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From YouTube: The Irish Famine Lecture Series: 19th Century Ireland, Context & Causes of the Great Irish Famine
Description
19th Century Ireland, Context and Causes of the Great Irish Famine I Thursday 19 January 2023, 7pm I Dr. Áine Doran, Ulster University.
Áine’s research focuses on Economic History, primarily in the areas of demography, living standards and development. She is recipient of Economic History Society New Researcher Award 2021 and has authored various papers including, A Poor Inquiry: Poverty and Living Standards in Pre-Famine Ireland (22 Feb. 2021) and contributed to, The Great Irish Famine: What are the lessons for policy makers todays? (Colvin, C. L., Doran, A. & Fernihough, A., 26 Apr 2021, The Economics Observatory).
A
Foreign,
so
again,
thank
you.
Everyone
for
joining
I'd
like
to
welcome
our
first
Speaker
tonight.
Her
name
is
Anya
Doran.
She
is
my
electorate.
University
of
Ulster
Anya's
research
focuses
on
economic
history
and
primarily
in
the
areas
of
democracy,
demography,
living
standards
and
development,
she's,
a
recipient
of
the
economic
History
Society
new
researcher
award
in
2021
and
has
authored
a
number
of
papers,
including
a
per
inquiry,
poverty
and
living
standards
in
prey
famine,
Ireland
Anya
will
have
a
presentation
via
PowerPoint
only
if
you'd
like
to
actually
start
that
I'd
appreciate
that.
B
A
Sorry
can
you
expand
your
screen
at
all?
Is
that
possible?
Why
so
you're
is
mine?
Yes,
perfect,
brilliant.
Thank
you.
Thank
you
very
much.
Thank.
B
You
for
how
many
years
into
using
zoom-
and
it
still
never
goes
quite
right.
The
thank
you
very
much
for
that
introduction,
Dolores
and
for
organizing
in
this
lecture
series
and
inviting
me
along
this
evening
and
thank
you
all
for
giving
up
your
Thursday
evening
to
come
along
and
and
listen
to
us
talk.
So
as
Dolores
mentioned
I'm
a
lecturer
in
economics
at
Ulster,
but
my
background
is
I,
did
a
PhD
in
economics
acquaintance
and
that
was
really
focusing
on
economic
history.
B
So
part
of
my
thesis
looked
at
pandemics,
so
just
the
tad
bit
topical
in
recent
years,
but
the
vast
majority
of
it
was
focusing
on
early
19th
century
Ireland,
really
focusing
on
pre-fam
and
living
conditions.
Demography,
population,
Dynamics,
Etc
and
that's
a
lot
of
what
I'm
going
to
talk
to
tonight
is
going
to
be
based
on
that
work.
B
B
So
in
September
1845
we
have
the
first
cases
of
potato
blight
reported
in
Ireland
and
then
by
October
1845.
It's
estimated
that
about
25
to
50
percent
of
the
potato
crop
had
been
lost
applied.
So
this
initial
loss
is
quite
large,
but
it
is
to
some
degree
manageable.
So
some
of
the
potatoes
that
were
grown
would
have
been
used
for
livestock
consumption
Etc.
So
it
was
possible
to
divert
some
of
those
potatoes
that
were
usually
used
for
Animals
towards
human
consumption.
B
So
this
initial
potato
failure
doesn't
lead
to
the
widespread
to
step,
distress
and
Devastation
that
we
later
came
to
see
the
big
issues
really
start
to
be
borne
by
the
fact.
The
following
summer
in
1846
that
blight
again
strikes
the
potato
crop
and
now
about
90
of
the
crop
is
lost
and
it's
from
the
summer
of
1846
onwards
that
we
really
start
to
see
the
distress
hit
during
the
famine
things.
Maybe
look
a
bit
more
optimistic
in
the
summer
of
1847
people
start
to
think.
B
Well,
maybe
the
famine
is
over
because
the
blight
is
absent,
there's
no
cases
of
light
reported,
but
the
problem
is
the
actual
potato
crop
that
was
planted
was
extremely
small
so
because
we
had
these
crop
losses
in
1845
and
1846,
and
we
had
this
huge
reduction
in
food
supply.
A
lot
of
people
in
desperation
had
eaten
their
Sage
potatoes,
so
the
actual
crop
that
was
planted
in
1847
was
very
small.
B
So,
even
though
there's
no
blight
the
actual
crop,
that's
retained
is
extremely
small
and
1847
is
the
year
that
goes
on
to
be
known
as
Black
47,
because
this
is
the
year
where
we
see
the
and
the
peak
in
the
famine,
death
rate
and
then
in
1848
to
50.
We
see
blight
returning
to
various
degrees,
then
just
to
sort
of
sense.
B
The
population
loss
in
context,
so
approximately
one
million
people
die
in
a
further
million
immigrant
during
the
famine
which
is
equating
to
like
25
of
the
Irish
population
at
the
time
and
just
to
put
that
sort
of
death
rate
death
rate
of
12
in
context.
It
makes
the
Irish
family
of
the
1840s,
the
second
most
deadly
famine
that
has
occurred
in
sort
of
modern
history.
Second,
only
to
a
famine
that
took
place
100
years
previously,
also
in
Ireland.
B
So
now
I
just
sort
of
set
the
scene
and
give
a
bit
of
context
on
what
pre-filement
Ireland
was
like.
It's
very
hard
to
have
a
discussion
about
pre-fam
in
Ireland,
without
thinking
about
poverty,
so
I
don't
think
you
can
overestimate
the
extent
to
it
pretty
famine.
Ireland
wants
an
extremely
purpose.
B
B
We
have
commissions
that
find
the
lowest
living
standards
in
Europe,
so
Ireland
wants
an
extremely
appropriate
poverty,
basically
characterized
or
surmised.
Pretty
famine
Ireland
at
the
time.
Ireland
is
part
of
an
economic
Union
with
Britain,
but
we
do
see
a
real
Divergence
or
Gap
in
conditions
between
the
two.
So
income
per
capita
in
Ireland
is
about
half
the
rate.
It
was
in
Britain.
B
The
Irish
economy
is
very
dominated
by
agriculture,
but
agricultural
laborers
are
earning
approximately
half
of
what
they're
counterparts
in
England
did
and
they're
also
experiencing
a
higher
rate
of
falling
wages
than
their
counterparts
in
England
were
about.
Two-Fifths
of
families
are
living
in
one
bedroom
houses
or
maybe
one
room
houses
because
in
some
cases,
a
more
appropriate
description
and
we
have
lots
of
reports
of
people
unable
to
attend
school
or
church
and
a
lack
of
clothing.
B
However,
it's
not
all
negative
and
prefamine
Irish
represents
somewhat
of
a
paradox
in
that
in
some
measures
they
actually
do.
Surprisingly,
well,
given
their
financial
and
economic
living
conditions,
so
they're
found
to
have
literacy
rates
higher
than
will
be
expected,
given
their
income
levels,
they
have
a
real
height
Advantage
compared
to
their
counterparts
in
Britain
and
across
Europe
and
height,
is
something
it's
sometimes
used
in
history
to
measure
living
standards.
B
It
can
be
somewhat
of
a
controversial
measure,
it's
not
a
measure
without
issues,
but
there's
no
denying
the
fact
that
the
Irish
were
given
the
fact.
They
were
extremely
we're,
also
a
very
tall
population
which
doesn't
necessarily
match
up
with
the
poverty
you
would.
You
would
expect
to
see,
given
the
poverty,
this
health
of
the
Irish
is
also
reflected
in
the
fact
they
experience
really
low
disease
rates
compared
to
other
countries
in
Europe
at
the
time,
and
they
also
have
much
lower
mortality
rates
than
you
would
expect.
B
So,
despite
being
economically
and
financially
very
firm
in
some
aspects,
they
sort
of
they
go
against
that
and
look
as
though
physically
they're,
very,
very
healthy
and
in
addition
to
these
traveler
reports
that
talk
about
you
know
the
Lower
State
of
misery.
You
also
have
traveler
reports,
saying
you'll
you'll,
never
see
a
woman
more
beautiful
than
an
Irish
woman,
and
they
it's
this
real
juxtaposition
of
people
barely
able
to
clothe
themselves
in
rags,
but
looking
physically
extremely
healthy,
and
this
can
somewhat
be
explained
by
the
potato.
So
we
know
the
Irish
lover
Spud.
B
We
know
what
the
heart
of
the
famine
it
all
comes
down
to
the
loss
of
the
potato,
but
I
don't
think
people
appreciate
the
extent
to
which
the
potato
dominated
life
in
Ireland
before
the
famine.
So
much
like
we
say,
poverty
was
a
defining
feature.
So
was
the
Reliance
on
the
potato,
so
Ireland
comes
to
have
predominant
by
the
lumber
potato,
so
it
was
an
extremely
cheap
potato
to
grow
and
could
also
be
grown
in
quite
small
patches
of
land
and
quite
poor
quality
land.
So
the
ironic
thing
about
Ireland
is
actually
lots
of.
B
So
it
started
to
become
quite
an
attractive
and
crop
to
grow
and
it
starts
to
dominate
agriculture
because
it's
so
cheap
it
keeps
costs
down
and
because
of
this
dominance
in
agriculture,
it
doesn't
really
present
Farmers
Etc
with
any
incentive
to
innovate
or
look
at
alternative
crops
Etc
to
grow,
because
it's
so
cheap
and
easy
to
grow
and
can
be
grown
in
small
patches
of
land
doesn't
just
dominate
agriculture.
B
It
then
starts
to
fit
into
dominating
the
diet
as
well
and
of
that
8
million
population,
approximately
three
million
people
were
wholly
dependent
on
the
potato
for
their
food,
so
their
diet
was
potato
water
and
nothing
else,
and
even
for
the
other
five
million
of
the
population
for
the
large
majority
of
them.
The
vast
bulk
of
their
diet
is
potatoes.
B
B
So
if
there's
any
other
food
source-
and
you
would
only
eat
that
food
source-
it
wouldn't
sustain
your
life,
but
the
potato
tolerance
has
got
a
high
calorie
content
and
high
nutrients
and
vitamin
vitamin
content.
So
even
though
it's
the
only
food
source,
a
lot
of
the
population
are
eating.
It's
providing
them
a
really
healthy
diet,
and
that's
why
we
see
these
little
disease
low
mortality
rates.
Why
we
see
a
very
physically
healthy
population
and
it
also
starts
to
contribute
to
higher
fertility
rates
as
well.
B
So
then
this
is
where
my
research
starts
to
come
in.
Up
until
now,
we've
been
looking
very
much
the
conditions
in
Ireland
as
a
whole
or
in
an
aggregate
where
I
start
to
bring
my
research
in
is
looking
a
bit
deeper
than
that.
So
basically,
all
of
the
work
I've
done
on
Ireland
has
been
inspired
by
this
map
and
what
this
map
is
showing
is
Parish
level
population
change
between
1841
and
1851,
so
essentially
the
impact
of
the
famine.
B
So
the
darker,
the
color,
the
greater
the
population
loss
and
if
we
were
to
look
at
this
in
sort
of
a
provincial
or
county
level,
you're
seeing
that
traditional
story
of
the
West
suffering
more.
But
if
you
look
down
more
at
the
parish
level,
you
see
that
there's
actually
a
bit
more
variation
than
some
people
might
realize,
and
you
can
see
clusters
of
neighboring
parishes
where
one
party,
maybe
only
has
a
relatively
small
population
loss
and
it's
a
neighboring
Parish
has
a
much
larger
population
loss.
B
So
after
seeing
this
map,
I
started
to
think
well,
is
there
differences
in
living
conditions
or
conditions
on
the
ground
in
these
parishes?
That
might
explain
why
we
see
you
know
such
variation
in
the
impact
of
the
famine
between
parishes,
even
though
the
parishes
might
be
quite
close
to
each
other.
B
So
we've
talked
about
Irish
poverty
and
how
it
stream
it
was,
and
at
the
time
it
was
starting
to
become
of
concern
to
the
British
government,
and
there
was
a
couple
of
reasons
behind
this.
So
one
was
that,
due
to
the
poverty
in
Ireland,
people
were
migrating
from
Ireland
to
England
in
search
of
support.
B
So
Irish
poverty
was
starting
to
become
somewhat
of
an
English
problem
and
then
In
1832,
a
new
prologue
had
been
set
up
in
England
and
Wales,
and
there
had
been
an
inquiry
into
poverty
carried
out
there
in
order
to
set
up
the
prologue
and
the
government
wanted
to
set
up
a
similar
per
law
in
Ireland.
So
they
were
also
going
to
carry
out
an
inquiry
into
Irish
poverty
with
the
email
of
setting
up
this
Pro
Long
Island.
B
So
there
were
a
couple
of
different
methodologies
they
used
in
the
inquiry.
One
was
the
except
surveys
out
to
priests
and
landowners,
land
owners
in
parishes
across
Ireland
surveyed,
surveying
them
on
the
conditions
of
the
poor
in
their
parish,
and
when
we're
talking
about
the
perona
parish,
we're
talking
about
the
vast
majority
of
people
within
the
parish.
B
They
also
had
Commissioners
that
went
off
and
visited
the
parishes
and
held
oral
hearings
where
people
could
come
along
and
talk
about.
You
know
their
day-to-day
life
and
day-to-day
conditions,
and
the
government
were
very
conscious
of
potential
political
or
religious
issues
that
might
be
experienced
on
the
ground
in
Ireland
and
didn't
want.
You
know
those
issues
to
maybe
create
biases
in
the
inquiry,
so
they
made
sure
that
Commissioners
traveled
and
paired
one
British
one
Irish
to
essentially
balance
out
any
potential
biases
or
issues
that
might
come
up
so
off.
B
The
really
interesting
thing
about
the
inquiry
is
that
the
recommendations
were
rejected
by
the
government.
So,
after
carrying
out
this
survey
of
poverty
in
Ireland,
the
inquiry
came
back
and
said.
We
don't
think
a
system
of
compulsory
relief
or
work-eye
system
like
as
in
England,
is
suitable
to
Ireland.
B
We
think
a
system
of
a
assisted
migration,
investment
in
agriculture
and
infrastructure
would
be
much
more
appropriate
for
Ireland,
but
the
government
essentially
wants
to
implement
a
very
similar
system
as
to
what's
already
in
England
and
Wales
into
Ireland,
so
they
reject
the
findings
of
the
inquiry
and
commission
a
new
inquiry
to
go
off
and
find
more
favorable
results.
So
I
always
think
that's
quite
an
interesting
counterfactual
to
think
about
of
what
happens
if
the
initial
initial
recommendations
have
been
followed.
B
So
this
is
just
sort
of
an
idea
of
what
those
returns
would
look
like
as
they're
printed
in
the
inquiry.
So
at
the
top
you
have
the
name
of
the
parish,
the
population
name
of
the
respondent
and
then
their
answers
to
some
of
the
questions,
and
you
can
see
there's
a
real
variation
between
respondents.
Some
give
very
short
to
the
point,
answers
and
some
like
to
go
into
a
lot
more
detail.
B
B
So
we
get
lots
of
different
insights
based
on
the
questions,
so
we
get
a
great
insight
to
the
variation
in
the
cost
of
living
across
parishes.
So
one
of
the
questions
asked
was:
what
can
an
average
Libra
expect
to
earn
as
their
daily
weight
and
on
average
and
they're
reporting
a
wage
of
about
90
a
day?
You
know
we
do
see
lots
of
the
returns
saying
that
this
weird
difference
between
winter
and
summer,
and
then
we
see
within
the
responses
a
huge
range
between
parishes.
B
So
some
parishes
are
reporting
a
daily
read
as
low
as
four
p
a
day
and
others
as
high
as
16k
a
day.
So
we're
seeing
huge
variation
and
those
sort
of
higher
low
wages
aren't
concentrated
in
you
know
particular
Regional
or
Geographic
areas,
you're,
seeing
some
quite
low-weight
parishes,
relatively
close
to
High
Ridge
parishes
as
well.
B
Then
we
also
get
an
insight
into
the
use
of
female
and
child
labor.
So
there's
a
question
on:
are
there
employment
opportunities
for
women
and
children
in
your
Parish?
If
so,
what
do
they
earn?
They
can
see
women
earn
less
than
men.
Children
are
less
than
women,
but
also
again
that
huge
variation
in
what
the
average
wage
is
across
parishes.
B
B
B
So
for
about
20
percent
of
parishes,
it's
potatoes
water,
nothing
else,
but
then
for
a
very
large
portion
of
the
remaining
parishes.
Their
diet
is
pretty
much
potatoes
and
milk
and
very
little
else
added
in.
We
also
get
some
other
insights.
So
there's
a
question
on
the
quality
of
clothing
that
over
half
of
parachutes
are
reporting
their
clothing
quality
to
be
bad,
although
there
is
variation
in
the
extent
of
how
bad
this
is
some
parishes,
you
know
sets
per
quality,
quite
coarse
material,
another
parishes.
B
They
respond
that
it's
essentially
ranks
and
can
barely
be
constituted
as
clothing.
Interestingly,
nearly
50
of
responses
talk
about
immigration
taking
place,
so
one
of
the
questions
was
in
the
last
three
years.
Has
migration
taken
place
from
your
Parish?
If
so,
how
many
and
where
to
so
I,
think
a
lot
of
people
think
of
the
Irish
immigration,
starting
as
a
result
of
the
famine,
but
it
was
already
underway
before
the
farmer
had
taken
place,
and
this
isn't
just
emigration
to
England.
We
see
lots
of
responses
talking
about
emigration
to
America
and
Canada
as
well.
B
B
How
do
people
and
maintain
themselves
when
out
of
employment
or
when
they're
in
hardship
for
about
60,
say
that
the
program
intend
by
their
Holdings,
which
essentially
meant
a
small
plot
of
land
or
a
little
Garden
at
the
side
of
their
house,
where
they
were
growing
potatoes,
so
about
60
of
respondents
were
supported
by
Holdings
of
potatoes
when
they
were
out
of
work.
Ten
percent
responded
that
they
relied
on
begging
and
then
there's
also
instances
of
use
of
pawn
brokers
and
credit.
B
So
Pawn
Brokers
before
the
famine
were
very
widespread
across
the
island
and
financial
institutions
were
also
starting
to
develop
as
well.
So
you
had
your
your
big
traditional
banks
that
were
aimed
at
higher
income
classes,
but
you
also
had
special
financial
institutions
set
up
specifically
to
provide
loans
and
credit
to
lower
classes,
to
try
and
bring
them
out
of
poverty.
So
the
financial
infrastructure
was
maybe
more
developed
and
then
some
people
realized
then,
along
with
payment
wages
and
cash.
B
We
also
see
reports
of
people
having
their
rent
paid
in
lieu
of
work
or
being
given
a
plot
of
land
or
Provisions
in
return
for
work
that
they've
done,
and
we
talked
about
that
big
growth
and
population.
That
growth
was
very
visible
on
the
ground
within
parishes,
but
90
to
parishes
reported
that
they've
they
had
seen
a
visible
increase
in
their
population
in
the
last
15
years.
B
I
think
this
response
that
I've
highlighted
I
think
is,
is
quite
good
at
summarizing
the
extent
of
the
poverty
that
some
parishes
were
facing.
So
this
is
taken
from
a
parish
and
County
Galway
and
it's
in
response
to
a
question
on
the
quality
of
food
or
their
diet
and
clothing.
So
we
can
see
the
responding
here.
It's
not
just
that
they're
only
eating
potatoes
they're,
even
commenting
that
they're
very
bad
potatoes.
B
They
have
pigs
and
poultry,
but
they're
not
used
for
food
consumption,
they're
used
to
trade
or
for
the
purchase
of
other
Goods
such
as
soap.
You
know
paying
their
rent
Etc.
They
talk
about
animal
food
or
essentially,
meat
is
never
eaten
with
the
exception
of
Christmas
Day.
If
they
can
get
it,
we
talk
about.
The
clothing
is
ratchet.
B
So
I
then
use
all
of
the
data
that
I've
collected
to
try
and
understand.
Well
what
was
contributing
to
increasing
prop
increasing
poverty.
So
I
do
some
econometric
analysis
and
I'll
not
go
into
the
details
of
any
of
that,
because
no
one
needs
to
be
hearing
about
that
on
a
Thursday
evening,
but
I'll.
Just
summarize,
some
of
the
findings
that
I
get
from
that
so
trying
to
find
out
what
was
contributing
to
increasing
poverty
or
deteriorating
conditions
and
I
find
that
it
was
for
parishes
that
were
becoming
Pro.
We're
having
this
growing
inequality.
B
Parishes
that
reported
bookme
was
part
of
their
daily
diets
were
about
25,
less
likely
to
report
increasing
poverty.
Unwind
population
density
was
in
correlated
with
increasing
poverty,
increasing
population
wasn't
correlated
with
increasing
property.
So
if
Ireland
was
overpopulated,
you
would
expect
to
see
that
population
contributing
to
deteriorating
living
conditions,
but
we're
not
seeing
that
correlation
coming
through
on
a
parish
level.
B
Then
perhaps
the
more
interesting
question
is
well:
how
do
these
Parish
level
prefamine
conditions
contribute
or
correlate
to
the
famine
and
the
impact
of
the
famine?
So
what
I
do
is
I?
Take
all
of
these
data
about
wages,
diet.
All
of
these
different
characteristics
about
the
parishes,
do
some
analysis
and
see
if
they
contributed
to
the
extent
of
the
population
loss
at
that
Parish
experienced
as
a
result
of
the
famine
and
what
I
find
is
that
increasing
poverty
isn't
correlated
with
famine
severity.
B
So
those
parishes
which
said
they
were
having
deteriorating
conditions,
don't
suffer
a
higher
population
result
and
population
loss
as
a
result
of
this.
But
what
does
matter
is
absolute
poverty,
so
I
measured
absolute
poverty
as
the
proportion
of
fourth
class
fourth
class
housing
in
a
parish
and
what
I
find
high
proportion
of
fourth
class
housing
higher
population
loss
during
the
famine.
B
What
some
people
might
find
interesting
is
those
parishes
that
reported
that
their
diet
was
potatoes
and
nothing
else
aren't
more
vulnerable
to
the
famine.
They
don't
suffer
a
higher
population
losses
as
a
result,
but
do
keep
in
mind
why
that
might
seem
a
bit
shocking,
even
for
parishes
where
they
were
eating
other
foodstuffs.
The
potato
was
still
the
main
part
of
their
diet,
unsurprisingly,
parishes
where
they
were
using
their
Holdings
as
support
have
higher
population
losses,
so
essentially,
practices
which
were
using
potatoes
to
get
them
through
periods
of
difficulty.
B
When
the
p
and
potato
fails,
they
don't
have
that
means
of
support,
and
so
you
see
higher
population
losses
there.
One
of
the
more
interesting
results
coming
out
is
about
the
protection
that
maybe
was
or
wasn't
offered
by
alternative
food
sources.
So
we
can
see
those
parishes
where
the
prayer
had
oatmeal
in
their
diet,
fish
in
their
daily
diet,
Etc
and
that
offer
is
very,
very
limited.
Protection
of
all
of
the
other
diet
sources.
B
The
only
one
which
was
fine
to
have
a
significant
effect
on
protecting
against
population
loss
was
having
fish
in
your
daily
diet,
but
the
actual
protection
was
very,
very
small,
so
it
was
only
protecting
against
about
a
one
percent
population
loss
but
I
think
it's
really
important
to
keep
in
mind.
The
potato
was
dominated
in
that
diet.
B
It
was
providing
a
very
high
calorie
diet,
so,
even
when
there
were
other
food
sources
available,
they
weren't
matching
up
to
that
calorie
and
nutrient
diet
that
they
had
been
used
to
given
the
potato
again
I'm,
not
really
saying
a
relationship
coming
through
between
pre-fam
and
population
increases
and
Fatman
severity.
So
at
least
on
Parish
at
Parish
level.
It
doesn't
seem
like
we're
having
this
relationship
between
population
and
increase
in
our
population
pressure
and
Family
Impact,
and
then
one
of
the
biggest
results
that
came
out
of
my
analysis
was
that
location
really
matters.
B
So
the
further
a
parish
was
from
either
the
coast
or
navigable
waterways
such
as
canals
the
bigger
their
population
lost.
So
for
it's
roughly
every
23
kilometers
you
move
away
from
either
the
coast
or
waterways,
it's
equipped
into
a
point,
a
three
to
four
percent
population
loss.
So
it's
quite
significant.
If
you
were
to
add
that
up,
it's
not
necessarily
something
I
can
give
a
definitive
answer
or
not
as
to
why
that
happens.
It's
something
that
I'm
carrying
out
further
research
on
to
try
and
get
an
idea
of
what
the
mechanisms
behind
that
might
be.
B
And
then
the
final
thing
I'll
touch
on
very
very
briefly
in
terms
of
context,
for
the
famine
is
just
a
little
bit
on
political
context,
so
I
think
to
understand
the
famine
had
discussions
around
the
family
and
think
of
the
impacts
and
things
that
happened.
We
do
have
to
be
aware
of
the
political
context
as
well
to
place
the
famine
in
context,
so
the
prevailing
school
of
thought
at
the
time
was
that
governments
should
not
intervene
in
markets.
This
was
the
economic
theory
that
really
dominated
at
the
time.
B
Governments
shouldn't
intervene
in
markets,
markets
were
efficient
and
they
would
lead
to
the
most
efficient
allocation
of
resources.
Governments
shouldn't
be
intervening
in
them
by
trying
to
affect
the
supply
of
goods.
Etc
Public
Work
schemes
had
been
used
before
as
forms
of
in
famine
relief
or
in
dealing
with
periods
of
part
of
this
failure.
They've
been
successful
in
dealing
with
this
before,
but
generally
they
were
dealing
with
Harvest
failures
on
a
much
more
Regional
scale
and
not
on
the
national
scale
experienced
in
Ireland.
B
B
B
It
was
the
parish
that
provided
the
support,
the
support
didn't
come
through
on
National
levels
and
that's
where
this
sort
of
ingrained
belief
is
coming
from,
so
just
to
wrap
up
with
some
key
takeaways
so
to
have
I
think
to
keep
in
mind
for
all
all
of
the
presentations
that
are
going
to
come
out
through
this.
The
rest
of
this
series
and
any
discussions
around
the
farm,
and
it's
always
important
to
remember
the
context
of
pre-fam
in
Ireland.
B
B
You
cannot
overestimate
the
extent
to
which
the
potato
dominated
life
in
Ireland.
It
was
right
there
at
the
center
and
I
think
you
really
have
to
keep
in
mind
them
really
high
calorie
and
really
nutritious
diet
that
this
was
providing
the
Irish
people
and
the
fact
that
the
other
food
sources
that
remained
available
the
other
food
sources
that
were
imported
in
to
try
and
provide
support,
couldn't
match
up
to
that
calorie
content
that
they
were
used
to
or
that
nutrition
content
that
they
were
used
to.
B
Immigration
was
becoming
part
of
the
Irish
story
even
before
the
famine
had
taken
place,
but
there's
no
denying
the
fact
that
famine
spread
up
or
fast-tracked
the
extent
of
which
that
immigration
was
happening
at
a
localized
level.
The
work
I
do
and
the
prayer
inquiry
doesn't
necessarily
support.
The
idea
that
Ireland
was
overpopulated
or
the
population
pressure
contributed
to
the
famine
but
or
the
severity
of
the
famine,
but
I
definitely
wouldn't
hopefully
say
that
you
know
I
wouldn't
come
out
and
say
that
it's
it's
definitely
not
a
case.
B
It
might
have
been
playing
a
role
in
a
more
nationalized
level
and
you
just
didn't
see
it
play
down
at
a
local
level
as
much
location
matters
when
we
think
about
the
severity
of
the
famine
and
it's
something
I
think
further
research
is
needed
on
before.
We
can
say
exactly
why,
but
I
think
the
most
important
thing
to
take
away
is
that
context
is
important
and
context
matters
and
that
anytime
we're
having
discussions
around
the
farm
and
just
keep
all
of
that
context
in
mind.
B
And
then
the
final
thing
I
will
leave
you
with
is
just
a
couple
of
reading
recommendations.
If
anyone
you
know
wants
to
know
more
about
the
famine
on
top
of
everything
that
will
be
covered
in
the
series,
so
there's
a
book
published
actually
just
in
the
last
sort
of
week
or
so
called
the
death
census
of
Black
47
eyewitness
accounts
of
Ireland's,
Great,
Famine
and
I.
Think
it's
still
available
online,
free
and
I
think
you
can
get
it
for
free
on
Kindle
as
well,
and
it's
a
great
read
and
very
accessible
as
well.
B
I
anything
by
core
Michael,
grata
I,
definitely
recommend.
He
is
sort
of
The
Godfather
of
Irish
economic
history
and
any
research
in
the
Irish
famine.
His
books
may
have
a
little
bit
of
econometrics
in
them,
but
they're
easy
to
skim
through
sort
of
corner,
metrics
and
data.
Isn't
your
thing?
Don't
let
that
fit
you
at
all
and
then
maybe
a
bit
of
an
older
book,
but
one
that
is
still
highly
recommended:
the
great
hunger
by
Lisa
wooden
Smith
but
I'll
leave
it
there.
B
Hopefully
either
pull
up
right
at
least
some
of
you
that
will
have
been
interesting.
You
might
have
learned
something
you
didn't
know
about
pre-fanmon
Island
and
it
might
provide
a
bit
more
context
for
the
presentation
is
going
forward,
but
I'll
I'll
stop
sharing
my
screen
and
happy
to
take
any
comments
or
questions
that
might
come
up
and
if
people
later
on
want
to
contact
me
about
anything,
that's
absolutely
fine
as
well.
A
Thank
you
very
much
Anya.
That
was
a
great
presentation
just
before
we
I
go
through
a
few
questions
that
have
been
submitted.
I
just
want
to
mention
everybody.
We
also
have
another
speaker,
Dr
Jared
mcatazny,
who
has
written
extended
extensively
in
the
famine,
and
he
would
be
actually
joining
us
in
this
discussion.
A
I'll.
Give
you
a
little
bit
further
background
on
Jared
later
on,
Anya
can
I
just
go
through
a
few
questions
that
have
been
submitted.
Firstly,
one
was:
is
there
a
famine?
Is
there
famine
comparison
statistics
with
Asian
Nations
available,
so
the
famine
in
Ireland
and
comparison
to
six
with
times
of
hunger
in
Asian,
Nations,
yeah.
B
So
the
and
then
the
table
I
showed
at
the
start,
comparing
Irish
famine
to
some
other
famines.
There
is
a
much
longer
version
of
that
and
table
available,
I,
just
sort
of
picked,
the
more
the
higher
death
rate
famine.
So
there
are
it's
a
much
longer
version
of
that
table
than
there
are
Asian
famines
contained
within
that,
but
in
terms
of
percentage,
population
loss
they're
much
smaller
than
what
is
safer
in
the
family.
B
A
B
A
B
So
there
was
definitely
lots
of
controversy
when
the
idea
of
the
Irish
landowners
having
to
fund
the
fan
and
support
and
per
support.
It
was
something
that
they
were
definitely
not
on
board
with
and
I
think
it
was
I
think
it
came
down
to
those
sort
of
institutional
differences
between
the
system
in
Britain
and
Ireland,
whereas
you
know
they
were
used
to
in
Britain.
You
know
paying
the
taxes
Etc
to
the
local
parishes
or
local
per
unions
to
fund
the
support.
It
wasn't
something
that
was
traditional
in
the
Irish
system.
B
So
there
was
obviously
objections
to
having
to
do
that.
I
think
the
idea
that
poverty
is
a
local
issue,
not
a
national
issue,
isn't
one
that
was
felt
in
Ireland,
so
the
landowners
doesn't
necessarily
have
that
feeling
of
what
we
should
be
paying
to
fund
it
and
support
it.
So
there
was
definitely
objections
to
the
idea
of
the
prologue
being
brought
in
and
particularly
when
the
idea
that
the
the
funding
of
famine
relief
should
ultimately
be
transferred
to
Irish
landowners
Etc.
There
is
definitely
in
objections
and
exceptions
to
that.
B
A
Thank
you
is
the
poor
law
inquiry
report
available
online
or
where
could
it
be
sourced?
If
someone
wanted
to
yeah.
B
So
it
is
online.
Well,
that's
a
couple
of
thousand
Pages
along
and
it's
not
a
very
interesting
reads.
So
I
wouldn't
recommend
it,
and
so
it
is
online
through
the
British
parliamentary
papers,
and
it's
if
you
are
looking
for
an
appendix
C
is
the
one
where
you
see
all
of
the
reports
and
being
published.
You
could
also
do
a
little
Google
search.
B
There
is
a
book
that
was
written
about
the
prayer
inquiry
that
maybe
gives
you
a
better
overview
of
the
responses
and
the
detail
in
it
without
having
to
try
and
read
through
those,
in
some
cases,
quite
poorly
scanned
in
responses.
So,
yes,
it
is
available
online
to
read,
but
it's
not
something.
I
would
recommend.
A
It's
not
an
easy
read,
I
just
want
to
mention
here.
Someone
else
has
asked:
can
they
get
a
copy
of
your
PowerPoint
I'll,
just
remind
everybody
that
I
will
be
forwarding
the
link
to
this
recording
to
everyone.
Who's
been
attendance,
so
you'll
be
able
to
access
it
through
that
and
can
I
just
ask
what
is
the
definition
of
a
fourth
class
posing
you
mentioned
four-class
housing
in
your
talk,
what
what
would
that
definition
be
or
many
how
many
grids
of
housing
was?
Was
there
so
generally.
B
They're
housing
sort
of
three
grades
and
the
fourth
class
would
have
been
the
lowest,
so
that
is
sort
of
your.
The
idea
that
you
might
have
seen
portrayed
and
you
know
TV
series
Etc
around
the
famine
or
I
think
there's
one
down
in
the
front
of
university
of
cork.
It's
essentially
a
mod
hot
that
doesn't
necessarily
have
Windows,
doesn't
really
have
rooms.
It's
it's
the
most
basic
of
houses.
It
could.
It
can
only
just
be
called
a
heist
essentially.
A
A
Lurgan,
which
is
in
within
our
map
on
Bridge
Creek
I,
haven't
bought
a
council
area
is
located
only
a
short
few
miles
from
Loch,
nay,
which
is
one
of
the
largest
fresh
water
sources
in
land
lakes
in
Europe,
or
certainly
on
this
island
or
the
UK.
So
is
there?
Does
that
contradict
some
of
the
statements
you
made?
A
Or
is
it
a
case
where,
because
of
the
poverty
lacks
of
skills,
lack
of
monetary
resources
that
people,
just
even
if
they
had
a
were
heady,
had
easy
access
to
water
they
couldn't
have
actually
fished.
This
would
also
apply
to
likes
of
the
West
Coast
of
Ireland
or,
like
a
skibbereen,
were
I.
Suppose,
if
you
don't
have
the
tools,
maybe
it's
just
not
feasible
either.
Could
you
comment
on
that?
Yeah.
B
So
and
when
I'm
talking
about
the
water,
I
largely
am
in
the
coast
on
waterways
such
as
canals
and
rivers,
so
it's
not
necessarily
the
likes
of
Loch,
nay,
although
there
will
obviously
be
a
lot
of
those
Rivers
Etc
feeding
into
the
lock
I
think
part
of
it,
so
you're
not
going
to
see
that
effect
for
every
single
Parish,
that's
close
to
water.
So
some
of
it
might
be
that
you
know
the
poverty
is
so
extreme.
The
other
factors
you
know
the
absolute
level
of
poverty
so
say
the
fourth
class
sizing
Etc.
B
B
So
it
could
be
a
case
that
there
are
some
parishes
that
were
located
close
to
the
water
that
didn't
necessarily
have
trade
networks
from
that,
whereas
there
might
be
other
parishes
who
were
you
know,
close
to
Coastal,
Port
Times
or
had
trade
along
the
river,
and
that
was
providing
a
form
of
financial
support.
So
there
I
did
there's.
Definitely
more
work
needed
to
dig
in
to
try
and
understand
if
access
to
water
or
access
to
waterways
was
offering
some
form
of
support
as
to
what
exact
mechanisms
that
was
working
in.
A
Okay,
thank
you.
Another
question
is
here
is
how
much
of
the
difference
between
England
and
Ireland
in
terms
of
altitude
to
Pearl
or
support
could
have
been
due
to
Irish
landlords,
not
being
part
of
the
local
population,
now
I,
just
kind
of
want
to
say
Jared.
If
Jared
of
you
that
comment
here,
please
do
kind
of
step
in
as
well
to
any
of
these
questions.
But
can
you
comment
on
that
on
you
or
Jared.
B
A
Necessarily
yes,
too,
too
much
Jared.
Would
you
have
any
comment
on
that?
What
was
the
question
again,
how
much
of
the
difference
between
England
and
Ireland
in
terms
of
attitude
to
per
law
support
could
have
been
due
to
Irish
landlords,
not
being
part
of
the
local
population.
C
I
think
local
study
research
throws
up
a
very
mixed
picture
and
one
of
the
things
that
jumps
out
from
all
the
letters
that
go
to
the
relief
commission,
which
forms
the
backbone
of
a
lot
of
research,
come
carried
out
in
the
say,
mid
90s
1980s
up
until
the
early
2000s,
a
lot
of
the
commenters
on
the
absenteeism.
C
The
evils
of
absenteeism
it'll
be
put
directly
relating
to
that
and
more
than
a
Passages
later
on,
and
they
talk
about
the
fact
that
not
only
could
landlords
if
they'd
been
resident,
provided
the
economic
wherewithal
to
help
the
people.
But
it
was
that
it
was
to
be
able
to
set
an
example.
It
was
that
paternalism,
which
was
missing
mostly.
This,
is
written
by
Protestant
clergy
man
of
the
time,
but
you
did
have
landlords,
for
example,
Lord
Lee
Trump,
who
owned
vast
Estates
in
Donegal
later
on.
C
He
lived
in
Kinder,
but
there's
no
two
resverated
that
the
vast
majority
of
them
didn't
live
locally
and
the
fact
that
one
of
the
aspects
that
are
able
to
look
at
over
the
last
few
years
is
the
the
shutdown
of
the
Dublin
Parliament
and
all
that
went
with
that
and
how
that
then
contributed
to
the
increase
in
poverty
of
the
country
and
that
everything
went
in
towards
London
and
Dublin
became
really
well,
not
not
occur,
but
certainly
lost
his
Prestige
as
a
capital
of
the
country
and
everything
was
directed
towards
London.
C
So
the
whole,
the
the
landlords
and
everything
that
went
with
them
just
went
over
the
water,
but
it's
a
very
complex
picture
and
and
Irma.
For
example,
Lord
Gosford
went
out
of
his
way
to
help
his
tenants
through
various
methods.
Drainage
given
out
money
given
out
food,
there's
actually
a
huge
volume
in
the
National
Library
in
Dublin,
and
it
was
kept
on
the
lower
Legion
system
in
Mojo.
And
it
is
a
huge
it's.
C
Maybe
a
thousand
pages,
and
it's
every
single
day
from
about
18
35
to
1852
or
53
notes
are
taken
of
the
work.
That's
done
on
the
estate
throughout
every
single
day
throughout
those
years
now
this
is
the
Lord
lithium
who
was
later
assassinated
in
the
1870s
when
they
go
up
and
he's.
Actually,
if
people
are
sick
in
November
47,
one
in
the
1848
rates
he's
given
out
money,
despite
the
fact
they're
not
able
to
come
to
work,
he's
giving
out
food
he's,
it's
abandoned
clothes
Etc.
So
it's
a
very
complex
picture.
C
It
isn't
the
case
of
you
know.
Every
landlord
was
bad
and
some
landlords
had
a
tendency
to
be
close
to
their
tenants,
but
they
were
the
ones
who
were
more
likely
to
have
been
resident,
the
likes
of
Gosford,
the
likes
of
short
ones
Etc,
whereas
the
vast
majority,
the
vast
majority,
certainly
in
the
research
that
don't
seem
to
have
been
absent
and
not
contributing
to
the
to
the
needs
of
their
tenants,
and
in
fact,
it's
mentioned
in
Donegal
that
they're
happy
to
withdraw
thousands
of
pounds
of
rent
each
year
and
give
nothing
back.
C
The
tenants-
and
this
is
these-
are
people
who
wouldn't
be,
as
we
were
determined
today
and
the
establishment.
These
were
Protestant
Church
of
Ireland
clergy
men
and
they
were
making
these
comments.
So
it's
it's
a,
but
it
is
a
mixed
picture,
but
by
and
large
I
think
the
the
question
has
a
good
point
there
that
there
were.
They
were
foreign
in
terms
of
their
attitude
and
also
within
it.
A
And
some
of
that
we
may
actually
touch
on
again
in
some
of
the
other
lectures
in
future
nights
as
well.
I
think
because
there
always
is
a
crossover
on
topics
slightly
just
want
to
mention
here
we're
landlord
Returns
on
land
higher
here
than
in
England
or
Scotland.
Would
we
be
aware
of
that?
C
A
That's
fine
just
want
to
mention,
and
also
someone
actually
mentioned
about
the
maps
some
of
the
maps
you'll
have
seen
in
on
his
presentation,
I
believe
Anya.
You
may
have
sourced
them
from
a
book
called
The
atlas
of
the
great
the
Great
Famine.
Would
that
be
right?
So.
B
A
A
If
people
wanted
to
see
a
book
with
some
great
Maps
which
reflect
the
whole
island,
I
would
recommend
a
book
called
The
atlas
of
the
great
Irish
famine.
I
could
actually
send
people
details
on
it.
Actually,
Jared
actually
contributed
to
part
of
that
book
and
I'll
put
that
in
an
email
and
later
date,
it's
a
very
large
book,
relatively
expensive,
but
certainly
a
fantastic
resource
and
such
a
good
book.
A
Actually,
the
council
will
be
providing
all
secondary
schools
within
our
Borough
a
number
of
copies
of
that
book
as
an
educational
resource.
Another
question
I
know
I'm
sorry,
I'm
conscious
people
may
want
a
bit
of
a
comfort
break,
but
something
else
someone
mentioned
was
Family.
Discussion
and
young
people
been
taught
about
the
famine
in
Ireland
currently
or
previously,
and
I.
Think
myself,
Anya
and
Jared
may
all
have
a
be
able
to
add
to
this
comment:
I
I'm
presuming.
Maybe
that
question
came
from
one
of
our
International
guests
attending
tonight.
A
A
A
Personally
I
would
have
had
a
grandparent
who
was
born
shortly
after
the
famine,
but
and
I
would
have
asked
to
actually
asked
my
own
parents
about
this,
and
there
was
a
the
family
was
a
period
in
our
history
not
talked
about
I
suppose
the
experience
was
so
traumatic.
Certainly
more
recent
years
the
famine
is
talked
I
talked
about
a
lot
more
in
the
education
setting
and
here
in
Northern
Ireland.
It
has
definitely
been
talked
about
more
to
I.
A
Think
it's
important
that
we
get
more
education
materials
relevant
to
our
local
areas,
to
our
schools
to
actually
facilitate
that
discussion.
Council
with
the
help
of
Jared,
has
recently
developed
an
education
booklet
which
I
will
share
with
all
those
who
have
registered
for
the
series.
This
education,
education
booklet
is
a
brief
synopsis
on
the
impact
of
famine,
but
also
contains
a
lot
of
relevant
information
to
the
impact
of
the
famine
within
Arma
Banbridge
craigavon
area,
and
we
felt
that
this
was
important.
A
So
young
people
in
their
young,
teens,
studying
the
farm,
the
famine
in
school
could
actually
relate
a
little
bit
to
then
parked
locally,
rather
than
a
lot
of
the
textbooks
would
talk
about
the
farm
in
relation
maybe
to
the
west
of
Ireland
or
to
the
Republic,
but
I
certainly
will
circulate
that
to
everyone
attending
and
we'll
be
circulating
that
to
all
our
secondary
schools
and
primary
schools
in
the
borough
in
the
coming
weeks.
So
I
hope
that
helped
a
little
bit
in
relation
to
answering
that,
but
only
endured.
A
C
I
think
the
historiography
prior
to
the
1980s
was
very,
very
poor.
There
was
a
book
of
medicine
in
the
1950s
and
which
was
very
much
what's
termed
revisionist
history.
It
was
very
dry.
C
There
was
no
attempt
to
ascertain
the
reasons
behind
the
British
government
policy
and
also
the
culpability
question
was:
was
it
strictly
avoided
and
I
think
there
are
a
number
of
reasons?
Why
then,
over
the
last
30
years,
just
sort
of
becomes
such
an
important
subject,
and
that
you
know
people
in
the
1950s
local
history
1960s?
C
It
didn't
exist
very,
very
rare
when
you
found
a
local
history,
but
people
then
becoming
more
educated
education
for
the
masses
was
the
Education
Act
in
the
north,
from
1947
onwards,
that
more
people
are
able
to
access
resources,
online
resources
now,
of
course,
and
local
history
then
became
very,
very
interesting.
B
C
Know
I'm
sure,
only
the
same,
that
you
know
it's.
If
you're
given
a
lecture,
you
could
find
some
fella,
seven
half
asleep,
and
then
you
mentioned
his
timeline
that
he
jumps
up
on
his
age
are
wide
open
and
he's
familiar
suddenly
he's
interested
in
the
lecture
because
it
relates
to
his
his
area.
C
The
the
second
Centenary
from
1995
onwards
saw
a
deluge
of
Publications
all
based
well,
not
all,
but
the
vast
majority
based
around
local
impact,
and
certainly
my
first
work
was
on
on
Lurgan
and
it
wasn't
a
case
of
looking
at
this
subject
as
a
whole.
It
was
this
amazing,
I
suppose
this,
this
catastrophe
that
happened
in
the
mid-19th
century.
How
did
it
have
an
effect
on
my
area?
That's
all
I
was
interested.
I
was
the
same,
pushing
many
other
people.
C
The
downside
of
that
was
I,
suppose
that
people
just
flocked
to
the
the
standard
resources
relief
commission
papers
in
the
national
archives
in
Dublin
and
neglected,
then
other
material
which
is
available,
which
shared
some
much
greater
and
deeper
insight
into
the
the
impact
from
the
1845
rate
through
the
1852
or
53.
C
But
it
was
avoided
and
there
were
you
know
economic
historians
rate
in
the
1970s
and
80s
with
an
agenda,
and
this
has
been
debated
that
you
know
if
you
took
a
certain
perspective
on
the
the
famine,
then
that
reflected
your
political
loyalties,
one
way
or
another,
if
you,
if
you
sought
to
blame
the
British
State
and
support
John
Mitchell.
Well,
then
that
reflected
your
perspective
on
the
troubles
in
the
north,
for
example,
that
has
been
written
both
extensively,
so
people
actually
were
afraid
and
shied
away
from
it.
C
Whereas
now
such
a
vast
amount
of
sources
that,
as
we
say,
it's
not
black
and
white,
there's
loads
of
gray
areas,
it's
a
very
neuron
subject
and
by
recognizing
that
and
approaching
it
from
a
research
perspective
where
you're
saying
I'm
not
going
into
this
to
establish
X,
Y
and
Z
I
just
want
to
see
what
happened.
C
B
Ahead
on
you,
yes,
because
I
I
absolutely
agree
with
everything.
Jordan
said
in
terms
of
common
research,
the
field
is
is
relatively
new
when
you
think
you
know
it's
this
huge
event
in
Irish
history
and
the
vast
majority
of
the
research
on
it
is
really
only
you
know,
30
years
or
less
older,
because
it
was
avoided
and
there
you
know,
people
avoided
it.
B
For
reasons
of
the
whole
question
of
blame
and
not
wanting
to
be
viewed,
you
know
one
side
of
the
other
and
because
of
the
controversy
around
it,
so
lots
of
people
you
know
didn't
want
to
carry
out
the
research
I
know.
You
know
coming
back
to
your
point,
Dolores
that
you
were
making
about
people
not
talking
about
it
because
of
the
trauma,
etc,
etc.
B
I
know
you're
coming
up
to
them:
sort
of
75th
Anniversary,
so
the
75th
or
100th
anniversary,
the
Irish
government
had
a
big
push
recognizing
that
the
people
that
were
either
born
just
after
the
famine
or
survived
or
the
Next
Generation.
They
were
eventually
going
to
die
out,
and
there
was
all
this
information
that
we'd
lose
out
on.
So
they
had
a
big
push
to
try
and
gather
up
some
of
the
oral
history,
and
there
wasn't
a
huge
uptake
on
that,
because
people
didn't
want
to
talk
about
it.
B
But
we
are,
you
know
the
last
30
years
or
so
are
saying
you
know
the
rate
of
research
increasing
and
increasing
and
increasing
we're
going
Beyond
looking
at
that
National
picture
and
digging
in
down
to
those
local
levels,
which
I
think
is
what
is
really
needed
because,
yes,
the
national
picture
is,
is
the
starting
point,
but
because
of
all
of
that
variation
that
existed,
we
do
need
to
dig
down
a
bit
deeper
and
digging
in
a
bit
deeper.
Hopefully
stimulates
the
conversations
or
facilitates
the
conversations
taking
place
as
well.
B
A
You
Anya
and
I
know
we
will
visit.
We
will
visit
that
topic
again,
as
I
said
earlier
in
in
other
lectures
later
just
quickly.
One
last
question:
please:
that's!
Okay,
because
conscious
time
before
we
have
a
comfort
break,
is
it
true
that
most
of
the
crops
that
have
been
harvested
in
the
Years
had
been
exported
over
to
England
and
if
landlords
could
have
had
helped
the
population
more
Jared?
Do
you
want
to
comment
on
that.
C
Well,
it's
not
true
that
they're
Rolex,
but
lots
of
food
was
consumed
within
the
country,
but
food
was
exported
and
I'd
be
given
examples
at
a
local
level
where
the
the
papers
are
criticizing.
The
fact
that,
in
the
midst
of
such
a
catastrophe
that
food
has
been
explored,
also
attacks
were
made,
and
we
often
hear
this
and
a
lot
of
the
debate
is
framed
on
what
happened
in
the
west
and
the
south.
In
fact,
we
found
a
tax
being
made
on
ships
exporting
potatoes
to
Scotland
from
the
portadown
area
in
1847..
C
So
it's
not
it's
not
true
that
all
food
was
exported.
What
a
significant
amount
was
yes,.
A
Thank
you
so
I
think
we'll
take
a
comfort
break
now,
if
everybody's
happy
with
that,
it's
now
eight
o'clock
Irish
time.
So,
if
would
maybe
take
10
minutes,
everyone
maybe
grab
yourself
a
cup
of
tea,
coffee
and
we'll
come
back
here
in
kind
of
ten
minutes
past
eight.
Thank
you
very
much.