
election
for
him
to
be
sure
it
was
that
close
once
he
was
reelected
Wilson
turned
again
to
diplomacy.
First
in
December
of
1916,
he
sent
a
note
to
all
the
belligerent
leaders
asking
them
to
state
specifically
their
war
aims,
and
he
managed
to
offend
both
sides.
B
In
the
note,
by
saying
that,
up
to
that
time,
the
war
aims,
as
they
had
stated
them
seemed
to
be
the
same
in
January
of
1917.
He
delivered
what
became
to
be
what
came
to
be
known
as
his
peace
without
victory
speech.
In
this
speech,
he
asked
whether
this
war
was
quote
a
struggle
for
a
just
and
secure
peace,
or
only
for
a
new
balance
of
power.
B
B
All
belligerent
and
neutral
ships
encountered
in
wide
swaths
of
the
Atlantic
Ocean
and
Mediterranean
Sea
would
be
sunk
without
warning
on
January
31st
of
1917,
ambassador
von
Bernstorff,
informed
Secretary
of
State
Robert
Lansing
that
that
unrestricted
warfare
would
start
the
next
morning,
just
in
case
this
would
be
the
final
straw
for
the
United
States
and
would
bring
it
into
the
war.
The
Germans
decided
to
hedge
their
bets
and
foreign
minister
arthur
zimmerman,
sent
a
coded
telegram
to
the
German
ambassador
in
Mexico
and
that
telegram
said
that,
in
the
event
the
United
States
entered
the
war.
B
The
Germans
invited
the
Mexicans
to
enter
into
an
alliance
against
the
United,
States
and
Germany
would
support
Mexico
financially
and
would
also
help
Mexico
get
back
some
of
the
territory
that
the
United
States
received
after
the
1846
1848
Mexican
war.
That
would
include
the
states
of
Arizona
and
New
Mexico.
Of
course,
when
this
became
common
knowledge,
it
was
published
in
American
papers
on
March
1st
1917.
This
did
nothing
to
soften
the
American
mood
against
the
Germans.
B
Socialists,
for
example,
led
by
Eugene
Debs.
They
divided
many
socialists
decided
that
their
domestic
aims
would
be
best
served
by
supporting
the
American
war
effort.
Mr.
dibbs,
however,
was
one
of
the
Socialists
that
remained
adamantly
against
the
war.
He
felt
that
the
United
States
was
going
to
war
for
all
the
wrong
reasons
and
in
fact
he
would
be
sent
to
prison
for
his
views
during
the
war.
B
The
suffrage
movement
also
divided
most
suffrage.
Workers
also
believed
that
if
they
cooperated
in
the
war
effort,
if
they
worked
to
support
the
war
effort,
that
would
further
their
quest
for
a
constitutional
amendment.
However,
there
were
some
more
radical
ones,
headed
by
Alice
Paul,
who
wanted
to
keep
their
eyes
on
that
prize.
That
they
had
been
searching
for
for
so
very
long,
and
so
they
continued.
The
suffragettes
under
that
were
associated
with
Alice
Paul
actually
started
picketing.
B
The
White
House
in
January
of
1917,
the
first
people
ever
to
do
that
and
Alice
Paul
would
also
be
sent
to
prison
during
the
war
the
african-american
community
wholeheartedly
supported.
They
wrote
the
president
spokespersons,
wrote
the
president
saying
that
they
could.
He
could
count
on
the
loyalty
of
the
african-american
community
and
w
EBD
voice
was
a
chief
proponent
of
supporting
the
war
effort
in
order
to
gain
more
leverage
to
get
to
the
Equality
that
the
African
Americans
had
been
searching
for
for
so
very
long.
B
There
were
some
African
Americans,
however,
who
did
object
to
supporting
the
war
effort?
A
philip
Randolph
was
one
of
them.
He
took
a
phrase
from
the
April
2nd
speech
in
which
President
Wilson
asked
for
a
declaration
of
war
that
the
world
must
be
made
safe
for
democracy
and
said
in
his
newspaper.
Maybe
it
would
be
better
to
make
Georgia
safe
for
the
Negroes.
B
When
and
there
is
a
usurper
up
there,
a
non-american
in
the
middle
of
March
1917
Americans
were
almost
ecstatic.
I
mean
you'd,
be
surprised
at
some
of
the
newspaper
accounts
when
Americans
discovered
that
the
first
revolution
Russian
Revolution,
had
taken
place
in
the
middle
of
March
and
that
deposed
czar
nicholas,
who
is
the
only
autocrat
leading
a
nation
on
the
Allied
side
and
replaced
him
with
a
more
liberal
government
that
planned
to
stay
in
the
war
with
Russia's
huge
forces
which
were
at
about
six
or
seven
million
at
that
time.
B
So
this
made
it
a
little
bit
easier
for
the
United
States
to
feel
that
this
was
a
war
defending
democracy.
Nevertheless,
when
the
vote
came
in
Congress
after
two
and
a
half
days
of
grueling
debate,
fifty-six
legislators
voted
against
a
declaration
of
war
and
one
of
those
fifty-six
was
Jeannette
Rankin,
the
first
woman
elected
to
Congress.
This
was
her
very
first
vote
and
she
cheerfully
said
I
want
to
support
my
country,
but
I
cannot
vote
for
war.
News.
Rankin
was
also
the
only
American
legislator
to
vote
against
American
entry
into
World
War
two.
B
The
book
contemplates
the
many
major
questions
raised
by
the
declaration
of
war.
Would
it
be
necessary
to
send
an
army
overseas
or
would
financial
supply
and
naval
assistance
be
adequate
and
for
a
period
of
weeks
we
thought
that
would
be
the
United
States
major
contribution?
How
large
an
army
would
be
needed
in
either
event?
How
would
it
be
raised?
How
would
the
war
effort
be
funded?
What
roles
could
or
should
women
play?
How
would
u
s
forces
coordinate
with
the
larger
and
more
experienced
Allied
Armed
Forces?
B
It
discusses
the
heated
civilian
debate
over
conscription,
and
there
was
also
a
very
heated
congressional
debate
over
conscription
and
the
determination
to
build
and
maintain
a
distinct
American
army
rather
than
to
place
US
soldiers
within
allied
ranks,
and
this
is
a
picture
of
the
french
commission
that
came
to
washington
in
April
1917.
All
the
Allied
countries
sent
Commission's
to
the
United
States.
The
first
two
were
the
British
and
the
French
and
they
came
to
see
how
prepared
the
United
States
was
for
war
and
they
discovered
not
very.
B
The
French
were
the
most
popular
because
we
Americans
still
thought
remembered
how
France
helped
us
when
independence
in
the
Revolutionary
War
General
Pershing
there
he
is
again.
I
was
after
the
the
Commission's
helped.
The
Wilson
administration
decide
that
an
army
was
a
US.
Army
was
needed
overseas.
B
The
American
Expeditionary
Expeditionary
Forces
was
formed
and
at
its
head
there
was
nothing
in
it
at
the
moment,
but
at
its
head
was
John
J
Pershing,
who
had
just
returned
in
February
from
the
unsuccessful
punitive
expedition
and
that
gentleman
next
to
him
is
Secretary
of
War
Newton
Baker,
who
had
been
a
pacifist
before
being
named
to
that
office,
but
he
proved
to
be
an
extremely
effective
Secretary
of
War.
This
gentleman
was
distinguished
beard
over
here.
B
B
B
Post
masters
would
send
complaints
to
Burleson,
who
was
also
looking
around
and
seeing
magazines
and
newspapers
that
he
thought
were
publishing,
suspect
materials.
So
there
was
this
great
network
in
the
through
the
post
office,
a
peace
activist
and
Wellesley
College,
professor
Emily
Welsh,
spoke
against
a
broadly
worded
provision
in
the
Espionage
Act
that
restricted
freedom
of
speech,
rather
severely
her
testimony
and
that
of
many
others
who
testified
against
this
provision.
B
Tempered
it
somewhat,
but
again,
the
determination
of
what
should
not
should
or
should
not
be
construed
as
anti-war
or
anti-war
support
was
very,
very
broad.
It
was
also
a
period
of
a
great
deal
of
vigilantism.
Now
the
vigilantes
there
were
not
actually
vigilantes.
This
was
an
organization
of
writers
and
artists
and
actors
who
were
organized
to
support
the
war
effort,
but
all
across
the
United
States
in
towns
and
states,
and
nationally
where
there
was
a
great
organization,
I
mean
a
large
organization
called
the
American
Protective
League
that
worked
with
the
American
government.
B
America
and
the
great
war
also
looks
at
mobilization,
expectations
and
actualities.
Overall,
the
American
war
effort
was
an
astonishing
I
had
almost
a
miraculous
success,
an
army
of
128
thousand
growing
to
about
four
million
in
nineteen
months,
half
of
those
men
being
transported
overseas.
But
there
were
epic
problems
in
War,
Department
organization,
in
manufacturing
and
distribution
of
supplies
for
the
American
Expeditionary
Forces
in
transportation.
In
regulating
resources,
there
were
congressional
investigations,
senator
George
Chamberlain,
a
member
of
the
president's
very
own
political
party,
became
one
of
the
severus
critics
of
the
war
effort
and
its
failures.
B
We
are
still
unprepared
without
a
definite
war
program
and
still
without
trained
men.
He
roared
in
a
public
speech
in
December
1917.
He
raised
presidential
hackles
by
suggesting
the
American
war
effort,
be
directed
not
by
the
President
or
not
by
the
War
Department,
but
by
a
War
Cabinet
of
three
distinguished
citizens
of
private
ability.
This,
of
course,
did
not
happen
and
gradually,
though,
problems
never
disappeared,
they
were
reduced
to
manageable
size
in
November
1917.
B
A
second
Russian
Revolution
brought
the
Bolsheviks
to
power
and
the
Bolsheviks
immediately
declared
an
armistice
that
allowed
Germany
to
transfer
combat
hardened
divisions
to
the
Western
Front
more
were
transferred
after
the
Bolsheviks
signed,
the
breast
with
Tosk
treaty
in
early
March
1918
by
the
third
week
in
march,
1918
as
US
forces
still
requiring
training,
were
very
slowly
arriving
but
were
not
president
present
in
sufficient
numbers
to
come
anywhere
near
to
tipping
the
scales
at
that
time.
In
march,
German
forces
on
the
Western
Front
outnumbered
allied
troops.
B
By
about
two
to
one
on
March
21st
general
Erich
Ludendorff
launched
a
massive
five
stage
offensive
and
the
first
big
blow
sent
Allied
troops
with
some
very
ill-prepared
Americans
and
training
mixed
in
reeling
backwards.
At
one
point
in
the
line
they
sent
them
back
forty
miles
in
the
US.
This
frightening
news
sparked
measures
to
get
dill
boys
or
Sammy's.
They
were
known
as
both
to
Europe
at
a
much
faster
pace,
many
with
very
little
training.
It
also
sparked
an
upsurge
in
vigilantism
and
questionable
actions
by
combinations
of
local
officials
and
so-called
agents
of
vigilant
societies.
B
March
saw
the
first
of
the
so-called
slacker
raids,
general
detention
of
any
man
who
wasn't
carrying
his
draft
registration
card
to
be
held
without
recourse
until
it
was
determined.
He
wasn't
a
draft
dodger
and
some
of
these
sweeps
hundreds,
even
thousands
of
men,
were
swept
up
all
the
theaters
off
the
streets
and
held
in
pens
or
stuffed
into
jails
for
days
occasionally
weeks
on
end,
and
it
turned
out
that
approximately
90
or
95%
of
the
men
who
were
caught
in
these
nets
were
not
draft
dodgers.
B
It
addresses
the
very
different
treatment
accorded
the
nation's
white
and
black
soldiers,
including
the
two
black
combat
divisions,
the
92nd,
which
served
very
unhappily
under
American
command
and
the
under-strength
93rd,
which
fought
with
distinction
and
great
valor
under
French
command.
It
tells
a
significant
American
battle
action,
including
say
shipwreck,
contain
ye
Bella
wood
chateau-thierry,
the
French
led
an
Marne
offensive
and
the
two
major
us-led
offensives
sonmi
L
in
September
early
September
1918
and
the
four-stage
meuse-argonne
offensive
that
lasted
from
late
September
to
the
end
of
the
war.
B
It
provides
glimpses
of
the
experiences
of
individuals,
some
of
whom,
like
future
world
war
ii,
army
chief
staff
and
post-world
war
ii,
Secretary
of
State
George
Marshall,
were
very
familiar.
Others
are
relatively
unknown.
General
Pershing
called
the
much
decorated
Samuel
would
fill
the
most
outstanding
American
soldier
of
World
War.
One
John
Lang
was
one
of
three
hundred
men
of
the
US
six
engineers
completely
untrained
in
combat
who
were
caught
in
that
first
wave
of
the
March
1918
German
offensive.
He
and
his
men
gamely
joined
with
British
units
to
fight
their
way
out.
B
The
book
also
follows
4,000
American
troops
to
freezing
ark
angel
in
the
north
of
Russia,
where
they
fought
some.
They
engaged
in
some
combat
with
Bolshevik
troops,
and
it
follows
9,000
American
troops
to
Vladivostok
in
Siberia
where
they
remained
until
about
1920
and
they
did
not
engage
in
much
combat.
They
were
there
to
to
encourage
the
anti-bolshevik
forces
and
also
to
keep
their
eye
on
the
japanese
troops
that
were
in
the
area
in
force.
Japan
was
in
emerging
competitor
with
the
United,
States
and
Asia
at
that
time.
B
The
Spanish
flu
pandemic
hit
the
United
States
in
force,
taking
an
estimated
500,000
American
lives
before
it
abated
and,
of
course,
the
flu
was
also
affecting
American
troops,
all
troops
in
Europe.
At
the
same
time,
the
books
epilogue
describes
the
multiple
questions
and
problems
resulting
from
bringing
to
a
rapid
halt,
a
war
effort
that
was
just
beginning
to
hit
its
peak
efficiency
and
emotional
fervor.
It
goes
abroad
with
Woodrow
Wilson,
the
first
sitting,
president
to
travel
to
Europe
and
touches
on
the
vast
hopes
and
bitter
disappointments
that
resulted
from
that
journey.
B
B
Bolshevism
replaced
Prussian
ISM
as
a
prime
target
of
vigilantism,
as
the
country
went
through
its
first
Red
Scare.
The
second
one,
of
course,
was
after
the
Second
World
War.
On
a
much
more
positive
note,
Congress
finally
passed
the
19th
amendment
to
the
Constitution
after
it
had
languished
for
many
months
in
the
US
Senate.
Its
ratification
on
August
18
1920
meant
that
after
decades
and
decades
of
struggle
American
women
finally
had
the
constitutional
right
to
vote.
B
Women
were
among
the
voters
who
heeded
Warren
Harding's
call
for
a
return
to
normalcy
that
gained
him.
The
White
in
1920
by
then
the
United
States
facing
no
discernible
military
threat
had
reduced
its
army
to
137
thousand
men
in
other
vastly
significant
ways.
However,
there
could
be
no
turning
back.
The
United
States
had
emerged
from
the
war,
the
world's
reading
economic
and
the
premier
political
power,
with
demonstrated
ability
to
project
military
might
abroad.
B
It
had
failed
to
join
the
League
of
Nations,
but
it
was
soon
working,
unofficially
with
League
committees
to
assure
continuing
peace
and
stability
that
were
so
vital
to
United
States
interests
in
1921.
The
United
States
organized
a
successful
five
nation
naval
disarmament
conference,
the
first
such
conference
to
take
place
in
Washington
shortly
thereafter
recognizing
the
country's
new
position
in
the
world
and
the
truth
of
Wilson's
1916
statement
that
we
are
participants,
whether
we
would
or
not
in
the
life
of
the
world.
B
A
number
of
influential
Americans
formed
the
Council
on
Foreign
Relations
to
be
better
prepared.
As
the
council
history
notes,
four
significant
responsibilities
and
decision-making
in
world
affairs
as
venerable
American
statesmen,
LSU
root.
One
of
the
council
founders
stated
in
1922
I
suppose
that
the
people
of
the
United
States
have
learned
more
about
international
relations
within
the
last
eight
years
than
they
had
learned
in
the
preceding
80
years.
They
are,
however,
only
at
the
beginning
of
the
task,
and
that
concludes
my
presentation.
Thank
you
very
much.
C
D
B
Is
a
lot
of
debate
but
clearly
World
War,
one
left
Europe
in
a
mess,
and
it
wasn't
just
with
the
Armistice
or
with
the
signing
of
the
peace
treaty.
There
was
really
no
peace
war
broke
out
between
the
Greeks
and
the
Turks.
There
was
an
ongoing
Russian
Revolution,
the
people
of
the
former
austro-hungarian
Empire,
which
came
apart
at
the
seams.
It
was
a
very
polyglot
Empire.
So,
by
the
end
of
the
war
there
was
Austria,
there
was
hungry
and
many
other
groups
that
had
been
part
of
that
Empire
were
struggling
for
freedom.
B
However,
we
must
not
forget
that
there
was
also
a
Great,
Depression
and
and
other
things
that
combined
to
make
the
explosion
of
World
War
two
happened,
but
it
is
true
when
I
was
doing
some
research
for
a
book
on
World
War,
two
I
found
two
quotes,
one
from
a
French
officer
and
one
from
an
American
officer,
both
of
whom
had
attended
in
negotiations
at
Versailles
saying,
and
they
both
said.
Essentially
this
treaty.
B
E
E
This
is
this
may
be
a
little
off
year,
your
topic,
but
I
over
the
years,
I've
kind
of
been
in
a
reading
about
the
war
and
the
American
historical
perspective
focuses,
as
you
have
very
well
on
Europe
Russia.
It
seems
to
me
from
minor
things
I've,
that
there
was
a
whole
nother
conflict
with
the
Ottoman
Empire
breaking
up.
Yes,.
C
E
B
The
Americans,
the
United
States,
never
declared
war
on
the
Ottoman
Empire.
We
were
never
officially
at
war,
but
although
we
were
at
war
with
the
other
central
powers
so,
but
we
were
involved
in
many
ways
up
till
the
period
of
belligerence
of
Cour
earth.
As
I
said
in
the
presentation,
we
had
diplomats
and
missionaries
there.
B
Many
of
the
diplomats,
of
course,
had
to
come
home
and
when
we
entered
the
war,
but
our
missionaries
stayed
there
I
think
them
our
main
involvement
when
it
came
to
events
in
the
Middle
East
that
carved
up
the
Middle
East
in
the
way
we
see
it
today
came
with
American
representation
at
their
sign
negotiations
now
in
President
Wilson's
fourteen
points.
Many
of
the
several
of
the
points
were
pertinent
to
disappointments.
After
the
war,
one
said
that
in
future
there
should
be
open
covenants
openly
arrived
at.
B
F
F
D
E
F
B
Is
an
interesting
question?
It's
one
of
the
kinds
of
questions
that
make
me
say
it
requires
a
crystal
ball
with
a
rear
view,
mirror
and
I.
Don't
have
one
of
those,
but
I
will
say
that
in
no
project
of
I've
worked
on,
have
I
thought
as
much
about
what,
if
and
that,
what
if
in
particular
for
there
were
still
a
significant
amount
of
number
of
Americans
when
we
declared
war
who
thought
it
was
the
wrong
thing
to
do?
Who
thought
we
were?
The
nation
was
going
in
it
for
the
wrong
reasons.
B
There
were
also
many
Americans
who
believed
that
we
were
going
to
help
remake
a
better
world
without
war.
I,
don't
know,
I
think
often
that
if
we'd
have
stayed
out
of
the
war,
and
if
we
did
there
was
a
movement
during
the
war
to
embargo,
do
not
send
any
supplies
to
either
side
ever,
which
would
have
meant
that
we
would
have
stayed
in
a
Great
Recession.
Although
during
the
war
we
were
stepping
up,
we
were
taking
over
the
trade
routes
that
had
been
abandoned
by
the
belligerent
nations.
B
Had
we
stayed
out
of
the
war,
it
is
possible
that
both
sides
would
have
gotten
so
exhausted
that
they
would
eventually
have
come
to
the
conference
table
and
what
the
world
and
then
the
United
States
could
have
stepped
in
to
truly
help
them,
as
it
varied
to
Center
a
stiff
nation.
But
it's
impossible
to
say
you
just
never
know,
but
I
think
about
it.
A
lot.
G
E
B
So
at
some
point
somebody
could
have
blown
a
whistle,
that's
where
an
institution
like
the
League
of
Nations
people
thought
might
have
stopped
the
war
but
emotions,
and
there
was
a
great
deal
of
emotionalism
as
war
fever
grew
people
were
afraid
of
the
war.
They
were
shocked
by
the
fact
that
it
seemed
to
be
coming,
but
there
are
reports
and
reports
about
crowds
in
the
streets
of
all
the
belligerent
nations,
singing
the
national
anthem,
getting
that
war
fever,
and
there
was
a
belief
at
that
time.
B
Absolutely
nobody
expected
this
war
to
become
what
it
became
the
first
great
industrial
war,
and
there
was
a
feeling
that
it
would
in
fact
be
a
short
war.
Kaiser
Wilhelm
told
his
troops
that
they
would
be
home
before
the
leaves
had
fallen
from
the
trees.
So
this
was
a
kind
of
adventure.
What
could
have
stopped?
It
I
don't
know,
but
whatever
could
have
didn't.
Oh.
H
E
D
H
Having
watched
that
and
listening
to
what
you
said,
I
even
hate
to
bring
it
up,
because,
anyway,
the
conspiracy
theory
of
the
ultra
capitalized
industrial
nation,
which
alluded
to
is
driven
by
a
few
men,
maybe
a
few
ladies,
are
all
high
and
closed
doors
as
to
the
prospect
profit
from
doing
everything
that
you
spoke
about.
Do
you
have
any
any
belief,
net
whatsoever
that
a
few
less
than
ten
individuals
may
have
been
in
conferences
to
who
would
benefit,
supplying,
etc.
I.
B
B
So-
and
this
was
part
of
the
preparedness
movement
and
again
as
we
got
into
the
war,
the
National
Council
of
Defense
had
a
civilian,
Advisory,
Commission
I
think
most
manufacturers,
most
businessmen
they're,
certainly
aware
of
profits,
they're,
certainly
knowing
they're
making
money.
But
there
was
a
great
deal
of
patriotism
that
infused
that
war
effort
as
well.
I
never
thought
about
that
sort
of
conspiracy.
B
I
I
E
B
C
J
B
You
know
these
months
long
battles
on
the
Western
Front,
where
men
went
over
the
top,
knowing
that
it
would
be
futile
that
they'd
have
to
do
if
they
survived.
They'd
have
to
do
it
again
and
again,
and
no
ground
was
gained
and
I
started
thinking
or
asking
myself
what
gives
people
the
courage
to
do
that?
What
gives
them?
What
instills
in
them?
The
courage
to
go
over
the
top
day
after
day
until
they
could
not
do
it
anymore
for
one
reason
or
another.
This
war
in
particular
struck
me
as
a
huge,
futile
conflict.
C
B
Believe
we've
done
a
CD
of
World
War,
one
songs,
although
that
well
I
I'm,
not
the
person
to
talk
to
about
that.
But
there
will
be
I
think
if,
if
you
go
to
the
library
website,
you'll
see
a
whole
list
of
programming
that
we're
going
to
be
doing
of
commemorating
World
War,
one
and
I
believe
there's
World
War
one
concert
on
there
as
well
as
films,
but
if
they
had
some
delicious
music
in
this
war,
both
the
actual
songs
and
soldiers
put
their
own
lyrics
to
some
of
the
songs.
B
If
you've
ever
seen,
the
British
film,
if
you
haven't
I,
recommend
it
if
you're
interested
in
World
War
one
it's
sort
of
a
satirical
film
is
called
oh,
what
a
lovely
war
and
that
is
filled
with
World
War
one
music,
including
the
soldiers
lyrics.
It's
a
great
film,
so
I
think
with
that
I'll
wrap
up
and
again.
Thank
you
very
much.
I've
had
a
great
time.