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From YouTube: Arlington VA in the Civil War
Description
The Arlington Learning in Retirement Institute presents a joint lecture by two Civil War historians on the topic of Arlington in the Civil War. Karl VanNewkirk, past president of the Arlington Historical Society, and David Farner, park manager of Fort C.F. Smith, each bring their own area of expertise to painting a portrait of Arlington Virginia in the years 1860-1865.
A
A
He
works
as
a
volunteer
for
the
archaeology
department
at
johnson
hall
and
he's
taught
a
popular
alri
course
on
arlington
history.
For
the
past
nine
years,
Dave
farmer
is
park,
manager
at
40
of
smith
park,
deduct
Civil
War
programs
for
children
and
adults,
he's
the
former
park
ranger
at
Manassas
battlefield
and
the
member
of
Arlington
County
sesquicentennial
Commission.
But
now,
let's
hear
our
lecturers.
B
B
B
However,
it
was
returned
to
virginia
in
1847,
so
we
had
been
part
of
the
Commonwealth
for
about
13
years
in
1860,
the
county
was
a
little
bit
larger
than
it
is
now,
because
it
also
included
the
city
of
Alexandria.
There
was
the
county
seat
of
the
county,
and
the
boundaries
of
the
county
were
the
original
boundaries
of
the
District
of
Columbia.
So
it
formed
the
you
know:
the
portion
of
the
ten
mile
square,
that
was
the
capital
Alexandria,
the
county,
the
country
part
excluding
the
city,
had
a
population
of
approximately
1500
people
of
those.
B
A
thousand
of
them
were
white
and
of
the
black
population
about
sixty
percent
or
slaves
in
forty
percent
were
free.
So
you
can
see
it
was
a
lightly
populated
area
and
it
was
not.
It
was.
It
was
obviously
a
slaveholding
area,
but
it
wasn't
completely
slaveholding
in
this
city,
part
of
the
county.
There
were
about
nine
thousand
more
inhabitants,
a
couple
of
notable
landmarks.
B
The
one
main
way
to
get
from
the
city
of
Washington
over
to
the
county
was
by
the
long
bridge.
The
long
bridge
was
across
the
Potomac
approximately,
where
the
fourteenth
Street
bridges
are
right.
Now
it
had
been
built
in
the
period
18
8,
18
09.
It
had
suffered
damage
from
multiple
causes
over
the
years,
but
it
had
always
been
rebuilt.
B
It
had
been
significantly
rebuilt
in
1831
or
after
it
was
damaged
in
1831,
took
him
about
four
years
to
actually
rebuild
it,
but
it
was
in
operation,
and
that
was,
as
I
say,
the
main
way
to
get
from
the
north
side
of
the
river.
To
the
south
side,
there
was
a
railroad,
the
Alexandria
and
Washington
railroad,
although
sometimes
it's
called
the
Washington
and
Alexandria
I've
seen
it
referred
to
both
ways.
B
It
had
a
station
on
Capitol
Hill
and
a
station
in
Alexandria
in
the
middle
of
downtown,
but
it
didn't
run
all
the
way
between
the
two.
The
Virginia
portion
ran
from
the
Alexandria
station
to
the
southern
end
of
the
long
bridge,
and
the
district
portion
ran
from
the
station
to
the
northern
end
of
the
long
bridge,
and
there
was
a
gap
of
about
a
mile
there
at
the
bridge.
B
Another
way
that
you
could
get
across
a
river
was
by
a
ferry.
There
was
a
fairy
the
from
between
Georgetown
and
what's
now,
Rosslyn
Georgetown,
of
course,
was
a
thriving
City.
It
was
separate
and
distinct
from
Washington
the
capital
city,
but
it
was
part
of
the
District
of
Columbia
and
the
fairy
came
across
to
the
Rosslyn
area.
B
There
was
another
bridge
called
the
aquaduct
bridge.
This
was
a
possible
way
to
get
across
the
river,
but
not
a
very
good
one,
because
it
was
built
to
carry
canal
boats.
The
C&O
canal
ran
on
the
Maryland
shore
from
Western
Maryland,
all
the
way
to
Georgetown
and
when
it
ended
there
in
Georgetown,
the
people
of
Washington
DC
and
those
merchants
of
Alexandria
wanted
to
get
in
on
the
action
of
this
mode
of
transportation.
But
the
canal
ended
in
Georgetown.
B
Well,
a
separate
connector
canal
was
built
from
Georgetown
down
along,
what's
now
Constitution
Avenue
and
towards
the
the
Capitol
and
a
second
much
more
elaborate.
Connector
canal
was
built
from
Georgetown
to
Alexandria.
The
initial
plan
had
been
to
just
you
know,
theres
a
river
between
the
two
cities
and
just
float
the
canal
boats
down
the
river,
but
it
turns
out
that
canal
boats
don't
make
very
good
river
boats,
so
they
ended
up
making
a
pull
fledged
canal
and
to
get
the
canal
across
the
river.
B
They
had
to
build
an
aqueduct,
and
that
was
the
aquaduct
bridge.
It
was
located
just
upstream
from
where
the
Key
Bridge
is
now
and,
as
a
matter
of
fact,
you
can
still
see
some
of
the
stone
work
from
that
aquaduct
bridge.
The
DC
side
is
still
exists
and
there's
the
remains
of
one
of
the
piers
over
on
the
Virginia
side
and
then
the
canal
that
that
was
part
of
ran
through.
B
What's
now,
Arlington
all
the
way
down
to
Alexandria,
except
for
the
remnants
of
the
aqueduct
bridge
they're,
virtually
no
nothing
remaining
of
that
canal
down
in
canal
place
in
Alexandria.
You
can
see
a
reconstruction
of
the
of
the
very
end
of
the
canal,
and
there
was
also
a
bridge
at
chain
bridge
that
had
been
the
location
of
a
bridge
since
since
18
night
or
1797.
Actually,
it
had
been
destroyed
by
floods
multiple
times
over
the
years.
The
bridge
that
existed
in
1860
was
the
sixth
bridge
that
was
built
across
that
spot.
B
It
was
built
on
the
piers
that
had
been
put
up
in
1852
and
I
point
out
that
those
piers
are
still
in
service.
Although
bridge
number
six
has
long
since
gone
by
the
wayside,
we're
now
working
on
bridge
number,
either
eight
or
nine,
depending
on
how
you
count
the
latest
reconstruction,
but
the
piers
that
were
put
up
in
eighteen.
Fifty
two
are
still
in
service,
and
so
that's
a
testament
to
the
quality
of
the
construction
of
the
piers.
B
In
addition
to
the
Alexandria
and
Washington
railroad,
there
was
a
second
railroad
that
went
through
the
county,
the
alexander,
alexandria,
loudon
and
hampshire
railroad.
It
was
a
sort
of
under
construction
in
1860,
although
it
was
partially
opened,
it
opened
for
passenger
service
as
far
as
Leesburg
on
May,
seventeenth
of
eighteen
sixty.
It
followed
the
route
that
we
may
know
as
the
root
of
the
Washington
and
Old
Dominion
or
the
WOD,
but
it
was
only
complete
as
far
as
Leesburg
in
1860
several
of
the
roads
that
existed
at
the
time.
B
The
columbia
turnpike
had
long
been
built
and
was
in
service
as
a
road
in
a
turnpike
of
course,
is
a
toll
road.
There
was
the
Georgetown
wagon
road,
which
is
the
road
that
we
now
know
and
love
as
wilson
boulevard
and
it
went
from
the
basically
from
the
ferry
landing
out
towards
the
falls
church.
The
falls
church
did
exist,
there
was
glebe
road
and
glebe
road
was
the
road
that
connected
Alexandria
to
the
glebe.
B
B
B
It
went
across
what's
now
arlington
cemetery
and
then
approximately
where
Shirley
highway
or
route
395
is
now
it's
split
into
two
roads.
One
of
them
went
up
over
the
ridge
and
is
now
known
as
arlington
ridge,
road
and
the
other
one
followed
off
to
the
right
on
the
lower
ground
and
is
the
road
now
known,
as
army
navy
drive
about
all
those
roads
date
back
to
colonial
times.
B
There
was
the
Alexandria
Washington
Turnpike
went
from
the
foot
of
the
long
bridge
down
towards
Alexandria.
We
know
essentially
that
route
today
as
jeff
davis
highway
and
there
another
one
of
interest
and
sort
of
in
the
county
is
the
Alexandria
Leesburg
turnpike,
which
we
now
know.
As
a
combination
of
leesburg
pike
and
seminary
road,
what
did
the
county
consist
of
other
than
these
improvements
that
have
just
spoken
of?
Well?
It
was
mostly
small
farms.
There
was
one
large
estate
about
1,100
acres.
B
That's
the
area
that
we
now
call
Arlington
Cemetery
the
man
who
built
and
owned
that
died
in
was
his
name
was
george
washington,
parke
custis.
He
had
died
in
1857,
but
the
home
was
still
inhabited
in
1860
by
his
widow
and
by
his
daughter
and
by
his
son-in-law
robert
e
lee,
who
was
the
administrator
of
his
father-in-law's
estate
and
was
trying
to
make
a
go
of
the
operation.
B
His
father-in-law
had
written
a
will
in
which
he
had
promised
$10,000
to
each
of
his
granddaughters
and
land
to
his
grandsons
and
the
land
part
could
be
fulfilled,
but
he
didn't
have
the
cash
to
make
to
pay
to.
You
know
make
the
bequests
to
the
granddaughters,
so
robert
e
lee
was
in
charge
of
trying
to
make
the
land
profitable
enough
that
he
could
fulfill
his
father-in-law's
request,
and
so
that's
what
he
was
doing.
B
He
was
having
a
little
bit
of
a
hard
time
doing
it,
because
the
farm
estate
had
obviously
been
operated
by
slaves,
in
addition
to
the
bequests
that
I've
just
mentioned,
mr.
Custis
had
promised
his
slaves
that
they
would
be
freed
and
he
put
it
in
his
will.
Five
years
after
his
death,
some
of
the
slaves
got
the
impression
that
they
were
supposed
to
be
freed
at
the
time
of
his
death
and
they
resented
being
forced
to
stick
around
and
Colonel.
B
There
was
a
convention
that
was
called
in
Virginia
and
they
adopted
an
ordinance
of
secession
on
Wednesday
April,
seventeenth
1861,
but
they
made
it
subject
to
a
popular
vote
which
would
be
held
at
the
normal
voting
day
of
May
twenty-third
that
same
year
about
a
month
later,
remember,
I,
said
April
seventeenth.
They
adopted
the
ordinance
of
secession
on
April
eighteenth
robert
e
lee
was
called
over
to
Washington
and
offered
to
field
command
of
the
American
army.
On
the
night
of
April,
nineteenth
and
twentieth
Lee
worried
a
lot
about
what
he
should
do.
B
Should
he
go
with
the
federal
government
which
he
owed
a
lot
to
the
federal
government
had
given
him.
His
education
had
been
his
employer
ever
since
he
had.
You
know
this
was
his
profession
as
a
military
officer
for
the
United
States.
His
father
had
been
a
chief
lieutenant
of
George
Washington
during
the
Revolution.
He
owed
a
lot
to
the
federal
to
the
United
States
and,
on
the
other
hand,
Virginia
was
obviously
seceding.
He
was
Ali
from
Virginia.
He
felt
a
strong
pull
towards
his
family
and
his
state.
On
the
morning
of
the
20th.
B
He
decided
that
he
could
not
draw
his
sword
in
anger
against
his
own
people.
He
had
decided
to
resign
his
commission
in
the
US
Army
on
the
21st,
which
was
a
Sunday
supposedly
while
he
was
attending
church.
He
got
a
mess
from
the
governor
asking
him
to
come
to
richmond
on
a
20-second
monday.
He
left
for
richmond
and
he
never
returned
to
Arlington
on
May
twenty-third
when
the
plebiscite
was
to
be
held.
A
large
number
of
the
county
people
voted
against
the
secession,
at
least
in
one
precinct.
B
It
was
about
a
two-thirds
vote
against
secession,
but
statewide.
Of
course
it
did
carry,
and
that
meant
that
Virginia
was
in
the
eyes
of
Virginians.
At
least
out
of
the
Union
federal
troops
immediately
crossed
the
river.
Some
of
them
came
across
on
the
long
bridge
and
seized
the
high
ground
on
this
side,
particularly
the
area
around
Arlington
House.
It
was
necessary
to
do
that
from
that
high
ground.
They
both
the
White
House
and
the
Capitol
building,
would
have
been
within
range
of
field
guns
had
they
been
brought
up
there.
B
The
troops
also
came
across
the
aquaduct
bridge,
marching
probably
single
file
across
the
the
towpath
on
that
bridge
and
sees
the
high
ground
above
the
above.
The
aquaduct
bridge
and
some
others
took
steamers
down
to
Alexandria
and
took
command
of
telegraph
lines
and
the
railroad
assets,
and
also
a
big
object
of
attention
was
marshal
house
where
a
Confederate
flag
had
been
flying
in
defiance
of
everything
and
visible
from
downtown
Washington
within
the
first
24
hours.
B
11
infantry
regiments
and
a
cavalry
regiment,
as
well
as
support
troops,
had
made
it
across
to
the
Virginia
side
and
started
on
the
work
of
building
fortifications.
A
normal
regiment
in
those
days
was
probably
somewhere
in
the
neighborhood
of
750
to
a
thousand
men.
So
that
gives
you
some
idea
of
how
many
probably
about
10,000
soldiers
were
and
had
invaded
Arlington
within
the
first
24
hours.
A
C
Well,
when
those
soldiers
arrived
in
Arlington,
they
begin
the
process
of
setting
up
their
defenses.
They
set
up
some
very
basic,
rudimentary
defenses
around
the
bases
of
the
bridges
at
first
five
forts
were
built
in
alexandria
and
arlington,
primarily
to
defend
those
bridges
just
to
keep
that
any
Confederate
attacks
from
coming
across
and
into
Washington.
But,
as
you
may
remember,
from
your
history,
this
was
supposed
to
be
a
short
war.
The
regiment's,
the
guys
in
these
regiments
were
largely
100-day,
enlistees
or
three-month
enlistees.
C
They
were
only
joined
in
the
Army
long
enough
to
march
down
to
Richmond
and
put
an
end
to
the
war.
So
there
was
no
need
to
go
out
and
build
elaborate
defenses
at
this
early
point
in
the
war.
Well,
of
course,
that
all
changed
in
July
1861
when
those
Union
troops
did
march
out
to
fight
the
Confederates
and
had
the
Battle
of
first
Bull,
Run
or
Manassas,
when
the
Union
troops
were
forced
to
retreat
from
Bull
Run.
That's
when
they
came
back
into
this
area.
C
Troops
came
back
into
alexandria
arlington
in
the
district
and
McClellan
who
was
was
George.
Mcclellan
was
brought
in
to
be
commander
of
the
Union
troops
and
immediately
he
said
about
doing
two
important
things.
First
of
all
was
training
the
army
getting
these
100
day
enlistees.
These
militiamen
basically
trained
for
what
was
then
thought
would
be
a
longer
war
and
trained
to
go
into
the
serious
combat
that
they
had
faced
at
Bull.
C
Run
second
thing
was
to
begin
building
the
defenses
that
they
would
need
around
Washington
to
perfect
to
protect
it
from
any
possible
attack
by
the
Confederates.
So
the
original
plan
was
to
build
a
circle
of
48
forts,
all
the
way
around
the
city
of
Washington,
not
only
protecting
the
bridges
but
protecting
high
ground
covering
wrote,
the
roadways
that
car
was
mentioning
protecting
all
those
routes
that
could
be
routes
into
the
city
for
Confederate
troops.
C
Now
those
first
few
days
of
the
war
before
Manassas,
there
was
minor
little
skirmishes
in
Arlington
Alexandria,
one
of
the
most
prominent
ones
was
a
little
skirmish
that
happened
out,
arlington
mill
out
near
columbia,
pike
and
where
the
W&OD
trail
is
now.
Some
Confederate
Raiders
attacked
only
supposedly
about
nine
Confederate
guerrillas,
attacked
arlington
mill
and
were
chased
back
out
towards
baileys
crossroads
by
two
companies
of
Union
soldiers,
but
other
than
that.
For
the
most
part,
those
that
first
couple
months
were
fairly
quiet
in
the
county.
Troops
did
were
coming
in,
they
were
getting
trained.
C
The
Union
Army
was
building
up
strength
prior
to
that
attack
on
to
Manassas
and
then
on
to
Richmond,
supposedly
after
Manassas,
when
the
troops
came
back
into
town
and
they
begin
building
those
fortifications.
Mcclellan
was
training
them,
but
that
for
a
while
there
in
august
and
early
September,
the
front
line
for
the
Civil
War
was
actually
right.
Around
Falls
Church
Confederate
soldiers
were
in
Falls
Church
and
at
that
point,
that's
when
Arlington
sees
really
the
majority
of
the
combat
that
happens
in
the
county
and
by
combat
I'm,
not
talking
a
whole
lot.
C
We're
talking
about
a
few
skirmishes
skirmishes
that
happened
in
the
balls
crossroads,
baileys
crossroads
areas,
skirmishes
a
one
skirmish
that
happened
out
around
modern-day
wilson
boulevard
and
the
W&OD
trail,
and
that
vicinity,
usually
just
minor
skirmishes.
If
you
look
through
the
military
records
in
the
newspapers,
they
talk
about
one
or
two
soldiers
being
killed
on
each
side
and
a
handful
of
wounded
soldiers.
C
Now,
when
these
troops,
the
first
fortifications
that
were
built,
these
48
original
fortifications,
most
of
them,
are
all
gone.
The
fortifications
that
were
built
during
the
Civil
War
were
nothing
like
the
fortifications.
If
you've
been
seen
fort
washington
over
on
the
maryland
side
or
fort
sumpter
down
at
South
Carolina,
those
forts
were
built
after
the
war
of
1812.
At
a
time
when
masonry
and
brick
fortifications
were
the
preferred
design
by
time
of
the
Civil
War,
the
things
used
to
make
forts
were
wood
and
dirt.
C
Two
good
reasons
one
is
wooden:
dirt
is
everywhere,
you
don't
have
to
you,
don't
have
to
bring
any
supplies
in
in
order
to
build
them.
You
just
need
men
with
shovels
and
axes,
and
you
can
start
building
a
fort.
The
second
thing
is,
at
the
time,
wood
and
dirt
were
actually
a
better
defensive
system
against
the
artillery
of
the
time
than
the
brick
and
mortar
modern
day
or
excuse
me,
Civil
War
era.
Rifled
artillery
could
blast
into
dirt
fortifications.
C
The
dirt
would
help
absorb
the
artillery
fire
help
prevent
too
much
destruction,
and
the
other
thing
is:
if,
with
a
fighting
stopped,
you
could
go
out
and
fix
it
easily.
Take
some
shovels
and
go
fix
it.
So
the
first
forts
were
built
by
these
infantry
regiments
that
came
in
from
the
north
men
from
the
Army
Corps
of
Engineers
designated,
where
they
would
go,
how
they
would
be
built
and
the
men
started
digging
and
cutting
the
trees.
C
There
are
some
really
great
stories
about
some
of
the
work
that
was
being
done
over
I
believe
the
story
was
Fort.
Scott
Fort
Scott
over
in
south
arlington,
was
on
top
of
a
hill
about
a
40
acre
wooded
hill.
When
the
soldiers
arrived
there
to
start
building
the
fort
one
of
the
big
things
they
had
to
do
is
clear
the
woods
the
wood
is
going
to.
You
need
the
wood
first
of
all,
to
clear
the
field
of
fire.
You
want
to
make
sure
that
it's
nothing
that
this
enemy
can
hide
behind.
C
You
also
need
the
wood
in
order
to
build
a
fort
when
the
men
would
build
before
they
would
start
at
the
bottom
of
the
hill
and
cut
the
trees
halfway
through
and
keep
working
their
way
up.
The
hill
cutting
every
tree
about
halfway
through
not
cutting
down
just
cutting
them
halfway.
When
they
got
to
the
top,
they
would
cut
the
trees
half
way
and
at
the
signal
of
a
bugle
or
a
cannon
fire
or
something
like
that,
they
would
cut
the
trees
all
the
way
through
at
the
top.
C
Those
trees
would
then
Domino
and
knock
all
the
other
trees
down
that
as
they
went
down
the
hill.
If
you
read
some
of
the
Diaries
from
the
men
who
participate
in
this,
they
talk
about
this
tremendous
crash
of
thunder.
Basically,
as
the
woods
come
down
in
one
continuous
fall,
I've
thought
about
why
in
the
world
did
they
do
that?
Well,
simpler?
You
only
have
to
cut
the
trees
halfway
through
and
probably
safer.
C
Now,
as
I
mentioned
it,
that's
this
point
in
the
war
august-september
1861,
the
front
line
is
roughly
where
falls
church
is
today
there
is
minor
skirmishes,
but
there's
also
a
few
military
first
that
start
to
happen
at
this
point,
balloons
are
beginning
to
be
used
in
the
civil
war
in
late,
June
1861
and
start
to
be
used
more
often
following
first
Manassas.
In
one
instance,
Thaddeus
Lowe
sent
a
balloon
up
near
balls,
crossroads
Boston
and
to
observe
where
the
Confederates
were
at
this
point
and
the
Confederates
begin
firing
their
artillery
at
the
balloon.
C
Another
famous
incident
that
happened,
that
was
a
military
first,
was
on
sep
tember
24
1861,
Thaddeus
Lowe
went
up
in
a
balloon
near
Fort
Corcoran,
which
is
above
Rosslyn
and
from
there
he
directed
artillery
fire
from
camp
advance.
Camp
advance
is
out
near
chain
bridge.
It's
roughly
where
for
Ethan
Allen
is
today
out
near
the
Madison
community
center
and
he
directed
the
artillery
fire
from
from
that
location
towards
falls,
church
and
using
a
basic
symbol,
a
simple
flag
signal.
C
C
This
this
and
that
and
the
build-up
of
Union
troops
must
have
been
enough
to
chase
the
Confederates
out
of
Falls
Church
because
by
sep
tember
28
1861,
the
Confederates
had
pulled
out
of
Falls
Church
and
pulled
their
their
line
back
to
what
roughly
became
Bull
Run
Creek
the
same
line.
They
had
prior
to
first
Manassas
battle.
C
Now,
one
of
the
biggest
actual
cases
of
combat
that
I've
discovered
just
looking
through
the
research
and
reading
the
official
records
of
the
word.
Rebellion
happened,
September
29th,
1861
arlington,
and
it
was
actually
between
two
Union
regiments.
On
that
night,
the
69th
and
71st
Pennsylvania
were
marching
from
camp
advance.
The
chain
bridge
area
out
to
falls
church
on
Little,
Falls
Road
sometime
two
or
so
in
the
morning.
C
Interestingly
enough,
the
other
thing,
if
you
look
through
some
of
the
Diaries
about
these
troops
that
come
in
from
places
like
New,
York
and
New
England
and
no
other
places
a
lot
of
times
when
they
grate
their
Diaries
and
they
cross
over
long
bridge
or
aqueduct
bridge
or
whatever
bridge
in
enter
Arlington.
There's
all
these
stories
about
entering
the
deep
south,
it's
hard
for
us
these
days
to
think
of
Arlington
no
tall
as
the
deep
south,
but
they
were
entering
a
slaveholding
territory.
They
were
entering
a
different
place.
C
Now
Karl
mentioned
a
little
bit
about
the
bridges
that
came
over
from
Washington
and
there
were
some
changes
that
were
made
to
these
bridges
during
the
course
of
the
war
one
of
the
early
ones
during
the
winter
of
1861
1862,
the
aqueduct
bridge,
it
was
felt,
was
more
important
to
be
used
for
foot
and
horse
transportation
than
as
a
canal
bridge.
So
the
bridge
was
drained,
the
water
on
the
aqueduct
was
gerund
and
planks
were
laid
over
top
of
the
canal,
so
that
could
then
be
used
as
a
footbridge.
C
Also,
a
pontoon
bridge
was
laid
connecting
Georgetown
to
Mason's
Island,
so
that
the
need
the
farriers
and
again
to
continue
on
to
Virginia
and
during
winter
1862
that
little
problem
that
Carl
mentioned
with
the
railroad
not
actually
connecting
to
DC
to
Alexandria.
Well,
they
made
a
little
bit
of
a
fix.
It
wasn't
a
great
fix.
They
did
lay
railroads
across
Long
Bridge
to
connect.
The
two
only
problem
was
because
of
the
bridge.
There
were
weight
restrictions,
so
they
couldn't
use
engines
to
take
cars
across
back
and
forth.
C
C
One
of
the
other
big
changes
have
happened
in
the
time
of
the
Civil
War
and
it
was
was
military
roads
that
were
constructed.
One
of
the
most
famous
is
military
road
that
we
know
of
today.
Military
road
was
built
to
connect
four
teeth
and
Allen
to
Fort
strong
fort
strong
is
over
off
of
lee
highway
near
north
adams
street,
roughly
where
potomac
towers
is
today,
that
was
the
most
famous
military
road
there's
also
a
military
road
up
in
DC
that
was
built
at
the
time
to
connect
the
fort's.
C
Other
military
roads
were
built
behind
the
line
of
fortifications,
to
connect
one
fort
to
the
next,
extending
from
fort
strong
down
into
alexandria
and
Fort
Lyon.
There
were
other
military
roads
that
were
built
to
connect
one
connected
the
aqueduct
bridge
to
where
fort
CF
Smith
is
today
another
one
connected
aqueduct
bridge
to
Fort
Whipple
fort
myer.
Today,.
C
Now,
as
I
mentioned
in
late-september,
the
Confederate
troops
pulled
back
from
falls
church,
the
rest
of
that
winter
of
1861.
1862
was
a
time
when
McClellan
used
that
time
to
build
up
the
strength
of
the
Union
Army
and
train
the
Union
Army
and
dozens
and
dozens
of
Union
regiments
spent
their
time
in
Alexandria
Arlington
Fairfax,
the
district
Maryland
training
getting
ready
for
combat
throughout
the
rest
of
the
war.
Lots
of
other
troops
were
trained
in
this
area.
C
Us
Colored
Troops
were
trained
on
Mason's
Island,
it
was
a
it
was
a
training
ground
for
I
think
believe
it
was
the
second
united
states.
Colored
troops
were
raised
in
the
District
of
Columbia,
but
it
was
felt
that
it
was
safer
to
train
them
on
Mason's
Island.
Take
those
troops
out
of
the
district
and
train
them
on
Mason's
a
little
bit
a
little
bit
more
secluded
in
a
sense.
C
C
Some
of
the
troops
in
1862
were
infantryman
that
were
became
designated
as
heavy
artillery
men.
These
were
soldiers
who
were
trained
in
two
roles:
how
to
fire
artillery
and
how
to
fire
rifles.
So
these
guys
were
their
goal,
was
to
their
job
was
to
defend
the
fortifications
by
firing.
Their
artillery
and
those
soldiers
who
were
not
meaning
artillery
would
use
their
rifles
to
help
defend
the
fort's.
This
sort
of
became
one
of
the
cushy
sort
of
jobs
for
these
soldiers
for
the
next
two
years.
C
To
1864
these
soldiers
had
and
they
had
barracks
they
had
mess
halls.
They
had
Washington
DC
nearby.
They
had
no
combat.
They
had
this.
This
good
place
to
live
to
not
be
out
in
the
field
fighting
the
enemy.
So
for
two
years
these
soldiers
may
and
all
these
fortifications
frequently
would
be
one
or
two
companies
of
soldiers
at
any
particular
fort,
but
could
it
could
have
been
as
many
as
10,000
or
so
soldiers
to
excuse
me?
Ten
fifteen
thousand
soldiers
manning
these
fortifications
around
the
city
during
those
next
two
years.
C
Now
the
Peninsula
Campaign,
as
you
may
know,
didn't
go
so
well
for
McClellan.
He
was
forced
to
retreat
and
pull
back
to
Washington
and
summer
of
1862
in
August
1862
new
Union
General
General
John
Pope
began
a
campaign
against
Stonewall
Jackson
and
robert
e
lee.
Now,
in
late
august,
1862
stonewall,
jackson's,
core
Stonewall,
Jackson's,
half
of
the
Confederate
Army
had
come
to
earth,
left
Richmond
and
come
north
and
rated
Manassas
Junction
big
Union
supply
depot.
After
he
raided
Manassas
Junction.
He
basically
disappeared.
He
didn't
go
very
far.
C
He
just
went
back
to
where
the
old
battlefield
had
been
at
Manassas
and
when
he
disappeared,
the
people
here
in
Washington
got
worried.
They
didn't
know
where
he
was
Lincoln,
McClellan
Pope
or
exceeding
not
Pope
Haluk,
the
commander
of
the
Union
armies.
They
were
really
concerned
about
where
he
was
at
the
point.
This
point
Union
troops
were
coming
up
back
out
of
rich
out
of
the
Peninsula
Campaign,
it's
beginning
to
karai
back
in
alexandria
in
arlington,
but
the
real
concern
was
what
was
Jackson
doing
on
August
twenty-eighth,
the
Second
Battle
of
Manassas
began.
C
But
at
that
point
they
still
had
no
idea
what
was
going
on
here
in
Washington,
even
though
that's
a
30
miles
away.
There's
some
really
interesting
telegrams
that
were
going
back
and
forth
between
Major
John
Groce
Bernard,
who
was
the
head
of
the
corps
of
engineers
designed
with
building
the
forts
and
halak
concerning
blowing
up
chain
bridge.
C
The
the
plans
were
that
they
were
afraid
that
at
any
moment,
Stonewall
Jackson's
men
were
going
to
be
crossing
chain
bridge
to
get
into
Washington
Union
troops
who
were
arriving
back
off
the
boats
in
Alexander
River
sent
up
to
the
area
for
Ethan
Allen
Fort
Marcy
near
chain
bridge
fairly
quickly
to
get
in
position
there
in
case
they
had
to
defend
the
bridge
from
from
Jackson
all
during
this
time,
August
twenty-eighth
through
30th,
the
Battle
of
first
excuse
me.
Second
Manassas
is
happening
and
once
again
it's
a
union
defeat.
C
Now,
one
of
the
reasons
for
building
this
entire
ring
of
fortifications
around
DC
was
as
a
deterrent
to
keep
the
Confederates
from
ever
getting
here
and
after
the
Battle
of
second
Manassas,
robert
e
lee
had
a
couple
options.
One
is
to
stay
where
he
is,
one
is
to
attack
washington.
One
is
to
head
north.
He
headed
north,
which
in
what
became
the
Antietam
sharpsburg
campaign.
He
realized
that
the
fortifications
around
DC
were
too
strong
for
his
army
to
attack
too
many
men
too
many
guns
too
many
forts.
C
So,
during
the
course
of
the
war,
these
48
and
eventually
68
forts
that
were
built
around
the
city
of
Washington,
really
only
saw
one
battle,
I'll
talk
about
that
in
a
little
bit,
but
that
was
the
biggest
threat
to
Washington.
At
that
point,
in
the
war,
1863
was
a
fairly
quiet
year
in
this
area,
still
more
training,
more
building
up
of
forces.
C
In
1864
ulysses
s
grant
became
commander
of
the
Army
of
the
Potomac
and
the
armies
of
the
Union
and
his
overland
campaign
to
attack
down
towards
Richmond
use
up
many
men,
and
he
realized
that
he
had
a
big
supply
of
trained
Union
soldiers
right
up
here
around
Washington.
So
these
heavy
artillery
regiments
that
were
stationed
around
Washington
were
transferred
down
to
grant's
army
and
the
defenses
of
Washington
became
greatly
weakened.
C
At
that
point
now
these
men
heavier
tell
men
who
had
those
two
years,
1862
1863
early,
1864
living
fairly
luxurious
lives
as
far
as
soldiers
go.
We're
then
thrown
into
some
of
the
thickest,
combat
and
had
extremely
high
casualties
at
places
like
Cold,
Harbor
and
Petersburg.
These
guys
had
no
idea
of
how
to
fight
the
Civil
War
at
that
point,
so
they
would
go
into
combat
standing
up
running
at
the
enemy
and
and
were
torn
to
pieces.
Frequently.
C
No
one
thing
that
Lee
did
in
1864
to
try
to
relieve
the
pressure
on
the
campaign
down.
There
was
to
send
Jubal
Early's
core
of
the
Confederate
Army
up
to
attack
Washington.
They
did
this
by
marching
up
the
Shenandoah
Valley
up
towards
Hagerstown
to
Frederick,
had
the
small
battle
of
monocacy
in
which
they
were
able
to
push
aside
general
Lew,
Wallace's
Union
forces
and
then
continued
on
down
to
Washington,
unfortunately,
for
Jubal
Early,
fortunately
for
the
Union
Confederate
Union
troops
were
able
to
get
into
Washington
and
get
to
the
fortifications
in
time.
C
At
the
end
of
the
war,
most
of
these
fortifications
were
immediately
no
longer
used.
There
was
recommended
that
10
of
the
forts
on
each
side
of
the
Potomac
River
be
stay
in
existence
as
defensive
positions
for
the
capital,
since
the
capital
had
no
real
defensive
positions
before
that,
but
by
July
1866.
Really,
all
the
fortifications
were
no
longer
in
existence.
C
B
Wanted
to
say
a
few
words
about
some
things
that
occurred
or
were
created
during
the
time
of
the
war
that
are
still
around
and
take
a
little
bit
of
exception
to
what
Dave
just
said.
Fort
Whipple,
Fort
Whipple
was
built
on
the
grounds
of
the
Arlington
plantation
and,
unlike
most
of
the
other
forts,
it
was
built
on
government
land.
B
The
government
had
seized
the
property
of
the
title
to
Arlington
plantation,
so
Fort
Whipple
got
to
stay
in
existence
and
a
bit
later
it
was
name
was
changed
to
Fort
Myer
and,
as
we
all
know,
it's
still
there.
So
you
know
the
damn
yankees
who
came
in
have
been
here
ever
since
1861
or
I
think
the
fort
was
actually
built
in
63
portwit
63.
So
we
have
been
continuously
occupied
right
here
since
1863.
B
We
all
we
all
are
aware
of
arlington
cemetery,
which
started
during
the
war
in
May
of
1864
Major
General
MiG's,
who
was
a
quartermaster
general
of
the
army,
selected
200
acres
of
the
Arlington
plantation
to
be
a
cemetery
soldiers
and
others
had
been
dying
at
great
enough
rates
that
they
had
were
filling
up.
The
existing
cemeteries
in
Washington
and
elsewhere
at
a
rapid
rate,
and
so
additional
cemetery
space
was
needed.
B
Also,
there
were
numbers
of
civilians.
There
were
large
numbers
of
freed
people,
former
slaves
who
had
flocked
into
the
Washington
DC
area,
some
of
them
coming
from
Maryland,
which
was
a
slave
state,
some
of
them
coming
from
Washington,
which
had
been
a
slave
territory
before
the
war.
But
the
slaves
in
Washington
were
emancipated
by
congressional
action
in
1862,
some
of
them
coming
from
areas
further
south
who
had
self
liberated
and
made
their
way
north
to
to
the
Washington
area
and,
of
course,
the
rate
that
this
happened
increased
as
the
armies
moved
further
south.
B
There
were
large
camps
of
these
people.
The
camps
were
not
particularly
healthy,
they
were
crowded,
they
were
disease
ridden
and
many
of
them
died.
I've
seen
estimates
of
one
in
seven
died
of
the
inhabitants
of
camp
Barker,
which
was
in
the
District
of
Columbia,
died
in
a
period
of
about
two
years.
So
that's
a
pretty
high
death
rate
and
space
was
needed
to
to,
inter
all
these
people
and
arlington
arlington,
a
portion
of
the
arlington
estate
was
selected
for
that
purpose.
B
The
initial
burials
were
in,
what's
now
called
section
27
it's
in
the
far
north
east
part
of
the
cemetery,
but
when
General
Meeks
found
out
that
the
initial
burials
were
being
held
way
out
over
in
the
far
corner
of
the
estate,
he
didn't
like
the
idea
of
robert
e
lee's
house
being
left
is
sort
of
unmolested
and
he
directed
that
future
burials.
Be
made
much
closer
to
the
house
so
that
it
could
never
be
used
again
as
a
residence
and
so
within
about
a
week
of
the
initial
burials,
they
started.
Burying
people
right
in
mrs.
B
lee's
rose
garden
right
there
at
the
house,
I
mentioned
all
of
those
freed
people
who
were
located
in
camps
in
Washington
and
how
terrible
the
conditions
were,
and
as
a
result
of
that,
there
was
a
special
camp
called
Friedman's
village
that
was
set
up
also
on
the
grounds
of
the
Arlington
plantation,
to
serve
as
a
place
where
these
people
could
live.
It
started
in
May
of
1863
with
temporary
quarters
in
tents
by
December
of
1863.
B
There
was
a
formal
opening,
and
at
that
time
there
were
a
number
of
buildings
that
were
built,
but
this
was
a
supposed
to
be
a
place
of
temporary
refuge
for
these
former
slaves
and
also
to
give
them
an
opportunity
for
education
and
training.
There
were
schools
that
were
set
up
to
teach
literacy
and
also
various
trades
like
dressmaking,
carpentry
and,
and
things
like
that
after
the
war
was
over,
the
custody
of
that
was
transferred
from
the
War
Department
to
a
new
agency
of
the
federal
government
of
called
the
Bureau
of
refugees.
B
Freedmen
and
abandoned
lands
commonly
known
as
the
Freedmen's
Bureau
by
1867.
The
character
of
the
place
had
changed
somewhat.
It
was
no
longer
really
a
temporary
place
there.
People
would
come
in
stay
for
a
few
months,
learn
something
and
then
move
out,
but
to
become
an
established
community.
It
remained
in
existence
until
approximately
eighteen.
B
Ninety,
as
an
established
community
of
african-americans
here
in
Alexandria
County
and
in
a
sense
it
still
exists
because
about
1890,
when
the
federal
government
decided
they
wanted
to
really
wanted
to
take
it
back
over
again
and
obtain
the
land,
the
people,
the
residents
moved
out,
and
many
of
them
moved
into
sort
of
closed
in
areas
and
established
neighborhoods,
which
still
exist.
Today.
The
NOC
neighborhood,
the
Queen
City
neighborhood,
the
Arlington
View
neighborhood.
B
There
was
a
neighborhood
that
was
established
right
at
the
foot
of
the
fourteenth
Street
for
the
long
bridge
called
South
Washington.
All
of
those
became
established
neighborhoods
and
continued
well
into
the
20th
century.
South
washington
disappeared
when
the
Pentagon
was
built,
but
the
residents
again
moved
into
established
neighborhoods.
B
There
were
three
churches
that
were
established
in
Friedman's
village
that
when
the
village
was
disestablished,
they
moved
into
the
county
and
they
still
exist
today.
That's
Mount,
Zion
and
Lomax
and
mount
olive
and
those
are
still
thriving
congregations
today.
So
out
of
those
things
which
I
mentioned,
the
cemetery
fort
myer
and
this
the
Freedmen's
village
in
a
manner
of
speaking,
they
are
still
with
us
today
and
this
concludes
the
prepared
remarks.
Dave.
Once
you
come
on
up
I
I.
A
A
You
can
hear
the
county
system
on
contest
25,
verizon
40.
There
is
a
program
this
week
at
six
o'clock
on
this
friday
dealing
with
vietnam
and
the
lessons
we
should
have
learned
from
that.
I
gather
it's
a
good
one.
The
county's
program
is
good,
but
our
program
here
today
has
been
very
good.
I
want
to
thank
the
gentleman
for
a
fine
job.