►
From YouTube: Community Call, IPwe partnership discussion
Description
On this weeks community call we invite our new partner IPwe on our weekly call to discuss our recent partnership.
Read more about our partnership with IPwe here
https://blog.casperlabs.io/intellectual-property-and-patent-assets-on-casper/
Join our Telegram
https://t.me/casperlabs
Follow us on Twitter
https://twitter.com/meetCasperLabs
A
B
My
name
is
ashley
karayaka
and
I'm
the
ea
at
casper
labs
on
today's
call
we'll
be
talking
about
the
partnership
between
casper
labs
and
ipv
to
build
a
chain
of
custody
solution
for
public
patent
records.
We
are
joined
in
today's
call
by
dan
bork
from
ipoe
and
metta
parlikar,
ashok
renedive
and
neil
kapoor
from
casper
labs.
We
will
have
a
q
a
at
the
end
of
this
call.
So
please
drop
any
questions
you
may
have
in
the
youtube
comments
on
discord
and
telegram
thanks
for
joining
everyone,
and
I'm
passing
it
off
to
you.
Metta.
A
Thanks
ashley
thanks
everyone
for
joining
today.
My
name
is
metta
parlikar,
I'm
the
cto
and
one
of
the
co-founders
here
at
casper
labs,
and
I'm
really
excited
to
talk
about
our
ipv
integration
and
intellectual
property
on
casper.
So
with
that,
I'd
like
to
turn
it
over
to
ashok
and
dan
to
talk
a
little
bit
more,
I'm
neil!
Let's,
let's
do
some
introductions!
First,
so
ashok!
You
want
to
tell
everybody
a
little
bit
about
yourself.
C
Yeah
happy
too
hi
everyone
how's
it
going.
My
name
is
ashok
ranadevae.
I
joined
casper
labs
about
one
and
a
half
years
back
when
mela
convinced
me
that
bitcoin
is
the
next
big
thing.
A
bit.
Blockchain
technology
is
the
next
big
thing
in
this
world.
C
I
was
with
google
prior
to
joining
casper
lab
for
about
12
years
in
different
locations,
mountain
view,
singapore
and
india
and
different
parts
of
google.
Prior
to
that,
I
was
with
indian
navy,
I
retired
as
a
commander
by
education
and
nuclear
engineer.
That's
all
about
me.
D
Hey
everyone,
neil
kapoor
here
on
the
business
development
team,
my
background,
traditional
financial
planning
and
analysis.
I've
been
on
the
casper
labs
team
for
just
about
two
years.
I
help
head
up
business
development
which
encompasses
everything
from
strategic
partnerships,
investor
relations,
enterprise
partners,
working
with
our
exchanges
with
listings
wallets
and
staking
providers,
as
well
as
the
projects
that
are
building
on
our
network
great
to
meet
everyone.
E
Hi,
my
name
is
dan
bork,
I'm
the
cto
of
ipwe.
My
background
is
in
enterprise
architecture,
had
a
combination
of
working
in
large
enterprises
as
well
as
startups
for
the
last
two
decades
been
focused
on
machine
learning
and
recommender
systems,
and
for
the
past
12
years
we've
been
focusing
those
technologies
on
patent
data.
E
Specifically,
we
founded
ipv
in
2017
to
set
out
to
make
a
platform
for
the
world's
patent
ecosystem
and
now
we're
trying
to
combine
technologies
like
ai
blockchain,
to
help
businesses
understand
their
ip
to
bring
value
to
an
asset
class
that
is
undervalued
and
to
easily
transact
intellectual
property.
A
E
Sure
so,
with
ip
and
transacting
ip
there's,
a
number
of
challenges
that
exist
in
the
marketplace.
Just
to
start
with
the
the
size
of
the
market
is,
is
huge.
I
mean
it's
been
estimated
that
in
the
us
alone,
there's
a
trillion
dollars
usd
of
ip
assets
that
are
mismanaged
or
underutilized,
and
the
pace
of
innovation
is
only
increasing
there's
over
a
million
patents
that
are
granted
every
year,
and
so
it
brings
up
a
number
of
strategic
issues
as
well
as
operational
issues
for
companies.
E
Strategic
in
terms
of
you
know,
companies
need
to
understand.
You
know
the
strategic,
the
protective
and
financial
value
that
patents
bring
and,
from
an
operational
perspective,
there's
a
number
of
challenges,
as
patents
are
issued
over
200
different
patent
offices,
and
so
each
relationship
with
a
patent
office
is
a
different
transaction
for
a
company
to
deal
with,
so
ownership
records
are
typically
not
recorded
accurately
and
the
just
the
overall
management
of
your
portfolio
is
very
challenging.
E
And
one
of
the
challenges
is
that
there's
a
number
of
private
things
that
need
to
be
done
from
a
business
to
business
relationship
when
you're,
transacting
ip,
but
then
there's
a
number
of
public
attributes
about
a
patent
that
are
are
best
served,
for
instance,
on
a
public
blockchain.
E
So
things
that
happen
to
a
patent
different
events
of
a
patent
different
ownership
records
we
feel
are
best
exposed
to
the
public
in
a
public
blockchain.
So
what
we
set
out
to
do
with
casper
was
to
try
to
make
the
bridge
between
a
what
potentially
could
be
a
very
private
transaction
and
expose
certain
pieces
of
that
to
the
public
on
the
public
blockchain
using
the
casper
lab
technology.
E
I
would
call
it
a
need
to
know
technology
that
would
allow
companies
to
say
look,
this
transaction
happened
and
if
I
need
to
tell
you
more
about
it,
I
can
give
you
the
key
to
actually
see
that
information
in
a
private
chain,
but
I
can
let
the
public
know
that
the
event
happened.
A
A
Yeah
amazing-
and
you
know,
I'm
happy
to
say-
we're
joined
by
seiler
here
who
actually
wrote
that
piece
of
code
that
enables
you
know
we're
looking
at
the
architecture
here
so
seiler.
Can
I
invite
you
to
say
a
few
words
about
what
we
built
for
for
ipv
and
what's
really
cool
about
that
technology?.
A
F
Hello
yeah,
sorry
so.
F
F
Okay,
so
hi
everyone,
it's
my
first
time
having
a
panelist
sit
in
the
community
talks,
but
I've
been
around
casper
labs
for
almost
a
year
now,
and
I'm
happy
to
be
here,
I'm
by
occupation,
a
cryptographer,
so
my
main
area
is
advanced,
mathematics
and
quantum
stuff
and
ai
mathematics,
but
mostly
cryptography
and
I'm
working
closely
with
danielle
on
a
vehicle
basis
on
our
solutions
and
I've
learned
a
lot
on
patent
word
through
him.
F
A
So
we
did
some
interesting
work
or
you
did
some
interesting
work
styler
for
ipv
around
privacy
right
now.
Transaction
privacy
is
a
big
hot
topic.
I
know
you're
really
personally.
This
is
something
that's
important
to
you.
Can
you
talk
a
little
bit
about
you
know
what
the
detailed
solution
is
just
dive
a
little
bit
into
the
technology
and
then
I'll
turn
it
over
to
ashok
and
dan
to
talk
about
the
actual
solution
for
chain
of
custody
for
patents.
F
Well,
yeah,
there
are
some,
I
wouldn't
say,
industry,
strength
standards,
because
even
blockchain
is
not
the
thing.
That's
this
trend
standard
now,
but
there
are
lots
of
discussion,
especially
at
ethereum
foundation
like
on-chain
privacy,
for
business
applications
and,
of
course,
when,
when
I
made
the
designs,
I
tried
to
follow
most
of
them
like
only
opinion,
caches
and
encryption
and
key
handling,
but
yeah.
We
had
some
interesting
novel
thoughts
here,
like
labeling,
with
hash
based
accumulators,
which
is
which
also
is
present
in
academic
literature.
F
But
this
is
the
first
case
when
the
when
the
business
use
case
also
allows
it.
So
it's
very
very
uncommon
when
I
have-
or
someone
has
a
good
cryptographic
idea
and
the
the
business
use
case
is
tailored
enough,
so
that
it
allows
the
implementation
to
it's
and
it's
not
like
okay,
but
how
about
we
do
two
steps
back
and
do
later
your
novel
solutions.
So
I
like
that
we
are
open-minded
here
for
for
for
an
actual
privacy
solution
and
not
just
for
the
marketing
tool
of
privacy.
F
So
we
can
say
that
we
make
private
transactions
so
so
yeah
we
are
utilizing
a
theory,
hash
based
accumulators
to
label
and
categorize
subsets
of
patent
licensing.
So
it's
it's.
It
works
like
a
bloom
filter,
but
it
doesn't
have
false
positive.
It's
like
a
truly
secure
way
of
making
and
labeling
subsets
of,
for
example,
a
sub
license
source
of
patents
so
which
company
license
this
patent.
It's
a
label,
but
you
shouldn't
leak,
other
participants
from
the
solutions
and
you
have
to
do
it
a
private
and
a
verifiable
way.
F
So
this
is
the
first
use
case.
I
I
see
that
will
be
used
actually
on
chain
for
hash,
based
accumulator
research.
E
So
let
me
set
the
let
me
set
the
the
use
case
up
for
those
that
are
familiar
with
patents
and
that's
what
we
did
was
we
enabled
companies
to
actually
create
a
license
on
the
blockchain
that
was
private
in
who
the
license
was
to
but
be
able
to
publish
the
existence
of
that
license
onto
the
public
chain,
and
then
the
owner
of
the
patent
could
then
potentially
give
access
to
see
who
that
license
was
to
interested
business
parties.
If
they
were
going
to,
you
know,
perhaps
sell
the
patent
or
things
like
that.
C
Yes,
I
think
there
were
two
two
key
challenges
in
this
solution,
one
as
as
dan
described,
is
to
have
data
on
a
public
blockchain
that
could
still
be
not
public
unless
you
have
certain
key
and
some
part
of
the
data
is
available
to
public,
so
that
that
that
was
one
challenge
and
the
second
was
hyper.
C
Ipv
uses
hyperledger
as
as
their
core
technology
behind
their
solution
existing
solution,
and
we
had
to
make
sure
that
when
we
are
working
and
hyperledger
is
a
permissioned
network,
and
we
when
we
integrate
that
with
casper,
we
wanted
to
make
sure
that
that
integration
is
successful
and
it
works
well.
I
think,
though,
that
those
two
were
key
challenges
that
we
had
to
overcome
to
get
the
solution
right.
A
I'd
like
to
hear
from
dan,
you
know
what
prompted
them
to
move
beyond
hyperledger
into.
You
know
what
were
some
of
the
key
value
propositions
that
were
important
to
you
around,
using
a
real,
quite
quite
a
real
blockchain
or,
more
importantly,
a
public
blockchain.
E
Yeah,
so
we
always
believe
that
ipv
that
there's
certain
pieces
of
information
about
a
patent
that
need
to
be,
you
know
on
a
public
chain
that
needs
to
be
discoverable
by
the
public
and
for
the
sort
of
the
good
of
the
marketplace.
E
There's
there's
again,
it's
not
a
very
organized
marketplace
for
ip
there's,
a
lot
of
different
hurdles
that
you
have
to
go
through
to
find
any
information
about
patents,
and
we
always
believed
that
there
was
a
certain
set
of
basic
information
about
the
patent
that
should
be
public,
that
that
the
public
should
be
able
to
know-
or
at
least
businesses,
in
order
to
be
able
to
transact
that
and
so
having
the
ability
to
actually
conduct
business
in
a
private
manner,
which
is
also
very
important
to
companies,
but
also
be
able
to
publish
particular
information
about
that
asset
on
a
public
chain.
E
So
it's
known
who
the
owner
is
it's
known
when
the
you
know
the
asset
was
published,
it's
known.
If
there
was
other
issuance
events
that
happened
post
post
grant.
All
those
pieces
of
information
are
important
for
the
marketplace
to
work
and
without
having
that
transparency
in
the
marketplace.
It's
harder
to
conduct
business
on
that.
E
So
that's
why
we
decided
when
we
went
with
with
casper,
to
actually
deliver
this,
that
that
would
be
a
good
thing
for
the
marketplace
to
actually
give
that
transparency
for
those
particular
assets
and,
in
addition
to
some
of
the
other
features
that
that
casper
gave
us
around
account
management
things
like
that.
I
mean
I
think
those
are
important
to
us
as
we
go
forward
with
the
solution.
A
Terrific
thank
you
so
much
for
joining
us
today
and
providing
an
overview
of
the
solution.
We're
really
excited.
You
know
about
the
progress
that
we've
made
so
far
and
thank
you.
Everyone
for
for
joining
today.
C
Before
we
close
me
that
maybe
I
could
just
a
little
bit
talk
about
phase
two,
because
I'm
really
really
excited
about
phase
two
of
the
project.
You've
already
done
kind
of
concept
of
phase
one.
It's
it's
a
working
solution,
it's
already
out
there
phase
two
is
really
exciting,
because
here
here
we
are
really
trying
to
get
the
whole
ecosystem
of
patent
patents
on
chain.
C
So
there's
a
global
patent
registry,
which
has
which
hopes
to
have
like
all
patents
out
there
on
on
the
registry,
and
that
is
going
to
be
supported
on
casper
chain.
It's
going
to
have
a
consortium
of
patent
owners,
national
patent
offices.
C
I
think
ipv
is
working
very
closely
with
the
singapore
office
and
verifiers
like
ipv,
and
this
is
really
really
going
to
be
a
big
big
change
in
the
way
the
current
data
ecosystem
works
and
we're
really
happy
that
you
know
casper
is
going
to
be
the
catalyst
in
in
in
kind
of
making.
This
change.
A
Yeah,
absolutely
I'm
glad
you
brought
that
up.
You
know.
We've
always
believed
that
the
blockchain
provides
a
really
critical
trust
layer
for
business
right,
and
this
is
an
absolutely
perfect
use
case.
We
are
also
very
supportive
of
this
middleware
going
to
market
model
right,
and
this
again
is
a
perfect
use
case.
A
That
proves
that
that
hypothesis,
out
that
you
know
the
patent
office
doesn't
want
to
be
bothered
with
blockchain,
but
they
do
have
relationships
with
ipv
and
ipv
can
be
the
enabler
right
that
helps
them
bridge
that
technology
gap
to
to
leverage
the
benefit
of
blockchain
technology,
but
that
they
would
work
with
a
trusted
provider,
and
so
this
is
how
we
really,
I
really
see
you
know,
blockchain
being
adopted
in
the
long
run
by
businesses
and
enterprise
and
by
the
public
at
large
super
exciting.
A
Thank
you
so
much
for
joining
today,
I'm
going
to
switch
gears
here
a
little
bit
and
start
talking
about
our
current
status.
If
that's
okay
with
everybody,
so
let
me
just
switch
my
share
out
all
right.
A
A
Okay,
the
team
has
started
their
fourth
weekly
spread
of
the
21.02
release,
sprint
10.4.
We
will
be
cutting
packages
at
the
end
of
this
release
and
the
idea
is
that
it's
going
to
be
our
real
first
production.
It
says
second
here
but
opiod.
It's
really
our
first
production,
because
we
didn't
really
cut
a
release
in
january.
A
This
is
going
to
be
our
first
production
release
candidate
for
the
casper
blockchain
and
we're
going
to
be
bringing
in
protocol
upgrades,
as
well
as
several
hardening
improvements
that
are
critical
for
stability
and
performance
of
the
chain,
and
the
last
tag
we
had
is
v0.6.3.
We
are
now
internally
working
with
tag.
0.7.3
we've
been
iterating
rapidly
and
working
with
a
small
set
of
validators
to
get
more
hardening
in
place,
we're
going
to
resume
the
test
net.
A
On
february
8th
and
during
the
past
two
weeks,
we've
really
been
heads
down
on
testing
and
hardening
the
networking
layer.
We've
also
been
working
on
implementing
validator
ejection
for
liveness
faults.
As
well
as
the
upgrade
launcher,
the
upgrade
launcher
is
a
new
component
that
will
in
essence,
run
the
node
software
for
validators.
So
you,
when
you
get
a
new
package,
the
launcher
will
be
the
piece
that
will
basically
switch
the
version
of
casper
node
at
a
specific
upgrade
point,
it's
a
very
interesting
way
in
which
we'll
be
upgrading
the
protocol.
A
Basically,
the
network
will
kind
of
take
a
pause
and
then
resume
at
the
new
block
height
with
the
new
version
very
similar
to
what
you
see
in
in
traditional
proof
of
work
chains.
But
what
happens
is
while
the
upgrade
could
be
installed
on
the
system?
At
you
know,
in
the
past
the
system,
the
launcher
itself
determines
when
the
block
height
is
reached
and
then
switches
out
the
binary,
that's
running
in
consensus
and
running
this
node
software.
A
So
we
have
the
you
know
the
first
alpha
version
of
that
in
test
already
and
we'll
be
spending
about
the
next
week
or
so
really
testing
and
hardening
that
as
well
as
packaging.
It
up
big
changes
that
we're
making
we're
implementing
the
rules
for
the
vfta
holders
for
the
founding
validators
and
the
founding
stakers
of
the
network.
A
So
there
are
specific
regulatory
guidelines
that
we
need
to
follow
and
we'll
be
implementing
those
within
the
what
we
call
in
the
auction
contract
we're
actually
looking
for
names,
new
names
for
the
auction
contract,
because
it's
not
really
an
auction
or
validator
slots,
but
rather
a
mechanism
by
which
validator
slots
are
rotated
in
and
out
of
proof
of
stake.
A
So
if
you
have
some
ideas,
feel
free
to
hit
me
on
discord
or
telegram
and
share
that
with
me.
We've
also
we're
finishing
up
the
lib
p2p
swap
out
of
the
networking
layer
and
we've
also
implemented
deploy
rate
limiting
in
the
rpc
server.
So
it's
not
possible
to
dos
out
a
validator
node
with
invalid
or
even
valid
deploy,
so
the
node
will
start
throttling,
so
the
system
stays
stable.
A
We've
also
got
when
we
say
prototype
prototype
joiner.
This
is
a
new,
fast
synchronization
mechanism,
so
we're
providing
shortly
after
launch
a
fast
sync.
So
you
don't
have
to
necessarily
start
from
genesis
in
order
to
synchronize
with
the
network,
so
you'll
be
able
to
basically
ask
a
node
for
its
global
state
or
set
of
nodes
from
its
global
state
and
receive
a
download
from
those
nodes
of
their
global
state.
A
So
you
don't
have
to
replay
the
entire
blockchain
from
genesis,
and
this
will
enable
us
to
prune
away
global
state
for
those
of
you
that
have
run
a
node.
You
might
have
noticed
that
the
the
global
state
grows
very
quickly
and
that's
because
the
global
state
tri
does
a
deep
copy
for
each
transaction.
A
So
old
state
really
isn't
beneficial
because
we
do
have
an
event
stream
and
that
event
stream
provides
all
the
blockchain
events
from
genesis
and
it's
a
very
light
weight,
light
footprint
mechanism
to
access
all
the
state
transition
or
all
the
events
that
happened
on
the
chain.
But
the
global
state
needs
to
be
needs
to
not
grow
exponentially,
so
we
will
be
providing
state
pruning
very
shortly
after
mainnet
launch,
so
it's
sustainable
to
run
a
node
and
that's
what
this
prototype
joiner
is
part
of
the
fast
synchronization
and
then.
A
Oh
yeah,
the
screen
I'm
showing
I've
got
two
screens
going
here.
There
we
go
we're
also
participating
in
east
denver.
That
starts
on
friday.
We've
got
three
bounties
that
we'll
be
putting
out
there
and
it's
pretty
nice.
I
think
it's
ten
thousand
or
fifteen
thousand
dollars
in
total,
so
go
check
it
out.
One
of
the
one
of
the
bounties
or
challenges
is
to
build
social
key
recovery
using
the
casper
technology
and
the
as
dan
indicated.
A
We
have
a
very
nice
account
structure
that
enables
for
key
recovery
and
multiple
key
types.
So
if
you're
interested
and
you're
you
like
rust
or
you're,
pretty
familiar
with
rust,
we
do
have
a
nice
dsl
to
get.
You
started
check
that
out
at
east
denver.
We
also
have
a
new
tutorial
for
upgradeable
contracts,
and
julia
is
working
on
a
wonderful
tutorial
for
multi-signature
and
key
management.
So
I
got
a
preview
of
that.
It's
very
nice
and
very
complete
and
we'll
be
releasing
those
very
soon.
A
We
have
economics.
We've
got
a
blog
post,
that'll
be
dropping
this
week
that
talks
about
the
gas
model
and
payment
model
and
our
thinking
around
those
economics.
So,
look
for
that
blog
post
dropping
this
week
and
yeah
on
the
investing
schedule.
Well,
we
don't
want
to
call
it
vesting,
but
it's
a
token
unlocked
schedule.
We
should
update
that
wording
for
vfta
holders
and
we're
also
going
to
be
re-staking
doing
automatic
re-staking
of
rewards.
So
the
way
the
workflow
will
work
is
your.
A
Your
rewards
will
go
directly
back
into
your
bid
purse
and
be
automatically
restaked,
and
if
you
wish
to
withdraw
those
tokens,
then
you
can
just
unbond
the
tokens
and
withdraw
them
from
the
auction
contract,
and
then
we
also
have
to
implement
the
second
half
of
eviction
of
non-participating
validators.
So
one
of
the
reasons
our
delta
test
net,
I
think,
delta
eight
crashed
was
because
we
had
a
lot
of
validators
that
bonded
in
and
we
had
an
unfortunate
bug
in
the
joiner
with
the
new
lib
p2p
network,
and
what
that
means.
A
It
meant
is
that
folks
that
had
bonded
had
an
expectation
that
they
would
have
been
able
to
synchronize
fairly
quickly,
but
we
had
a
pretty
bad
regression
there
and
so,
as
a
result,
the
network
crashed
because
we
didn't
have
enough
stake.
You
know
in
the
90
minutes
that
the
people
had
expected
they'll
be
able
to
join.
There
wasn't
enough
stake
that
was
live,
and
so
what
we
need
to
do
in
order
for
the
network
to
heal
is
if
a
validator
doesn't
participate.
They
will
be
evicted.
A
Of
course,
if
you
have
a
very
small
network
and
two-thirds
of
your
state
goes
offline,
you'll
need
those
validators
to
rejoin
in
order
to
resume
consensus.
That
is
still
a
known
issue.
But,
theoretically,
if
you
have
more,
you
know
you
have
a
good
distribution
of
stake.
You
know
a
validator
that
isn't
participating
in
a
single
era
will
be
evicted
two
eras
in
the
future.
This
is
basically
a
pretty
respectable
way
for
us
to
handle
this
problem.
Given
the
fact
that
we'll
have
a
larger
validator
set
at
launch.
A
So
I'm
going
to
turn
it
over
to
questions
now
see
if
there's
any
questions
in
the
chat
here,
we've
got
a
couple
of
questions
here.
Oh
mark
marco
has
an
idea,
adjudication
contract
or
validator
arbitrator.
I
like
this
and
do
we
do
fractional
unbonding?
Yes,
we
absolutely
do
so.
You
basically
do
a
withdrawal
bid
is
the
call
that
you
make
and
withdraw
bid.
You
specify
the
amount
you
wish
to
withdraw
right.
So
it's
not
that
you
have
to
withdraw.
You
know
the
full
bid.
A
You
can
absolutely
determine
the
amount
you
with
which
to
take
off
the
table,
and
that
goes
the
same
for
staking.
E
You're,
eventually
going
to
see
that
I
mean
we
there's
a
number
of
sort
of
tokenization
opportunities
with
ip,
not
only
around
ownership,
but
in
different
licensing
opportunities
and
collateral
and
financing
and
there's
a
number
of
opportunities
for
tokenization
that
we're
going
to
look
for
through
different
exchanges.
A
Wolf
has
a
question:
what
is
the
status
of
a
system
for
casper
improvement
proposals?
So
presently
we
have
a
pretty
naive
mechanism
of
casper
improvement
proposals,
it's
in
github
under
ceps,
so
you
can
go
to
casper
labs
and
file,
an
improvement
proposal
and
it
will
be
reviewed
and
we've
had
improvement.
Proposals
come
in
from
the
community
that
have
been
implemented.
So
if
you
have
a
recommendation
for
an
improvement,
please
do
go
ahead
and
file
that
at
github
and
the
improvement
enhancement
request
will
absolutely
be
considered.
A
We
fully
expect
that
you
know
the
development
team
is
getting
ready
for
our
mainnet
launch
and
as
part
of
that
mainnet
launch,
we
will
be
switching
up
our
release
processes
right,
so
we
will
be
announcing
a
future
release,
at
least
four
to
six
weeks
prior
to
that,
we'll
be
putting
it
up
as
a
series
of
ceps
opened
for
github
comments
and
so
we'll
need
to.
We
understand
that
we
will
need
to
get
and
garner
community
approval
and
support
for
a
given,
update
or
upgrade
well
in
advance
of
that
upgrade
taking
place.