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From YouTube: Crispus Attucks Commemoration Day - 3/2/2023
Description
Mayor Michelle Wu was joined by community members to sign a proclamation announcing Crispus Attucks Commemoration Day.
A
C
D
B
E
A
I'll
do
semi-good
Cameron,
okay,
good
afternoon
everybody.
My
name
is
good
afternoon.
My
name
is
Maria
Angeli
Solis,
cervera,
I'm,
the
chief
of
equity
and
inclusion
and
I'll
be
giving
a
brief
brief.
30-Second
remark
before
I
hand,
the
mic
to
my
colleague,
Frank
Farrow,
to
say
a
few
words
and
then
we'll
get
into
the
program
for
today,
but
I
have
to
say.
A
I
am
so
grateful
for
every
single
person
who
is
here
in
the
room
for
recognizing
the
importance
of
telling
the
complete
story
of
Christmas
addicts
and
I
want
to
thank
in
particular,
Mr
Rasheed,
who
months
ago,
kept
emailing
emailing,
emailing
and
I
was
like
okay.
I
got
clearly
gotta
respond
to
this
amazing
person
and
in
a
one-hour
conversation,
I
learned
so
much
about
the
history
that,
unfortunately,
is
not
fully
taught
in
our
schools.
As
a
former
educator,
I
felt
that
I
felt
it
in
my
spirit
and
so
I.
A
F
F
Good
afternoon,
everyone
I'm
honored
to
be
here
and
the
support
to
help
you
know
push
this
forward
in
collaboration
with
our
chief
of
equity,
the
friends
of
Christmas
addicts,
Association
I'm
thankful
for
you,
Mr
Rasheed,
and
in
your
group
and
all
of
the
countless
community
members
that
have
been
leading
the
fight
for
equality
and
freedom
in
the
city
of
Boston.
F
We
are
doing
a
lot
of
work
in
the
city
of
Boston,
but
it's
important
that
we
acknowledge
how
far
we
came
and
make
sure
that
we
are
commemorating
Christmas
addicts
and
I
know.
This
is
just
the
beginning,
there's
more
work.
That
is
to
be
done
and
we
look
forward
to
working
alongside
you
to
move
the
needle
for
the
city
of
Boston.
So
again
you
know
thank
you
to
our
mayor
mayor,
Wu,
our
chief
friends
of
Christmas
addicts.
F
You
know
we
are
here
and
it's
just
the
beginning,
there's
more
work
ahead
and
I
look
forward
to
it
and
without
further
Ado
I'm
gonna
introduce
our
mayor
mayor,
mayor
Wu.
Thank
you.
G
Thank
you,
everyone
for
coming
and
for
all
of
your
advocacy.
Those
emails
started
because
we
talked
about
it
so
many
times
and
Mr.
G
Our
senior
advisor
who's
been
leading
many
initiatives
and
helping
us
to
get
going
on
a
lot
of
things
that
we
should
have
been
acknowledging
and
doing
a
long
time
ago,
such
as
our
reparations
commission
as
well.
I'm
also
joined
by
colleagues
in
government
at
the
city
and
state
level,
so
I
I
believe
that
City
councilor
Kenzie
Bach
is
here
city
council
routine
is
here.
You
want
to
come
up
and
quickly,
introduce
yourself
and
say
a
few
words
after
me.
G
State
representative,
Brandi,
fluger
Oakley
is
here
Senator
Liz
Miranda
here
or
was
here
state
representative
Priscilla
Sousa,
our
new
friend
in
rep,
oh,
come
on
up
as
well.
G
Rep
Estella
Reyes
staff
are
here
from
Senator
Warren's
office
as
well
as
representative
worrell's
office
and
I
also
want
to
thank
another
important
staff
member
up
at
the
State
House
zavon
Billups
who's,
the
executive
director
of
the
Massachusetts
black
and
Latino
legislative
caucus.
We
are
only
able
to
do
our
work
in
the
current
moment
of
democracy
because
our
democracy
exists.
Thanks
to
the
the
gentlemen,
we
are
we're
going
to
honor
and
recognize
today.
G
G
We
know
that
in
the
months
and
years
after
the
Boston
Massacre
the
day
that
Christmas
addicts
died,
our
Revolution
stirred
and
the
stories
that
were
told
reverberated
around
the
world,
but
it
was
most
often
and
for
a
long
time
only
stories
about
Patriots
like
Paul,
Revere
and
prints
that
were
then
printed
up
depicting
what
happened
that
day,
to
spark
this
conversation
and
and
the
revolution
itself.
G
G
We
committed
collectively
to
fostering
reconciliation,
repairing
harm
and
strengthening
our
communities,
and
we
acknowledge
that
the
work
must
begin
with
an
honest
Reckoning,
a
recognition
of
the
full
truth
of
our
history.
The
kind
of
Truth
on
which
meaningful
healing
and
repair
can
finally
be
built,
and
so
in
that
Spirit
I'm
honored
to
join
the
leaders
in
this
room
today
to
sign
a
proclamation
which
will
declare
March
5th
to
be
Crispus
addicts
commemoration
day
in
the
city
of
Boston.
G
So
I'm
incredibly
grateful
again
to
the
Friends
of
Crispus
addicts
Association
for
ensuring
that
we
not
only
preserve
our
history
but
truly
illuminate
it.
There's
there's
some
other
leaders
who
are
not
in
elective
office.
I
just
want
to
give
a
quick
or
in
this
in
Massachusetts
I
want
to
give
a
quick
shout
out
to
we
are.
We
have
a
special
visitor
in
the
room?
Actually
mayor
of
secundi
takoradi
in
Ghana,
mayor
Abdullah.
Thank
you
so
much
for
joining
us.
G
G
And
for
always
opening
the
door
when
I
go
door,
knocking
in
the
area
I
popped
into
his
house,
Nathaniel
shidley,
who's,
president
and
CEO
of
revolutionary
spaces.
Thank
you
for
all
that.
You
do
and,
of
course,
Mr
Rasheed
who
you'll
hear
from
shortly,
but
I
want
to
just
give
my
elected
colleagues
a
chance
to
say
hello.
H
Hello:
everyone,
I'm
Kenzie,
Bach
I'm,
the
city
councilor
for
among
other
neighborhoods,
Beacon
Hill,
the
original
heart
of
black
Boston
and
actually
on
my
street,
is
George
Middleton's
house
I'm,
a
black
Bostonian,
who
became
famous
for
his.
You
know
work
for
equal
education
in
the
city,
starting
in
the
1700s
right
and
then
also
actually
was
part
of
the
black
efforts
around
the
American
Revolution.
So
I
think
it's
just
so
important
when
we
talk
about
Crispus
addicts
a
lot
of
times
these
days.
H
We
talk
about
inclusive
history
and
like
telling
a
more
inclusive,
Story
and
there's
this
implication
that
we're
going
to
go
invent
a
more
diverse
set
of
people
for
our
founding
narratives.
When,
in
fact,
as
the
mayor
said,
they've
been
here,
all
along
and
Crispus
addicts
doesn't
need
inventing.
He
was
real.
He
he
was
a
black
and
Indigenous
Bostonian.
He
was
also
a
worker
from
the
bottom
of
society
economically
and
again,
another
category
that
often
just
doesn't
get
acknowledged
in
the
history
of
the
City
and
of
the
country.
H
So
for
me,
I'm
some
people
in
the
room
know
a
historian
by
trade
I'm.
Only
in
an
amateur
politician,
I
got
my
PhD
in
history,
and-
and
so
it's
just
it's
burningly
important
for
me-
that
we
shift
The
Narrative
and
put
people
like
Christmas
addicts
at
the
heart
of
the
stories
that
we
tell
about
Boston.
So
just
really
honored
to
be
here
today.
C
Thanks
Kenzie
hi
everyone
I'm
at
large
city
council,
routine,
just
happy
to
be
here.
Thank
you
to
all
the
organizers
of
the
efforts.
We
know
that
to
create
the
inclusive
history
that
we
know
is
the
history
of
Boston,
that
black
history
is
the
history
of
Boston,
that
black
history
is
American
history
and
sometimes
we
have
to
fight
for
that.
The
other
day,
last
last
week
we
were
at
a
celebration
for
black
veterans
in
Boston,
and
we
talked
about
all
the
ways
in
which
black
folks
have
fought
for
this
country.
C
Even
when
this
country
hasn't
fought
for
us
and
so
I
commend
all
of
you
who
are
here
doing
the
work.
My
I
see
my
old
teachers
here
in
the
room,
so
I.
Thank
you
for
continuing
to
do
the
work
of
teaching
us
of
teaching
this
city
for
us
to
really
bring
out
our
history
and
who
we
are
shining
a
light
on
folks
like
Christmas
addicts,
who
was
the
first
casualty
in
the
Battle
For
Freedom
in
this
country.
C
We
know
that
it
didn't
stop
for
us
with
the
Revolutionary
War
and
that
we
are
still
fighting
today
for
our
space
and
our
place
everywhere
in
this
country
to
help
close,
that
racial
wealth,
Gap
and
so
I
see
so
many
folks
here
who
I
will
who
I
learned
from
who
I
would
continue
to
learn
from
and
who
are
in
partnership
with
us
in
this
work.
So
I
just
say.
Thank
you.
Thank
you
to
the
mayor
and
thank
you.
Keep
on
fighting
and
keep
us
keep
on
holding
us
accountable.
C
So
thank
you
and
thank
you
to
our
guests
from
takoradi.
Thank
you
for
being
here
we'll
be
celebrating
g'day
in
Independence
Day,
so
excited
to
celebrate,
along
with
you,
I'm
going
to
introduce
state
representative
Brandi,
Fluker
Oakley.
I
Good
afternoon,
everyone
and
thank
you
so
much
maribu
in
the
city
of
Boston,
for
putting
this
on
just
quickly
want
to
acknowledge
Becca
of
State
Rep
royale's
office,
so
he
sent
staff.
He
was
busy,
so
I
want
to
make
sure
she
got
a
shout
out
I'm
just
so
grateful
that
this
is
happening.
I,
remember,
being
a
little
girl
in
Boston
and
going
on
the
Faneuil
Hall
Trail
and
all
we
ever
learned
was
oh
Christmas
addicts.
I
The
first
black
first
person
died
in
the
revolution
where
he
was
a
black
man
and
keep
walking,
and
that
was
it
which,
for
someone
as
curious
as
me,
was
unsatisfying
and
back
then
we
didn't
really
have
Google
encyclopedia
couldn't
sell
me
anything
so
to
have
this
moment
in
our
history
means
so
much
and
as
a
former
third
grade
teacher
education
is
very
important.
My
family
used
to
send
it
from
enslaved
Africans.
They
came
over
in
the
early
1600s
on
both
sides,
and
education
was
always
always
a
critical
component
because
they
can
take
our
freedom.
I
Roles
and
I
was
sharing
the
story
with
my
mom,
who
grew
up
and
segregated
Alabama
came
to
Boston
in
the
70s
on
the
tail
end
of
The,
Great,
Migration
and
I
was
sharing
the
story
with
her
and
I
said
Mommy,
their
penmanship
was
Perfection
and
they
grew
up
in
an
era
where
it
was
illegal
for
them
to
read
and
write
and
I
share
this
Marabou
and
I'm
getting
emotional,
because
this
is
just
so
near
and
dear
to
my
heart.
Is
that
how
we
educate
our
children
matter?
I
Letters
what
we
do
matters
when
they
know
their
history
when
they
see
themselves
in
leadership
positions,
I,
never
had
Mr
red
at
Boston,
Latin,
School
but
I
know
him,
because
he
was
a
black
man
in
the
building
and
as
a
little
black
girl.
I
saw
him
how
he
carried
himself,
how
he
dealt
with
us.
It
was
love
and
care.
I
I
could
call
him
Uncle
red
to
be
honest,
because
that's
how
he
felt
and
that's
so
important,
and
so
when
we're
able
to
make
our
history
public
knowledge,
not
just
for
black
folks,
but
guess
what
everybody
else
needs
to
know.
Our
history
and
contribution
too
that
way
they
won't
be
so
surprised
when
we're
articulate
and
eloquent
and
when
we
act
properly,
whatever
that
may
be,
and
so
I'm
just
grateful
that
you
and
your
team
are
making
this
space
I'm.
I
Sorry
I've
probably
gone
on
too
long,
but
I
wake
up
black
every
day,
and
so
I
care
deeply
about
these
issues
and
just
a
brother.
She
just
thank
you.
Thank
you.
Thank
you
for
your
leadership
and
pushing
and
sending
those
emails
and
making
sure
that
this
day
happens.
So,
thank
you
to
everyone
who
made
today
possible.
I
D
Thank
you
so
much,
it's
truly
an
honor
to
be
here
as
a
Framingham
or
Christmas
born
in
Framingham,
and
it
is
incredibly
exciting
to
be
here.
We
renamed
one
of
our
elementary
schools
during
the
height
of
pandemic,
which
was
a
little
controversial
because
the
pandemic,
but
you
know
history
needs
to
be
bold
and
we
need
to
tell
our
story
loud
and
Christmas
addicts
was
actually
like
in
the
running
to
one
of
the
finalists.
D
Unfortunately,
he
did
not
get
picked.
However,
we
named
our
school
Harmony
Grove
Elementary
School,
which
was
extending
an
invitation.
Anybody
wants
to
come
to
Framingham.
It
was
an
important
place
where
Constitution
was
was
torn
in
an
important
Mark
in
history,
A
Gathering
Place
for
for
abolition,
and
we
are
incredibly
proud
in
Framingham
to
have
that
stake
in
history.
We
are
incredibly
proud
to
teach
our
babies
about
it
and
make
sure
that
when
we
know
better,
we
do
better.
D
J
Thank
you
good
afternoon,
everyone,
it's
a
great
honor
for
me
to
be
here.
Thank
you,
mayor
for
putting
this
together.
This
is
really
means
a
lot.
You
don't
really
have
to
be
part
of
the
community
once
you
want
to
work,
you
only
need
to
get
a
call
and
to
be
part
of
it.
We
in
Lawrence.
We
are
so
proud
of
of
Education,
that,
due
to
that,
we
are
building
two
new
school
for
our
kids.
Education
is
never
going
to
be
a
negotiable
and
it's
like
our
colleague,
was
saying
education
is
taking
you're
free
away.
J
K
Thank
you
very
much.
It's
an
honor
to
be
here
to
In
This
Moment
to
speak
to
this
issue,
this
men
and
women
in
this
room
here
who
I've
been
negotiating
with
from
the
time
I
came
back
most,
you
may
not
know,
but
I've
moved
back
to
Boston
from
Chicago
and
while
in
Chicago
I
was
a
member
of
the
commission
on
human
relations,
African
advisory
Council
and
the
president
of
friends
of
DuSable.
K
So
in
that
movement,
I
was
always
concerned
about
activism
and
I
went
straight
to
the
Bostonian
Society
at
that
time
to
talk
with
Nat
about
how
can
we
bring
the
history
of
addicts
together
and
we've
been
talking
back
and
forth
about
this?
This?
How
we
could
do
it?
And
with
that
being
said
here,
we
are
today-
and
this
is
a
great
moment-
I'm
so
proud
of
it,
and
so
thankful
to
the
mayor.
K
I
could
put
myself
on
I'm,
taking
no
chances
so
anyway,
I'm
going
to
start
with
saying
that
on
this
day,
March
the
2nd
2023,
the
forensic
Christmas
acts
Association
in
collaboration
with
merwood
and
the
City
of
Boston
will
commemorate
America's
first
revolutionary
war.
Patriot
and
Mata
for
Boston
of
the
Boston
Massacre
The
Honorable
Christmas
addicts
on
behalf
of
the
friends
of
Christmas
addicts,
the
members
in
here.
Could
you
just
stand
so
everybody
could
see?
Who
you
are
this
this
very
briefly.
K
Team
that
has
worked
to
put
this
other
for
us
and
we're
so
proud
of
what
we
have
done.
Thank
you,
so
I
want
to
thank
mayor,
Wu
and
her
staff,
the
department
of
equity
and
inclusion
and
the
office
of
black
male
advancement
for
preventing
us
to
have
this
presentation
in
the
historical
Boston
City
Hall,
as
well
as
our
distinguished
guests
and
speakers
that
are
here
today.
K
K
Well,
it
is
because
this
year
in
March,
the
5th
is
on
a
Sunday,
and
that
being
said,
we
want
to
give
the
public
an
official
alert
to
prepare
for
this
year
and
find
ways
to
commemorate
Christmas
addicts
day
in
advance
of
that
official
day.
So
we're
encouraging
citizens
in
the
city
of
Boston
in
your
own
way
commemorate
think
about
reflect
on.
Do
some
history
searching
Sunday
on
that
official
day
for
the
record
nationally,
as
well
as
internationally.
K
There
have
been
many
scholars
and
historians
that
will
tell
you
what
happened
on
that
day
of
March
5th
in
1770.
that
made
addicts
and
Mata.
However,
in
the
21st
century
a
few
political
leaders
have
publicly
stated
the
importance
of
knowing
that
a
man
of
African
and
American
indigenous
descent
became
popularly
known
as
the
first
to
defy
and
the
first
to
die
for
American
independence,
and
his
name
was
Christmas
addicts
and,
most
importantly,
to
many
of
this
is
the
question.
Why
did
he
do
that?
K
Some
of
you
might
know
he
was
a
runaway
slave
and
I've
always
go
back
to
this
year
as
a
typical
question,
why
would
a
runaway
slave
in
the
area
that
he
was
living
in
and
refer
to
what
about
me
put
his
head
out
there
and
make
noise
about
anything
advocating
knowing
he
might
be
brought
back
into
slavery?
Why
that
question?
That's
something
we
will
go
into
later
for
the
record.
K
The
friends
of
Christmas
Association
encourage
you
to
join
us
and
support
our
mission
in
the
city
of
Boston
to
make
the
21st
century
commemoration
history
of
Christmas
Saturday
more
popular
and
accessible
year
round
in
public
and
private
schools
that
all
citizens
and
tourists
might
recognize
Boston
as
a
city
that
gave
birth
to
the
mission
of
equal
human
rights
in
America.
Believe
me,
this
is
where
it
all
started.
L
Mayor
Wu,
I'm
I
brought
remarks
too,
because
I
used
to
be
a
teacher
and
without
these
I'll
just
keep
you
all
here
for
a
long
time
and
we've
got
a
lot
of
people
standing
and
I.
Don't
want
to
do
that,
but
thank
you,
mayor
Wu,
for
your
action
today
and
for
that
of
your
Administration
in
proclaiming
March
5th,
as
Christmas
addicts
commemoration
day
in
the
city
of
Boston.
L
Doing
so
is
an
important
milestone
in
a
vibrant
tradition
of
remembrance
that
stretches
back
now
more
than
250
years.
I
want
to
thank
all
of
the
elected
officials
who
are
here
to
help
Mark
the
importance
of
this
Milestone
and
also
for
your
testimony
as
a
as
a
public
historian.
It
really
warms
my
heart
to
hear
the
power
of
History
right
this
matters.
L
L
Look
forward
to
seeing
and
and
walking
with
you
on
those
next
steps
in
this
journey
and
I
do
also
want
to
recognize
the
contributions
of
the
historic
Boston,
equal
rights
League,
who
have
also
done
so
much
over
the
years
to
keep
the
memory
of
Christmas
addicts
alive
as
a
touchstone
and
an
inspiration
for
all
of
us
revolutionary
spaces.
L
In
2020,
we
had
the
honor
of
playing
a
leading
role
in
the
cities
in
shaping
the
city's
commemoration
of
the
250th
anniversary
of
the
Boston
Massacre,
really
a
first
step
toward
our
semi-quancentennial
celebrations
in
2026,
and
we
chose
very
deliberately
to
Center
the
commemorative
programming
on
the
life
and
memory
of
Christmas
addicts
and
here's.
Why
putting
addicts
at
the
center
of
Boston's
story
makes
a
difference?
It
allows
us
to
see
ourselves
in
a
new
way.
First,
it
helps
us
to
understand
the
unfinished
nature
of
our
nation's
founding
right.
L
But
that
was
only
one
dimension
of
attic
struggle
right.
We
have,
as
we've
heard,
he
was
the
son
of
an
African
father
and
though
he
was
enslaved
at
Birth.
He
had
declared
his
independence
as
a
Young
Man
many
decades
before
that
night,
in
1770
and
he'd
liberated
himself
by
running
to
Sea,
where
he
had
made
a
life
for
himself
as
a
sailor,
not
at
the
margins
but
at
the
center
of
Maritime
life
in
Boston
in
the
18th
century,
and
he
was
also
a
part
of
the
complex
cultural
fabric
of
native
New
England.
L
The
proud
bearer
of
an
indigenous
name
attic
means
deer
in
many
of
the
Algonquian
languages
spoken
in
Southern,
New,
England
and
he'd
learned
from
his
mother
and
his
grandmother
the
urgency
behind
the
struggles
of
native
communities
throughout
New
England
to
recover
the
sovereignty
that
had
been
lost
in
the
17
in
the
1670s,
when
his
grandmother
was
only
a
child.
So
addicts,
yes,
was
a
revolutionary,
but
the
American
Revolution,
as
we
think
of
it,
delivered
only
a
part
of
what
he
fought
for
right.
L
It
left
unresolved
the
struggle
of
those
in
bondage
to
to
be
free
of
native
people
to
recover
or
retain
their
sovereignty
and
of
many
others
to
have
their
voices
heard
and
to
have
their
needs
addressed
and
so
to
remember.
Addicts
is
to
remember
that
there
were
many
Founders
that
their
work
was
not
finished
and
that
it
remains
to
us
to
each
and
every
one
of
us
to
do
the
work
of
building
that
more
perfect
union.
L
So
that's
one
reason
to
put
addicts
at
the
center
of
our
story.
The
other
reason
is
that
centering
Boston
story
on
Christmas
addicts
can
help
us
to
see
more
clearly
the
simple
power
of
remembering-
and
there
is
huge
power
in
that
right.
Bostonians
were
deeply
divided
in
1770
in
the
year
when
the
massacre
took
place,
but
in
the
Years
following
the
massacre,
they
came
together
each
March
5th
to
Fashion
their
loss
into
a
powerful
sense
of
shared
purpose.
L
The
most
moving
Memorial
address
was
delivered
by
Joseph
Warren
in
1775
and
speaking
to
a
crowd
that
was
so
large
that
he
could
only
get
into
the
pulpit
at
Old
South
meeting
house
by
climbing
through
a
window
behind
it.
He
invited
his
listeners
to
grieve
and
remember
what
he
called
the
scene
of
horror,
but
he
also
challenged
the
audience
to
honor
the
dead
by
staying
true
to
the
cause
of
Liberty.
Our
country
is
in
danger.
He
said
on.
You
depend
The,
Fortunes
of
America.
Well,
as
we've
heard
from
many
already.
L
Those
fortunes
still
hung
in
the
balance
eight
decades
later,
when
black
abolitionists
in
Boston
revived
that
very
tradition
of
public.
Remembering
on
the
anniversary
of
the
Boston
Massacre.
As
our
nation's
crisis
over
slavery
came
to
a
head
in
the
1850s,
they
insisted
on
marking
the
anniversary
of
the
massacre
as
Crispus
addicts
day,
and
they
used
the
memory
of
attic
sacrifice
as
a
way
to
mobilize
support
for
the
cause
of
anti-slavery.
L
During
the
20th
century,
Boston's
great
civil
rights
leaders,
William
Monroe,
Trotter
and
later
melnia
Kaz,
made
addicts
day,
observances
a
touchstone
in
this
City's
ongoing
and
still
unfinished
dialogue
about
racial
Justice
and,
as
I
said,
we
should
be
thankful
that
the
historic
Boston
equal
rights
league
and
the
friends
of
Crispus
addicts
Association,
are
committed
to
continuing
this
important
work
today
and
so
in
com
in
proclaiming
March
5th,
as
Crispus
addicts
commemoration
day.
What
are
we
doing?
L
We
are
calling
on
the
people
of
this
great
city
as
generations
of
bostonians
before
us
have
done
to
remember
with
purpose
not
to
dwell
in
the
past,
but
to
draw
inspiration
from
it.
The
real
power
of
Christmas
addicts
story
lies
in
what
it
can
tell
us
about
who
we
are
and
where
we
are
headed
together.
E
E
E
E
In
that
sense,
he
becomes
the
prism
through
which
all
of
that
resistance
and
pent
up
anger
that
had
sometimes
just
been
social
conflict,
sometimes
even
War.
All
of
that
was
focused
in
a
moment,
and
in
that
moment
he
led
five
others
with
himself
to
resist
and
begin
change
by
the
demonstration
of
that
resistance
and
the
birth
of
that
change.
E
Black
people
have
died,
willingly
believing
in
something
struggling
to
achieve
a
security
and
the
wealth
for
a
nation
which
gave
none
of
it
back
to
them
struggling
to
demonstrate
that
Liberty
matters
when
in
their
own
experience
it
was
curtailed
and
distorted
in
World
War
one.
We
even
have
black
Americans
fighting
out
of
the
French
flag
in
the
nation
that,
at
its
own,
launching
their
son
had
paid
a
price.