►
Description
The Province of Ulster and The Great Famine I Thursday 19 January 2023 I Dr. Gerard MacAtasney.
A
First
of
all,
apologies
I
should
have
actually
formally
introduced
Jared
at
the
beginning
of
the
night.
Jared
mcintoshney
Dr
Jared
mcintoshney
is
an
author.
Originally
from
Lurgan
I'm
within
our
Council
area,
he
is
written
a
number
of
books,
including
the
dead
buried
by
the
dying.
The
Great
Famine
in
leitrum
in
2014.
A
Another
book
was,
is
the
other
famine
1822
crisis
in
County,
leitrum
was
written
in
20010
and
also
Leitrim,
and
the
crappies
1998
who's
also
contributed,
as
I
said
earlier,
to
the
atlas
of
the
Great
Famine,
which
is
a
fantastic
publication
and
co-authored
the
book.
The
Hidden,
famine,
poverty,
hunger
and
sectarianism
in
Belfast,
so
Jared
is
going
to
talk
about
the
impact
of
the
famine
in
the
region
of
Ulster.
A
B
The
plan
match
was
most
credible
and
an
extensive
Prospect
of
the
Rich
and
fertile
counties
of
down
Antrim
and
RMR
could
not
but
cause
the
beholder
to
compare
it
with
the
desolation
of
the
South
and
acknowledge
that
only
on
our
own
happy
Ulster
could
the
lake
be
found
and
you
can
almost
smell
the
burgers
from
the
Vans
and
the
Fellas
happen
to
crack
around
it.
Watching
the
plant
monster
could
have
been
last
summer.
B
It
was
actually
published
on
the
22nd
of
February
1847
in
the
Yuri
Telegraph
three
weeks
after
95
people
had
died
in
America
in
the
previous
two
months.
In
this
part
of
the
authors,
happy
Ulster
over
500
people
a
day
in
the
American
Coast.
That's
one
workhouse
made
of
a
total
of
130
that
were
set
up
under
the
poor,
larvia
team,
30th
and
you'll
see
references
throughout
this
work
from
contemporary
quotes,
condemning
the
the
fact
that
Ireland
was
being
governed
in
terms
of
relief
under
an
English
poor
law.
B
As
Anya
said
earlier,
the
Irish
furlough
Act
of
1830
was
based
on
the
English
period
of
1834.
work.
Houses
were
established
by
George
Nichols,
despite
the
fact
that
the
1833,
the
1836
report
under
Archbishop
Richard
Whitley
political
economist,
Church
of
Ireland
Bishop,
seen
as
a
safe
Pair
of
Hands.
He
would
give
the
government
the
answer
that
they
wanted
to
the
question.
B
Some
things
never
achieved
in
relation
to
Irish
relief
and
he
didn't,
and
the
job
was
then
given
to
George
Nichols
and
weirdly
actually
made
the
comment
that
Nichols
went
over
with
the
answer
in
his
pocket
and
he
was
unlikely
to
lose
it
all.
So
it
was
a
theater
company.
The
poor
would
be
condemned
to
the
workhouse
system,
and
this
was
just
eight
nine
years
before
the
catastrophe
of
the
family.
So
this
is
very
much
a
local
perspective.
As
Dolores
said,
it's
Armada.
B
B
So
this
comment,
written
in
February
1847.,
provides
the
Genesis
for
this
argument.
This
belief
that
it
never
happened
and
what
talks
I've
given
over
the
years
people
said
I
just
never
realized
that
I
was
never
taught
at
school.
I
didn't
know
that
I
had
any
effect
on
us
to
respond,
and
people
pointed
to
the
fact
that
it
was
much
more
industrialized
and
historians
and
certain
universities
have
bolstered.
B
This
idea
could
also
turn
you
could
all
move
from
a
myth
that
Ulster
was
somehow
racially
ethnically
religiously
Superior
and
the
backbone
of
it
was
the
linen
industry
and
I.
Remember
thinking
at
the
time
when
I
was
first
doing
my
research
in
the
mid
to
late
90s
and
asking
local
historians,
and
they
were
saying,
oh,
we
had
linen
here,
I,
remember
thinking,
but
that's
it's
almost
like
when
people
talked
about
the
Irish
population
being
dependent
on
the
mono
crop,
the
potato
Ulster
was
the
patented.
B
A
large
extent
on
the
mono
industry
of
linen
and
linen,
like
all
Industries
was
subject
to
slumps
troughs
cyclical
change,
structural
change.
So
what
do
we
find,
then,
in
terms
of
the
London
industry
and
the
1820s
1830s?
Well,
there
was
a
huge
transformation,
technologically
and
Mills
were
set
up,
it's
employed
hundreds
and
hundreds
of
people-
and
this
is
often
pointed
to
you-
know.
B
The
Belfast
Mills,
for
example,
like
Belfast,
was,
was
one
of
the
biggest
cities
in
the
British
Empire
and
was
thriving,
but
the
other
side
of
that,
of
course,
was
that
in
the
rural
areas
the
population
was
being
decimated
because
they're
spinning,
which
had
become
mechanized,
was
the
backbone
of
the
rural
industry.
Women
especially
lost
their
jobs,
and
this
was
commented,
Upon,
A,
Time
to
Kill
more
just
outside
put
it
down.
B
It
was
reported
how
great
numbers
of
laborers
used
to
wave
but
the
wages
for
wave
and
are
very
low
unless
they
can
make
Fang
cloth
and
then
they
are
good,
but
only
the
third
part
can
we
fan
club.
Only
a
third
of
the
models
could
win.
We
find
cloth
so
the
wages
were
low
and
this
this
then
feeds
into
when
we
see
the
the
increase
in
Theater
prices
from
1845.
B
William
Orr,
who
pioneered
the
operation
of
400
rooms
in
lock
goal
lock
goal
turned
out
to
be
one
of
the
worst
areas
affected
in
Ulster,
it's
in
West,
Arma
and
I.
Suppose
today,
as
a
result,
maybe
of
the
troubles
or
licenses
the
GAA.
We
think
that
our
mile
only
has
two
areas
to
it:
north
armaan,
south
Irma,
but
actually
there's
Eastern,
West,
Irma,
obvious
and
Western
was
decimated.
32
percent
of
the
population
declined
from
1841
to
50.
and,
of
course,
the
1841
just
digression
State.
B
The
1841
figure
is
taken
as
the
basis
for
the
population
change
to
subtract,
18.
51
from
41,
and
you
get
your
roughly
2
million
days,
but
the
population
was
increasing
up
to
1846
and
work
that
I
have
done
in
church
registers
locally
shows
that
the
population
was
increased.
You
also
had
people,
children
who
died
in
the
workhouses
and
there's
multiple
examples
of
this
in
1846
47
48,
who
weren't
born
when
the
1841
census
was
taken.
So
they
don't
exist,
they
just
don't.
B
If
history
has
just
lost
them,
they
don't
exist
but
they're
there
in
a
workhouse
register,
so
William
Moore
and
lock
or
lock,
all
birthplace
of
the
Orange
Order
founded
in
September
19,
1785,
September
1795,
the
battle
of
the
diamond,
the
lock
goal
he
set
up
a
operation
of
400,
looms
and
he's
saying.
When
the
manufacturers
purchased
metal
spawn
yarn,
they
have
a
correct
and
rate
and
know
what
they're
getting
and
by
that
means
can
derive
more
profits
from
the
enhance
one
yarn.
So
he's
just
a
fan.
B
The
new
technology,
but
he's
saying
Mill
spawn,
has
superseded
the
hand
spawn
to
a
great
extent.
At
present,
there
is
not
more
than
one-fourth
hand
spawn
of
the
quantity
used
in
all
cases.
It
may
be
in
a
few
years
superseded
altogether.
So
he's
acknowledging
that
this
technological
change
is
wiping
out
a
certain
group
of
people.
B
So
what
you're,
having
in
areas
like
this
was
de-industrialization.
Now
in
County
RMR
population
in
1841,
the
official
population
is
232
393.,
just
over
232
000.,
it's
more
likely
to
have
been
in
the
rate
till
the
40th.
Possibly
if
you
would
go
to
the
upper
range
of
the
the
increase
in
population
1846,
the
population
could
have
been
entering
one
of
them,
250
000
and
a
huge
amount
of
subdivision
attack
in
place
in
those
areas.
B
Due
to
the
fact
that
in
the
past
there
have
been
a
very
strong
learning
industry,
so
people
weren't
as
dependent
on
the
potato
as
it
would
have
been
said
whether
now
was
subdivated
in
the
west.
But
when
that
industry
collapsed,
they
then
faced
similar
problems
to
their
fellow
countrymen.
Now
so
moving
on
then
to
the
first
debate-
and
this
is
a
very
brief
synopsis
of
the
the
subject
and
also
moving
on
into
1845
in
parts
of
North
Antrim.
B
The
important
aspect
was
that,
as
a
result
of
this
short
form-
and
this
was
only
a
25
to
33-
Circle
prices
rule
sharply
in
April
1845,
there
were
one
shilling
and
11
Pence
per
100
win,
so
23
Pence
100
by
March
1846.
Just
less
than
a
year
later,
they
had
reached
three
Shillings
three
hundred
with
39
people,
so
the
price
of
100,
with
the
potatoes,
had
almost
doubled
in
that
first
year,
and
that
was
the
year
when
it
was
there
was
least
impact.
B
No
workhouses
did
see
some
increase
in
numbers,
but
nothing
that
would
have
sparked
any
sense
of
fear
in
1840.
1844,
just
after
workhouses
had
opened,
there
was
a
fever
outbreak
in
Irma
on
the
workhouses
in
armaan.
Lurgan
saw
a
huge
numbers
in
so
there
were
actually
bigger
numbers
in
there
than
there
were
in
December
1845,
but
the
crop
then
was
decimated
and
August.
B
B
So
the
British
government
then
realized
there
was
a
major
Castle
about
the
food
and
then
UT,
because
I
came
across
a
record
where
one
of
Lord
John
Russell's
private
secretaries,
actually
was
a
landlord
in
County,
lithium
and
I'll
be
making
a
reference
here,
religion
because
I've
written
extensively
on
it.
It's
just
over
the
border
from
fromana
and
in
Canada,
which
was
very,
very
close
to
uncarbon
as
well.
B
So
there
are
parts
of
their
very
close
nose
and
this
private
secretary,
the
Lord
John
Russell,
was
getting
daily
reports
from
his
Landings
as
to
what
was
happening
on
their
land
in
County
nature.
So
they
knew
what
was
on
full.
So
the
British
government
celebrated
deal
with
the
the
the
unfolding
disaster
with
three
methods:
number
one
was
Public
Works.
Then
the
workers,
then
relief,
Community,
they're,
gonna,
look
at
these
cities
very
briefly
and
azonia
said
earlier.
Public
Works
was
a
standard
answer.
B
It
was
the
belief
was
that
the
poor
should
work
for
any
relief
they
got.
It
had
been
tried
and
utilized
in
1817
and
the
family
of
1820
122,
which
was
mostly
restricted
to
the
West
Coast
from
Donegal
right
down
the
coast.
Down
to
Cork.
There's
about
12
counties
affected,
Public
Works.
Then
public
works.
There
was
famines.
Farming.
Are
you
a
word
that
was
you?
That's
used?
It's
a
generic
term.
B
People
have
said
if
you
use
the
family
and
you're
pro-british,
the
famine
was
used
consistently,
probably
because
a
lot
of
the
Raiders
at
the
time
to
two
newspapers
sent
worn
in
a
food
shortages
would
have
been
clergyman,
and
you
know
so.
The
biblical
famine
would
have
been
in
their
minds
when
they're
right
it's
a
food
shortage,
I
could
have
been
a
local
periodic.
Food
shortage
happened
in
1827
and
RMR
1831,
32,
33
and
parts
of
Donegal,
1839
and
Donegal.
So
the
use
of
the
word
farming.
B
It
was
just
a
generic
term
for
a
food
shortage
because
there's
never
been
a
famine
work.
There
was
never
any
food
in
a
country
that
the
shortages
all
was
food,
it's
a
matter
of
who
can
afford
it,
so
Public
Works
were
utilized.
No.
The
difference,
of
course,
was
that
in
46
and
they
had
been
used
priorities
in
45
just
in
certain
areas,
but
by
46
the
whole
country
needed
relief.
B
So
the
celebrate
utilizing
the
same
system
and
of
course
it
was
a
bureaucratic
nightmare
and
the
the
the
the
exist
they
still
went
through
the
system
as
they
had
gone
before.
So
you
had
that
call
you
had
to
apply
for
an
extraordinary
presentment
session,
as
it
was
told,
then
that
took
a
couple
of
weeks
to
be
set
up,
then
that
took
place.
B
And
what
do
you
find
that
these
was
competing
interest
and
it's
fascinating
reading
the
newspapers
that
you
know
some
landlords
objected
to
these
because
they
wanted
what
was
called
reproductive
work
on
their
land,
in
other
words
drainage.
So
they
could
bring
more
land
and
the
usage
and
obviously
get
more
tenants
on
and
charge
rent.
B
And
then
you
had
those
who
were
just
saying.
We
need
Roots
Bill,
and
this
was
the
British
government
policy
and
we've
heard
about
the
routes
that
went
to
Newark,
but
the
main
problem
with
the
public
works,
and
we
find
this
throughout
the
the
correspondence.
Is
that
the
shoot
delay
and
a
part
of
our
mind
down
there
with
the
layers
of
up
to
16
weeks
between
the
first
being
applied
for
and
then
being
grounded
and
when
it
was
grounded.
You
find
in
some
areas
where
they'll
put
in
for
some
say
right.
B
Upper
Fusion
up
auroria
that
were
said
to
be
in
a
state
puts
into
starvation,
and
this
is
from
one
of
the
British
government's
own
Engineers,
one
correspondent,
claiming
the
witness
scenes
of
absolute
destitution
and
famine,
quoting
it's
my
painful
Judy
to
again
repeat
my
conviction
that
numbers
are
likely
to
perish
of
hunger
unless
immediate
and
instantaneous
release
be
provided
for
them,
and
this
is
It's
almost
like
a
musical
terms
like
a
light.
Motif
instantaneous,
immediate.
B
This
is
used
in
the
correspond
importance
to
the
Irish
relief
Association,
the
the
Society
of
Friends
and
to
the
British
governments
are
relief
from
these.
The
relief
Commissioners
established
in
Dublin
from
1845
onwards.
So
that's
the
public
works
and
the
public
works
on
it.
They
grind
into
the
waves
of
the
Civil
Service
brings
slowly
and
they
they
started
to
move
from
about
December
1846.
B
Suppose,
one
of
the
things
the
counterfactual
history
is
if
the
workhouses
had
been
operated
for,
maybe
20
years
prior
to
the
farmers
would
have
been
able
to
deal
better
with
what
unfolded
huge
amount
of
deaths.
They
just
could
not
deal
the
standard
workhouse
Lurgan
was
800.
Belfast
was
a
thousand.
That
was
the
capacity
and
looking
at
the
the
They
carried
out
census
of
the
area
prior
to
that
they
look
at
the
number
of
poor
and
it
was
usually
around
about
in
Lurgan.
B
You
would
have
had
an
average
of
about
250
and
they
consisted
of
the
very
old
debilitated
single
women
with
children.
Women
had
been
deserted
old
man,
prostitutes,
that's
that
it
was
just
really
the
lowest
level
of
society
was
forced
to
go
there
and
onions
made
reference.
The
fact
that
you
know
there
was
mixed
feelings
about
the
the
initiation
of
parole
on
Ireland,
but
the
the
local
areas,
the
churches,
and
it
was
the
Church
of
Ireland
that
dealt
with
the
poor.
They
objected
to.
B
It
said
that
it
was
just
not
part
of
the
Irish
character
to
be
locked
up
in
something
like
a
workhouse
and
a
huge
amount
of
debate
from
1836
one.
Would
you
break
this,
but
I
do
without
in
Greater
detail.
Next
week
relief
committees,
the
relief
committees
were
set
up
all
the
time
in
1837
and
I.
Had
there
just
about
outside.
Like
Brooklyn
and
Cody
down,
there
was
a
food
shortage.
B
700
people
were
being
supplied
from
a
Food
Kitchen
established
by
our
Relief
Committee
and
Belfast
in
1842
and
Bali
mccarratt,
and
this
is
a
different
perspective
on
things.
The
thrive
in
city
of
Belfast,
the
Bally
mccarrick
Weavers,
were
employed
an
early
example
of
multinationalism
by
Weavers
from
Paisley
just
outside
Glasgow,
and
they
spawned
very
high
quality
fancy
material
but
they're
also
susceptible
to
to
changes
in
the
industrial
infrastructure.
B
But
within
these
letters,
then
we
find
the
information
pertaining
to
local
conditions,
so
drum
Creek,
which
was
famous
Infamous
and
the
late
1980s
early
2000s.
The
increase
fund
was
given
weekly
Aid
to
450
destitute
families,
I'm
out
in
the
2
300
people.
They
were
ever
at
babington.
The
secretary
commented
and
prepared
the
state
there's
not
a
single
family,
Upon,
Our
relief,
that's
able
to
live
with
a
charitable
assistance
without
this
many
would
have
perished
when
we
want
the
Reverend,
Clements
and
tartarian
between
Irma
and
portadown
castigated.
B
What
he
termed
that
I
made
a
reference
to
this
earlier
and
a
question.
The
evil
effects
of
absenteeism,
a
soup
kitchen
had
a
male
fund
were
established
to
cater
for
over
1
300
destitute
persons,
a
number
which
was
expected
daily
to
increase
Clements
commented
both
waivers,
Ary
and
laborers
are
daily
becoming
less
equal
to
work
and
starvation
is
pictured
in
their
kindnesses.
Numbers
are
subsisting
on
less
than
one
meal
per
day
and
upon
raw
turnips
and
any
herbs
they
can
gather.
Already.
B
One
case
of
death
from
starvation
has
occurred
and
several
have
only
just
been
preserved
from
a
while.
Favor
has
attacked
very
many
in
the
district
within
the
last
few
days.
Parties
of
20
to
30
famishing
men
have
been
traversing.
The
county,
demanding
assistance
in
the
absence
of
all
public
works
of
any
kind
again
says,
says
a
lot
for
what
what
was
happening
and
no
Public
Works
in
that
area
and
when
our
prayer
houses
are
nearly
filled.
Tartarian
was
split
between
the
parallel
unions
of
Parma
and
Bergen.
B
We
hardly
know
where
to
turn
for
assistance,
and
this
again
is
a
constant
theme
in
the
in
the
correspondence
to
the
relief
committees
and
they're
being
very
polite
because
they
needed
the
British
government's
money
when
they're
writing
the
Irish
relief
Association.
When
they're
relate
right
into
the
Society
of
Friends,
there's
a
different
tone
adopt
and
bleary
who's
Cody
down.
B
It
was
common
that
that,
if
there
be
those
who
have
a
morbid
appetite
for
something
full
of
Horrors
Horrors,
let
them
Traverse
Bali,
Dugan,
Claire,
lohans,
Bond,
the
bracket
and
blurry,
and
they
will
soon
be
satiated.
I
have
found
in
lieu
of
Independence
broken
Spirit
instead
of
comparative
Prosperity
Henry
starvation
and
death.
The
pestilence
is
abroad
and
its
Havoc
is
truly
and
absolutely
fearful.
Nearly
100
families,
approximately
600
people
in
the
sheens
hiddle
Bali
Dugan
area,
were
benefiting
from
such
a
director
of
tolly
liesh.
It
was
called
the
Reverend
WB
yitz.
He
was.
B
The
grandfather
of
the
famous
literary
figure
revealed
that
over
3
000
people
were
receiving
mail
rations
and
gave
this
sad
depiction
of
those
applying.
For
me,
six
members
of
the
committee
are
engaged
every
Tuesday
and
Saturday
from
10
in
the
morning
and
half
past
six
in
the
later
evening
and
Davern
to
supply
the
Poor
People's
wants
many,
a
heart-randing
and
piteous
claim.
B
We
have
to
meet
the
club
in
a
collection
in
the
room
to
enable
the
applicant
to
purchase
a
few
pounds
of
mail
to
bring
home
to
a
starving
family,
for
our
rules
are
so
stringent
as
to
prevent
us
from
giving
to
any
parties.
But
such
is
it
a
stress
of
the
people.
This
rule
must
be
relaxed.
I'll
deal
with
that
to
say
what
he's
making
reference
to
them.
B
B
Reference
to
the
fact
that
the
British
government
played
a
crucial
role
by
supplying
the
equivalent
of
what
was
raised
by
local
committees.
However,
to
avoid
of
succeed,
the
river
race
track
rules-
and
this
played
Havoc
with
relief
typical
example-
was
out
of
Market
hill
by
the
Irma,
which
included
the
Renaud
agriculture's
William
blacker,
who
was
also
a
landeer
for
Lord
gospel.
The
committee
initiated
a
scheme
whereby
each
landlord,
a
large
farmer,
agreed
to
contribute
one
shilling
per
acre
from
the
land
to
facility
at
various
agricultural
improvements.
B
They
were
by
circumvent
the
need
for
public
works,
so
they're
saying.
Actually
this
will
be
good
for
the
land,
obviously
improve
the
standard
of
the
lounge.
You
get
more
people
on
it
except
Etc,
but
they
were
willing
to
do
this
contribute
per
acre.
They
also
proposed
selling
food
at
a
reduced
price
to
the
poor
to
Aid
them
the
requested
financially,
the
relief
Commission.
B
B
Meanwhile,
in
Arma
City,
the
local
committee,
with
1200
names
on
its
list
by
November
1846,
attempted
to
circumvent
such
difficulties
by
agreeing
to
sell
meal
at
a
reduced
price
to
the
per
the
pen
full
price
to
the
local
Merchants.
So,
basically
saying
okay,
we
realize
there's
a
difficulty
there.
So
we're
not
interfere
directly
to
the
market.
The
market,
the
emergence
can
get
the
full
price
and
then
we
sell
it
at
a
reduced
price,
and
so
doing
they
were
not
in
the
frame
of
the
market,
but
in
the
page
for
support
was
refused
as
follows.
B
So
this
is
the
reply
from
the
relief
Commissioners
the
system
for
eating
low
wages,
which
entails
so
much
evil
on
the
laboring
classes,
in
England,
on
The
Late
per
laws
and
involves
gratuitous
distribution
of
the
relief
fund
among
the
able-bodied
persons
cannot
receive
a
donation
with
curious
relief,
been
only
allowed
on
the
government
regulations
to
the
actually
infirm,
poor
reference
being
made
there
to
the
effect
that
it
had
in
England
under
their
pure
laws.
After
the
government
refusal,
the
Gentry
and
Farmers
reacted
with
apathy
to
a
page
for
further
subscriptions.
B
Consequently,
the
relief
fund
was
dissolved
in
early
December.
The
Varian
attempts
to
counteract
local
distress
was
further
highlighted
and
Sharma
Charlemont,
just
On
the
Border
Side
Roy
between
Arma
and
Tyrone.
Here
the
committee
ran
a
system
which
simultaneously
met
with
the
approval
and
disapproval
of
the
commission.
On
the
one
hand,
they
refused
to
distribute
any
relief
until
the
workplace
was
full,
thereby
enforcing
a
genuine
test
of
destitution.
What
was
referred
to
at
the
time
as
the
workhouse
test,
which
would
have
been
favored
by
the
authorities.
B
However,
when
rations
were
eventually
dispersed,
this
was
done
as
a
means
of
support
and
again
the
Able
Body.
This
was
felt
to
be
essential,
given
that
wages
for
men
involved
in
waving
had
some
slumped.
The
three
Shillings
per
week
greatly
aggravating
the
stress
in
this
group.
Thus
its
industrious
family
was
supplied
with
one
pound
of
meal
per
adult
and
one
half
pound
per
child.
When
the
committee
inquired
about
government
Finance,
they
were
informed
that
all
food
receiving
such
Aid
must
be
sold
at
market
prices.
B
This
stipulation
was
necessary
in
order
to
restrict
the
Commissioners
quote
from
becoming
administrators
of
relief
in
the
aid
of
wages,
which
is
one
of
the
most
injurious
forms
of
relief
under
the
late
English
Turlock
demonstrate
and
restrict
adherence
to
the
Dogma,
a
free
market,
political
economy.
They
justify
their
stance
as
being
designed
to
prevent
interference
with
trade
prices
that
would
necessarily
tend
to
check
that
competition
on
which
the
country
most
mainly
depends
and
actually
and
County
lithium
and
Manor
Hamilton.
At
the
same
time,
reference
was
made
to
the
fact
that.
B
They
could
not
impose
a
permanent
problem
on
a
temporary
inconvenience,
so
interference
in
the
market
was
seen
as
more
important
than
actually
feeding
the
people
and
they
refer
to
it
as
a
temporary
inconvenience.
Now,
as
I
make
reference
to
you
later
on
a
contemporary
comment
very,
very
important.
Looking
at
the
sources
in
terms
of
newspapers,
Etc
the
perspective
adopted
by
the
Commissioners
and
the
correspondence
with
their
pledgling
local
relationships,
regarded
with
both
anger
and
credulity
by
the
press,
the
Newry
Telegraph,
the
ambasting,
the
so-called
science.
These
officials
appear
to
be
Adept.
B
Then
commented.
We
say
that
whether
the
principles
of
political
economy
are
signed
by
the
reverse.
It
is
not
right.
The
people
should
perish
of
hunger.
Rather
than
that
there
should
be
any
valuation
of
the
strict
rules
of
political
economy.
The
people
must
not
be
starved.
In
deference
to
the
dogmas
of
political
economy
by
the
instrumentality
now
in
operation,
employment
will
be
abundantly
provided
everywhere
for
the
season,
but
what
will
it
reveal
to
the
starving
that
there
is
work
for
the
whole
laboring
population
and
good
wages?
The
food
cannot
be
happening
now.
B
What
you
find,
then,
as
46
moves
into
47,
you
would
have
had
bronial
relief
committees
in
our
mother,
Seven
bar
and
he's
basically
seven
large
areas,
but
as
time
went
on
the
distress
increased,
they
were
subdivided
so,
for
example,
in
December
5th
of
December
46
and
you
committee
was
established.
The
market
held
solely
for
the
purpose
of
feeding
200
people
with
either
free
or
reduced
price
food.
Now
this
would
not
have
received
any
government
did
because
they
just
went
out
on
their
own
and
said
right.
B
Well,
we're
not
going
to
get
any
money
from
them.
We
have
to
feed
the
people
so
200
there,
and
this
the
official
number
of
relief
committees
for
Irma
was
26..
There
were
actually
a
further
minimum.
55
committee
set
up
dealing
with
from
a
couple
of
dozen
people
to
hundreds
and
hundreds
and
they're,
mainly
overseen
by
clergymen
and
also
minor
Gentry,
and
this
is
where
women
play
a
huge
role.
The
daughters
and
wives
of
the
minor
Gentry
setting
up
soup
kitchens,
giving
out
food
Russians.
B
B
You
know
the
number
of
dead,
for
example
in
the
Lurgan
workhouse,
the
workhouse
basically
closed
down
from
February
until
April
47.,
so
there
are
possibly
hundreds
of
deaths
which
are
unrecorded,
and
it's
the
same
with
the
vast
majority
of
workers,
I've
gone
through
almost
all
the
workhouse
registers
for
Ulster
and
they're.
Just
you
can't
rely
on
the
official
statistics
because
they
move
out
of
operation.
They
just
collapse,
so
many
of
them
collapse
between
mid-January
and
early
April
1847..
Now
so
you've
got
these
200
people
they've
been
turned
out.
B
They
can't
they
can't
get
into
the
workhouse.
Did
they
just
take
it?
Did
they
just
walk
away
and
shake
their
heads?
Well,
a
lot
of
people
didn't
an
anticipated
attack
on
a
vessel
leading
50
tons
of
oatmeal
bone
for
stork
Stone
away
in
Scotland,
saw
British
troops
being
stationed
at
knock,
Bridge,
modern
bridge
and
Scarborough
to
protect
the
boats
Laden
with
provisions
on
the
Newry
Canal
January
1846,
the
justices
of
the
peace
meeting,
Barn
Bridge
demanded
either
an
enhanced
space
presence
or
the
Satan
of
a
military
close
to
the
time.
B
The
police
reported
down
reported
that
man
to
the
number
of
five
and
20
or
30
armed
with
flintlocks
stole
50
bags
of
flour
from
the
bars
at
Madness
bridge.
In
the
following
week.
Similar
attacks
were
made
on.
Boats
belonged
to
the
Ulster
Canal
company,
which
borrows
a
flower
and
Indian
made
of
attack.
However,
it's
worth
Point
night
that
I'll
lose.
These
boots
contain
large
and
buried
cargos.
It
was
only
the
food
at
the
store
emphasizing
the
fact
that
such
Acts
were
not
those
of
petty
thieves.
B
What
have
people
preferred
to
go
to
any
land
stops
here
and
I
I
opened
up
with
a
quote
from
a
Newry
paper
talking
about
happy
Ulster,
and
we
find
more
of
this
in
the
Belfast
papers
of
1845
46
47..
This
idea
that
Ulster
stood
alone
that
Ulster
was
Superior,
so
the
northern
wig
comment
thing
on
the
prospect
of
the
Town
release
committee,
a
plan
for
state
aid,
in
other
words
the
relief
Commissioners
asserted.
We
almost
dread
them
at
a
short
time.
B
Now
this
was
immediately
replied
to
by
one
of
the
doctors
and
many
doctors
in
Belfast,
Dr
Lamont,
and
he
said
let
those
who
doubt
the
reality
of
such
distress,
visit,
The,
Wretched
dwellings
and
some
of
the
lands
and
alleys
of
Carrick
Hill,
North,
Queen,
Street,
Lancaster
Street
and
the
new
Lodge
Road,
and
they
will
see
sufficient.
The
plant's
cheek
with
horror
are
moisten
it
with
the
tear
of
pity.
At
least
they
will
say
enough
to
disabuse
their
minds
of
the
erroneous
impression
that
there
is,
but
a
trifling
amount
of
poverty
and
destitution
in
Belfast.
B
Nevertheless,
the
Belfast
relief
decided
to
postpone
any
application
for
government
Aid
on
the
grounds
that
they
wanted
to
respect
the
honorable
position,
which
this
time
has
always
maintained,
and
this
actually
came
through
at
a
meeting
called
reign
in
1846-
were
numbers
of
the
the
audience
reeled
against
the
notion
of
a
plan
to
release.
Commission
Center
were
proud
people
and
they
weren't
going
to
stoop
to
the
level
of
those
as
they
said
in
the
western,
so
that
was
in
Korean.
B
The
Proposal
of
certain
members
of
the
soup
kitchen
Committee
of
that
time
to
go
back
into
England,
Harvard
by
a
large
majority
being
finally
and
indignantly
rejected.
But
there
was
one
paper
that
came
through
that
emerged
in
1845
in
Belfast.
The
Belfast
Vindicator
very
much
would
have
been
turned
an
o'connor-like
paper
at
support
of
Daniel
O'connell,
and
it
gives
a
different
perspective.
B
You
had
the
Belfast
newsletter,
the
northern
wig,
the
Belfast
commercial
Chronicle,
the
Bonner
volster
and
The
Vindicator
shoot
a
huge
range
of
sources
for
studying
the
effect
of
the
great
hunger
in
Belfast
and
was
only
until
the
late
1990s
that
Christine
Kelly
myself
actually
wrote
a
book
on
this.
The
distress
and
barley
mccarrett.
This
is
The.
Vindicator
was
the
first
Cry
of
want
that
unhinged.
B
The
fine
philosophy
that
would
starve
the
poor
for
the
honor
of
the
rich
to
disturb
the
composure
of
those
who
hit
the
stress
because
it
is,
is
a
disgrace
to
the
province
and
wonder
that
persons
will
not
be
content
to
linger
sigh
and
die
in
silence
rather
than
Sully
the
credit
of
Ulster,
and
then
it
continues.
This
covering
will
not
conceive
the
disease
hunger
breaks
through
stone
walls.
It
will
not
be
restrained
by
the
flimsy
veil
of
would-be
Ulster
honor.
B
B
You
an
idea
of
what
was
happening
happening
in
Belfast.
Of
course,
Belfast
was
the
industrial
city
in
Ireland,
James
McAdam,
a
noted
industrialist.
He
commented
on
the
change
in
one
area
by
1847
and
as
diary
I
have
recorded
frequent
visits
to
Woodburn
in
1845.
Then
the
neighborhood
had
all
the
marks
of
prosperity.
Now
it
has
changed
much
for
the
worse.
The
engines
of
the
Mills
there
have
stopped
working
and
many
of
the
workers
houses
closed
them.
B
Yesterday,
a
poor
woman
from
lisbourne
later
sat
down
on
the
Footwear
in
Chester
Street
near
Great,
Edward
Street
and
died
beside
her
husband
and
child.
The
latter
was
removed
at
the
hospital
on
Wednesday,
the
26th,
a
male
and
female,
were
observed,
supporting
one
another
in
York
Street,
the
woman
sat
down
and
the
male
stretched
her
on
the
footpath
she
died
in
a
few
minutes.
A
poor
woman
had
the
same
side
duty
to
do
for
her
child.
B
On
the
same
evening
and
mastery
at
noon
in
High
Street,
a
mother
with
an
amazing
child
slumped
down
under
a
sharp
window
on
the
south
side
of
the
street,
the
child
died
in
her
arm's
famous
theater
Persona,
dated
similar
circumstances.
Three
weeks
yesterday,
at
three
o'clock,
my
burger
man
was
found
dead
at
the
corner
of
Mateo
Street
shankaroo.
His
name
is
unknown,
but
the
CMR,
a
two-year-old
child,
died
in
its
mother's
arms.
At
mayesbridge,
the
cause
of
death
has
given
us
destitution
and
by
40
August
1847.
The
news
did
a
newsletter
commented.
B
Belfast
contains
one
of
the
biggest
farming
graves
in
Ireland,
a
huge
area
on
Mark
Grace
and
the
average
Richard
open,
hear
the
following
description
of
burials
in
the
shankari
of
your
coffins
are
heaped
upon
coffins
until
the
last
one
often
is
not
more
than
two
inches
underground
and
then
finding
room
for
other
bodies
that
have
not
long
been
buried
or
often
exhumed.
He
added
that
if
the
mother
was
neglected
and
he
further,
the
population
would
have
quote
such
scenes
as
our
witness
that
skibbereen
brought
home
to
their
doors.
Dr
Drew.
B
Another
Anglican
Minister
claimed
that
the
town's
graveyards
were
shameful
to
any
Christian
Community.
He
related
gruesome
details
of
a
very
recent
internment
in
the
shankill
cemetery.
A
few
days
since
I
turned
away
and
discussed
when
I
observed
the
manner
in
which
Bones
and
skulls
were
thrown
up
and
about
and
at
which
the
speed
was
struck
into
the
coffins
and
dead
bodies
which
had
seemingly
been
but
a
very
tiny
short
time
deposit.
So.
B
B
Workhouses
in
Ireland
and
the
nature
of
the
burials
reflected
reports
from
the
worst
parts
of
the
country,
so
this
is
a
reference
to
burials
in
the
Lurgan
workers
in
the
graveyard
attached
to
the
house,
a
large
grave
is
made
which
fills
nearly
full
of
water,
a
short
time
after
it
is
open
to
its
Verge
I
brought
the
coffins
containing
the
dead
bodies.
These
coffins
frequently
contain
two
and
three:
each
they're
then
put
into
the
grave
in
which
they
usually
fruit.
B
One
or
two
persons
then
stand
on
the
coffins
in
the
water
until
the
mold
is
heaped
upon
them.
There
are
frequently
20
bodies
in
the
one
grave
and
now
move
on
to
and
again
as
I
said,
this
is
a
very
quick
scan
of
various
aspects
of
the
subject.
Newspaper
comment
and
British
government
policy,
so
the
Newry
Telegraph
1547
reported
large
arrivals
of
Indian
mail
and
barrels
of
flower
into
the
local
port,
observe
further
how
large
quantities
are
in
the
hands
of
private
speculators,
many
of
whom
are
persons
who
never
did
business.
B
In
the
agreeing
at
Florida
before
Newton
had
around
10
000
barrels
of
flour
were
held
on
speculation
automatic.
We
can
hardly
be
surprised
at
famine
prices
when
such
Holden
takes
place.
Those
concerned
with
the
plate
of
the
poor
and
various
parts
of
the
county
concurred
with
these
sentiments
and
express
their
frustration
of
such
development.
B
Reverend
Edward
Disney
of
Newtown
Hamilton,
stated
how
the
greatest
Injustice
and
injury
is
done
to
the
by
the
retail
tree
had
been
in
the
hands
of
people
who
are
in
general,
poor
and
grasping
urging
such
to
be
content
with
a
moderate
profit.
He
revealed
that
while
Indian
corn
was
selling
in
Belfast
12
pounds
a
ton
and
Yuri
in
the
same
week
it
was
16
times.
B
Marcus
Senate
Jr
commented
that
when
most
of
the
small
farmers
in
Bali
Moyer
had
eaten
all
their
available,
maybe
some
of
the
better
off
attend
their
green
anodes
and
store
up
the
mail
was
to
sell
frequently
on
credit
to
the
poor
and
exorbitant
prices.
A
word
of
such
practices,
the
Aramaic
yard,
and
cast
together
government
policy.
No,
it's
important
to
point
out
that
these
were
very
much
State
supporting
papers.
They
weren't
radicals.
The
new
examiner
would
have
been
an
economy
paper,
Yuri
Telegraph
wasn't
the
Irma
Guardian.
B
B
It
is
Well
to
tell
the
people
of
thousands
of
portions
of
wheat
have
been
shipped
from
America
that
immense
arrivals
have
been
reported
in
Liverpool
or
London
that
there's
no
inertness
in
the
government
No
Lack
of
sympathy
in
England.
What
does
all
the
talk
Avail,
when
the
provisions
are
brought
up
by
speculators
as
soon
as
they
arrive
to
tell
a
Hungry
Man
of
abundance?
Yonder
is
somewhat
like
binding,
an
animal
to
your
small
parts
of
burned
up
pasture
in
the
same
field
with
a
large
crop
of
wheat
per
corn.
B
He
sees
what
would
satisfy
the
Cravings
of
appetite,
but
no
sooner
does
the
essay
a
motion
towards
the
face
where
these
Cravings
could
be
supplied.
Then
the
fatter
shows
them
that
he
is
fixed
to
his
spot
of
misery.
So
stand
limits
were
not
confined
to
the
press
in
October
1845,
a
meeting
of
Belfast
businessman
and
gentry
had
memorialized
the
Lord
Lieutenant
to
both
close
distilleries
and
stop
exports.
One
proponent
of
the
move
argued
that
the
amount
of
grain
used
annually
in
Irish
distilleries
was
equal
to
150
ship
loads
of
male
AIDS
containing
500
tons.
B
The
Belfast
proposal
was
accompanied
by
similar
initiatives
from
Dublin
Corporation,
the
mansion
house
committee
and
various
groups
in
Cork,
Derry
and
Glasgow.
The
strength
of
feeding
the
Belfast
in
the
subject
was
emphasized
by
the
fact
that
in
December
1846
a
deputation
from
the
Town
Council
met
the
Lord
Lieutenant
to
request
once
again
closure
of
the
ports
and
substitution
of
gray
and
distilleries.
B
This
is
so
important
in
relation
to
what
was
being
written
on
the
subject
in
the
1970s
and
the
1980s,
which
I'll
return
to.
At
the
same
time,
a
memorial
from
the
Guardians,
the
Waterford
Brewery
Union,
demanded
that
exports
should
be
stopped
for
six
months,
distillation
suspended
and
Irish
produce
purchased
by
the
government
to
supply
extensive
public
runaries.
This
call
was
supported
by
the
local
press,
lamented
High,
a
million
men
may
starve,
but
the
rules
which
of
regulated
commercial
Enterprise
must
continue.
B
The
new
Telegraph
said
we
look
upon
the
proposition
for
arrest
in
the
expenditure
of
brain
and
distillation
has
won
that
in
an
emergency
like
the
present
ought
to
command
itself.
To
Her
Majesty's
government,
the
impropriety
of
wasting
oats
at
such
an
emergency
in
the
feeding
of
horses,
has
been
strongly
insisted
upon.
Is
it
not
infinitely
more
improper
and
a
more
decided
and
less
excusable
risk
to
consume
Green
in
the
manufacture
of
whiskey
and
urging
the
temporary
suspension
of
green
and
distillation,
the
paper
advocated
substitution
with
sugar
and
molasses
and
distilleries
and
breweries
throughout
the
country?
B
However,
the
official
government
view
on
the
subject
was
expressed
in
a
report
carried
by
the
CM
Journal
some
days
nearer
and
replied
to
a
petition
from
Glassman
Council
applicator,
similar
initiative.
The
authorities
stated
bluntly.
It
is
not
the
intention
of
the
government
to
prohibit
distillation
from
grain.
Similarly,
despite
constant
appears
to
reduce
prices,
facilitate
the
free
distribution
of
food,
the
government
refused
that
yield
Clement.
B
The
attempt
were
made.
It
would,
by
inducing
a
rapid
consumption
of
stock
provisions
and
by
checking
and
super
spending.
The
bringing
forward
of
Supply
from
other
sources
render
the
existing
pressures
more
severe.
Maintaining
that
such
a
course
of
action
was
the
only
one
consistent
with
the
public
policy
they
continued.
B
Such
a
philosophy,
grounded
in
the
principles
of
political
economy,
also
saw
a
refusal
to
contemplate
a
Prohibition
on
exports
of
food.
In
the
same
week,
the
15
Tons
of
oatmeal
five
and
a
half
thousand
bushels
of
oats
and
400
bushels
of
wheat,
shipped
from
Newry
to
Liverpool.
The
Army
Guardian
referred
to
Ireland
as
a
vast
Warehouse
to
let
a
great
Warehouse
is
Ireland.
She
is
advantageously
situated
for
trade.
Her
stores
are
spacious,
her
resources
are
uncalculable,
the
exports
are
daily
and
creation,
regardless
of
the
demand
that
were
Hunger.
B
Never
any
great
novelty
is
now
exceedingly
planting.
Yes,
with
all
our
wretchedness
and
misery,
we
can
export.
We
can
send
England,
Potter
bacon,
eggs
and
all
kinds
of
green
on
a
scale
of
more
than
ordinary
extent.
We
can
freed
our
ships,
we
fill
them
with
Provisions,
while
one
casts
or
Wishful
glances.
They
leave
the
shore
and
famine
looks
ghastly
through
her
victim
who
has
assisted
to
send
off
those
necessaries
of
Life,
a
portion
of
which
may
be
distributed
to
him.
B
Who
stands
in
such
need,
but
the
warehouse
is
the
lat
and
the
clearance
system,
Must
Go
On
in
the
latest.
It's
manifest
and
widespread
opposition
to
the
prevailing
economic
doctrine
of
the
administration.
It's
all
that
some
historians
are
subsequently
ridiculed.
The
argument
that
an
alteration
and
policy
at
this
stage
in
the
crisis
would
have
eased
the
pressure
on
food
resources
when
simultaneously
keeping
prices
around
10
of
11..
It
appears
that
the
sum
that
has
been
more
important
to
counter
John
Mitchell's
argument
that
God
sent
the
plate.
B
The
English
created
the
famine
then
to
seriously
examine
the
Contemporary
debates
on
government
policy.
For
example,
Mary
Daly
has
remarked
there
was
no
strong
identifiable
call
from
Ireland
for
any
particular
measure
to
meet
the
famine.
Even
the
call
to
prevent
food
exports
was
much
stronger
and
retrospect
than
it
was
at
the
time.
B
Similarly,
Austin
Burke
has
claimed
that
little
evidence
is
to
be
found
in
the
Irish
newspapers,
with
the
sturdy
exception
of
the
plural
Journal
of
any
public
demand
for
the
closure
of
the
home
ports
against
the
export
of
food
and
could
be
facetious
and
say.
You
would
say
that
if
the
clearer
Journal
was
the
only
source
you'd
use.
So
what
was
the
prayer
stand
saying
at
the
time-
and
this
is
just
a
conclusion-
the
banner
of
Ulster
and
here
we're
looking
at
references
to
the
use
of
the
word
famine.
B
Was
there
a
shortage
of
food,
British
government
policy,
the
failure
in
the
crop?
This
is
the
banner
of
also
which
was
a
presbyterian
newspaper,
which
was
very
much
anti-alcohol
and
did
support.
Then
the
stopping
of
the
distilleries
for,
for
various
reasons,
the
failure
in
the
crop
by
politicians
in
Parliament,
public
writers
and
speakers
out
of
parliament
is
variously
attributed
to
Providence.
The
remark
is
true
in
one
sense,
for
man
could
not,
but
put
the
rot
into.
The
man
could
not
put
the
rot
into
the
potato.
B
Put
his
false
in
another,
for
the
Harvest
was
sufficiently
abundant
to
give
food
for
a
man
and
Beast
the
famine.
If
there
be
a
famine
is
man-made,
we
have
malted
and
distilled
the
farmer.
That
fact
must
never
be
forgotten
unless
we
would
lose
the
lessons
for
this
judgment
should
teach
I'm
just
going
to
conclude
with
a
couple
of
references
on
work
that
I've
done
in
County
lithium.
So
these
are
areas
which
are
very,
very
close
to
Ulster.
B
People
were
working
in
conditions
of
minus
three
minus
four
children,
women
and
men.
All
work,
so
he's
complained
about
the
lack
of
clothing
and
in
his
reply,
Randolph
Ruth,
one
of
the
top
man
in
the
relief
commission
stated
that
if
the
funds
of
the
Relief
Committee
were
used
to
purchase
Baden,
then
clothing
could
be
claimed,
but
emphasized
that
neither
objects
are
embraced
by
the
instructions.
In
other
words,
we
don't
care
for
this.
B
This
mentality
was
the
subject
of
a
stinging
editorial
in
a
local
paper,
and
this
paper
was
the
impartial
reporter
in
a
Skilling
paper.
Again,
not
an
anti-establishment
here.
This
is
quite
a
long
quote.
A
party
of
English
lawyers,
Merchants
manufacturers
and
landowners
assembling
a
house
in
London
the
past
laws
for
a
country
of
whose
requirements
they
are
ignorant
against,
whose
wishes
they
are
Prejudiced
and
whose
Prosperity
red
interfere
with
their
private
Advantage.
B
They
are
to
their
number
a
few
Irish
men,
some
of
whom
are
without
knowledge,
others
of
them
without
principle,
and
very
few
of
them,
represent
the
feelings,
Express
the
wishes
or
seek
the
interest
of
those
whose
Representatives
they
are
by
illegal
people.
Call
this
body
of
English
ignorance
and
Prejudice,
supplemented
by
Irish,
face
hunting
and
incapacity
set
the
work
to
make
laws
for
Ireland
and
what
is
the
result?
B
Look
first,
at
the
field
spread
by
Providence
for
the
exercise
of
the
legislative
abilities,
a
land
of
remarkable
natural
fertility,
of
broad
Rivers,
wide
legs
and
capacious
harbors
of
minerals,
cold
fields
and
pick
tracks
of
strong
willing,
hands,
Idle
Hands
long
and
for
something
to
do
and
ready
to
go
to
the
ends
of
the
Earth
and
search
up
where
the
toilet
on
this
field
and
with
this
material.
What
seaweed,
as
a
result
of
what
caused
itself
legislation
for
Ireland?
B
Right
into
the
Society
of
France
said
that
it
is
the
belief
of
the
people
that
the
government
wish
to
starve
them.
Emma
Lauder,
one
of
the
many
women
who
was
involved
in
a
relief
effort
and
that
in
drum
Star
South
and
she
castigated,
the
British
government
policy,
saying
that
it
was
resulting,
in
quote
the
general
extermination
of
the
people
to
use
that
term
in
1847..
B
Finally,
the
impartial
reporter
again
commenting
on
the
1851
census,
which
showed
the
decline
of
two
million
people
and
it's
minimum
2
million
people
a
number
equal
to
more
than
one
half.
The
present
inhabitants
of
Ireland
has
been
swept
off
in
four
years
and
as
the
mind
wanders
from
one
piled
up
graveyard
to
another
and
for
one
desolated
District
to
another,
and
we
ask
who
slew
all
these.
What
answer
can
be
given?
B
What
was
the
government
doing
while
there
was
food
to
be
had
and
the
people
starved?
Were
they
employing
that
vast
Navy?
That
wanders
around
the
world
swallowing
up
the
people's
money,
were
they
employing
it
to
bring
food
that
the
people
might
live?
Were
they
retrenching
the
vast
expenditure
and
sobering
down
the
extravagant
government
that
means
might
be
found
to
sustain
life
extravagant
was
as
great
as
ever
vein
pump
was
as
part
as
costly,
as
ever.
Public
money
was
as
widely
squandered
as
ever.
Well,
the
million
of
the
people
perished
and
I
suppose,
very
simply.
B
A
B
Probably
don't
maybe
maybe
I
didn't
make
that
clear.
There
were
three
main
elements
to
relief
the
the
workhouses.
They
had
nothing
to
do
with
family
relief.
Officially
there
had
been
established
under
the
Bureau
of
1838.
They
were
the
main
recourse
for
the
poor
prior
to
the
onset
of
the
blight
near
1045..
The
two
main
aspects
were
relief
Works,
which
were
established
from
to
a
certain
extent
in
1845,
mainly
from
September
1846
and
relief
committees,
and
then
the
soup
kitchen
Acumen
in
March
1847,
which
saw
the
free
distribution
of
food.
The
British
government
finally
realized.
B
A
B
I
mean
is
that
the
administration
just
collapsed,
they
couldn't
call,
they
just
couldn't
cope.
So
what
they
had
was
you
know,
people
were
coming
in
from
outside
and
they
were
they
have
fever.
Fever
was
being
brought
in
the
workhouse.
The
numbers
prior
to
the
family
would
have
been
a
quarter
of
the
capacity
by
December
1846.
Every
work,
Heist
and
Ulster
was
filled
the
capacity,
so
what
they
had
to
do
was
extend.
So
you
found
that
the
attics
were
being
converted
into
new
dormitories.
B
Temporary
buildings
were
being
set
up
and
they
just
couldn't
cope
with
the
numbers
that
Belfast
had
a
huge
Camp
Hospital
set
up.
Lurgan
was
the
same.
There
were
maybe
in
Lurgan
at
once,
there's
15
to
1600
people,
and
you
found
that
a
report
as
I'll
deal
with
next
week
showed
that
you
know
the
day
the
people
who
were
in
favor,
which
was
the
term
it,
was
used
who
had
favor
or
land
in
beds
with
people
who
were
unaffected
three
and
four
people
to
a
bed
at
a
time.
B
So
fever
was
spent
spreading
rapidly
and
the
whole
Administration
fell
down.
Because
then
the
workhouse
Masters
has
happened,
alerted
they
got
the
fever.
They
they.
The
teachers
at
the
doctors,
died
as
well
out
the
Presbyterian
Church
of
Ireland
and
Catholic
priests.
They
all
succumbed,
and
what
you
find
then,
is
that
when
you're
working
through
the,
for
example,
the
admission
registers
now
in
in
Ireland
in
1845,
there
were
130
per
law
unions
of
those
hundreds
and
there
was
a
huge
amount
of
paraphernality
associated
with
each
workhouse
lots
of
administrative
books.
B
The
vast
majority
of
those
are
lost
so
of
the
130
pure
law
unions
that
were
extinct
in
1845.
Only
17
of
the
admission
registers
exist
and
the
admission
registers
were
huge
folios,
which
recorded
the
details
of
those
who
entered
so
the
name
age,
condition
upon
entering
gender
religion
on
the
area
from
which
reform
and
then
when
they
entered
and
when
they
left.
So
it's
a
fantastic
resource.
There
are
17
of
those
17
12
original,
which
again
my
subject
is
the
family
Ulster.
B
It's
been
a
big
thing
for
years,
a
matter
of
debate,
and
you
often
think
why
hasn't
that
been
looked
that
long
before
I
got
anywhere
so
the
so
those
those
bricks
then
fall
into
misuse
from
February
40
47
right
through
the
Implement,
because
there
aren't
the
people
to
do
them.
For
example,
if
the
if
the
traded
or
creditor
or
the
chairman
are
the
clerk
of
the
Union
Fall
sick,
then
nobody
there
is
there
to
take
the
the
notes
and
fill
out
the
books.
B
So
that's
what
I
mean
by
they
just
they
collapse
in
terms
of
the
administration
collapse.
So
when
you're
looking
at
the
fatalities
and
Lurgan
actually
closes
its
workhouse
doors,
just
says
no
more
entrants,
they
want
to
get
the
numbers
down.
They
don't
want
anybody
else
in
with
favor,
so
the
numbers
declined,
but
they
aren't
recording
the
death.
So
when
you're
looking,
you
have
to
make
them
sort
of
an
educated
guess
at
how
many
people
died
overall.
So
that's
what
I
meant
by
the
Fall
Apart,
they
just
you,
know
Lisbon
workhouse!
B
It's-
and
this
is
one
of
the
things
that
I've
been
looking
at-
is
workhouse
that
all
how
work
houses
are
supposed
to
fall
into
that
for
different
periods.
Logan's
in
debt
for
a
year,
lisbourne
is
in
debt,
despite
the
fact
that
it
received
a
private
loan
of
two
thousand
pounds,
which
was
a
vast
sum
at
that
time.
B
B
So
they
could
get
the
soil
and
bury
them.
Gives
you
a
reflection
of
what
was
happening,
but
I
mean
it
was
only
in
what
1999
that
a
plaque
of
some
sort
I,
don't
think
it's
there
anymore
was
put
up
in
Lurgan,
workhouse
grounds
or
the
hospital,
as
it
is
now
to
recognize
that,
in
fact,
if
you
travel
through
it
also
and
I've
done,
this
you'll
see
that,
for
example,
lisbourne
workhouse,
it's
still
low,
the
building
is
still
there.
It's
no
that's!