►
From YouTube: The Irish Famine Lecture Series: The Workhouse
Description
The Workhouse: Creation of the workhouse system during the famine with case study, Lurgan Workhouse, Co. Armagh I Thursday 26 January 2023 I Dr. Gerard MacAtasney
A
So
far,
I
would
like
to
say
that
our
recording
will
be
on
YouTube
priority
next
week
and
just
that
the
guest
speakers
tonight
will
be
Dr,
Jared
mcintoshney,
who
will
speak
on
the
workhouse
creation
of
the
workhouse
system
during
the
famine
with
case
study
on
Logan
workhouse
County
Arma
gerds
books
include
the
dead
buried
by
the
Dane,
the
Great,
Famine
and
leitrum.
A
Another
is
the
other
famine,
1982
crisis
in
County,
litrum
and
also
another
piece
of
work
was
his
book
on
leitrum
and
the
crappies
he's
also
contributed
to
the
atlas
of
the
Great
Famine
and
was
co-author
of
the
Hidden
famine,
poverty,
hunger
and
sectarianism
in
Belfast
Jared.
Would
you
like
to
start
please.
B
Thank
you
very
much.
Dolores.
Last
week
we
listened
to
Dr
Anya
Dorne
speaking
about
the
1833
1836
career
commission
inquiry
as
a
preamble
to
sort
of
study.
B
The
the
famine
and
tonight
just
I
want
to
look
at
what
was
in
place
prior
to
the
building
of
the
workers
and
the
workhouses
for
many
people
are
seen
as
the
epitome
of
the
great
hunger
dark
for
a
golden
huge
places
catered
by
the
people
throughout
the
wisdom
and
still
starting
the
medications
to
this
day,
camouflage
their
large
extent
by
new
buildings,
for
example
Lurgan
Lisbon.
B
But
if
you
look
closely,
you
can
still
see
that
they
are
essentially
the
same
business
as
constructed
in
the
1830s
already
so
prior
to
the
peripheral
being
established
in
Ireland
in
1838,
there
existed
a
system
of
parochial
prayer
relief.
This
was
designed
around
the
local
church
of
Ireland
through
their
SAS
through
their
tides,
and
they
catered
For,
the
local
Bureau
and
some,
and
it
varies
from
face
to
face
there's
no
standardization.
So
in
some
places
it
would
have
been
a
census,
Tech
and
the
number
of
the
pairs.
B
So
they
could
work
out
how
much
is
required.
In
other
places,
it
was
done
on
another
popular
basis,
this
developed
throughout
the
19th
century,
and
you
find
then
that
and
some
some
others.
The
career
were
bad
to
stop
Outsiders
coming
through,
and
this
was
one
of
the
greatest
fears
that
would
increase
the
population
more
and
more,
especially
if
an
area
was
quite
generous
or
seen
as
being
generous.
B
More
and
more
would
arrived
from
different
areas,
they're
going
to
reveal
of
the
relief
that
was
there
and
having
studied
this
I,
actually
wrote
a
paper
for
shanazard
wahal
running
back
2008
I
think
it
was
on
that,
basically
how
the
prayer
were
created
for
encounterama
and
it
was
entitled
mendicity
and
charity
and
pre-fama
County
RMR.
But
somebody's
spell
check
went
wrong,
so
it's
actually
in
the
book
or
in
this
channel
under
the
title
of
mendacity
and
poverty.
B
So,
if
you
want
to,
if
you
want
to
read
about
lies
and
create
the
RMR
profile,
that's
the
article,
but
throughout
that
period
the
populations
increasing
dramatically
the
number
of
occurs
increase,
and
you
know
the
Waverly
commission,
as
it
was
called
from
1833.
B
The
1836
estimated
that
about
2.8
million
people
were
in
severe
stress
for
about
30
weeks
of
the
year,
so
more
than
a
third
of
the
population
in
severe
distress
and
in
a
land
that
was
rich
in
so
many
ways
in
terms
of
naturalization
and,
of
course,
that's
a
question
that
has
to
be
answered
as
well.
Why?
Why
did
that
happen?
But
one
of
the
aspects
that
iPhone
fascinated
was
the
provision
for
the
prime
links.
B
Phone
leads
were
children
who
were
abandoned
and
actually,
if
you
look
at
the
what
are
called
the
Outreach
papers,
pre
say:
1820s
1830s,
you
find
a
significant
number
of
cases
of
enfantasy
where
children
were
killed
by
their
parents
either
due
to
the
fact
that
they
were
born
out
of
wedlock
or
the
family
was
just
too
poor.
I
couldn't
afford
another
child,
so
they're
referring
them.
Rivers
mix
Etc
down
Wells,
but
the
the
findings
then
were
cared
for
by
the
church
of
Ireland.
B
With
a
with
a
says,
there
was
a
tax
that
was
passed
with
the
parish
in
the
mid
19th,
sorry,
the
18th
century,
the
Dublin
found
in
hospital
was
established,
and
this
roundabout.
It
was
a
1790s,
and
what
do
you
find
then,
looking
through
the
first
three
minutes
from
parishes
throughout
Ireland?
Is
that
the
Church
of
Ireland
and
I
sent
found
things
to
the
founding
Hospital
thousands
ended
up
there.
They
actually
had
a
debase
where
they
for
anonymity,
a
mother
could
I
was
always
a
mother
who
was
left.
B
The
mother
would
put
the
baby
into
on
the
outside
on
the
door
in
a
basket,
I'd
say
and
the
door
would
then
revolve
and
the
tag
would
end
up
in
the
founding
hospital
and
the
mother
could
be
could
just
had
lost
a
child.
B
In
fact,
the
third
lane
hospital
was
established
in
England
in
the
1740s,
and
to
this
day
you
can
still
see
the
tokens
that
were
left
with
children
by
the
the
mothers
with
the
initials
carved
in
the
theater
were
left
and
Etc
they're
in
huge
glass
cases
very
hard
to
look
at
because
the
mothers
never
saw
their
children
again.
The
death
threat
in
the
founding
Hospital
in
Dublin
was
in
and
around
90
percent
and
I.
Remember
looking
at
that,
the
double
triple
check
that
was
actually
90.
B
There
were
also
children
were
sent
out
to
the
country
to
nurse,
so
it
was
a.
It
was
a
last
resort
for
the
parishes
to
send
them
to
there.
But
what
you
found
then,
that
pre-fament
the
population
increasing
dramatically
you
had
voluntary
relief
through
the
the
pastries.
B
You
also
had
initiatives
in
different
times,
so,
for
example,
in
Yuri
you
had
what
was
called
the
Neri
workhouse
and
mendicity,
which
was
a
small
workhouse
which
catered
for
people
who
were
to
live
and
also
then
provided
work
for
the
people
during
the
day
and
food
and
crucially,
they
got
food
outside
the
workhouse
and
also
at
their
homes,
and
these
were
two
Provisions
which
were
banned
under
the
parallel
periodic,
which
is
established
1838
and
in.
C
B
Lurgan
was
quite
a
strange
town
compared
to
others.
There
was
George,
Greer
talked
about
it
being
a
philanthropic
Society,
the
distributed
food
to
the
poor,
but
Logan
didn't
have
anything
like
Murray.
B
You
know
such
a
thriving
industrial
Town
Yuri
had
two
newspapers:
new
Telegraph
New
York,
examiner
armah.
C
B
The
Ulster
Gazette
Logan
had
no
newspaper
until
1849
last
year
or
so,
and
then
it
was
only
until
the
1870s
that
there
was
a
regular
newspaper,
so
Lurgan
sort
of
stands
out
a
slightly
different
camp
on
the
finger
on.
Why
so?
I
don't
mentioned
alert
and
obviously
because
she's
the
key
story,
so
the
workers
then
are
established
in
under
the
pure
law
actively
at
10
30.,
and
this
was
very
much
a
case
of
an
English
law
being
imposed
on
Ireland.
B
Now
there
were
arguments,
foreign
against
the
poor
law,
those
who
contributed
and
a
charitable
aspect.
There
supported
a
protocol
because
they
said
right
now.
People
are
going
to
have
to
pay
the
tax
which
comes
with
the
period.
It
was
a
tax
on
the
land
to
support
the
poor.
Others
objected
to
it
and
they
did
find
then
that
initiatives
like
the
new
workhorsementicity
declined
the
Belfast
charitable
society,
which
celebrates
its
200
and
I.
Think
it's
250th
anniversary.
In
a
couple
of
years.
B
They
were
morbid
about
the
the
whole
idea
of
a
crude
oil
because
they
thought
they
would
lose
their
institution
and
one
of
the
things
that
stands
out.
One
of
the
main
objections
to
it
was
I,
apart
from
the
fact
that
it
was
antithetical
to
the
Irish
nature.
B
Was
this
idea
of
external
interference,
and
you
find
this
all
the
time
that
those
who
run
the
workhouses
despised
being
told
by
the
Central
Commissioners
what
to
do
so
they're
established
in
1838
under
the
bureau
and
they
start
emerging
in
the
country,
1840
1841
by
the
time
of
the
great
hunger
1845,
the
one
of
the
last
ones
opens,
as
there
are
130
per
workhouses
in
Ireland
and
the
poor
law.
Union
was
the
basis
for
the
population
for
each
workhouse.
So
it
was
roughly
the
house.
B
The
workhouse
would
have
been
centered
in
an
area
that
had
a
10
minute
videos,
so
Lurgan,
for
example,
included
as
far
west
and
katira
miles
over
into
Northwest
down
Mara
and
then
up
into
Southwest
Anthony.
B
So,
though,
so
it
was
10
miles
there,
the
further
west,
you
went
the
larger
the
area
got
so,
for
example,
in
Ballina
the
area
could
be
20
face,
30
mates
and
circumference,
and
people
learn
how
to
travel
that
distance
if
they
wanted
the
seek
relief-
and
there
are
tales
of
one
woman
who
walked
25
miles
in
the
snow
in
the
winter
of
1847
to
seek
relief
for
herself
and
her
child
and
she
was
deemed
to
be
ineligible
and
had
to
walk
back
to
25,
whether
she
made
it
or
not.
B
In
other
words,
so
the
so
there
is
a
preview
to
the
Forbidden
for
boarding
workhorses
being
established
in
1841,
and
that
was
the
pro
wheel.
Nothing
declined,
privilege
that
declined
and
then
you've
got
the
work
houses
coming
to
be
in
from
18,
roughly
1841
onwards,
who
did
they
cater
for
well
and
what?
What
was
the
attitude
of
the
administrators?
Well,
George
Nichols
could
established
the
workhouses
in
England
on
the
1834
Burdock.
B
Houses
designed
between
400
and
a
thousand
so
Court
would
have
been
a
thousand
Belfast
a
thousand
at
Dublin
north
south.
The
major
cities
would
have
had
a
larger
and
the
poor
commissioner's
comment
that
as
follows
about
the
style
of
the
business
style
of
business,
attend
the
cheapest
description,
compatible
with
durability
and
simplicity
of
arrangement,
all
mere
declaration
and
studiously
excluded.
So
22nd
of
February
1841,
American
workhouse
open
and
receives
its
first
enemy.
It's
43
until-
and
this
is
just
a
collection,
a
snapshot
of
those
who
are
planned.
B
B
There
existed
a
body
of
people
living
in
extreme
poverty
and
destitution
in
this
area
and
then,
thirdly,
a
clue
to
the
extent
of
Reliance
on
the
London
on
the
street
is
given
by
the
bulk
of
the
population
reference
as
to
Spinners
and
flag
stress
that
have
a
total
of
652
entrants
to
the
workhouse
in
1844
172
over
one
quarter
were
listed
as
American
11
from
one
branch
or
other
the
linen
industry.
I'll
answer
the
olden
and
firm.
B
This
would
appear
to
support
the
idea
that,
even
with
a
strong
Lenin
base,
many
within
this
industry
were
surviving
at
this
lowest
subsistence
level
prior
to
the
family.
That
was
that
last
week,
where
I
talked
about
the
de-industrialization,
especially
in
the
west
of
Irma,
where
the
land
had
been
subdivated
to
agree
so
that
quarter
acre
plots
were
standard
because
people
had
they.
We
even
rely
on
once
that
collapsed
in
the
1830s
of
the
mechanization
of
spinning.
Then
they
faced
as
many
problems
as
those
and
countries
like
Galway
and
mail.
B
No
throughout
the
years
1841
to
pay
the
workhouse
service
purpose
catering
for
the
best
to
shoot
without
any
great
difficulty
and
Numbers
Never.
Rose
above
55
of
the
capacity
of
the
building
and
I
haven't
looked
at
most
of
the
workhouses
in
Ulster
as
well.
We
found
it
just
to
be
the
case
and
you
make
it
the
odd
fever
outbreak
as
we'll
see
here,
but
generally
the
poor
did
not
want
to
go
to
the
workers
for
some.
B
Maybe
it
was
a
way
of
saying
off
an
old
relative,
getting
them
into
the
workhouse,
keep
them
aware,
because
they
were
too
too
difficult
to
look
after,
and
in
fact
you
know
when
you
look
at
the
workhouse,
you
see
early
stages
of
the
hospitals,
obviously,
and
also
dispensaries,
which
would
have
been
the
early
students
of
the
GP
service.
They
they
emerged
from
about
1812
onwards
by
15,
21
22.
B
You
have
a
fairly
a
good
provision
for
dispensaries,
throttled
and
then
the
workhouses
are
supposed
to
supplement
this,
but
very
rarely
that
they
get
a
book
anywhere.
In
the
other
capacity,
for
example,
1842
the
First
full
year
in
Lurgan,
the
average
in
the
workhouse
was
297..
It
was
built
to
accommodate
following
year
to
1843,
is
258
1844
295,
and
it's
in
45
then
222..
B
Such
changes
can
hardly
prove
conducive
to
effective
management
and
indeed
the
first
evidence
of
inefficiency
and
curiousness
was
manifested
in
the
doctor's
report
of
October
45
when
He
suggests
that
diarrhea
and
other
connected
problems
among
the
young
children
were
as
a
direct
consequence
of
them
being
forced
to
sit
in
the
nursery
on
school
room
and
cool
and
thank
conditions
further
than
this.
In
February
1846,
a
visiting
committee
from
the
bureau
Commissioners
described
the
house
as
being
called
in
a
very
filthy
and
unclean
State
and
the
Guardians
the
Guardians.
Actually
the
Guardians
were
those
ostensibly.
B
There
was
an
election
of
the
audience
to
run
the
the
Puritan
Union,
usually
in
and
around
30
men.
Obviously
it
was
men
all
the
time.
No
women
put
a
leading
role
at
this
stage
and
apart
from
some
areas
where
it
was
politicized-
and
it
was
the
first
time-
and
it's
always
worth
bearing
in
mind
when
we
look
at
this
period-
the
1840s
that
it's
only
less
than
20
years
prior
Catholic
emancipation
1829.
B
So
the
first
Catholic
Church
is
only
being
built
and
many
areas,
supposedly
at
10
29.,
so
the
Guardians
and
they
were
elected
in
some
areas.
But
mostly
there
was
no
no
election
took
place
and
you
would
have
found
it
would
be
competition
between
local
landlords
to
get
their
agent
at
that
place
and
amongst
the
Guardians,
because
then
it
would
influence
the
way
that
we're
at
all
was
was
managed
throughout
the
union,
and
that
was
what
was
called
by
a
pure
law
Union.
So
the
street
and
Lurgan
were
the
workhouse.
B
Was
the
hospital
now?
Is
it's
called
Union
Street,
nothing
to
do
with
the
active
Union,
but
actually
it
was
the
third
eye,
Union
Workhouse.
So
in
1846
president
committee
said
it
was
in
a
very
filthy
and
unclean
State.
The
Guardians
ordered
the
house
to
be
cleansed
and
washed
every
day
with
any
Pauper
who
refused
to
work.
Boyfriend
eating
breakfast
Pauper
was
determined,
was
used
to
describe
and
admit,
and
there
are
the
terminology
of
the
time.
B
B
No
the
first
failure
of
the
potato
crop
in
August
I
mentioned
this
past
week.
The
August
45
had
a
limited
impact
on
them,
there's
hardly
an
increase
in
the
workhouse,
but
a
third
25
of
the
crop
that
field
and
the
the
major
consequence
of
that
is
the
increase
in
prices
April
45
from
one
on
11
Pence
per
100,
with
to
March
46,
three
Shillings,
three
Pence
per
100..
B
No,
of
course,
in
every
situation,
somebody's
going
to
try
to
capitalize
Thomas
Bullock
and
a
supplier,
potatoes
attempted
to
exploit
the
situation
by
demand
for
Shillings
100
with.
However,
the
Guardians
rejected
this
and
they
had
to
sell
for
three
and
six.
They
just
burned
previously.
The
previous
year.
They've
been
one
and
eleven,
and
the
natural
quality
of
these
price
raises
was
a
gradual
reduction
of
potatoes
in
the
workhouse
that
being
replaced.
That
thought
replace
that
first
Made,
bread
and
then
by
mail,
and
when
we
talk
about
people
who
benefit
us
from
the
farm.
B
We
talk
about
those
Who,
provided
the
workers,
whether
it
be
with
clothing,
with
straw
for
the
various
houses
with
bedding
and
really
with
me,
and
sometimes
you
find
some
of
the
work
I've
done,
for
example,
and
Manor
Hamilton
workhouse
in
North
Beach,
but
the
board
of
Guardians
were
given
the
contracts
for
me
to
relatives.
B
You
know,
nepotism,
some
things
never
changed,
and
this
is.
This
is
30.
That's
by
no
means
uncommon
should
say
at
this
period
and
various
parallel
units
in
April,
46
dinner
consisted
of
seven
ounces
of
man-made
and
disturbate
steroid
laws.
Porridge
meal
was
convenient
because
it
was
a
cheap
substitute
and
in
June
the
guardian
circulated
as
Pretenders
for
supplies
of
the
cheapest
form
available,
yellow
Indian
meat.
This,
in
spite
of
the
fact
that
their
Guardians
declare
themselves
diverse
to
an
exclusive
people,
feel
that
there
was
a
serious
problem
with
Indian
meal.
B
Indian
meal
was
rock
hard
and
it
had
to
be
boiled
and
boiled
for
hours
and
hours
and
hours
before
it
became
edible.
And
what
do
you
find
that
as
the
hunger
moved
on
through
45
46
and
47,
people
were
so
hungry
as
soon
as
they
got
the
Indian
meliatic,
Pro
and
I
killed
them
because
it
just
destroyed
their
their
internal
organs?
The
shortage
of
potatoes
are
also
evident
in
the
general
Union
area
in
portadown,
portadown
Border
Guardians
objected
to
the
workplace
in
a
third.
B
It
was
all
competition
between
portadown
and
Lurgan
and
was
heightened
by
the
fact
that
the
leading
garden
guardian
of
portadown
was
William
blacker,
a
leading
orangeman
who
had
fought
at
the
Battle
of
alamook
in
1798.
He
met
Siegel
Elementary
there
and
he
was
opposed
by
Charles
Brown
who's
agent,
John
Hancock
John
Hancock
had
married
daughter
of
one
of
the
leaders
of
the
1780
appraised.
He
was
a
Quaker
and
very
much
anti-orange
order
and
a
liberal.
B
So
you
can
see
that
there's
been
a
clash
there
for
a
number
of
reasons:
borderline
Monte
Perry,
Society
month,
the
parody
I've
been
established
in
1838
as
a
Loan
Fund
in
direct
opposition
on
grouper
shop.
However,
it
occasionally
made
money
available
for
local
charitable
purposes
and
on
May
46
gave
a
grant
of
50
pounds
towards
the
purchase
of
Indian
mail
for
the
poorer
of
the
original
proof.
Indeed,
that
the
the
crop
failure
45
as
the
year
goes
on
and
we're
moving
towards
what
was
hoping
to
be
a
successful
profit.
46
it's
having
an
impact.
B
B
No,
given
that
in
1845
or
322,
with
more
than
twice
the
number
by
June
46.,
this
High
proportion
warrant
that
a
visitor
from
Dr
Stevens
visited
sorry
visit,
Dr
Stevens,
the
fever,
Commissioners
they're,
always
looking
in
the
period
or
Commissioners
the
female
Commissioners,
the
Board
of
Health,
from
involved
based
in
Dublin
and
they're,
always
keeping
an
eye
on
every
workplace.
It's
a
huge
amount
of
Correspondence
between
the
the
various
groups
there
and
the
clerk
of
the
union
and
I
always
remember
that
this
external
interference
is
the
space.
B
B
However,
the
Guardians
rejected
this
recommendation
and
stated
that
Dr
Bale
turned
out
a
great
number
of
convalescence,
Within
These
few
days
and
consequently
there's
much
more
room
than
when
Dr
Stevens
was
here
so
bail.
The
the
medical
officer
for
the
the
workhouse
his
his
solution
to
the
problem,
too
many
fever
patients
being
in
the
workplace
was
to
kick
them
out.
Stevens
also
reported
that
fever
was
much
more
widespread
than
it
should
have
been,
because
Dr
Bell
was
allowed
non-infected
children
to
enter
the
fever
hospital
for
sick
Burns
and
light
of
this.
B
The
Commissioners
concluded
Dr
Baylor's
on
fitbush
President
office,
and
we
have
therefore
called
an
order
to
prepared
for
his
removal,
which
we
shall
issue
without
delay
unless
he
tenders
his
resignation.
This
appeared
to
be
a
reasonable
demand,
given
Bale's
apparent
necklaces.
However,
the
Guardians
received
it
with
concern
and
surprise
and
that
offering
a
vigorous
defense
medical
officer.
They
pronounced
confidence
in
his
skill,
humanity
and
great
kindness
apart.
B
They
don't
want
to
mention
the
word
ability,
of
course.
In
fact,
they
went
so
far
as
to
being
the
Commissioners
themselves
for
any
problems
which
had
a
risk.
The
buildings
which
had
proved
inadequate
have
been
constructed
on
the
gay
land
set
out
by
them
was
they
had
refused
to
supply
paid
nurses
when
the
doctor
could
ask
probably
taken
aback
somewhat
the
commissioner's
acquiesce
and
on
reviewing.
B
Dr
Bale
from
two
or
four
charges
we
get
against
the
Guardians
were
delighted
and
shortly
afterwards
the
unanimously
resolve
to
increase
bail's
salary
by
20
pounds
per
annum.
That
would
have
been
cleared
by
the
burial
commission.
So
this
was
really
you
know
telling
the
pool
Commissioners
keep
your
news
out
and
not
only
are
we
backing
them,
but
actually
we're
going
to
give
them
an
increase
and
that
20
pounds
increase
was
ahead
of
an
increase
at
this
stage.
B
So
they
had
successfully
sorted
the
attempt
by
the
permissions
to
exert
their
influence,
but
Bale
had
still
been
accused
of
turning
out
and
find
find
guilty
accordingly,
Commission
of
turning
out
convalescent
patients
and
allowing
children
to
enter
with
their
infected
parents,
and
this
had
severe
consequences
in
the
in
the
months
that
followed,
and
it's
actually
worth
noticing
that
our
worth
mention
actually
that
even
things
like
sometimes
the
Border
Guardians
would
at
Easter
and
some
Pearl
or
unions
are
at
Christmas.
B
They
would
allow
the
pulpers
the
inmates
a
small
piece
of
meat
for
an
Easter
or
Christmas
dinner
time.
We're
talking
about
you
want
to
talk
about
T-bone
steaks
here,
a
tiny
piece
of
meat
to
supplement
their
their
normal
dad
and
then
within
a
week
or
should
a
little
bit
of
that
already
I
haven't
read
the
bodyguardians
saying
you
can
stop
that!
That's
not
allowed
it's
not
within
the
period
or
don't
do
it
again.
So
that's
how
that's
so
you
can
see
here
away
that
ergen
bodyguarded
the.
C
B
Moving
on
to
46
1846,
the
crop
is
decimated
and
the
most
notable
amount
of
station
of
this
is
the
increase
in
number,
and
this
is
how
this
happens
throughout
Ireland
I've
looked
at
bolster
and
it's
just
it's
every
parador
Union
system,
whether
it's
Ultra
Rich
unions
and
the
likes
of
the
east
of
the
province
like
Newton
North
or
up
in
North,
Antrim
and
balamony
bar
and
Antrim.
They
all
face
the
same
problem
at
the
end
of
September
46.
The
number
was
313
by
October
432
by
November
519
and
by
the
end
of
December.
B
The
workhouse
was
full
to
capacity
with
805
inmates.
This
increase
in
admission
rates
was
accompanied
by
a
corresponding
raise
in
the
number
of
deaths
throughout
the
year.
The
average
would
have
been
about
14,
but
on
November
31
Barbers
day
and
in
December.
There
were
50
at
this
and
then
has
continued
accelerated
at
January
47..
The
first
week
of
January
tonight
we're
talking
about
weeks
here,
not
months.
The
first
week
of
January
18th
second
week
36
following
week,
55.
B
Concern
was
expressed
by
the
commissioner
from
Dublin
and
on
16th
January,
the
Santa
letter
to
the
Guardians
and
the
kids.
They
were
bred
and
what
they
termed
the
grid
mortality
in
the
workplace
and
requiring
a
detailed
report
from
Dr
Bale.
On
the
reasons
for
the
high
number
of
deaths,
perhaps
mindful
of
the
report
of
Dr
Stevens
in
May
46.
B
They
also
asked
for
a
report
on
the
sanitary
conditions
in
the
building
and
again
have
a
look
at
the
workers
most
of
the
workers
and
also
this
stands
out
and
when
I,
when
I
started
this
work,
it
was
just
part
of
a
master's
degree
and
what
I
wanted
to
do.
That
was
right
about
the
psycho
Centenary
of
the
great
hunger
and
I
wanted
to
just
look
at
the
impact
in
my
local
area
and
I.
Remember
being
told,
actually
by
an
academic
that
I
think
it
was
when
I
was
when
I
was
doing
my
default.
B
One
of
the
questions
was:
why
did
you
study
County
RMR
I
said
it
was
my
local
area
and
I
wanted
to
assess?
You
know
the
impact
of
this
historic
event
and
I
said
that's
not
enough.
You
need
to
have
a
historic
reason,
almost
like
historical
scientific
reason,
to
study
a
particular
area.
I
disagree
with
this
I
think
that
you
know
if
you
want
to.
If
you
live
in
an
area,
and
you
want
to
see
the
impact,
then
it's
it's
warranted.
It's
not
in
details
using
all
the
sources.
B
In
fact,
one
of
the
best
pieces
of
work
I've
read
on
this
would
be
by
Charlie,
Dillon
and
I.
Think
the
study
was
published
and
Sean
assault
as
well
and
Charlie's
from
the
more
area
which
is
on
the
armath
room
border,
and
it
does
a
really
in-depth,
detailed
analysis
of
the
impact
of
the
family
in
that
area.
Why?
Because
he's
from
that
area-
and
he
wants
to
see
what
had
happened
so
here
we
have,
then
the
Commissioners
are
startled.
It's
not
happening
at
me
being
a
skating.
B
Workhouse
is
the
only
other
one
in
the
province
where
there's
issues
so
bail
in
his
reply
states
that
many
deaths
had
occurred
because
numerous
people
had
entered
the
workplace
in
a
sick
condition
and
had
died
shortly
afterwards.
Thus,
mortality
in
the
workhouse
is
much
greater
than
under
ordinary
circumstances,
and
it
is
a
well-known
fact
that
many
dying
persons
are
sent
for
admission,
merely
that
coffins
may
be
there,
but
thereby
obtained
for
them
at
the
expense
of
the
Union
in
relation
to
sanitation.
He
reported
that
has
over
four
times
the
usual
number
of
inmates.
B
This
represents
a
slightly
less
than
one-fifth
of
the
province's
total
mortality
for
that
week,
which
is
529..
Second
house
was
30
deaths
and
it
was
killed
nationally.
The
highest
number
was
in
Cork,
where,
with
a
workhouse
population
of
five
and
a
half
thousand,
which
is
six
pounds
in
Oregon,
128
deaths
have
occurred
and
the
problems
of
Connor
the
highest
level
was
in
luck.
Ray
workhouse
is
going
to
be,
Galway
were
with
524
inmates
26
a
day.
B
B
B
So,
on
the
month
of
1847,
the
Lurgan
area,
described
by
a
local
paper
as
a
prosperous
and
thriving
town,
was
suffering
a
level
of
workhouse
mortality,
On,
a
par
with
the
worst
affected
areas
in
the
country.
Dr
Bale's
explanation
that
many
deaths
had
occurred
from
sleeping
on
wet
beds.
There's
not
a
period
of
an
entirely
satisfactory
as
members
of
Staff,
presumably
enjoying
better
accommodation
in
the
department,
began
to
fall
ill
by
late
January.
B
The
quarter
had
dysentery
and
the
assistant
Ward
Master,
together
with
the
screwed
Master,
were
ill
in
favor
in
February,
the
assistant,
Ward
Master
Dave,
and
the
clerk
was
suffering
from
the
high
symptoms
of
dysentery
and
it's
worth
pointing
out
that
the
majority
of
deaths
throughout
the
country
in
this
period
weren't
from
starvation.
Yes,
the
work
uses
of
starvation
isn't
too
bad,
but
it
was
a
illness
is
consequent
upon
stomach
related
problems,
so
it
was
dysentery,
it
was
chronic,
diarrhea
and,
of
course,
fever
as
well
relapse
in
favor.
B
B
Anything
and
a
lot
of
the
food
wasn't
wasn't
what
they
were
used
eating
and
the
likes
of
the
Indian
corned
beef,
and
they
just
couldn't
deal
with
it
until
well,
until
maybe
1840s
and
a
desperate
attempt
to
alleviate
what
the
Guardians
call
this
Dreadful
visitation,
two
remedies
were
attempted.
First,
all
available
space
would
be
utilized
in
order
to
avoid
overcrowd.
Thus,
the
Aged
and
infirm
women
were
moved
to
a
room
above
the
stairs
and
the
women's
day.
Room
was
required
for
Hospital
purposes,
and
this
again
this
is
a
sound
that
everybody
workhouse
had
extensions.
B
B
However,
the
Guardians
felt
that
more
Draft
Day
actions
required
on
the
5th
of
February.
They
issued
the
following
announcement
notices
hereby
given
that,
in
consequence
of
the
present
state
of
the
workhouse
and
fever
house,
the
Guardians
have
been
ablazed
to
close
their
doors
from
the
present
against
all
further
admissions.
As
a
consequence,
admissions
were
restricted
to
a
trickle
throughout
this
period
for
February
with
authorities
only
allowing
large
numbers
back
and
then
that's
what
I
was
referring
to
last
week.
B
When
the
system
collapsed,
the
administration
couldn't
deal
with
it,
but
he
had
various
the
workhouse
Master,
the
veteran
various
Ward
Masters,
the
clerks
all
being
seriously
ill
or
dying.
Then
you
find
that
the
standard
books
that
were
used
to
run
the
place,
whether
the
admission
registers
or
the
bodyguardian
minutes
or
whatever
they
weren't
filled
in
so
we
don't
have
a
precise
figure,
for
example,
of
deaths
in
this
period,
certainly
in
workhouses,
because
they
weren't
recorded
the
numbers
weren't
allowed
in.
B
As
a
second
measure
secondary
Tech
Medical
group's
request,
a
visit
by
three
eminent
physicians
in
order
to
remedy
the
unprecedented
extension
of
disease
and
death,
the
doctors
Thompson
coming
on
the
pardon
recommended
that
a
third
medical
officer,
along
with
doctors,
Baylor
McVay,
is
essential
to
meet
the
current
epidemic.
They
also
conveyed
the
opinion
that
the
president
pauper's
dad
was
inadequate
and
that
recently
they
had
been
receiving
soup
for
dinner
and
four
ounces
of
rice
for
supper.
Instead
of
bread
and
buttermilk,
the
doctors
considered
such
that
the
insufficient
the
recommended
the
following
regime.
B
So
this
one
again
diets
were
always
being
changed,
whether
to
see
if
money
or
in
this
case
try
to
improve
the
health
of
the
published
breakfast
three
and
a
half
ounces
of
meal
and
porridge
one
quarter
pint
of
Buttermilk
thinner.
Six
ounces
of
bread,
one
pint
of
broth
supper
three
ounces
of
bread,
one
quarter
pink
watermelon.
They
also
stipulated
that
the
orange
was
made
entirely
made
not
in
the
enemy.
The
closure
of
the
workhouse
and
visit
of
the
doctor
suggests
the
authorities
and
medical
staff
were
having
severe
problems.
Moving
with
the
numbers
of
destitute
nurses.
B
Now
you
prevailing
the
Lord.
Indeed,
in
a
communication,
the
relief
commissioner's
office
in
Dublin
John
Hancock,
regardless
eventually
reported
out
of
313
cases
on
the
books
of
the
Lurgan
dispensaries,
is
a
very
local
136
were
shuffled,
labor
and
dysentery
the
same
period
in
1846
that
total
had
been
20..
The
extent
of
the
epidemic,
May
Begins
by
hunk
Cox
inquiry
as
to
whether
the
central
Board
of
Health
could
appoint
a
medical
officer
to
provide
food
and
medicines
for
disease,
the
best
to
shoot
people
at
their
own
houses.
B
This
was
because
the
workhouse
had
been
closed
and
he
realized
people
didn't
help,
but
of
course,
this
was
turned
down
because
you
could
not
supply
through
their
best
people
and
their
houses,
certainly
not.
Unfortunately,
we're
playing
this
letter
exists,
but
at
least
two
is
the
extent
of
its
favor
and
Associated
elements
of
common
endemic,
the
Lurgan
area.
B
The
level
of
helplessness
that
felt
very
concerned
ever
any
belief
that
disease
was
rampant
could
not
be
blamed
on
the
authorities
was
challenged
by
two
devastating
and
condemnatory
investigations,
one
from
within
the
workhouse,
the
other
from
without
which
casts
huge
dates
with
the
accomplishment
of
the
medical
and
administrative
staff.
In
that
Institution
and
I
said
this
stage.
You
look
back
to
the
report
of
Bear
Junior
1046,
the
upshot
of
which
was
the
demand
to
dismiss
the
medical
officer,
which
was
turned
back.
B
The
Newry
Telegraph
got
wind
of
what
was
happening
and
talked
about
the
frightful
mortality
in
the
workhouse.
The
fact
that
many
of
the
office
holders
as
well
as
Barbers
have
been
ill
over
presently.
The
Belfast
Vindicator
meanwhile
informed
its
readers
that
nearly
400
Barbers
a
day
than
the
Lurgan
Workhorse
during
the
last
eight
weeks.
Commissioners
also
been
monitoring
the
situation
and
obviously
dissatisfied
with
the
previous
report
of
Dr
Bale,
the
decided
to
send
Dr
Smith
and
the
central
Board
of
Health
to
investigate
workhouse
petitions.
B
Now
Smith
visited
two
other
workhouses
in
Ireland,
pantry
and
cork
300
miles
south
you
couldn't
get
much
further
south
than
boundary
and
in
the
in
the
winter
of
1847
he
then
traveled
North
to
Lurgan
to
investigate
what
was
happening.
So
you
can
just
imagine
you
just
realize
how
bad
the
situation
was.
B
There
are
four
Awards
in
the
idiot
Department
that
are
without
any
floor
of
the
earth
and
on
two
of
them
there
are
no
bad
States
so
that
the
bands
lie
upon
the
wet
brain.
One
of
them
in
which,
at
the
time
of
my
visit
to
wretched
creatures
were
dying,
was
in
an
exceedingly
firing
condition
in
one
corner:
a
pale
of
old,
filthy
clothes,
shoes,
Etc
and
another,
a
large
heap
of
straw
and
another
place.
A
quantity
of
cold
scattered
about
the
ventilation
was
very
important.
B
Further
investigation
to
find
the
worst
on
the
walls
of
this
Fermi
to
be
in
a
very
discredible
condition
with
the
windows
almost
universally
closed.
The
atmosphere
close
by
the
smell
upon
entering
the
room's,
most
defensive,
we'll
also
not
being
whitewashed
buckets
used
as
lavatories
were
allowed
to
sit
for
hours
without
being
emptied,
and
medicines
and
drinks
were
served
out
on
the
floor
where
the
boards
were
in
a
filthy
state.
A
similar
scenario
was
presented
to
the
doctor
and
the
fever
Awards.
B
However,
the
fever
Hospital
controlled
by
a
full-time
nurse,
was
trying
to
really
contain
comfortable
beds,
clean
walls
and
Floors
well,
ventilated
boards
and
well-attained
patients
due
to
General
overcrowd.
It
emerged
that,
as
a
result
of
an
inadequate
supply
of
garments,
the
clues
of
those
poppers
who
had
died
of
fever
or
dysentery
was
immediately
used
by
other
poppers.
Without
priorities
trying
so
Paupers
died
and
the
new
intake
receiver,
another
concern
was
that
of
all
barbariance.
Evidently,
many
poppers
had
been
very
best
at
four
yards
from
the
fever
hospital
and
in
the
center
of
the
burial.
B
Ground
was
the
whale
which
supplied
water
to
the
workhouse.
In
fact,
the
graves
have
been
dug
so
close
to
it
that
the
water
had
become
muddy,
are
non-federal
use,
not
surprisingly,
in
the
later,
what
have
been
witnessed,
Smith
described
the
Lurgan
workhouse
as
a
picture
of
neglect
and
discomfort
such
as
I
have
never
seen
in
any
other
charitable
Institution
I.
Think
that
says
a
lot
when
people
ask
was
it
typical?
What
was
it
like
in
the
rest
of
us
who's?
A
man
coming
from
two
workhouses
and
cork
described
us.
B
He
recommended
the
following
measures
to
be
implemented
as
soon
as
possible.
All
admissions
to
the
workhouse
decisions
in
favor
in
this
week
is
a
bit
of
that
already,
the
best
all
rooms
used
by
the
sector,
property,
fumigated
and
weight
watched
movement
of
some
patients
from
the
infirmary
to
the
workhouse,
where
space
was
available,
thorough
whitewashing
of
the
infirmary
cleansing
of
its
tourism.
B
Excuse
me,
alongside
those
improvements,
Smith
found
it
necessary
to
apportion
blame
for
the
terrible
conditions
which
he
had
encountered
and
remarked.
It's
not
difficult
to
deduce
the
causes
of
the
mortality
which
has
lately
devastated
the
Lurgan
workers
and
was
still
a
continuation.
He
believed
that
the
problem
stands
from
the
death,
the
master
John
Mason
in
early
November
46,
and
the
fact
that
three
weeks
passed
before
our
successor
was
appointed
during
this
period,
overcrowd
in
that
developed
and
continued
to
the
end
of
January.
B
It
appeared
to
me
that
the
Guardians
had
no
knowledge
of
the
stated.
The
infirmness
regards
cleanliness,
ventilation,
Etc
either
from
personal
observation
or
otherwise
the
reports
of
the
Physicians
informed
them
of
its
overcrowded
State,
and
this
was
the
only
particular
about
which
about
it,
with
which
they're
seeing
they've
been
acquainted.
B
He
concluded
his
report
with
the
following
indictment
of
the
workhouse
Administration
I
am
of
the
opinion
that
the
chief
causes
of
the
evil
in
question
are
internal
and
the
result
of
the
fact
that
management
of
the
situation
and
affect
follow-on
from
the
previous
report,
June
1846
46.
Only
this
time,
hundreds
of
people
have
died
as
a
consequence.
B
Another
report
then
emerged
from
outside
one
of
the
chaplains
at
the
Reverend
Alton
Church
of
Ireland
shopping
for
Lurgan,
and
he
says
he
felt
the
need
to
draw
his
attention
to
the
appalling
standard
of
food
being
served
in
the
workers.
It
is
hardly
to
be
wondered
that
so
much
disease
should
be
in
the
workhouse
if
the
description
of
food
has
for
any
length
of
time
being
such
as
I
saw
there
today.
He
said
that
for
bread
used
for
supper,
so
he
said
that
the
bread
used
for
supper
was
dark,
colored,
insufficiently
baked
and
sour
means.
B
The
broth
was
so
bad
that
many
poppers
could
not
use
it.
He
described
the
meat
as
being
of
the
worst
description
that
could
be
got
in
Lurgan,
Street,
more
like
the
Flesh
of
an
animal
at
a
date
of
disease
than
being
killed.
Further,
you
don't
know
whether
the
Crooked
utensils
and
kitchen
were
Anna
had
his
genetic
condition.
It
was
once
in
a
very
bad
State
and
maybe
so
begin.
Orton
concluded
his
letter
thus,
and
could
not
refrain
from
mentioning
these
matters
to
you.
B
What
status
have
had
no
inconsiderable
share
and
producing
the
Dreadful
mortality,
which
has
swept
our
workers
and
I'm
sure
you
will
take
the
earliest
opportunity
of
investigating
them.
So
there
was
an
internal
query
contained
by
the
board
of
Guardians
involved
in
the
principal
workhouse.
The
ward
master
of
Thomas
said
that
the
bread
had
been
barred
for
over
a
week
and
believes
that
to
be
unfet
for
human
food.
Continued
many
of
the
sick
Hoppers
have
complained
to
me
that
the
bread
was
so
bad.
They
could
not
eat
it
and
they
consider
their
complaints
were
well
fine.
B
He
said
the
beef
used
for
soup
was
of
a
very
pure
quality
reported
this
to
Mr
Bullock.
He
said
it
had
a
very
offensive
smell,
but
this
soup
was,
after
it
was
sent
to
patients
in
the
hospital.
However,
the
stark
contrast
between
the
lights,
the
poppers
and
those
of
the
workhouse
officers
is
illustrated
by
lutton's
following
Revelation
the
bread
furnished
the
officers
cannot
be
complained
of
and
as
much
Superior
to
what
is
provided
by
the
poor
Department.
B
Freddie
also
said
the
pauper's
bread
be
unfit
was
unfit
for
human
consumption,
a
view
shared
by
Dr
Bell,
who
believed
the
bread
had
been
of
a
pure
quality
for
almost
two
months.
Failed.
Further
remark
that
the
meat
had
been
defective
for
a
long
time,
no,
never
as
bad
as
an
iron
for
food
I
have
no
hesitation
and
state
that
the
disease
in
the
house
would
not
have
been
as
bad
if
we
had
had
a
sufficient
supply
of
wholesome
bread
and
good
beef
such
this
was
contracted.
B
Dr
McVay
concurred
with
this
opinion,
believing
that
the
diarrhea
and
Mission
39
prevalent
had
been
aided
by
the
use
of
substandard
bread.
From
my
experiences
as
a
medical
man,
I,
don't
know
a
worse
description
of
food
per
person's
affected,
with
diarrhea,
dysentery
and
cerebral.
The
immediate
consequence
of
the
inquiry
was
the
return
of
200
pounds
of
bread
contractor.
However,
John
Hancock
and
a
letter
to
the
commissioner
reported
that
only
six
pounds
of
meat
had
been
deemed
to
be
on
soon.
B
Now
the
upshot
was
that
Dr
Bale
was
forced
to
resign,
arguably
a
year
after
he
showed
up
done
in
the
first
place.
He
was
obviously
the
workhouse
was
overwhelmed
by
the
huge
numbers,
unprecedented
numbers,
as
was
every
other
workhouse,
but
the
Lurgan
workers
had
previous
use
that
term
and
the
signs
were
there.
They
were
ominous
Saints
prior
to
what
happened
from
November
December
1846
I
read
out
last
week
an
account
of
the
burial.
B
So
for
those
who
didn't
hear
this,
this
is
this
was
in
the
Lurgan
workhouse
round
and
the
graveyard
attached
the
house,
a
large
grave
is
made
with
fills
nearly
full
of
water,
a
short
time
after
it
is
open
to
its
Verge
or
brought
the
coffins
contained
in
the
dead
bodies.
These
coffins
two
and
three,
each
they're
then
put
into
the
grave
in
which
they
usually
fill
one
or
two
persons
then
stand
on
the
coffins
in
the
water
until
the
mold
is
heaped
upon
them.
B
There
are
frequently
20
bodies
in
the
one
Ray
of
sure
we
have
mass
burials
and
Lurgan.
No,
it's
just
been
made
I'm
digress
and
stay
here
very
privilege
to
have
fenestrating
a
history
of
Carnegie,
Hill,
Commonwealth
class
Gil
and
Logan
I
was
there
Centenary
last
year
and
the
thing
that
stood
out
for
me
as
a
researcher
was
gone
through.
Hundreds
and
hundreds
of
newspaper
reports
of
games,
they're
gonna
reports
of
edge,
EMS
reading
letters
to
newspapers,
Etc,
sorry.
A
B
Yeah
GAA
club
and
learn
so
at
kamogi
Gaelic
football
for
ladies
and
men.
So
was
there
a
centennial?
They
were
established
in
1922
and.
A
B
Reason
I
mentioned
that
I
just
spent
four
I
was
keeping
fingers
today
four
years
right
in
that
book
and
as
a
researcher,
you
always
learn
something
when
you're
when
you're
writing
a
book
and
this
one.
B
What
stands
out
for
me
is
that,
amidst
all
the
hundreds
of
newspaper
reports
that
I
mentioned
was
the
fact
you
were
able
to
interview
people
who
were
involved,
whether
it
be
at
the
plan
level
at
the
administrative
level
or
a
supporter
and
you're
talking
to
people
who
are
in
their
early
90s
and
most
of
them
in
their
70s
and
80s,
some
of
their
early
90s
and
their
memories
gone
back
to
the
1940s
and
then
remembering
what
their
parents
had
told
them.
Maybe
about
the
1920s
30s
and
the
point
I'm
making
is
that
when
you're?
B
Looking
at
the
newspaper
reports
when
you're
looking
at
in
that
situation,
when
you're
looking
at
something
like
the
create
hunger,
thousands
of
documents,
workhouse
registers,
letters
to
the
criminal
Commissioners
letters
to
the
Relief
Committee
in
Dublin,
the
Relief
Committee
is
right
in
the
Irish
relief
Association
and
papers,
the
Society
of
France,
huge
archive
when
you're
looking
through
the
newspapers,
you're
scratching
the
surface
you're
only
scratching
the
surface
and
I
suppose
the
nearest
thing
we
have
to
you
know:
I,
just
read
out
an
account
of
people
being
buried
in
the
workhouse
range.
B
Who
were
they
and
it's
very
easy
to
say.
Oh
during
the
family,
1841
1851,
a
population
of
brand
of
80
million
and
a
half
million,
a
million
died
in
a
millionaired
slows
off
and
the
the
reality
is
borne
out
in
the
prayer
house
admission
register.
Here
we
have
the
names,
occupation,
religion,
gender,
the
area
that
they
that
came
from,
and
there.
B
Parole
units
I
mentioned
last
week,
there
are
only
17
unions
for
which
these
registers
exist,
I'm
not
in
their
entirety,
for
all
of
them.
12
of
these
are
two
in
Irma
Jurgen
and
our
map.
Your
law
unions
I'm,
going
to
read
out
now,
and
this
is
just
purely
random.
This
is
24
names
of
people
who
entered
the
Lurgan
workhouse
in
December
on
the
17th
of
December
1846.
B
They
all
day
they're
all
22
to
the
24
entered
the
workhouse
in
a
healthy,
so
I'm
just
going
to
read
them
as
follows.
So
it'll
be
the
name,
the
Yates
occupation,
religion
and
also
the
area
Catherine
green
Fordy,
Anderson
Robert
three.
She
was
a
laborer
Protestant
from
tolilish
Margaret,
Quail
27
single
laborer,
healthy
from
Daria
on
Morris
17,
single
believer
Protestant
from
Karen.
B
Sorry,
Dennis
Brown,
six
deserted
Protestant
Union
at
large
Union
at
large
meant
that
they
couldn't
find
out
where
they
were
from
in
particularly
in
the
union,
so
it
could
have
come
from
anywhere
it'd
been
deserted
by
his
currents
if
they
were
still
alive
or
else
they
had
died
and
they
had
nowhere
else
to
go.
Margaret
Kennedy,
81
single,
a
spinner
Catholic
and
firm
from
from
Bali
Dugan
James
Neal
74
married
labor
Catholic
from
achigan
Elizabeth
Carson
ended
with
her
five
children.
B
She
was
43,
the
children
were
Ellen
14
and
David
12,
their
boot
survived
until
June
and
July
1847
and
they
left
the
workhouse
but
Ellen
43.
She
had
been
deserted
by
her
husbands.
He
was
a
presbyterian
from
tonylesh,
along
with
her
children,
Thomas
tan
Robert,
five
and
Sarah
a
year
and
a
quarter.
They
all
died
in
the
workhouse
eleanorate
25
single
spinner
Protestant,
healthy
from
bray,
near
portadown,
angian
right
on
our
17
months
old,
sorry,
that
was
Eleanor
rate
25
and
her
child
Angie
in
17
months,
their
birthday
within
theirs
of
each
other.
B
In
January
1847.
rules
Corrigan,
she
was
married.
She
was
a
weaver,
a
Catholic
Union
at
large.
She
handed
to
work
how
she
was
45.
She
had
the
workhouse
with
her
daughter,
Mary,
11,
son,
John,
18
and
other
son
Patrick.
He
was
20
months.
They
all
day
I'm
best
she
was
50.
She
was
married,
a
Winder
Protestant
from
Kernan.
She
entered
the
workhouse
with
William
nine
Martha
five
Elizabeth
three
day
all
day,
William
Fox
50th
married
neighbor,
Catholic
from
Kernan
and
Jean
best.
Sorry,
she
was.
There
was
only
one
Survivor
member
of
the
best
family.
B
Five
of
them
day,
the
only
Survivor
was
Angie.
She
was
12.,
she
left
the
workhouse
and
August
1847
and,
lastly,
Elizabeth
McCann
57
single
a
sore
Protestant
from
caraback
that
gives
I
think
a
different
perspective
on
when
we're
talking
about
the
numbers
a
day
that
here,
you
had
real
people
names
the
areas
that
came
from
the
conditions
were
they.
What
they
worked
at
through
their
family
were
one
of
the
things
you
find
is,
as
you
go
through
it
now.
That's
24.
B
in
the
Lurgan
workhouse
in
1847
and
I've
mentioned
already
about
the
the
workhouse
rights
has
not
been
fully
filled
out
in
February.
March
47
there
were
at
least
a
thousand
possibly
1200
deaths
in
that
one
year
in
one
workhouse
and
that's
just
a
fragment
of
those
who
died
so
I
think
it
puts
real
meat
on
the
bones
of
those
who
died,
use
a
term,
but
also
this
idea
that
so
many
days
we're
actually
talking
about
real
people
here
who
live
their
lives.
B
We
had
their
children,
we
were
forced
into
an
institution,
they
never
wanted
to
go,
and
actually
the
chairman
of
the
mara
workers,
marriage
is
a
very
famous
said.
We
just
we
refused
to
send
our
prayer
to
that
house
of
mortality.
B
So
that's
my
talk
for
tonight,
I
hope,
there's
some
shared
some
light
on
an
aspect
of
the
great
hunger
and
Ulster
and
one
of
the
things
I
take
from
this.
All
the
time
is
the
fact
that
in
Irma
and
not
too
many
other
areas,
we
actually
can
dig
into
who
these
people
were
and
put
names
to
the
the
Anonymous
numbers
of
thousands
are
out.
Thank.
A
You
very
much
George
George,
there's
just
a
few
questions
we'll
go
through.
What
is
the
name
of
the
commission
overseeing
the
workhouses.
C
A
B
There's
one
the
the
best
records
are
for
County
Anthem
and
North.
Anthem
was
Fai
armas
two
material
felt
enniskillen,
none
for
Belfast,
very
there's,
nothing
for
Derry,
there's
nothing
for
true,
but
Letterkenny
and
done
so.
A
B
I
just
say
that
you
know
people
might
wonder
where
those
records
went
to
and
I
remember
talking
to
a
man
and
Monaghan
and
the
the
90s
when
I
was
looking
at
working
on
the
common
and
Ulster
then,
and
he
said
that
he
remembered
as
a
child
in
the
1940s
cycling
Behind
these
big
carts,
which
were
being
drawn
to
a
dump-
and
he
said
on
the
carts-
were
huge
books
with
golden
clasps
that
had
been
taken
out
of
the
workhouses
and
they
were
been
converted
into
hospitals
and
they
were
all
burnt.
B
And
yes,
it's
shocking
and
one
person
from
one
perspective
that
we
lost
those
records.
But
people
were
so
ashamed
that
they
didn't.
You
know
I
I've
come
across
people
saying
if
you
ever
do
research
in
the
family
tree
I,
don't
want
to
mention
that
anybody
was
in
the
Brewer
house
or
the
workhouse.
You
know
you
can
access
them
product
record
office
in
Belfast,
the
Donegal,
County
library
and
there's
also
stuffed
in
the
last
arcade.
B
But
the
main
one
would
be
the
the
for
the
north
would
be
the
bullet
Records
Office
in
Belfast.
So.
A
B
A
A
So
the
local
library
service
in
Letterkenny
would
be
managed
by
Donegal
County
Council.
It's
just
anybody's
inquiring
about
that.
Another
question
is,
you
mentioned
sorry,
just
apologies,
I
think
what
was
the
name
of
the
book
you
mentioned
at
the
very
beginning
of
your
talk.
Jared
within
you
mentioned,
there
was
an
article
about
pre-famine
life
in
Arma,
right.
B
C
B
S
e
r,
n
c
h
r
s
that
shamas.
A
I'll
actually
put
that
in
an
email
later
to
everyone,
just
yeah,
anybody's
interested.
It's.
A
Okay
and
ending
me,
you
mentioned
apologies,
this
is
a
question
put
in
the
comment.
I'm
not
sure
to
pronounce
in
the
words
but
was
Indian
meal.
Would
you
be
would
know,
would
you
know?
Was
it
treated
with
the
like,
with
the
likes
of
lime,
to
help
prevent
any
diseases
all.
B
A
A
B
No
I
just
noticed
there,
but
on
Gannon
workhouse
register
has
been
online
there's.
Actually
a
group
of
deaths
from
Dungannon
and
each
workhouse
had
a
group
of
deaths.
So
that's
available
in
the
product
records
office
in
Belfast
the
book
of
passage
from
Gannon,
but
the
actual
admission
registers.
A
For
those
of
us,
you
mentioned
Clan
McGill
Club
was
this
mentioned,
as
you
retrieved
interviews.
B
What
that
was
was
to
just
make
the
point
that
you
know
when
they
were
searching
a
modern
subject
where
people
are
still
alive,
that
you
can
actually
interview
those
people
and
get
a
different
perspective
as
opposed
to
maybe
what
appears
in
a
newspaper
or
whatever,
whether
it
be
a
political
perspective
or
perspective
and
I
use
both
of
those
in
this
book
that
I've
just
finished,
but
one
the
point
I
was
making
at
the
nearest
we
can
get
to
the
people
who
actually
were
there
in
the
workhouse.
A
Someone
actually
commented
here
that,
thanks
for
highlighting
the
human
dimension,
names
and
fragments
of
lives
which
should
not
be
forgotten,
I
just
want
to
just
add
that
we
mentioned
that
some
information
will
be
available
within
the
Public
Records
Office
in
Dublin,
I
suppose
make
people
aware
too
that,
unfortunately,
a
lot
of
records
were
lost
during
the
Civil
War
would
not
be
correct
so
or
what
or,
or
were
they
of
this
kind?
Well.
B
I,
don't
want
to
contradict
you
there,
but
certainly
and
the
records
pertaining
that
this
period
were
lost
willfully
if
we're
looking
at
workhouse
records,
because
there
was
this
stigma
of
being
in
the
workhouse
which
was
referred
to
about
everybody
in
every
area
house.
So
nobody
wanted.
You
know
with
the
time
the
1940s
came
right.
People
just
had
this
idea.
B
We
want
to
forget
about
that,
so
they
threw
the
books
out,
there's
a
great
collection
in
the
national
archives
in
Dublin,
the
relief
commission
papers
which
have
been
used
extensively
for
each
County
and
also
there's
an
even
better
collection
of
IU,
which
is
the
Saudia
friends
relief
of
distress
papers,
which
is
just
a
vast
collection
of
papers
which
there's
a
lot
of
information
locally,
but
also
looking
at
their
Imports
of
food
and
how
it
was
organized
from
America
a
huge
amount
of
information
on
that.
B
A
B
You
can
get
a
very
brief
synopsis
if
you
type
in
a
reference
number
whatever
you
know
they
all
come
on
the
beach
for
Border
Guardians.
So
you
can
start
off
with
that
online,
but
in
terms
of
the
doing
the
research,
no
maybe
in
the
future,
but
at
this
stage
no,
so
what
they
will
have.
There
is
the
40
Guardian
minutes,
which
are
very
dry
administrative
books,
but
there's
really
good
information
in
them.
B
Obviously,
statistical
information
Etc,
as
I
said
there
are
12
and
also
that
helped
admission
registers,
and
then
you
also
get
some
chaplains
dog
perks
in
and
out
matters,
but
it's
very
dry
but
sort
of
stuff,
but
certainly,
if
you're
looking
for,
if
you're
an
interesting
family
history
and
all
that
you
just
need
the
hazard
team.
What
areas
have
they
are
available
for
admission
registers
and
take
it
from
there?
It
is
a
throw
through.
A
Okay
and
Paul
also
met
and
Paul's.
Someone
has
mentions
here
that
just
a
common
starvation
diet
some
details
in
relation
to,
let's
say,
for
example,
vitamin
deficiency
vitamin
C
deficiency
can
equal.
Then
organ
failure
have
failure
to
relation
to
absorption
of
iron,
leading
to
weakness,
just
a
bride.
It's
it's
a
it's
a
kind
of
a
it's
a
cycle
of
a
Tipping
Point
deficiency
in
one
thing
leads
to
other
medical
problems.
Yeah.
B
C
B
The
debt
incurred
by
a
workhorses,
not
that
that
arises
from
the
fact
number
one
that
there's
huge
numbers
entering,
but
also
that
the
expense
of
each
problem
is
increasing
so
prior
to
the
farm
and
said
the
weekly
cost
of
Applied
a
little
bit
maintenance,
but
then
by
early
1847
there's,
maybe
one
shilling
and
seven
Pence.
Why?
Because
they
require
medication,
so
a
few
more
to
play
that
increase
by
for
800
people
who
wouldn't
have
been
there
other
ways,
then
they're
looking
to
cut
costs.
B
So
they
introduced
the
cheapest
Meal,
which
is
you
know,
nutritionally
the
first,
which
is
Indian
corn,
wheat,
but
they're,
not
particularly
worried
about
that
as
an
American
workers
illustrator,
because
they
just
want
to
feed
them
from
as
cheaper
rate
as
they
possibly
can.
And
you
find
us,
then,
as
you
move
through
in
the
1847-48.
B
The
British
government
declares
the
famine
over
in
August
47
because
there's
a
successful
crop
and
which
is
nonsense,
of
course,
because
the
problem
was
minuscule
compared
to
what
was
needed
but
allows
them
to
introduce
what
was
called
the
plural
law
extension
act,
which
meant
that
all
relief
had
to
be
within
the
workhouse,
but
they
also
then
allowed
for
outdoor
relief
for
the
first
time
so
they
realized.
You
know
what
was
happening
here:
various
crises
throughout
the
world
with
different
governments.
They
were
making
policy
on
the
hoof.
B
You
know
they
started
off
with
the
relief
committees,
Southern
names
that
were
from
46
onwards
in
the
public
works,
then
they
realized
by
January
47.
We
need
to
be
feeding
the
people,
so
they
introduced
temporary
relief
act,
also
known
as
the
soup
kitchen
act
and
March
47.
B
They
fed
up
to
3
million
people
between
then
and
August,
and
then
they
shut
it
down
and
it's
actually,
when
you
look
at
the
letters
coming
in
from
people
throughout
the
country,
they
can't
believe
it's
been
shut
down,
because
I
said
we
should
have
had
this
once
before
now:
you're,
actually
feeding
the
people,
you're
saving
thousands
hundreds
of
thousands
of
likes,
keep
it,
but
they
didn't
and
they
had
to
use
the
temporary
relief
effect
and
that's
where
I
keep
making
reference
to
the
Society
of
France.
B
Their
paper
showed
that
they
then
provided
huge
amount
of
food
and
clothing
throughout
all
counties
right
up
until
1851
1852.
They
provided
grants,
for
example,
in
this
local
area,
to
the
fishermen
of
luckner
to
build
boats,
not
grants
actually,
whether
it
was
I
was
going
to
come
to
Grants
to
freshermen.
B
Their
names
would
still
be
in
the
same
areas
to
build
boats,
so
they
could
go
pollen,
fishing
and
Lockney,
and
because
they're
realized
that
you
know
it
wasn't
a
short-term
fix
that
a
negative
degree
long-term
and
after
feeding
the
people
that
have
give
them
clothes
and
then
help
them
establish
model
Farms.
Various
Industries,
except
they
did
their
best.
A
Thanks
Jared,
just
another
comment
is
that
there
are
some
commissioner
reports
on
a
website
archive.org
for
as
well
for
people
for
future
reference.
There's
records
of
deaths
on
Dungannon
workhouse
are
also
available
in
relation
there's.
A
website
called
dungannonworkhouse.com
and
clones
library
in
County
Monaghan
has
some
records
of
some
of
the
country.
Monahan
records.
B
If,
in
terms
of
the
workers
and
Carrick
across
they've,
developed
they've,
basically
revamped
what
was
one
of
the
wings
of
the
workhouse,
so
you
can
do
a
tour
of
it.
I
did
it
a
few
years
ago
and
they
focus
on
the
orphan
girls
who
are
who
went
to
Australia,
and
so
you
can
actually
get
a
tour
of
the
workhouse
there's.
Also
probably
one
of
the
best
examples
untouched
of
a
workhouse.
Certainly
the
front
building
would
be
in
RMR
the
primacious
city
of
Irma.
B
We've
got
the
administrative
block
at
the
front
where
it
says
the
date
above
1841
and
then
and
I've
never
seen
this
anywhere
else.
You've
actually
got
where
the
paper
would
have
been
laid
out
into.
They
were
split
up,
and
so
families
were
split
up
by
gender
and
by
age.
So
you
have.
You
have
four
distinct
yards
there
with
the
walls
still
intact
and
you've
got
the
male
female
for
both
girls,
boys,
men
and
women,
so
I
mean
that's.
That
is
worth
the
look.
I,
don't
think
that's
been
highlighted.
B
X
is
one
of
the
best
remaining
examples
of
the
workhouse
Administration
built
and
The
Yards
associated
with
it.
A
George
you
mentioned,
and
a
local
historian
called
Charlie
Dillon
from
the
Moy
in
County.
Tyrone
is
certain
ratings.
He
has
Within.
What's
the
organization,
his
work
is
placed.
B
With
two
reasons
I
started
well,
how
was
the
journal
that
I
mentioned
that
one
that
I
hadn't?
It
also
might
be
an
an
organization
called
which
is
the
O'neill
country,
historical,
as
I
said
it
might
actually
be
in
that,
but
it'll
be
in
one
or
other
of
those
sorry
and.
B
A
And
apologies-
everyone
I'm
kind
of
quite
close
of
time
to
someone
who's
quickly
asked.
Will
we
be
looking
at
the
19th
century?
Census
records,
unfortunately,
won't
be
able
to
in
this
lecture
series,
but
if
the
opportunity
comes
up
to
deliver
organized
version
further
lectures
in
the
future,
it's
certainly
something
I'll
have
on
a
list
for
us
I'm
conscious.
Everybody
may
want
a
rest
break
here,
but
it's
one
one
final
question:
any
for
the
plans
to
preserve
what
is
left
of
Lurgan
workhouse.
Unfortunately,
I.
A
B
A
state
that
are
making
it
more
prominent,
but
you
know,
and
Carrick
and
Shannon
County
nature
the
old
workhouse
there,
which
was
also
notorious
for
various
reasons.
I
think
David
might
touch
on
these.
In
his
his
talk
on
a
hug
and
maybe
met
someone
half
the
Carrick
as
well,
but
they've
taken
a
part
of
the
workhouse
made
in
the
museum
she
can
actually
visit
and
see
where
they
unfortunate
people
would
have
been
at
the
time
of
the
farmer.
B
Those
addicts
are
still
learning
workplace,
I've
been
in
them,
I
think
it
was
the
late
90s
early
2000s,
but
I
visited
those
as
well,
so
they're
still
there.
So
it's
a
case
of
obviously
the
hospitals
through
their
own
bags,
not
a
bureaucracy
and
red
tape,
but
it
would
be
nice
to
see
you
know
something
like
that
restored,
so
people
could
just
get
a
feel
of
that.
B
A
And
just
one
final,
very
final
question:
what
were
the
conditions
for
people
who
were
when
workhouse
was
full?
Maybe
especially
those
who
would
have
been
turned
away?
I
think
it's
very
hard
to
really
estimate.
B
People
had
to
be
investigated
before
they
were
out
into
the
workers,
their
conditions
and
all
that,
and
once
they
realized
right,
we
can't
send
our
perimeter
anymore,
so
they're
just
going
to
come
back
on
us,
so
the
relief
committees
then
we're
in
India
and
that's
why
the
British
government
was
basically
forced
into
establishing
the
temporary
relief
act
where
they
fed
people
outside
the
workhorses
because
they
realized
this.
B
The
the
workhouse
system
was
never
designed
to
deal
with
a
catastrophe
like
if
you
had
hunger-
and
it's
actually
it'd
be
an
interesting
counterfactual
exercise
to
look
at
you
know,
would
the
deaths
up
into
the
same
extent
without
the
work.
How
is
it
so
Irish
Society
without
the
workhouses,
on
the
basis
of
say,
a
parochial
relief
which
had
been
there
prior
to
1838
and
also
which
was
still
extended
in
Scotland?
B
So
you
know,
the
premise
would
be
that
the
local
people
know
they're
poor,
they
know
their
needs
and
they
can
like
ask
them
rather
than
build
a
huge
building
where,
by
cram
on
so
many
people
in
as
you
could,
obviously,
then
it
was
going
to
be
widespread
disease
will
be.
You
know
if
they're
interesting,
factual
exercise.
A
Thank
you
very
much.
Jared.