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From YouTube: The Irish Famine Lecture Series: The importance of the Coroner during The Great Irish Famine
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A
Welcome
everyone
to
week,
seven
of
our
lecture
series
Rippling
effects
of
the
Great
Famine.
This
lecture
Series
has
been
organized
by
the
Community
Development
Department
of
Arma
City
Banbridge
and
Gavin
Borough
Council
I'm,
myself,
I'm
Dolores,
Donnelly
Community,
Development
officer,
and
it
has
been
funded
through
the
executive
office
in
Northern
Ireland,
which
has
enabled
organization
and
delivery
of
the
series.
Tonight
we
have
two
two
guest
speakers,
as
always
during
mctasney
is
here
who
is
attended.
Weekly
Jared
is
the
author
of
this
Dreadful
visitation.
The
famine
and
Lurgan
poured
it
down.
A
He's
also
contributed
to
a
variety
of
numerous
books
on
on
the
Great
Famine,
including
contributing
to
the
atlas
of
the
great
Irish
famine
and
co-authored
the
hidden
famine,
poverty,
hunger
and
sectarianism
in
Belfast
our
guest
speaker.
Doing
our
main
talk
tonight
is
Michelle
I'm.
Sorry,
Michelle,
Michelle,
mcgough,
McCann
Michelle
tonight
is
speaking
on
the
importance
of
the
coroner
during
the
Great
Famine.
She
has
written
extensively
on
William
Charles
waddle,
who
was
a
coroner
in
North,
County,
Monaghan
and
pre
and
post
famine.
A
Her
first
book
published
in
2003,
was
called
Melancholy
Madness
a
Coroner's
case
book
and
she's
completed
a
PhD
in
history
at
Queen's,
University
Belfast,
her
next
new
book,
which
is
titled
the
Irish
coroner
death,
murder
and
politics
in
County,
Monaghan
1846
to
1878.
It's
actually
been
released
in
May,
so
this
is
quite
exciting
to
have
Michelle
come
and
talk
to
us
tonight
about
the
coroner
in
pre-fam
and
famine
and
post
fam
in
Ireland
do
I
know.
A
Michelle's
talk
tonight
was
specialized
more
so
on
the
famine
period,
but
it'll
give
us
a
little
bit
of
an
Insight,
maybe
into
some
of
our
research
and
what
is
contained
within
her
new
book,
which
is
about
to
be
released.
So
Michelle
you're.
More
than
welcome
to
share
your
presentation
there
and
commence
your
talk
when
you're
ready.
Thank
you
so
much
sure.
B
B
So,
thank
you
so
much
to
Gavin
and
Dolores
I.
Can't.
Thank
you
enough
for
reaching
out
to
me
to
do
this
talk.
It
means
an
awful
lot
to
me
and
I'm
feel
really
privileged
to
finally
share
this
research
after
a
very
long
period
of
time,
so
I'm
just
gonna
get
started
I'm.
So
we'll
start
with
why
the
corner
is
so
important
during
the
Great
Famine.
B
It's
an
area
under
researched
when
compared
with
other
local
government
figures
of
authority
in
19th
century
Ireland
is
the
men
serving
in
the
roll
of
Corner
in
Ireland
when
compared
to
their
English
counterparts,
who
are
considered
magistrates
of
the
people.
Irish
Corners
are
viewed
with
contempt
in
a
highly
politicized
Society,
so
during
the
Great
Famine,
which
of
course
is
the
largest
humanitarian
crisis
in
Ireland's
history.
B
The
work
of
the
coroner's
been
overlooked
in
Irish
historiography,
so
Carter's
worked
within
the
political
framework
of
what
I'll
say
is
gentrified
officialdum,
which
was
still
monopolized
by
local
Elite
and,
in
fact,
a
group
that
they
were
themselves
members.
So
there's
conflict
here
is
that
inquests
were
conducted
by
corners
and
used
as
evidence
of
the
conditions
under
which
a
person
died,
suddenly
suspiciously
or
an
unusual
circumstances,
and
it
only
comprised
a
portion
of
deaths
that
occurred.
It's
really
important
to
mention
this
so
as
the
famine
starts
and
then
continues.
B
So
this
talk
sets
out
to
achieve
identifying
the
prominence
and
transparency
or
lack
thereof,
of
the
work
of
the
coroner,
the
inquest
and
during
the
Famine,
of
course,
as
this
provided
evidence
of
which
you'll
see
inadequate
legislation
passed
by
the
administration,
restrictive
relief
policies
and
the
mismanagement
on
the
part
of
local
leaf,
and
it's
all
going
to
show
the
attitudes
toward
the
poor.
And
as
we
spoke
about
earlier,
it's
gonna
it'll
give
National
and
Regional
variations,
which
think
are
really
really
important
so
here.
What
do
we
see
here?
B
Hopefully,
I'll
move
this
a
little
bit.
It's
over
here
on
the
right
you'll
see
that
the
corners
kept
records
of
their
investigations
formally
as
well,
unfortunately,
with
the
destruction
of
the
Public
Records
Office
in
1922.
This
leaves
a
gap
in
historical
records
for
the
coroner.
So
what
you
see
here
on
the
right
is
actually
Waddles
records
that
he
puts
wrote
down
that
he
had
to
send
to
the
chief
secretary's
office,
but
this
is
in
1876.
B
the
reason
why
all
the
other
records
are
destroyed
and
I
especially
put
this
based
on
the
talk
tonight
as
you'll,
see
here
in
the
middle.
Here's
Thomas
peel
the
corner
of
our
Ma
and
that's
from
1876,
so
anybody
who's
interested
in
looking
up
the
corn
and
Arma
and
finding
out
a
bit
more
about
who
died
at
that
time.
There's
some
research
there
for
you
I'll
leave
that
so
the
most
readily
available
documentation
of
inquest
taken
during
the
famine,
our
newspaper
reports
and
official
government
reports.
B
But
as
such
the
really
letters
and
we're
going
to
go
through
a
few
of
those
this
evening
and
again
reiterate
the
much
rare
resources
include
the
original
case
books
of
individual
corners
and
I.
Just
can't
recommend
enough
anyone
who
listens
to
this
talk
tonight
or
otherwise,
to
go,
searching
for
them
and
see
what
you
can
find
and
find
these
Regional
variations
of
what
was
happening
during
the
famine
at
that
time
in
a
particular
locale.
B
So
the
work
of
the
coroner
was
intended
in
part
to
support
the
investigation.
A
homicide
by
identifying
suspects
in
cases
of
murder
and
legislation
was
passed
to
support
and
reform
the
office.
But
when
thousands
began
to
die
of
starvation,
the
inquest
exposed
exposed
the
failures
of
administrative
policy,
the
moral
and
ethical
ambiguity
of
the
local
Elite
and
their
attitudes
toward
the
lives
and
deaths
of
the
poor.
B
So
a
topic
that
is
not
very
glamorous
and
I'm
not
going
to
spend
too
much
time
on
it.
But
it's
important
to
understand
the
legislation,
because
this
will
help
you
through
this
and
understand
why
things
happen.
The
way
they
did.
So
it's
not
the
most
glamorous
topic.
But
it's
important
to
understand
this
is
1838
and
the
Irish
poor
Law
act
is
passed.
It's
to
address,
Irish
poverty,
rural
inequality
and
provide
moral
regulation,
reformation
and
social
stability.
B
So,
while
the
workhouses
are
intended
to
provide
indoor
relief
and
I
saw,
some
amazing
cannot
stress
enough.
Some
of
the
other
lectures
that
in
this
series
about
that
get
much
more
in
depth
about
the
workhouse.
What
I'll
say
about
indoor
relief
is
that
they
offer
shelter
food
whilst
minimal
and
the
conditions
in
which
they're
intended
to
make
the
stay
of
those
who
these
marginalized
groups
as
brief
as
possible
and
the
way
I'll
put
it
is
to
incentivize
them
to
be
dissuaded
from
entering
again.
B
So
the
implementation
of
this
law
also
contributes
to
the
social
conditioning
of
the
local
Elite.
It's
imposing
costs
on
them
to
take
care
of
their
own
poor
and
this
legislation
is
imposed
by
the
administration
and
it's
resented
by
the
local
grand
juries
they're
comprised
of
local
Elite
landed
Elite
and
in
19
it's
sorry
1838.
They
resent
the
costs
imposed
on
them.
Then
we
haven't
even
got
to
the
famine
yet
so
they
resent
it.
B
And
although
the
function
of
the
coroner
wasn't
outlined
in
the
poor,
Law
act,
its
implementation
and
execution
during
the
famine
had
a
close
relationship
with
the
office
of
the
coroner.
So
just
a
little
bit
more
background,
Corners
Act
is
reinforcing
in
you
know
not
a
coincidence
in
1846
the
famine's
already
broken
out
and
just
like
the
porla
ACT,
it's
going
to
offer
districts
in
each
Locale
that
there's
going
to
be
a
corner
assigned,
of
course,
getting
somebody
elected
and
in
there
was
resisted
at
times
by
the
local
Elite.
B
But
it
was
a
powerful
piece
of
legislation
that
reinforced
that
all
the
costs
for
inquests
are
paid
by
the
local
grand
juries
who
and
and
finds
for
jurors,
who
often
refuse
to
participate
when
summoned.
So
two,
like
the
poor,
Law
act,
the
coroners
act
served
as
local
conditioning
for
the
local
Elite
Who
challenged
the
payment
for
the
services
of
coroners,
which
we'll
also
talk
about.
B
Let
me
take
some
water,
so
first
just
going
to
talk
briefly
about
Sir
Robert
Peel's
Administration,
which
was
from
1841-186
before
Russell,
so
it
labored
under
the
weight
of
the
Great
Famine,
and
since
the
reports
of
the
first
failure
of
the
crop
in
Ireland
he's
got
a
tough
time
from
Autumn
1845..
He
makes
the
decision
to
secretly
purchase
Indian
corn
to
feed
the
poor
and
abolish
UK
Corn
Laws,
which
remove
the
tax
on
imported
food.
So
he
wants
to
bring
food
into
the
country.
B
He
established
a
relief,
he
established
a
relief
commission
and
he
offers
local
relief
committees
that
are
staffed
primarily
by
private
individuals
and
clergy.
The
opportunity
to
grind
and
store
Maize
in
local
Depots
and
to
take
up
subscriptions
loans
and
grants
to
purchase
the
distrib
purchase
and
distribute
food.
But
third-
and
this
is
really
important-
that
County
grand
juries
are
offered
the
option
of
loans
with
matching
grants
to
undertake
Public
Works,
which
are
employment
of
the
poor.
Now
it
saves
lives
in
peels
Administration,
but
not
his
role
as
the
head
of
government.
B
B
He
accuses
the
former
appeal
and
conservative
administration
of
over
generosity
to
landlords
and
the
poor,
and
he
takes
the
advice
of
the
assistant
secretary
to
the
treasury
carlstravalian,
which,
usually,
if
this
was
a
movie,
would
be
followed
by
some
booze
and
discontinued.
The
family
relief
commission,
so
travalian's
confidence,
confidence
in
the
non-interference
of
bringing
food
trade
into
the
country,
combined
with
the
belief
in
Divine
Providence
and
the
government's
heavily
Reliance
on
his
opinion,
impacts
his
impacts,
significantly
programs
of
Irish
relief.
B
So
the
government
adhered
to
the
strict
belief
in
not
interfering
with
markets
and
food
pricing.
They
allowed
the
Food
Depot
set
up
by
the
relief
commission
to
run
out
until
they're
empty
and
they
cut
grants
in
Aid
to
relief
and
reports
describing
the
conditions
around
the
country,
and
this
is
where
we're
going
to
get
into
it
with
the
coroners.
It
worsens
and
word
spreads
that
the
local
Elite
are
still
not
contributing
to
saving
lives
to
employ
and
feed
the
poor.
B
So
one
such
report
is
written
on
the
12th
of
July
in
1846,
so
that's
where
we
are
now
and
it's
by
the
chairman
of
a
local
Relief
Committee
in
the
baronia
Ross
and
County
Galway
Alexander
kindling
Lambert,
who
the
to
who
is
to
the
chairman
of
the
relief
commission
and
he's
begging
for
information
about
his
recent
application
for
employment
of
the
poor.
Any
states
I
regret
to
inform
you
that
I
have
just
heard
that
a
Coroner's
inquest
has,
within
the
last
few
days
returned
verdict
of
death
by
starvation.
Within
a
few
miles.
B
This
county
is
the
poorest
District,
perhaps
in
Ireland
and
I
regret
to
say,
has
met
with,
but
little
consideration
and
attention,
but
for
one
small
public
works
employment
being
granted
within
it.
So
what
he's
really
reporting
is
that
the
local
Elite,
the
grand
jury
in
Ross,
is
not
supporting
the
the
poor
with
employment
and
therefore
death
by
starvation
is
the
result.
So
what
is
Russell's?
Our
government
do
first
in
August,
8
46.
They
rush
through
this
thing
called
the
labor
rate
act
and
it's
going
to
expand
employment.
B
Public
works
with
the
strict
adherence,
though
that
it
offers
the
lowest
wages
in
the
low
chaos,
so
it
doesn't
interfere
too
much
with
private
business
and-
and
the
thing
to
remember
here,
is
that
only
those
who
could
prove
destitution,
real
and
we're
going
to
get
into
this
real
destitution
could
benefit
from
any
employment
and
local
relief
officers
were
restrictive.
Landowners
are
not
availing
of
the
government
loans
to
support
the
poor
with
employment,
and
so
he
he
passes
a
public
works
act
so
now
Russell's
really
into
it.
B
He's
gonna
he's
got
the
power
now
to
compel
these
grand
juries
to
hold
sessions,
to
enforce
their
vote
for
loans
for
employment,
for
the
poor
when
he
believes
the
necessary.
But
let's
see
what
happens
so.
The
impact
of
famine
policy
is
the
new
law
demands,
which
many
of
you
have
heard
before.
The
Irish
property
will
pay
for
Irish
poverty.
A
B
B
At
the
time
of
at
the
time
of
the
administration
appeal,
you
can
apply
for
a
loan
and
you
get
a
grant
that
matches
it.
What
happens?
Is
they
still
won't?
Do
it
so
Russell
says
you're
going
to
take
the
loan
and
he
kind
of
pulls
the
grant
okay.
So
this
is
a
big
shift.
Okay,
this
is
you
aren't
going
to
pay
and
you've
got
resentment
that
these
are
people
who
have
profited
for
a
very
long
time
off
of
the
poor.
B
So
we're
now
in
the
winter
of
1846
and
47
and
you've
all
heard
the
term
Black
47.
Well,
that's
where
we're
going
to
and
that's
where
we
are
now
is
the
death
toll
increases
as
a
result
of
these
government
policies.
They
aren't
working
and
the
reluctance
of
the
landowners
to
enact
them.
So
the
coroner
is
at
the
coal
face
and
he
captures
the
impact
of
the
delayed,
behavior
and
ensuing
crisis.
B
So
reports
of
death
by
starvation,
which
you
can
see,
remove
that
see
that
letter
right
there
hope
and
this
is
it
the
national
archives
in
Dublin.
So
the
reports
of
death
are
flooding
into
senior
officials
and
they're,
often
often
referencing
the
work
of
the
coroner
reflecting
the
regional
conditions.
So
this
one
here
is
on
the
4th
of
December
1846
constabulary,
Inspector
General,
Duncan
McGregor.
He
receives
a
letter
from
the
Sligo,
we're
in
Sligo
constabulary,
sub
inspector
John,
Grant
who's
extremely
disturbed
about
what
he
finds
and
hey
I'll
read
his
note.
B
I
have
a
report
that
I
attended
an
inquest
on
the
afternoon
of
the
third
at
Glenn
Parish
of
Ballina,
kill
on
the
body
of
Brian
Waters
about
56
years
of
age.
The
coroner's
jury
returned
a
verdict.
The
deceased
brandwaters
came
to
his
death
by
absolute
food.
To
support
life.
Mcgregor
then
takes
action.
B
These
presentments
and
agree
to
fund
employment
of
the
poor.
So
in
addition
to
this,
the
Sligo
Journal
reports
that
Waters
inquest
has
been
taken
by
Sligo
Corner,
a
Burros,
and
it
states
further
comment
on
these
everyday
tragedies
we
were
so
were
we
so
disposed
is
unnecessary.
Each
sus
each
such
death
is
a
volume
against
the
premier,
Lord
John
Russell
Mercantile
league.
So
it's
the
local
Elite
thinking
of
their
own
interests
but
they're,
starting
to
call
out
that
Lord
John
Russell
isn't
doing
the
right
thing,
so
we're
going
to
move
to
the
winter
of
18.
B
Well,
we're
sorry
we're
still
in
the
winter
of
1846-47
and
the
coverage
and
detail
of
famine,
related
deaths
and
newspapers
to
our
conversation
earlier.
It
varies
based
on
the
politics
of
each
constituency
and
the
regional
variances
that
existed
to
the
severity
of
the
crisis.
So,
in
December
of
of
1846,
the
liberal
newspaper,
the
the
nation
publishes
a
letter
sent
by
an
anonymous
contributor
and
the
author
identifies
deaths
by
starvation
prevalent
in
County
mail,
as
determined
by
Coroner's
juries
as
to
the
cause
of
death.
B
So
I
read
a
quote
that,
of
course,
it
is
only
in
rare
cases
that
inquests
are
held.
Inquests
are
for
deaths
that
are
accounted
sudden.
Starvation
comes
gradually
is
long.
Resisted
is
often
beaten
away
for
a
week
or
a
month,
and
if
you
did
ask
such
and
such
a
person,
what
did
they
die
of
you
answered?
Well,
not
exactly
starvation,
I
heard
it's
a
fever
or
dysentery
or
some
such
thing
he
died
of,
but
he
died
from
terrible
want
and
had
not
a
morsel
of
food
in
the
house
when
he
died.
B
So,
although
some
inquests
return
to
verdict
to
death
by
disease,
the
root
cause
of
death
was
starvation
and
the
letter
goes
on
to
say
that
these
deaths
by
starvation
are
not
the
only
such
inquest
and
verdicts
by
a
great
many.
That
did
not
come
to
the
knowledge
of
the
editor
and
that
many
take
place
in
the
country
which
never
find
their
way
to
the
newspapers
at
all.
B
And
if
such
a
number
of
deaths
by
starvation
are
authenticated
by
coroners
and
quests,
what
must
be
the
multitude
that
are
actually
occurring,
so
these
deaths
are
recognized
as
authentic
and
official
evidence
of
the
results
of
the
work
of
the
corner
require
attention
and
acknowledgment
and
action
by
the
government
and
local
authorities.
So
another
question
is
posed.
You
know
the
decrepit
vacillating
with
government
imagines
that
men
will
look
on
this
and
tolerate
them
or
it
or
the
system
about
out
of
which
both
have
grown.
So
they
know
it's
very
visible.
B
Everyone
knows
this
is
happening,
so
I'll
switch
to
some
specifics
around
the
the
Ballona
Corner
John
Atkinson,
of
which
some
research
has
been
done.
He
does.
He
takes
an
inquest
in
December
on
the
body
of
Catherine
Walsh,
who
was
able
to
work
on
the
public
works,
so
she's
able
to
work
until
the
inclement
weather
set
in
because
of
her
old
age.
She
was
unable
to
withstand
the
cold,
therefore
unable
to
work
and
could
not
earn
enough
money
to
buy
food.
B
B
He
also
uses
the
newspaper
to
publish
the
newspaper
agrees
with
him
to
publish
a
letter
that
he's
written
to
the
Lord
Lieutenant
vespera,
outlining
the
names
of
victims
of
the
Monster
Hunger
and
Atkinson
is
representative
of
other
Corners
in
the
country
that
are
using
newspapers
to
publish
his
in-class
and
they're
incredibly
valuable
information
and
he's
writing
to
the
most
senior
official
in
the
country.
He
shout
now.
B
Please
you
know
acknowledge
this,
so
get
one
more
person,
Daniel
O'connell
in
on
the
18th
of
December,
in
1846
nationalist
leader
and
politician
Daniel
O'connell
speaks
at
conciliation
Hall
in
Dublin,
and
he
says:
47
deaths
from
starvation
and
conic
were
authenticated
and
certified
by
corners
and
quests,
and
yet
people
were
not
sufficiently
aroused
and
who's.
He
referring
to.
He
says,
I'm
ashamed
of
some
of
the
landed
gentry
of
Ireland
and
the
Mercantile
classes,
who
had
done
nothing
as
yet
to
support
the
poor
in
their
fight
for
survival.
So
speeches
like
O'connell
these
are
widely
reflecting.
B
It's
widely
understood,
the
officialdum
of
the
coroner
and
the
important
work
that
they're
doing
and
highlighting
the
lack
of
action
by
County
Elite
around
the
country.
So
this
is
quite
a
chakra
I
hope
you
can
read
it
I'll
do
the
best.
I
can
so
I
mentioned
earlier
that
in
England
the
coroner
is
considered
the
magistry
to
the
people.
So
this
is
where
you
see
in
Ireland
that
this
is
the
voice
of
the
people,
but
it
takes
time-
and
this
is
January
of
1847
things,
R
Graham
and
some
national
and
Regional
news.
B
B
We
find
that
the
said
Lord,
John,
Russell
and
the
said
surrender
Frau
are
guilty
of
the
willful
murder
of
Mary
Commons
and
she's
a
she's,
an
indoor
relief
she's
in
the
workhouse.
So
this
Galway
city
in
quest
jury,
they're,
comprised
of
urban
middle
class
Catholic
men,
so
they're
not
fearful
of
delivering
a
nationalist
anti-government
position.
B
It's
not
the
same
everywhere.
However.
Here's
another
example
is
similar.
Verdicts
are
starting
to
pop
up
around
the
country.
Londonderry
Dublin,
Waterford,
Cork
and
one
such
is
here
is
that
the
records
of
the
murders
of
the
Irish
murders
of
the
Irish
peasantry
perpetrated
in
1846
and
seven
in
the
9th
and
tenth
years
of
Victoria
under
the
name
of
economy
during
the
administration
administration
of
a
professedly
liberal,
with
government,
of
which
Lord
John
Russell
is
the
primer.
B
They're
elected,
but
it's
political,
so
they
need
to
have,
and
it
depends
what
time
frame
we're
talking
about.
Let's
just
go
to
1846
because
it
changes
over
the
years
and
that's
part
of
what's
in
my
book,
the
requirements
for
being
a
coroner
changes.
What
they
want
them
to
be
in
1846
is
they
need
to
own
land?
B
That
doesn't
always
happen,
and
so
one
thing
I
go
into
a
bit
more
in
my
book
is
mostly
the
coroners
at
this
point
in
time
are
Protestant
they're
part
of
the
land
of
gentry,
William
Waddles
Presbyterian,
and
there
are
others
that
are
Catholics,
but
the
legislation
starts
to
change
over
time
that
they
need
to
own
land.
They
need
to
pay
a
certain
amount
of
rates
and
they
need
to
be
voted
in,
but
the
voting
pool
changes
after
Catholic
emancipation
in
in
age
28
that
there's
only
a
certain
amount
of
people
who
can
vote.
B
A
B
And
there's
a
lot
more
to
go
into
about
William
waddle
so
before
you
judge
him
too
harshly
on
the
inquest
of
about
to
present
he's
in
a
in
a
very
difficult
situation
based
on
his
politics,
he's
accepted,
but
he's
not
and
and
I
don't
have
enough
time.
It's
in
the
book.
Sorry
to
keep
plugging
up
what
it
is.
I
can't
do
everything
tonight,
but
it
is.
It
is
really
interesting
and
very,
very
unique
to
South
Ulster.
A
A
Kind
of
leave
it
at
that
I'm,
just
I'll,
just
mention
from
Reading,
actually
Melancholy
Madness
since
I've
I've
read
that
that's
how
I
know
your
work,
I
noticed
it
from
his
notes
as
a
corner.
It
does
give
you
very
good
insight
to
South
Ulster
just
for
people
who
are
interested.
You
know
into
social
period
of
the
time.
Thank
you,
sir
I.
Just
I
just
want
to
ask
the
question
in
case
somebody
was
was
thinking
thanks,
Michelle?
No!
No.
A
B
Much
yeah
character
and
there's
a
lot
of
background
on
his
family,
the
historicity
and
ancestry
of
his
family.
But
what
I'm
going
to
try
to
focus
on
tonight
is
really
what
he
captured
and
really
what's
happening
in
County
Monaghan,
it's
Unique
to
South,
Ulster,
yes,
and
no
I
don't
want
to
contradict
myself.
It's
complicated
situation,
just
like
any
political
situation,
but
he
is
really
an
in
a
unique
situation
being
Presbyterian
in
County
Monaghan
with
a
majority
Protestant
Elite.
B
B
B
It
is
infrequently
published
in
this
conservative
paper
at
the
time
very
much
in
contrast
to
Galway
city
verdict,
so
I'm
going
to
read
out
some
examples.
So
here
again,
these
are
the
original
case
books.
These.
The
original
writing
I've,
got
some
famine
ration
stamps,
which
I
always
kind
of
find
fascinating,
that
that's
what
people
use
to
actually
go.
Try
to
get
their
food,
which
wasn't
often
offered
so
I'll,
read
a
few
in
quests
and
I
hope
that
these
resonate
with
you
is
on
the
20th
of
February.
B
1847
waddle
investigates
the
death
of
Pat
Murphy
of
drum
crew,
a
Cartier,
so
he's
a
landless
laborer
and
he
has
nothing
of
work,
save
an
odd
day
with
Paddy
Byrne,
from
whom
he
held
his
house
in
Garden,
since
the
harvests
of
1846.
So
it's
a
few
quite
a
few
months
have
gone
by.
He
had
some
money
saved
from
the
Harvest
for
work
in
County
Dublin
and
he
recently
sold
a
pig
but
other
than
this.
He
has
no
means
of
support.
The
state
he
was
living
in
is
described
by
his
brother
Terence
Murphy.
B
The
deceased
got
a
sufficiency
of
food
which
consisted
of
oatmeal
stir
about
occasionally
with
milk
but
oftener
with
raw
sew-ins.
It's
a
starch,
that's
on
the
husk
of
Oats.
After
a
million
you're
really
scraping,
what's
left
as
a
substitute
and
it's
called
bull,
milk
and
other
meals
can
included
a
broth
made
of
boiled
turnips
with
meal
and
water.
They
often
had
one
meal
a
day,
and
you
know
this
is
unsuitable
to
the
state
of
his
health.
B
B
A
very
brief
report
praises
the
efficient
coroner
and
the
respectable,
very
jury
for
returning
a
verdict
of
dysentery
brought
on
by
an
insufficient
and
injudicious
diet,
and
what
this
implies
is
that
such
a
diet
was
the
poor
Judgment
of
the
dying
man.
So
we
have
very
different
politics
happening
with
between
the
newspaper
and
others
in
County
Monaghan.
B
B
C
B
B
B
Is
the
workhouse
deaths
in
my
research
I'm
very
proud,
although
very
sad
to
reveal
is
there's
a
new
phenomenon
happening,
and
it's
specifically
that
the
elderly
that
are
workhouse
inmates
are
leaving
and
they
die
within
hours
or
days
later,
and
the
testimony
of
the
witnesses
suggests
that
there's
inadequate
resources
and
intolerable
conditions
Behind
the
Walls
of
the
workhouse,
so
I'll
give
a
few
examples.
One
such
inquest
is
that
of
Alice
Connelly.
B
The
inquest
Witnesses
have
known
her
for
years,
she's
found
dead
and
lying
in
a
field
on
her
hands
and
knees
with
her
face
on
the
ground.
She
was
a
popper
and,
for
some
time
past
had
been
an
inmate
of
the
clonus
workhouse,
suggesting
that
she'd
only
recently
returned
to
the
neighborhood
to
die.
So
she
knows
it.
B
So
why
did
she
go
back?
Why
leave
the
workhouse?
Let's
just
go
with
it.
Let's
see
a
few
other
examples.
Another
inquest
is
Mary
Boyland,
who
leaves
the
poor
house
and
returns
to
her
Town
land
where
she
receives
the
support
of
her
neighbors
and
she
dies.
Two
days
later,
the
witnesses
stated
they
allowed
her
into
their
homes
and
fed
her
with
stir
about.
She
died
the
evening
after
her
arrival,
so
conditions
aren't
great
in
the
workhouse
either.
B
So
you
have
there's
tough
choices
to
be
made
here
and
then
there's
James
Mullen
who's,
the
relief
officer
in
in
boylan's
case.
They
interview
him
so
William,
waddle
interviews,
this
guy
and
he
interviews
Mullen
he's
the
relief
officer
and
he
says
he
gave
her
a
ticket,
but
he
had
no
knowledge
why
she
laughed.
The
verdict
of
death
was
from
weakness
and
destitution.
So
it
indicates
that
there
is
something
that
William
Waddle's
doing.
He
knows
he
could
there's
lots
of
people
dying
that
leave
the
workers.
Why
is
he
investigating
certain
people?
B
Is
they
suspect
they
know
that
their
conditions
aren't
so
great
and
what's
happening
there.
So
that's
something
to
examine.
There's
many
other
examples.
These
are
just
a
few
examples
of
inquests
that
are
required.
They
remember
they
required
investigation
by
the
coroner.
There's
lots
that
weren't,
so
what's
special
about
these,
that
they're
asking
the
relief
officers
what's
happening
and
it's
about
the
concern
of
the
treatment
of
poppers
as
they
leave
the
workhouses
is
what
that
is.
B
We
have
an
exam.
Another
example
here
of
poor
Mary,
Sherry
and
I
and
I'll.
Just
read
this
one.
That
same
month,
70
year
old,
Mary
Sherry
is
found
dead
in
her
house,
so
dwelling
so
miserable
of
a
kind
that
when
any
rain
fell,
it
poured
into
the
house
unable
to
leave
she's
been
visited
by
several
neighbors
again,
it's
the
neighbors
they're
going
back
home.
They
all
want
neighbors,
are
trying
to
take
care
of
each
other
and
she
dies
from
extreme
cold
combined
with
sufficiency
of
nourishing
a
food.
B
They
can't
keep
her
alive
now,
there's
a
cord
tied
around
the
door
outside
the
house,
and
this
way
it
indicate
that
she
was
kept
deliberately
in
the
room.
But
there's
no
evidence
of
that
coverage
of
Mary
Sherry's
death
doesn't
appear
in
the
northern
standard.
Nor
does
really
many.
You
could
count
them
on
one
hand,
there's
not
many
at
all.
B
You
know
how
this
is
measured
and
how
the
inquest
is
valued,
how
their
deaths
are
valued,
really
depended
on
the
political
and
social
environment
in
which
they're
carried
out.
So
one
more
example
is.
This
is
actually
from
the
Irish
folklore
commission,
which
I
highly
encourage
you
to
have
a
look
at.
If
you
haven't
and
you'll
see
here
trying
to
move
this
anyways,
if
you
can
see
it
is,
this
is
actually
the
place
where
this
took
place
in
County
Monaghan,
it's
Hugh
Clark
in
the
folklore.
B
He
he
recounts
a
family
story,
and
he
says
my
father
was
born
in
1823
and
he
was
a
man
in
the
famine
times.
His
father
lived
at
the
monument
it's
right
there
below
her
Curry
and
there
it
is
on
the
map
as
well.
As
my
father
told
me
that
one
day
during
the
famine,
a
man
was
passing
on
his
way
to
Monahan.
B
My
grandfather
was
feeding
pigs
with
turnips
and
the
man
stood
and
said
to
him.
Would
you
give
me
some
of
them
turnips
and
my
father
said,
eat
away.
Thank
my
grandfather.
Then
we
found
out
that
he
was
dying
of
he
was
found
dead
later
found
from
exhaustion
on
the
side
of
the
road.
So
the
an
inquest
was
held.
He
says
this
in
the
folklore
really
important
main
quest
is
held
when
the
body
was
open.
There
was
nothing
in
the
stomach
except
turnips.
When
his
clothes
were
searched.
There
was
over
a
hundred
pounds
in
his
possession.
B
He
was
so
much
afraid
to
spend
any
of
the
money
in
case
he
might
need
it
later
that
he
starved
the
whole
day
in
Monahan.
Now
the
man
didn't
have
100
pounds
on
him,
but
what's
striking
about
the
inquest
is
that
there
was
money
found
on
the
body
and
what
it
indicates
is
that
there's
an
understanding
this
man
would
want
to
hold
on
to
that
money
kind
of
something
incredulous?
Well,
there
actually
is
an
inquest
in
woodels,
and
this
is
his
district.
B
This
is
Waddles
in
a
district
that
there
was
a
man
named
James
Williamson
in
March,
84
1847,
who
is
found
from
a
great
one
of
nourishing
food
and
on
his
person,
is
found,
five
pounds,
16
Shillings
and
one
p
of
silver
and
copper
money
and
the
verdict
States.
Therefore,
his
destitution
was
so
far
voluntary.
B
So
this
is
one
of
those
inquests
that
reflects
that
some
people
had
the
means
some
people
had
the
means
to
survive,
but
they're
making
choices
he
might
have
wanted
to
emigrate.
These
are
survival.
These
are
survival
tactics
that
you
might
need
some
money
in
even
in
the
folklore.
Just
to
kind
of
reiterate
is
that
that
Clark
says
he's.
This
is
carried
down
from
Generations
that
the
man
was
so
afraid
to
spend
any
money
that
he
might
need
it
later,
that
he
starved
the
whole
day
in
Monahan.
B
So
it's
the
report
that
it's
his
his
destitution
was
voluntary.
Combined
with
a
real
understanding
of
survival
strategies
is
quite
striking,
so
kind
of
on
the
final
stretch
here
is
that
after
all
this
and
how
much
value
the
real
value
the
inquests
bring
at
that
time-
and
now,
of
course
is
there
is
a
call,
of
course,
a
call
for
the
abolition
of
the
coroner's
office
and
here's
Lord,
Thomas
and
Steve,
who
in
August
1848
we're
going
to
move
ahead.
B
He
says
that
he
puts
a
petition
forward
on
behalf
of
the
sheriff
of
cork
and
grand
jury
of
County
Sligo
that
we're
going
to
abolish
the
office
of
corner.
We
can
have
local
magistrates
do
it.
We
don't
need
this.
It
costs
too
much
money.
This
suggests
the
overwhelming
overwhelmingly
conservative
Protestant
land
holders
on
the
grand
juries
were
looking
to
reduce
costs
and
increase
in
costs
held
on
poppers,
because
they're
just
viewed
as
unnecessary
and
there's
a
there's
an
editor.
B
The
editor
of
the
doubling
evening
mail
just
clearly
moves
this
away
and
says
it's
not
25
000
pounds
it's
about
8
000
pounds
and
if
you
actually
have
magistrates
do
it
you're
going
to
have
conflict,
you're,
you're
going
to
have
bias
and
essentially
that
the
more
that
they
scrutinized
it
the
stronger.
The
reasons
were
for
maintaining
this
use,
useful
and
ancient
office,
which
sorry
you
can't
read
that
so
well.
Try
to
move
that
over
okay,
there
you
go
is,
and
here
we
go
back
to
County
Monaghan.
B
So
by
contrast
in
September
of
1848,
the
northern
standard
publishes
the
meeting
of
the
Monahan
grand
jury,
and
what
are
they
doing
is
Corner
would
waddle,
and
now
they
have
another
Corner.
Finally,
they
replace
they
had
an
opening
for
Hugh
Swansea
who's
also
a
coroner
there
and
they
refused
the
payment
of
their
full
bill
and
what
they
state
is.
They
agree
with
the
abolition
of
the
coroner.
They
don't
want
it.
B
So
how
conflicting
for
would
that
waddle
in
Swansea
they're
kind
of
part
of
it,
but
they
and
they
say,
here's
the
work
we're
doing,
and
here
what
here's?
What
we're
finding
and
the
grand
jury
says,
we
don't
want
to
pay
you
that
much
and
actually
we
agree
with
abolishing
your
office.
So
it's
very
political
and
it
suggests
that
County
Monas
and
conservative
leadership
and
local
Elite
art
and
local
government
agents,
of
which
again
waddle
and
Swansea
now
are
members,
didn't
appreciate
the
social
value
of
the
coroner's
work
and
then
in
in
1851.
B
We'll
move
ahead
to
that
just
to
kind
of
really
pull
this
together
and
demonstrate
what
the
real
politics
are
in
the
country
is.
You
know
the
coroners
go
through
these
difficult
years
of
the
famine
they're
not
out
of
it
yet
and
in
January
1850
Isaac
bot
was
a
barrister
in
mp.
He
speaks
to
a
large
group
in
Dublin
and
he's
referencing,
the
reforming
of
the
poor
law
and
what
he
States
is
from
April
48
to
July
49.
B
We
all
know
that
that's
a
huge
Under
reporting
but
remember
inquests,
are
only
in
sudden
suspicious
and
unusual
deaths.
There's
pressure
on
coroners
to
not
even
conduct
in
quests
anymore,
at
one
stage,
and
he
says
these
589
individuals,
highly
underreported,
have
died
under
circumstances
so
horrible
that
Coroner's
juries
declared
on
their
Oaths.
They
were
starved
to
death
how
many
deaths
placed
from
the
same
cause,
of
which
we
have
no
record.
B
At
all
events,
it
ought
to
be
imperative
that
all
governors
of
jails
and
workhouses
and
establishes
establishments
where
human
life
was
destroyed
for
one
of
the
common
necessary
necessaries
of
life,
to
give
notice
to
the
coroner
to
attend
and
not
to
magistrate.
So
the
power
of
dealing
with
salary
in
the
corn
at
all.
B
So
the
refusal
to
and
reluctance
to
reveal
the
conditions
in
the
work
side
are
in
the
workhouses.
Alongside
the
negative
attitudes
of
the
poor
is
evidence
that
there
was
restrictive
spending
for
care
and,
overall,
that
the
reporting
and
Under
reporting
of
inquests
for
the
public
to
view
reflects
a
society
that
is
greatly
polarized
and
so
in
conclusion,
I'd
state
that
the
coroners
serve
a
crucial
and
important
function.
During
the
Great
Famine.
B
The
public
inquest
provided
evidence
of
the
inadequate
support
from
government
and
flawed
policies
that
directly
resulted
from
what
they
implemented,
that
the
work
of
the
coroner
exposes.
This
great
moral
ambiguity
by
the
government
and
local
Elite
toward
the
poor
and
that
the
coroner
and
the
inquest
will
were
and
will
continue
as
being
studied
a
site
of
conflict
that
provided
an
opportunity
to
reveal
and
still
does,
the
local
attitudes
and
conditions
during
the
famine
in
any
Regional
variation.
So
with
that
I'll
ask
if
there's
any
questions.
A
Thank
you
so
much
Michelle,
just
one
moment,
just
bear
with
me.
I,
want
to
just
bring
Jared
into
a
jury,
may
have
some
questions,
but
can
I
just
just
there's
one
question
and
chat.
First
of
all,
we'll
just
go
to.
Can
we
elaborate,
you
may
have
a
comment
on
this.
Both
you
and
Michelle.
Can
you
elaborate
on
the
know
the
famine
stamps
you
mentioned
earlier
Michelle?
A
B
Area
would
have
had
restrictive
relief,
but
there
would
have
been
each
adult
was
allowed.
One
ration
and
children
were
allowed,
half
a
ration
and
it
depended
on
the
local,
really
local
of
how
that
was
distributed.
And,
generally
speaking,
my
research
has
been
that
it
was
extremely
restrictive
because
you
had
to
prove
destitution
and
it's
much
more
complicated
when
it
gets
into.
Why
and
how
there's
three
phases
of
the
famine
and
how
this
changes
and
gets
more
restricted,
active
I'd
hand
over
to
Jared
yeah.
C
Also
I
mean
it
was
very
politicized
in
that
police
committees
give
out
the
Russians
that
they
evaluated
each
claim
and
as
I
say,
a
lot
of
us
are
interested
because
you
had
landlords
the
agents
one
of
these
committees
and
they
actually
quite
literally
wanted
to
get
their
own
people
onto
the
public
works
so
that
they
would
be
able
to
pay
the
rent
and
that's
that's
a
a
practice
that
was
castigated
in
letters
to
the
release
commission.
But
that
was
by
no
means
uncommon.
A
B
You,
if
you,
if
you
want
it,
it
depends
like
this
is
why
it's
hard
to
answer
is
because
it's
certain
times
in
the
famine,
it's
it's
I
hate
bringing
it
to
now,
but
I'll
just
mention
it
sort
of
like
the
pandemic,
attitudes,
change
and
conditions
change.
It's
just
like
that
is
that
legislation
changes
and
it's
complicated
as
to
when
someone
was
all
could
Avail
of
any
relief
I
mean
some
of
my
examples
of
Mary
Sherry
you've
got
he's,
got
a
or
Mary
Clark.
B
She
can't
work,
she
dies,
she
doesn't
even
have
offer
of
relief,
and
that
could
depend
on
how
much
land
she
was
on
and
they
had
to
prove
destitution
and
that's
that's
really
subjective,
based
on
the
region
and
very
specific
Locale
that
you
were
in
and
that's
why
Corners
in
class
help
you
zoom
in
to
a
specific
location,
to
really
understand
what's
happening
in
a
particular
location
with
the
famine
I
mean
I
still
might
I
say
this.
You
know
I
moved
to
County
Monaghan
in
2001.
B
and
made
loads
of
friends
and
I
met
my
husband
there
and
one
of
the
things
when
I
started
doing
research
and
it's
kind
of
what's
interesting
about
even
like.
What's
modern
memory
is
asking
people
like
what
was
the
famine
like
here?
It
wasn't
so
bad
in
Monon,
Mona
in
town.
Wasn't
so
bad
yeah
well,
I
know
the
reason
for
that,
and
that's
one
of
the
things
in
my
book
there's
a
really
good
reason
why
that
was
I.
Don't
want
to
pay.
A
B
B
I
encourage
others
to
do
it
as
well,
and
I
I,
just
kind
of
I'm
not
rushing
ahead
in
any
way,
I'd
be
happy
to
answer
any
questions,
but
I
just
really
wanna
I'm
really
proud
of
this.
It's
not
just
like
I,
said
to
Dolores
I'm.
Sometimes
you
know
I'm
a
marketing
person,
but
not
very
good
at
maybe
self-promotion.
Sometimes
it
isn't,
for
me
is
that
I
think
this
book
is
crucial
for
understanding
the
corner
in
Ireland
in
the
19th
century
in
its
entirety.
Clearly,
I
feel
quite
passionate
about
it.
B
It's
kind
of
both
right
he's
he's
an
elected
official,
so
a
coroner
is
an
elected
official,
but
they
hold
the
only
independent
public
Corps,
meaning
he
could
he
it's
circumstantial.
If
he
could
ask
to
investigate
a
death,
it's
his
judgment,
whether
he
thinks
it's
important
enough
and
that
it
warrants
his
investigation.
He
calls
his
own
jury,
it's
very
different
than
than
a
civil
or
a
criminal
trial,
and.
B
William
William
wattle's
politics
are
very
interesting,
he's
part
of
locally,
but
you
can't
can't
imagine
going
through
the
famine
and
then
there's
other
sectarian
murders
that
he
investigates
in
later
years
is
that
he
is
a
very
don't
judge
him
too
harshly.
I
would
encourage
to
read
the
book
that
he
is
he's
not
a
I
want
to
say
a
liminal
character
he's
in
but
he's
out
he's
Presbyterian
he's
not
Protestant
he's
a
coroner.
B
That's
part
of
the
local
Elite,
but
they
don't
want
to
pay
him
and
I
would
ask
that
if
you
consider
a
coroner
who
saw
what
he
did
at
the
very
start
of
his
career
he's
in
his
40s,
but
to
go
through
investigating
the
deaths
of
starvation
over
many
years.
You
know
over
the
seven
years
of
the
famine.
I
would
like
to
believe
that
that
would
change
someone's
politics
and
I
think
there's
evidence
of
that.
A
B
There
is
there's
some
one
of
the
things
I
highlight
in
my
book
is:
there's
two
double
homicides
of
these
two
sets
of
women
during
the
famine,
which
is
really
fascinating
about
their
background
and
where
they're
from,
and
why
that
happens,
I
gotta,
remember
it
now.
I
think
I
only
find
during
the
famine
that
he
actually
investigates
six
or
seven
murders
official
murders
that
that
there's,
someone
named
or
they're
not
named,
but
you
know
that
it's
a
murder,
so
you
could
argue
that
it's
not
as
much
as
you'd
think.
B
So
there
is
an
argument
to
be
said
of.
Oh,
it
was
extremely
violent
during
the
famine.
Again,
it's
regional
and
it's
I'm
not
going
to
declare
that
it
wasn't
I'm
going
to
declare.
My
findings
are
in
County
Monaghan.
He
comes
up
with
seven
and
you
can
start
to
there's
and
I
think
this
is
why
the
book
The
Definitive
text
of
the
Irish
corner.
It's
not
just
about
Monahan,
it's
it's
and
it's
not
just
a
case
study
it's
to
really
examine
when
a
corner
investigates
something
why
how
much
is
brought
in
front
of
him?
B
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
Know,
yeah,
yeah
and
I
yeah
I
didn't
go
into
it
because
it's
yes,
quite
large
yeah
when
they,
when
that
call
happens
in
1848
for
the
abolishment
of
the
office.
Let's
get
rid
of
it
is
what
they're
really
trying
to
do.
It's
the
it's,
the
conservative,
grand
juries
and
there's
lots
of
them.
Is
they
say
we
don't
want
to
pay
for
this
anymore,
because
what
the
coroner's
doing
is
exposing
deaths.
It's
exposing
malpractice,
it's
exposing
local,
restrictive
relief
policy
during
the
famine.
They
don't
want
it
and
what
they
do
is
say.
B
This
is
going
to
cost
the
government
25
000
pounds
a
year.
It's
absolutely
it's
pointless
to
investigate
starvation
deaths,
but
there's
circumstances
around
these
deaths.
There's
people
not
being
fed
there's
people
who
don't
get
the
relief
and
what
it
really
is
is
saying
at
a
local
level,
you're
responsible,
so
he's
an
interesting
conflicting
role
and.
B
Very
different:
that's
why
this
study
and
that's
why
the
the
Irish
coroner
is
a
definitive
tax,
really
will
help
that
really
understand
what
to
study
and
why
this
is
such
an
important
role
and
I
think
the
thing
I'm
just
myself
personally
have
just
been
so
fascinated
by.
Is
you
know
you
see
when
you
read
famine,
you
know
I've
got
all
the
books
here.
You
know
the
atlas
of
the
great
Irish
family
I
have
just
about
everything.
Imagine
is
coroners.
B
Why
that's
so
important
and
yeah,
and
just
really
really
proud
of
the
work
and
and
I
hope
everyone
finds
it
interesting
and
hope
that
other
future
researchers
can
use
it
to
do
more
in
in
their
local
areas
to
find
out
more
about
the
famine
and
why
this
role
will
guide
you
like
a
North
star
to
really
just
hone
in
on
what
was
happening
in
during
the
famine
and
make
that
evaluation
and
create
a
new
history.
That's
factual
and
real.
A
B
Sure
actually
I
think
it's
the
so
it's
just
a
minute.
Let
me
find
it
yeah
so
that
the
interest
of
Brian
Waters
is
that
letter
is
written
by
John
Grant.
Who
is
the
Sligo
constabulary
he's
a
sub
inspector
he's
also
an
ex-officio
poor
law
Guardian,
which
shows
you
know,
he's
he's
a
he's.
An
official
guy
I
mean
in
two
different
capacities,
he's
really
concerned
that
Brian
Waters
dies
and
what's
happening
with
the
local
Relief
Committee,
and
it
also
lends
some
insight
into
what's
happening
locally
with
the
grand
jury.
B
C
Yeah
the
whole
question
of
the
politics:
it's
woven
through
the
period
I
mean
if
you
look
at
the
even
the
first
election
of
the
board
of
Guardians,
the
the
various
parallel
unions
in
1839,
and
it's
actually
it's
it's
crucial,
because
it's
it's
the
first
election
since
Cadillac
amounts
appears
in
1829.
So
10
years
later,
you
have
the
chance
for
the
first
elected
Catholic
officials
at
a
local
level
and
most
areas.
C
So
you
had
the
sectarian
Aid
there
as
well,
but
all
over
the
place
and
the
work
that
I've
done
in
Friday
dates
from
the
board
of
Guardians
were
split
between
various
interests
associated
with
local
local
agents,
local
landlords,
Etc,
but
also
there's
a
sub
study,
as
as
Michelle
has
shown
with
this,
this
report
will
say:
this
story
was
I.
Think
is
fascinating
because
the
chains
are
like
on
an
area
which
isn't
well
served
based
sources
in
relation
to
other
areas.
C
C
But
it
was
an
awful
shame
associated
with
the
workhouse,
but
the
sub
study,
for
example,
the
medical
Charities
Act
of
1843
1844
again
under
the
bureau,
trying
to
bring
dispensaries
doctors
in
under
the
Perler
and
doctors
really
reacted
violently
against
it
and
said
it
was
demeaning
to
their
status.
They
actually
have
to
apply
for
a
job.
So
you
had
that's
another
study
which
you
can
sort
of
push
to
one
side
in
terms
of
the
plural
law
and
the
rule
of
doctors.
C
So
the
poor
and
the
back
streets
of
Belfast
were
eating
sirens
and
the
in
the
1830s
early
1840s,
the
newspaper,
the
northern
standard,
yeah
I
mean
that's
one
of
the
problems.
Is
you
can
only
be
as
good
as
your
source
and
if
one
County
had
a
newspaper
with
a
particular
political
bass,
then
you
have
to
be
aware
of
that
when
you're?
Looking
at
a
book,
that's
the
one
newspaper
Yuri,
for
example,
had
the
Newry
Telegraph,
which
was
a
very
much
true
establishment.
C
And
then
you
had
the
new
re-examiner,
which
was
very
much
Anaconda
like
paper,
and
while
the
papers
carried
very
much
with
regarded
there
as
press
Association
reports,
in
other
words,
generalized
reports
of
various
Advanced
throughout
the
country.
It's
the
editorials
which
are
fascinating
as
the
editors
would
set
them
apart
and
they
can
be
describing
the
exact
same
event
or
occurrence
from
totally
different
perspectives.
C
You
know
so
there's
a
reason
for
that.
Then,
maybe
not
just
that
youngsters
are
dying,
but
also
in
terms
of
the
percentage
that
they
all
are
actually
leaving
the
workplace
and
wanting
them
today
and
there
is
that
call
to
home
to
be
amongst
those,
the
ancient
old
Irish
tradition
of
being
amongst
those
that
you've
been
born
and
rude
with.
C
And
today,
they're,
rather
than
the
day
in
the
ignominy
of
a
soulless
workhouse,
you
know
so
I
I
think
that's
very,
very
interesting,
and
the
last
thing
I
mean
you're,
saying
about
the
world's
interview
with
the
relieving
officer
to
have
that
sort
of
in-depth
local
timeline
information.
I
mean
you
mentioned
there.
How
one
of
the
fellas
had
said
that
the
fellow
who
they
had
been
at
the
Harvest
in
Dublin,
which
again
gives
a
perspective
on
the
social
aspect
that
people
who
live
in
Monahan
to
go
to
Dublin
the
east
coast
and
the
Harvester.
C
So
again,
it's
the
social
perspective,
as
you
said
about
the
foreigners
report
being
reported
in
the
paper
totally
out
of
context
or
then
maybe
in
the
office
of
Irish
family.
It's
the
context
which
is
social,
important
and
it's
it's
set
in
the
study.
In
its
context,
and
especially
in
an
area
as
I
say
like
Monahan,
where
this
sources
are
relatively
speaking
quite
true.
A
C
B
B
A
The
relevant
links
for
each
week
with
any
additional
reading
material,
which
was
mentioned
during
other
lectures
to
swell
also
mentioned
the
sources
for
their
Irish.
Folklore,
commission
and
famine
Echoes
that
book
as
well
and
mention
again
Michelle's
new
book
coming
out
next
month.
Thank
you
both
so
much
George.
Do
you
have
anything
else,
sir?
Who's
publishing.
B
As
I
say,
Martin
Healy
made
my
dreams
come
true.
I
dreamed
it
20
years
ago
that
I'd
have
a
book
done
by
four
quarts
press.
I'm
they've
been
absolutely
amazing,
I
feel
really
really
lucky
I'm
gonna.
Do
everything
I
can
to
get
the
word
out
there
and
just
make
sure
everybody
sees
what
I
think
is
just
an
incredibly
important
part
of
Irish
history.
A
Oh
definitely
thank
you
so
much
Michelle
I'm
hoping
I'm
looking
forward
to
receiving
my
copy
because
I've
already
ordered
it.
I've
got
to
move
a
few
other
people,
I've
I've.
Actually
someone
actually
listening
I
know
very
well.
Listening
at
the
moments
of
the
series.
I
know,
she'd
be
one
to
borrow
my
copy,
but
that's
funny.
Yeah.
A
C
A
A
We've
discussed
various
things
in
the
lead
of
the
lectures
in
the
weekly
basis.
You
know
so
certainly
I
will
emailing
everyone
and
letting
them
know
that
if,
if
they
want
to
be
kept
on
my
mailing
list,
if
I'm,
if
I'm
in
a
position
to
organize
Northern
lecture
series
and
I'll
be
informing
them,
I
am
hoping,
maybe
I'll
be
a
to
organize
a
shorter
lecture
Series.
This
coming
Autumn
in
that
case
it'll,
probably
simply
one
speaker
per
night
over
a
number
of
weeks,
but
I'll
certainly
keep
everybody
informed
and
again
Michelle.
Thank
you.