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A
Good
evening,
everyone
I
am
Dolores
Donnelly
Community
Development
officer
with
Arma
City
Banbridge
and
craigavon
Borough
Council
I'd
like
to
welcome
you
all
to
tonight
our
third
week
of
the
lecture
series
Rippling
effects
of
the
great
Irish
famine.
This
evening
we
will
have
three
speakers.
I'd
also
like
to
mention
that
Dr
Jared
mcatowsney
is
also
present
and
he'll
be
joining
in
the
conversation
throughout
the
evening.
A
The
lecture
has
been
recorded
and
will
be
available
on
council's
YouTube
at
a
later
date.
So
our
first
speaker
is.
A
Is
a
writer
researcher
and
human
rights
activist
currently
finalizing
their
PHD
on
equal
feminism?
It
is
through
this
research.
They
know
the
importance
to
look
at
environmental
strategies
such
as
famines
through
a
different
lens,
in
order
to
determine
the
impacts
of
such
calamities
on
women,
so
I'd
like
to
invite
ashmir
to
commence
their
talk
if
you'd
like
to
unmute
ashme
and
if
you're
a
presentation
you're
more
welcome
to
share
it
now
as
well.
Thank
you
thank.
B
You
so
much
Dolores
and
thanks
everybody
for
joining
today's
talk.
My
name
is
esma
and
I'm.
A
PhD
researcher
at
Mary,
immaculates
College
in
Limerick,
currently
based
in
Dublin
and
I,
am
Moroccan
as
well.
So
today,
I'm
actually
going
to
look
at
the
impacts
I'm
going
to
try
to
summarize
it
as
briefly
as
I
can
of
the
great
hunger
from
a
gendered
perspective.
B
B
The
title
of
my
presentation
today
is
simple:
it's
women
during
the
Great
hunger
during
my
master's,
as
well
as
my
PhD
I,
have
had
the
opportunity
to
read
a
bunch
of
literature
on
what
happened
during
basically
the
1840s
in
Ireland,
as
well
as
outside
of
Ireland
to
mostly
Irish
women
and
vulnerable
people
during
the
calamity.
B
So
the
things
that
I'm
going
to
look
at
in
this
presentation
are
the
great
hunger
agenda
of
Calamity,
so
I'm,
not
assuming
that
everybody
who
joined
has
an
idea
of
like
the
gender
imbalance,
impact
of
the
great
hunger,
so
I'm
gonna
have
like
a
brief
overview
overview.
B
Then
I'm
gonna
look
at
Catholic,
Catholic,
obliviousness
and
women
during
the
1840s,
then
I'm
gonna
touch
base
on
a
few
topics
that
can
be
sensitive,
but
I
thought
were
important
topics
that
are
underrepresented
in
the
Great
hunger,
which
is
human
trafficking.
I'm,
going
to
look
at
the
earl
gray
scheme,
which
basically
was
involved
in
the
human
trafficking
of
teenage
underage
Irish,
girls,
prostitution
during
the
1840s
and
last
but
not
least,
Survivor
cannibalism,
the
unspoken
horror,
okay,
okay,
so
the
Irish
government
banned
evictions
and
froze
rent
prices.
B
As
a
response
to
the
2020
covid-19
outbreak,
a
lockdown
has
been
put
in
place
from
March
2020
and
then
later
on,
multiple
times,
basically
to
lower
the
number
of
deaths
and
the
contaminations.
B
Yet
the
news
and
the
food
safety
Authority
in
Ireland
have
been
reassuring.
Everybody
that
Food
Supplies
will
continue
that
shops
will
be
restocked
every
day
and
schools
will
continue
with
their
School
meals
program
to
provide
for
the
thousands
of
vulnerable
children
who
need
the
meals
according
to
Central
Statistics
Office
Ireland
in
2016,
81.7
percent
of
healthcare
and
social
workers
are
women.
In
times
of
a
pandemic,
the
country
is
highly
dependent
on
the
sacrifices
made
by
these
women
to
care
for
the
rocketed
number
of
infected
patients
and
the
elderly.
B
Ever
since
the
country
commemorated
the
150th
anniversary
of
the
first
appearance
of
the
blight
in
1995.,
a
sudden
interest
in
famine
studies
emerged,
resulted
in
research
projects,
conferences,
essays
articles,
building
on
memorials
and
many
more
considering
that
most
of
famine,
academicians
and
historians
were
males.
Little
to
no
interest
has
been
developed
to
study
the
role
of
women
during
the
family.
Not
enough
scholarship
has
been
dedicated
to
studying
women
during
the
grace
hunger,
not
only
as
victims,
but
as
Fighters
carers,
petitioners
activists,
writers
and
storytellers.
B
Before
addressing
the
status
of
women
during
the
Calamity,
it
is
important
to
understand
its
background,
as
well
as
some
of
its
politics
Margaret's
Kelleher,
which
I
hope
you're
familiar
with
her
work.
She's
amazing,
like
the
books,
she
wrote
in
the
articles
on
women
and
the
great
hunger
are
fascinating.
She's,
the
author
of
The
feminization
of
famine.
Expressions
of
the
inexpressible
is
one
of
the
few
Scholars
who
investigated
the
Irish
famine
through
fictional
and
non-fictional
texts.
She
applied
the
feminist
analysis
and
provided
new
views
on
the
famine
discourse.
B
So
when
it
comes
to
stories,
told
about
the
19th
century
Calamity
and
its
narratives,
women
who
either
suffered
from
eviction,
starvation
and
diseases
need
to
be
given
more
attention
and
that's
why
I'm
going
to
try
to
do
in
this
presentation.
So,
if
you're
familiar
with
women,
particularly
in
the
great
hunger,
you
might
be
familiar
with
Bridget
O'donnell,
the
one
in
the
picture.
B
In
the
slide,
her
picture
is
often
used
in
books
and
exhibitions
about
the
great
hunger
O'donnell
was
a
poor
Irish
woman
who
was
evicted
during
winter
time
from
her
house
along
with
children,
because
she
was
unable
to
pay
the
rent.
Her
tragedy
lies
in
the
miscarriage
that
she
had
one
week
after
the
eviction
and
worst
part
of
her
story
is
the
death
of
one
of
her
children
due
to
malnutrition,
the
harsh
weather
conditions,
the
shortage
of
food
and
the
lack
of
Medical
Care
made
Bridget
the
victim
of
merciles
circumstances.
B
B
So
when
you
hear
the
subsection
Catholicism,
a
Catholic,
obliviousness
I'm
actually
going
to
look
at
women
not
only
as
victim,
but
sometimes
as
unconscious
contributors
to
the
tragedy.
So
Catholicism
has
long
been
an
integral
part
of
Irish
identity,
Saint,
Patrick
and
other
Saints
arrived
in
Ireland
in
the
fifth
century
and
converted
the
island
to
Christianity
five
centuries
later,
internal
reforms
occurred
and
by
the
12th
century
leading
Ireland's
religious
practices
to
become
more
aligned
with
the
Roman
Church.
B
In
other
words,
this
subjugation
was
meant
to
prevent
the
Irish
Catholics
from
contributing
or
being
part
of
society.
In
the
midst
of
the
1840s
chaos,
the
Gestapo
Catholic
Church
kept
Imports
in
moral
policing
even
during
the
country's
most
vulnerable
decade.
What
collides
with
logic
is
the
growth
of
the
Catholic
Church
during
the
19th
century,
in
the
article,
the
recruitment
of
an
identity
of
Irish
women
in
the
international
Mission
by
Deidra
raftery.
A
A
B
It
is
understandable
that
in
times
of
distress,
starvation
and
mass
evictions,
people
are
most
in
need
and
Something
to
Believe
In
and
something
that
aren't
unites
them
and
gives
them
hope
for
survival.
Yet
one
may
wonder
what
would
have
actually
happened?
Had
the
church
focused
Less
on
sending
thousands
of
nuns
to
expand,
Catholicism
and
spend
more
resources
on
helping
the
Irish?
B
Both
accomplishments
are
quite
remarkable.
In
1822,
she
opened
the
first
institution
of
the
order
in
Ireland,
her
sister,
the
Irish
philanthropist
Anna
Maria
ball,
helped
her
with
the
development
of
her
schools
and
with
providing
funding
to
the
purchase
of
the
Loreto
school
on
Saint,
Stephen's,
Green,
mother,
Mary,
Teresa's
Devotion
to
expand
the
convent
schools
all
over
Ireland
and
later
on,
in
India,
in
1842
Mauritius
in
1844
Gibraltar
in
1845
Canada
in
1847
and
England
in
1851
is
impeccable.
B
Yes,
perhaps
coming
from
a
wealthy
family
was
the
reason
behind
her
obliviousness
to
the
Irish
people's
priorities.
While
people
were
dying
of
food
deficiency,
whatever
funding
that
supported,
these
expansions
could
have
been
used
to
feed
the
starving
Irish
in
the
most
affected
areas
in
the
country.
B
Nevertheless,
it
seems
that
they
voting
one's
soul
to
serve
in
the
Catholic
church
was
more
important.
The
welcoming
of
Irish
women
by
the
Catholic
institutions
was
conditioned
as
in
order
for
them
to
dedicate
their
lives
to
serving
they
had
to
be
nuns.
Thus
abstain
from
natural
human
needs,
such
as
sex
women
who
belonged
to
the
church,
had
the
privilege
not
only
of
surviving
the
famine,
but
if
continuing
to
live
life
business
as
usual
as
if
the
country's
population
is
not
rapidly
disappearing.
B
Mother
teresadillas
of
the
Institute
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
Mary,
was
sent
by
Mother
Teresa
ball
to
Toronto
in
1847.
by
1851
she
was
Superior
General
in
Canada.
1847
was
the
peak
of
the
Great
hunger's
Horror,
yet
some
Irish
nuns
dedicated
fund
them
to
send
others
overseas
and
make
sure
they
climbed
a
Catholic
hierarchy
that
they
wanted
to.
B
B
One
of
the
most
Savage
violations
of
human
rights
in
Irish
history
is
the
trafficking
of
Irish
teenage
orphan
girls
from
Ireland
to
Australia
between
1849
to
1851.
More
than
4
000
Irish
girls
were
shipped
to
Australia
from
work
houses
across
Ireland
and
were
sent
to
mostly
Sydney
Port
Phillip
and
Adelaide.
B
B
B
The
Australian
government
had
strict
eligibility
criteria
for
who
can
join
the
scheme.
The
girls
had
to
be,
and
I
quote,
imbued
with
religion
and
morally
pure
meaning.
They
had
to
be
versions,
obedience
and
ready
to
serve
as
wives
to
the
men
they
were
about
to
marry
in
the
21st
century.
This
would
be
the
definition
of
human
trafficking
for
sexual
exploitation.
B
What
seems
to
be
a
relief
program
from
Australia
and
what
some
might
consider
as
a
support
from
the
Australian
government,
was
in
fact,
an
exploitation
of
the
young
girls
bodies
to
serve
a
heteronormative
society's
reproduction
goals.
The
girls
were
referred
to
as
breeders,
a
term
that
commodifies
the
genitals
and
their
reproductive
abilities.
B
So
in
1848
110
orphan
girls
were
also
sent
from
the
skibbery
in
Union
Workhouse,
the
skibrian
Community
Hospital
campus.
What
it
was
estimated
that
around
60
people
died
per
day
due
to
hunger
and
disease,
Thomas
McCollum,
an
Irish
artist
in
Residence,
kibirin's
love
gate
Hub
worked
on
a
series
of
110
bronze
spoons,
which
is
depicted
in
the
image
in
the
slide.
B
To
quote
from
molinaris
publication
again
as
it
was,
various
cases
of
abuses
were
reported.
The
first
and
second
mates,
as
well
as
some
other
officers
on
the
earl
gray,
were
accused
of
having
paid
improper
attentions
to
the
young
girls
on
board
and
the
crew
of
having
had
unrestricted
intercourse
with
them.
The
officers
and
seamen
on
board
the
James
Gibbon
1849
were
reportedly
guilty
of
similar
conducts
and
six
of
the
females
who
sailed
to
Port
Phillip
on
the
Manchester
were
said
to
have
been
hired
by
braval
Keepers.
B
The
moment
they
arrived
on
board
again,
the
surgeons
of
the
Waverly
of
the
Lysander
and
the
Thomas
are
not
were
accused
of
having
threatened
unmarried
females
improperly.
This
scheme
has
everlasted
impacts
on
the
girls
and
their
descendants.
Some
describe
the
female
orphan
survivors
as
women
who
flourished
by
flourished.
They
mean
married
and
had
children
from
the
men
they
most
likely
had
no
choice
but
to
marry.
B
B
And
what
is
worse
than
the
eyes
of
God,
filial,
cannibalism
or
prostitution,
and
aren't
they
both
supposed
to
be
forgiven
in
famine
conditions
in
the
eyes
of
the
Catholic
Church?
According
to
John
Mitchell
in
his
last
conquest
of
Ireland,
some
women
who
were
starving
began
to
ate
their
own
children
in
order
to
survive.
B
Yet,
to
what
extent
is
this
accurate,
were
they
really
insane,
or
was
it
just
their
instinctual
reaction
to
a
fatal
catastrophe?
Their
way
of
survival
now
I
wonder
that
the
number
of
prostitutes
increased
dramatically
during
the
19th
century.
The
only
reliable
Figures
were,
the
exact
number
of
arrests
are
registered.
Are
the
police
statistics.
B
Yet
these
are
not
quite
reliable,
since
the
records
only
show
first
arrests
without
any
further
records
of
the
of
the
arrests
that
followed.
Considering
that
a
woman
was
arrested
multiple
times
a
year
for
soliciting
records,
show
the
hundreds
of
riddles
as
well
as
dominated
Dublin,
as
well
as
the
hundreds
of
prostitutes
that
worked
in
them
during
the
mid-19th
century,
the
increase
of
prostitution
led
to
the
inevitable
result
of
sexually
transmitted
diseases.
B
This
was
the
main
reason
of
the
appearance
of
the
cdas.
The
contagious
diseases
acts
in
1864
an
aftermath
of
the
great
hunger
due
to
the
large
number
of
gonorrhea
and
syphilis
infections.
The
governments
feared
that
an
epidemic
would
actually
affect
the
performance
of
the
army.
Since
soldiers
were
the
ones
to
go
to
Brothers.
Frequently,
women
and
prostitution
did
not
suffer
from
the
lack
of
Health
Care
only
but
were
victims
of
violence
as
well
as
sex
workers.
B
B
B
In
her
book,
women
and
philanthropy
in
19th
century
Ireland,
Ludy
dedicated
chapter
4,
prostitution
and
rescue
work
to
discuss
in
prostitution
and
sexual
morality
and
the
responses
that
emerged
from
the
government
and
Society
Ludy
writes
that
one
impressionistic
account
of
prostitution
in
Irish
cities
from
the
earlier
part
of
the
century
comes
from
evidence
gathered
by
William
Logan,
a
mission
worker
from
Leeds
who
also
engaged
in
rescue
work
on
a
trip
he
made
in
1845
from
a
philanthropic
gentleman.
He
is
certain
that
core
contained
85,
regular
brodels
and
356
public
prostitutes.
B
Logan
noted
that
in
Cork
a
large
number
of
procuras
is
abound.
Individuals
have
been
known
to
Tender
the
daughters
and
other
relatives
to
brothel
Keepers
for
money.
A
man
in
1841
voluntarily
offered
his
daughter
for
three
pounds.
In
addition
to
these
women,
they
were
thought
to
be
hundred
privateers
who
operated
from
houses
not
designated
as
brothers.
B
After
her
18
1995
book
Lydia's
interest
in
Irish
women's
sex
work
continued,
she
wrote
abandoned
women
and
bad
characters.
Prostitution
in
19th
century
Ireland,
which
was
published
by
women's
history
review
in
2006,
where
she
examined
again
the
extent
of
prostitution
in
19th
century
Ireland,
Ludy
wrote
in
the
space
that
prostitution
existed
in
public
and
in
private
and
that's
for
women.
It
was
either
a
daily
way
of
life,
one
to
others.
It
was
occasional
and
acknowledged
that
it
is
difficult
to
provide
accurate
numbers
of
prostitutes
in
Ireland
in
any
given
period
of
time.
B
B
B
B
Another
subject:
when
I
did
some
research
on
prostitution
was
how
Irish
women
carried
prostitution
as
a
survival
mechanism,
even
after
they
migrated
and
prostitution
in
Montreal.
For
an
example
is
another
angle
that
is
not
often
spoken
about
in
Irish
family
narratives
survival
mechanisms
that
many
Irish
women
opted
for
for
survival,
followed
them
to
North
America.
D
B
Now
we're
going
to
approach
a
topic.
That's
actually
gave
me
the
chills
every
time
I
tried
to
write
about
or
read
about
which
is
survival
cannibalism.
So
when
we
approach
the
topic
of
cannibalism
during
the
Great
hunger,
it
is
important
to
give
credits
to
Cormac
obrada.
As
the
researcher
who
dug
deep
into
the
topic,
the
graphic
nature
of
cannibalism
itself
may
have
prevented
proper
research
on
forced
cannibalism
during
the
mid
19th
century
Ireland
in
her
book,
The
Great
Irish,
the
great
Irish
famine,
impacts,
ideology
and
Rebellion.
B
Christine
Kennedy
acknowledges
that
there
has
been
a
reluctance
in
Academia
to
engage
with
the
darkest
sides
of
the
great
hunger
such
as
suicide,
prostitution
and
cannibalism.
Yet
the
Irish
Pioneer
in
famine
studies,
Cormac,
o
Radha,
did
not
hesitate
to
research
cannibalism
as
a
dark
secret
that
lingers
in
the
history
of
Irish
famines.
B
Ograda
wrote
the
book
eating
people
is
wrong
and
other
essays
on
famine.
It
is
its
past
and
its
future.
Throughout
his
thought-provoking
book,
ograda
brought
New
Perspectives
on
famines
from
the
17th
until
the
21st
century,
with
a
focus
on
famine,
cannibalism,
although
he
mainly
focused
on
two
major
famines,
the
great
Bengal
famine
and
the
Chinese
Chinese
greatly
forward
famine.
The
author
had
a
few
arguments
about
Ireland
its
famines
and
hunger
cannibalism.
B
B
B
B
People
in
the
west
of
Ireland
had
its
the
worst,
especially
in
Clifton
Connemara.
The
great
hunger
affected,
the
region
so
badly
that
the
Clifton
poor
law
Union,
which
was
formed
the
24th
of
August
1814,
had
become
bankrupt.
The
Cleveland
workhouse
admitted
its
first
poppers
in
1845,
who
officially
moved
in
in
1847.
B
in
1848.
The
union
became
officially
bankrupt.
The
Irish
examiner
had
a
story
about
a
starving
man
who
extracted
the
heart
and
liver
of
a
corpse
that
was
by
the
shore
in
1848.
A
man
named
John
Connolly
pleaded
guilty
of
stealing
a
sheep,
but
was
instantly
discharged
after
another
man
stood
up
to
explain
the
hardship
and
suffering
of
Connolly
and
told
the
courts
about
John,
Connolly's
wife
and
how
she
ended
up
out
of
hunger,
eating
their
dead
child's
legs
and
feets.
B
The
horrifying
story
was
disturbing
enough
to
revoke
the
three
months
jail
time.
That
was
the
initial
sentence
of
Connolly.
Yet
the
peace
in
the
Irish
examiner
does
not
mention
any
intervention
by
the
law
to
help
the
starving
family
or
to
protect
the
other
children
that
were
still
alive.
It
is
understandable
and
justifiable
why
Irish?
History
does
not
have
any
cannibalism
records
in
the
19th
century,
famine,
despite
that
it
does
when
it
comes
to
earlier
ones.
B
Rte
has
released
a
two
art
series
entitled
The
Hunger
the
story
of
the
Irish
famine,
where
Liam
Neeson
narrates
the
documentary,
which
marks
the
175th
anniversary
of
the
great
hunger
in
the
second
episode
of
the
documentary.
Cannibalism
is
mentioned
by
Cormac
ograda.
Who
said
that
if
you
don't
understand
that
this
happened
or
could
happen,
then
you
don't
really
understand
what
famine
is
about
and
that's
how
I
chose
to
conclude
my
presentation.
These
are
some
of
the
references
that
I
used
for
every
fact
that
I
included,
including
dates,
numbers
Publications,
as
well
as
facts
and
I.
B
A
Thank
you
so
much
that
was
excellent
and
just
everybody'll
know
I
will
actually
ask
ashmay.
Could
you
maybe
forward
me
your
presentation
or
that
certain
list
of
your
references
and
I'll
circulate
that
to
those
who
have
registered
for
the
series
George
Ian?
Do
you
guys
have
any
questions
at
all?
A
Well,
I,
just
looked
through
the
chat
and
not
at
the
moment,
there's
a
question
here.
Yes,
I.
C
Thought
it
was,
it
was
a
fascinating
talk
and
great
and
say
it
on
different
perspectives
and
as
somebody
who
spent
years
researching
it.
Certainly
the
challenge
is
any
perception:
I
I've,
I've
written
on
women
During
the
period
hunger,
especially
in
relation
to
County,
later
I'm.
C
Looking
at
the
1830s,
where
you're
looking
at
cases
of
infanticide,
where
it's
always
the
woman
who's
left,
the
woman
is
the
one
who's
being
searched
for
by
the
police
and
it
was
referenced
to
trying
to
find
the
quote-unquote,
the
unnatural
mother
of
a
child
who
was
found
dead
and
they
should
have
were
killed
either
because
they
were
born
out
of
wedlock.
Are
they
the
family
was
too
poor
to
keep
another
child
and
there's
also,
then,
an
asthma
made
reference.
C
The
rape
cases
were
inevitably,
the
perpetrator
is
found
not
guilty
and
there's
one
case
and
later
from
where
the
girl
got
up
to
give
evidence
against
the
fella
that
she
was.
She
was
living
in
the
house
as
a
media,
basically
and
the
Barrister.
The
defense
Barrack
barrister,
ridicuer
to
the
extent
that
another
girl
was
going
to
give
evidence
against
another
fella
and
she
just
said
I'm
not
going
to
go
through
that,
so
the
records
are
there
in
relation
to
rape
cases
and
fantasy
prostitution
in
the
workhouses.
C
You
do
find
that
there's
a
moral
aspect
to
the
workhouse
segregation,
for
example,
Edward
senior
one
of
the
pure
law
inspectors
when
he's
going
around
work
houses
in
Ulster
in
1846,
78th
he's
insistent
on
separating
the
prostitutes
from
the
other
women.
So
it's
setting
them
up
in
a
separate
section
within
the
workhouse.
C
Not
so
the
workers
have
been
extended
in
the
midst
of
the
outbreaks
of
fever,
Davis
fever
of
an
absent
fever
Etc
and
yet
he's
focused
on
the
fact
that
these
women
should
be
separate
from
the
the
other
enemies
of
the
workhouse
I'm,
just
interested
in
the
the
point
on
the
Catholic
church
and
the
amount
that
was
could
have
been
given
towards
family
relief.
Instead
of
setting
up
institutions
abroad,
Etc
the
Josh
may
have
any
sort
of
a
figure.
Is
there
any
tentative
figure
at
all
as
to
what
the
alternative.
D
D
I
did
not
come
to
specific.
B
Numbers
like
when
it
comes
to
money,
like
amounts
of
money
that
was
dedicated
because
in
the
literature
that
I
read
There
were
general
terms
like
significant
amount
of
money
or
what
could
happen
this
number
of
people
and
so
on.
So
that's
why
I
didn't
want
to
like
write
anything
or
say
anything
that
I
wasn't
100
certain
about,
but
from
the
research
that
I
have
done.
It
was
significant
enough
for
people
to
have
paid
attention
to
saying
that.
Oh
this
could
actually
feed
us.
B
This
could
have
been
saving
lives
instead
of
spending
its
own
travel
expenses
on
the
clothing
as
well.
That
was
expensive
and
to
basically
keep
a
certain
elitist
status
for
these
women
who
joined
the
church.
But
to
answer
your
question:
I
do
not
have
a
certain
number
that
I
can
give
you
not
at
the
moment.
Anyways.
C
Yeah,
it
would
just
be
nice
to
have
that
because
it
could
certainly
back
up
your
point
as
to
you
know
the
physical
amount
of
was
it
thousands
was
it
hundreds
of
thousands
Etc,
and
just
you
mentioned
at
the
start,
about
the
majority
of
books
being
written
by
a
man
I.
Think
it's
fair
to
point
out
that
very
few
books
were
written
about
the
subject,
as
you
said
up
until
the
cycle
Centenary
in
1995,
but
up
until
then
the
major
books
had
been
very
women,
and
that
was
by
sassa
William
Smith
in
1962.
C
Mary
Daley
in
1870.
It
was
very
much
a
revisionist
effort
and
then
of
course
Christian
Community
in
1984,
and
that's
what
inspired
me
so,
and
numbers
of
women
have
written
locally
on
the
subject
as
well.
So
I
don't
think
it's
further
said.
Karmic
regard
is
one
of
the
top,
but
he's
alongside
Christine
and,
of
course,
as
a
CS
Smith
was
one
of
the
the
pioneers
of
a
resident
research
in
1962.
A
Can
I
ask
someone's,
asked
the
question:
do
we
have
any
resources
about
pregnancy
and
birth
during
the
famine,
because
record
keeping
public
record
keeping
when
did
I
really
start?
What.
C
Do
you
think
64
is
it
becomes
compulsory
and
narrative,
so
the
person
marriages
do
you
think
so?
Okay,
after
that
you're
you're,
really
looking
at
church
records
in
terms
of
births
and
Catholic
Church
records
are
very
poor
because
you're
still
you're,
just
post,
Catholic
emancipation,
1829
and
just
a
you
know
a
booster
with
Ash
favor
centered
around
about
the
limitations
on
Catholic
Catholic
churches
were
not
officially
allowed
to
keep
records
until
after
a
month,
abuse
in
1829..
So
the
records
are
really
very,
very
patchy
throughout
all
of
the
32
pounds.
A
Cat
does
any
another
question
has
come
through,
and
this
is
for
all
our
guests
speakers
tonight
and
somebody
one
of
you
may
have
an
opinion.
This
do
any
of
you
have
opinion
as
to
why
cannibalism
is
researched
in
relation
to
famine
under
Stalin,
but
not
the
gray
famine,
which
is
further
in
the
past.
A
C
C
Is
the
it's
justification
by
the
Russians
that
they're
fighting
the
Nazis
are
not
Putin,
saying
today
that's
80
years
ago
that
they
were
fighting
the
Germans
and
now
they're
going
to
have
to
be
facing
German
tanks
again,
and
the
point
is
made
by
some
people
that
there
were
significant
among
the
number
of
Nazis
amongst
the
ukrainians
in
the
west
of
Ukraine
particular
and
that
that
stem
to
a
large
extent
from
what
Stalin
did
during
the
haldemore
in
1932-33
when
Millions
day
so
I
think
it's
it's
very,
very
political,
and
that
you
know
if
you
want
to
undermine
what
Stalin
did
and
the
Russians
retreated
today
then
you're
going
to
look
at
that
I
certainly
haven't
come
across
any
issues
of
cannibalism,
but
then
again
depends
you
know
they're
not
going
to
read
it
in
letters
to
religious
agencies.
C
A
A
Do
you
have
anything
to
add
to
that
sure
you,
okay,
okay,
just
there's
another
comment
here
as
well.
What
around
about
the
Catholic
Church
of
men
in
general,
the
real
cause
of
circumstances
that
let
the
famine
were
were
not
dealt
with.
It
suited
the
British
government
to
blame
an
act
of
God
for
when
their
pain
laws
caused.
It
I
think
in
if
I'm
right,
in
the
context
of
what
we're
talking
about
deceiving
it's
evening,
we're
looking
at
really
where
circumstances
can.
A
I
make
it
a
much
more
difficult
situation
for
women,
economic
circumstances
and
I
think
we
just
have
to
look
at
countries
other
countries
even
around
the
world
today,
we're
economically
people
are
severely
challenged
and
this
circumstances
around
them
impact.
Quite
often
women
and
children
to
a
greater
degree.
C
Get
rid
of
the
workhouse
sorry!
But
if
you
look
at
the
workhouse
admission
register,
it's
very
rare
to
see
husband
and
children
deserted
by
wife.
C
It
wasn't
always
the
case
that
the
husband
just
cleared
off,
but
husbands
were
going
abroad,
for
example
during
Harvest
to
Scotland
to
England
trying
to
earn
money
to
bring
back.
You
know
so
for
food
Etc.
So,
but
you
do
find
throughout
the
workhouse
rates.
There's
thousands
of
pieces
of
children,
our
wife
and
children
are
mother,
deserted
by
father.
This.
A
A
Another
question
is
whether
hiring
fairs
for
girls
in
Ireland
at
this
time.
Can
anybody
ask
that
question
answer
that
question.
C
I
haven't
come
across
them
in
the
1830s
40s
I
haven't
come
across
them,
that's
not
to
say
they
weren't,
but
I
know
they
were
very
common
from
the
1860s
70s
onwards,
but
I
haven't
I,
haven't
seen
specific
reference
to
people
being
hired
out,
but
I
I
know
I
mean
dealing
with
what
I
spoke
about.
Last
week
the
Finland
Hospital
in
Dublin
I
mean
thousands
of
children
were
put
out
the
nurse
in
the
country,
so
I'd.
Imagine
that
a
lot
of
them
that
they
ended
up
working
in
agriculture.
A
There's
another
question:
question
was:
has
the
British
government
compensated
Northern
Ireland
in
any
way
for
the
mishandling
by
the
four
by
the
former
of
the
latter?
No
I
think
that
is
getting
into
a
very
kind
of
political
space
which
I
don't
think
I?
Don't
sorry
yeah
exactly
we're
getting
and
into
another
political
sphere
here
which
just
another
question.
A
This
lecture
was
not
focused
on
the
cause
of
the
famine
which
are
dealt
with
in
the
first
lecture
with
the
focus
was
it
affects
on
women
yeah.
That's
just
someone
making
a
comment
clarifying
what
we're
talking
about
this
evening.
A
Thank
you
very
much
ashmi
that
was
fantastic
talk
this
this
evening
can
I
just
on
one
final
question.
Come
in
here
was
exporting
of
Irish
girls
to
Australia,
applied
to
girls
in
England
and
Scotland.
Does
anyone
know
that.
C
I
haven't
seen
that
I've
looked
through
the
recording
things,
work,
houses
which
it
was
a
different
world.
Everyone
in
the
2018
mid-1840s,
no
comparison,
the
Irish
workers,
so
I
haven't
I,
haven't
seen
that
and
the
pure
law
worked
different
in
Scotland
and
that
you
had
a
local
group.
Builder
law,
you
didn't
have
workhouses
the
way
you
did
in
Ireland,
and
certainly
not
this.
A
And
someone
else
said
here
how,
in
some
more
comments,
are
coming
in
here,
that
the
workhouse
minute
books
for
some
work,
how
to
show
the
girls
could
refuse
to
go
to
Australia
and,
of
course,
some
did
and
and
I
suppose,
some
and
and
in
some
cases
I'm
sure
girls
agreed
to
go
to
Australia,
but
I
suppose
they
were
at
the
time
when
the
new
concept
of
really
worse
really
was
either.
C
Was
actually
a
punishment,
you
know
and
they
realized.
If
somebody
got
transported
there
was
little
or
no
chance
that
we're
ever
going
to
come
back
and
you
could
have
been
transported
for
you
know
stealing
money,
steel
and
cloth.
Your
children
are
in
court,
maybe,
as
as
Ash
may
be
a
reference
to
you
know
somebody
steamed
sheep,
which
was
a
cabin
on
the
fence.
Actually,
you
know
we're
seeing
the
horse
certainly
was
a
capital
offense,
but
seven
years
Transportation
was
seen
as
quite
a
harsh
punishment.
A
Though,
economically
there
are
benefits
of
these
young
girls
been
sent
to
Australia.
At
the
end
of
the
day,
we
have
to
remember
as
well
the
pressure
on
the
workhouse
system
yeah.
It
was
all
there
was
also
a
relief
mechanism.
There
wasn't
it
to
reduce
some
pressure,
so
we
have
to
expose
recall
all
the
time
that
there
were
so
many
influences
going
on
at
a
very
traumatic
periods
economically,
and
we
can't
just
there's
a
lot
of
interpretations
and
we
all
have
different
interpretations
of
it
as
well.