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From YouTube: Bloomington HRC: Trends in Bloomington's Demographics - Tom Gillaspy, MN State Demographer
Description
Tom Gillaspy has been the MN State Demographer since 1979. The MN State Demographc Center Analyzes and distributes data from state, US Census Bureau and other sources. Learn about the current data on diversity, housing and labor.
A
Good
afternoon
everybody
I'm
Barry
rice,
I'm,
part
of
the
glutton
Human
Rights
Commission,
it's
great
to
see
so
many
people
here
from
staff,
commissioners
and
council
members
to
your
time.
Gillaspie
speak
time
glass.
We
spoke
to
the
Human
Rights
Commission
a
few
months
ago
and
what
he
said
was
so
timely
and
so
critical
to
the
work
that
we
do
and
so
very
well
presented
that
we
thought
he
has
to
be
heard
by
a
wider
audience.
So
here
he
is
today.
Tom
glass
be
served
as
the
Minnesota
state
demographer.
A
Since
1979
the
demographer
is
with
the
minnesota
department
of
administration.
Before
moving
to
Minnesota,
he
held
a
position
of
demographer
at
the
Andrus
Jerr
gerontology
Center
at
the
University
of
Southern
California.
He
received
his
PhD
in
economics
from
Pennsylvania
State
University
specializing
in
economic
demography,
and
he
also
holds
a
master's
degree
in
agricultural
economics.
So
good.
B
Afternoon,
everybody,
this
is
really
a
great
turnout.
Thank
you
very
much
for
a
poor,
little
demographer
for
somebody.
I
know
some
of
you
have
seen
demographers
before,
but
for
their
those
of
you
have
never
seen
one
in
the
wild
just
a
brief
definition.
It
said
that
we're
a
lot
like
accountants,
only
not
quite
as
exciting.
B
Maybe
some
of
these
will
make
a
little
bit
more
sense
when
when
we
are
through
because
there
are
really
large
scale,
things
that
are
that
are
happening.
There
are
some
trends
that
have
been
going
on
for
a
long
time
and
and
we've
grown
accustomed
to
them
and
and
we
know
to
expect
them,
and
then
there
are
other
things
that
are
happening
right
now,
that
have
literally
never
happened
in
the
history
of
human
societies
in
the
history
of
human
civilization.
B
So
there
are
unique
things
and
in
many
ways
this
decade
will
be
a
unique
decade
in
the
future
history
of
Bloomington,
of
Minnesota,
of
the
United
States
of
the
world,
and
so
we
are
undergoing
some
of
these
tremendous
large-scale
changes
and
in
many
ways
they
are
all
related.
There
are
strong
relations
that
I
want
to
try
and
hopefully
try
to
build
some
of
those
some
of
those
relationships.
First
I
just
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
growth
in
Minnesota
and
and
also
in
Bloomington,
and
how
Minnesota
and
Bloomington
are
changing.
B
First
is
that
Minnesota
is
a
growing
place.
I
know
some
people
are
shocked
to
hear
that
Minnesota
is
actually
growing,
Minnesota
added
about
380,000
people
last
decade.
That's
about
a
seven
point:
eight
percent
growth
rate
over
the
decade.
That's
a
bit
slower
than
the
nation.
The
nation
was
slightly
under
10%.
For
for
the
decade
we
actually
during
the
90s
grew
faster
than
the
nation,
but
this
past
decade
we
grew
a
little
bit
more
slowly.
B
But
of
course
we
added
a
lot
more
people
and
because
Minnesota
as
well
is
a
much
bigger
is
a
much
bigger
state.
The
other
thing
I
want
to
point
out.
You
know
other
than
the
fact
that
most
of
the
growth
in
the
United
States
continues
to
be
in
the
southwest.
Everybody
knows
that
you
know
it's
not
a
big
surprise,
but
the
other
thing
it's
important
to
understand
is
is
that
is
that
Minnesota
and
the
United
States
are
changing.
We
are
changing
racially
and
ethnically
culturally
and
across
almost
every
dimension
of
diversity.
B
The
federal
government
defines
each
decade
what
we
mean
by
race
and
ethnicity,
race
and
ethnicity.
Basically,
ethnicity
means
are
you
Hispanic
or
not
race
and
ethnicity.
In
the
United,
States
is
not
a
biological
concept,
it
is
not
a
genetic
concept,
it
is
not
a
cultural
concept,
it
is
a
political
legal
concept,
purely
no
others.
No
other
country
of
the
world
shares
the
definition
that
the
United
States,
and
not
only
do
we
have
a
different
definition
of
what
we
are
talking
about,
but
it
changes
over
time.
B
Almost
every
decade
has
seen
a
change
in
the
concept
of
what
we
mean
by
race
and
ethnicity.
This
is
not
a
fixed
concept
and,
and
the
people
who'd
make
this
decision
in
their
infinite
wisdom
is
the
President's
Office
of
Management
budget,
as
they
have
done
so
for
several
decades
they
sit
down
and
figure.
B
B
You
know
that
the
world
is
far
far
more
complex
than
we
had
ever
than
we
had
ever
imagined
that
all
aside,
that
narrow
concept
of
race
and
ethnicity
is
defined
by
the
federal
government
that
changes
over
time,
using
that
that
concept
most
of
the
population,
growth
in
Minnesota,
about
two-thirds
and
most
of
the
population
in
the
United
States
about
two-thirds
was
of
people
of
minority
race
or
ethnicity.
Basically,
that's
a
short
way
of
saying
anybody
who
is
not
white,
not
Hispanic,
and
so
most
of
our
population
growth
continues
to
be
in
populations
of
color.
B
Minnesota
is,
as
it
turns
out,
is
one
of
the
least
diverse
states.
In
terms
of
this
narrow
definition
of
race
and
ethnicity,
one
of
the
least
diverse
states
in
the
country,
our
most
diverse
Oni
is
Ramsey
County,
where
Saint
Paul
lives
and
Ramsey
County
is
less
diverse
than
the
national
average.
We
aren't
a
very
diverse
state.
We
are
a
non
diverse
state
in
the
least
diverse
corner
of
the
United
States.
We
are
a
bit
more
diverse
than
North
Dakota
and
Iowa
about
the
same
as
Wisconsin
and
South
Dakota
yeah.
B
B
Interestingly
enough,
even
though
Minnesota
grew
more
slowly
than
the
nation
overall,
almost
all
of
our
racial
and
ethnic
subgroups,
except
for
American
Indian,
grew
more
rapidly
than
the
national
average,
and
that
includes
the
white.
Non-Hispanic
population
grew
more
rapidly
than
the
United
States,
and
the
reason
why
we
could
have
each
one
of
our
subgroups
grow
more
rapidly
than
the
nation,
but
still
grow
slower
as
an
overall
population
is
that
we
are
less
diverse,
so
Minnesota
continues
to
exhibit
fairly
strong
growth
growth
factors.
B
We
saw
a
particularly
strong
growth
in
the
Hispanic
or
Latino
population
and
and
in
the
black
or
african-american
population.
The
Asian
population
saw
strong
growth
and
that
multiple
race
group
experienced
very
strong
growth
in
both
Minnesota
and
the
nation,
but
stronger
growth
in
Minnesota
and
now
I
can't
compare
with
what
happened
in
the
80s
or
the
90s
with
that
population,
because
that
population
didn't
exist
because
it
wasn't
part
of
the
federal
government's
definition
of
race
and
ethnicity.
B
So
some
things
we
can't
track
back
in
time
because
that's
not
the
way
we
collected
the
data
and
and
so,
but
we
are
continuing
to
change
and
the
way
we
define
things
continues
to
change.
Looking
a
little
bit
at
Bloomington's
history
going
back
in
history,
oh
gee,
that's
a
sort
of
a
light-colored
line.
B
My
apologies,
bloomington
'ok
was
was
a
fairly
small,
very
slow-growing
place
up
until
about
1950,
and
then
after
world
war
ii
began
to
experience
very
strong
population
growth
and
for
two
decades
just
mushroomed,
going
from
going
from
about
10,000
people
to
80,000
people
as
an
Eightfold
increase
in
two
decades.
That's
a
lot
of
growth.
That
is
a
lot
of
growth,
fantastic
growth
and
then
Bloomington
leveled
off
in
population
and
has
remained
at
a
fairly
level
sense.
B
B
So
what
we're
going
to
do
is
we're
going
to
go
out
and
buy
houses
that
are
further
out
bigger
houses
on
bigger
Lots
and
have
lots
of
kids
lots
of
babies
and
they
did
they
did,
and
so
we
began
to
see
this
outward
movement
of
people
from
the
core
cities
all
over
the
country
and
we
began
to
see
population
decline
in
the
core
cities.
Even
those
cities
that
you
think
have
really
grown
a
lot
like
Euston
Texas.
Actually,
the
core
city
declined
in
population
Minneapolis.
Right
now
is
that
about
it's
19
20
population,
st.
B
Paul's,
at
about
its
1945
population,
and
what
happened
was
people
left,
Minneapolis
and
st.
Paul
for
those
way
way
out
distant
suburbs
like
Richfield,
Robbinsdale,
Golden,
Valley,
Bloomington,
okay,
way
way
way
out
there,
and
then
they
filled
up
and
the
people
that
they
filled
up
with
we're
buying
homes
that
were
about
the
same
price
and
same
general
price
range.
They
were
about
the
same
size.
The
families
that
moved
in
there
had
they
were
about
the
same
age
had
about
the
same
number
of
kids
about
the
same
kind
of
end
yeah.
B
It
was
a
fairly
homogeneous
population
and
he
all
moved
in
at
once,
and
so
there
was
this
tremendous
explosion
of
growth
and
all
the
roads
were
brand
new
and
and
all
the
sewer
lines
were
brand
new
and
and
the
schools
were.
You
know
the
schools
really
weren't
connected
to
the
city,
so
the
schools
were
immediately
overwhelmed.
I
had
all
these
kids
starting
kindergarten
in
first
grade
and
the
schools
didn't
know
what
to
do
so,
almost
immediately
in
the
50s
we
started
bill
bill.
B
B
Well,
they
moved
on
to
high
school,
and
so
we
build
will
be
old,
high
schools
and
by
the
time
we
get
them
all
built,
the
kids
had
moved
on
to
their
own
career
or
the
college
or
their
own
life,
or
something
like
that
and
those
initial
suburban
areas
that
had
grown
so
rapidly
and
then
capped
off.
Many
of
them
began
to
experience
some
decline.
B
Rising
cost
for
running
government
had
been
real
cheap
up
to
that
point
and
it
began
to
rise
and
the
people
that
had
been
moving
young
people
instead
of
moving
into
places
like
Bloomington
and
in
Richfield
Robbinsdale,
and
places
like
that.
Instead
of
moving
back
into
these
places,
young
people
came
along
and
started
moving
further
and
further
and
further
out-
and
we
saw
this
this
outward
expansion
of
metropolitan
areas.
B
Many
people
refer
to
that
as
urban
sprawl
and
and
there
was
a
sprawling
effect
in
metropolitan
areas,
got
bigger
and
bigger
and
bigger,
and
because
the
this
new
wave
of
suburbs
was
being
built
and
that's
the
Eden
Prairie
and
Eagan-
and
you
know
Shakopee,
and
you
know
you
going
out
further
and
further
out
and
it's
the
same
story.
The
people
that
move
they're
all
about
the
same
age
have
about
the
same
number
of
kids
about
the
same
income,
buying
similar
kinds
of
houses,
the
kids
all
start
school.
B
At
the
same
time,
you
got
to
build
new
schools,
there
are
older
schools
and
some
of
the
interior
places
that
have
excess
capacity.
But
now
we've
got
to
build
new
schools
because
that's
where
people
are
and
they
can
claim
that
the
new
places
can
claim
that
you
know
we
can
operate
government
much
more
efficiently
and
much
cheaper
than
you
can
in
the
older
suburbs
in
central
cities.
B
Well
for
right
now
they
can
because
their
roads
and
everything
we're
built
by
somebody
else
and
wait
till
they
have
to
start
getting
repaired
and
and
that's
when
the
price
of
government
begins
to
begins
to
equalize
Bloomington
has
on
through
this
this
lifecycle
process,
although
some
of
that
decline
has
been
abated
by
the
nature
of
by
the
nature
of
the
city
itself
and
by
the
fact
that
there's
been
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
multifamily
housing.
However,
there
have
been
large-scale
changes.
B
We
continue
to
see
growth
in
particularly
an
older
population
in
Bloomington
and
Bloomington
is
getting
older
and
older
and
older
with
fewer
children,
but
notice
that
forty,
some
of
that
30-something
40-something
young
people,
kind
of
crowd,
part
of
that
is
an
outflow
of
people
that
age
they're
moving
outward
to
the
next
tier
of
suburbs.
But
part
of
that
is
also
that
that
is
a
very
small
generation.
B
That's
that
Generation
X,
which
is
which
is
a
very
small
generation
and
Bloomington,
begins
to
see
over
the
last
decade
an
increasing
diversity
in
its
population,
particularly
with
growth
in
the
Hispanic
or
Latino,
under
black
or
african-american
population,
in
some
declines.
In
the
majority
in
the
majority
white
population.
B
There
are
enormous
differences
in
age
among
the
groups
and
among
these
racial
and
ethnic
subgroups,
and
those
differences
will
become
more
obvious.
The
majority
white
population
has
a
median
age
of
about
51,
which
is
really
pretty
old.
It's
a
very
old,
very
old
crowd.
I
won't
point
anybody
out
here
in
this
room,
but
you
know:
okay,
I,
you
know,
show
a
hand,
everybody
or
no
I
know.
No.
B
We
won't
do
that,
but
notice
how
the
two
or
more
racism
a
median
age
of
11
well,
because
too
many
in
many
cases
those
are
children,
but
the
black
or
african-american
population.
The
median
age
of
22
in
the
Hispanic
or
Latino
population
growing
very
rapidly,
a
meeting,
an
age
of
about
23,
very
young,
very
young
populations
and
in
general,
that
is
generally
true.
B
Minority
populations
tend
to
be
much
much
much
younger
particular
in
Minnesota.
Then
then,
the
majority
white
population,
and
that
there
are
reasons
for
that
and
migration
and
immigration
is
one
of
the
main
reasons
and
here's
the
reason
why
there
is
an
age,
selectivity,
old
people,
don't
move
I
know
you
think
a
lot
of
old
people
moved
to
Arizona
and
the
Florida
when
they
returned.
No,
actually,
that
number
is
vanishingly
small
vanishingly
small.
B
What
is
price,
and
so
we
also
see
a
migration
of
children
of
school
age,
and
so
migration
from
other
parts
of
the
country
is
enough
is
a
factor
but
also
immigration
from
other
parts
of
the
world
and
in
Minnesota.
We
we've
seen
some
interesting
trends
here
that
that
I
thought
I'd
point
out
nationally
Asian
and
in
lat,
Asia
and
Latin
America
are
the
primary
sources
of
immigration
to
the
nation.
B
B
If
you
look
at
this
on
a
national
basis,
the
largest
single
national
source
in
Mexico
in
in
Minnesota,
is
just
like
the
nation
is
from
Mexico.
It's
not
surprised
because
well,
there
are
a
neighbor,
you
know
Mexico
borders
borders,
the
United,
States
Minnesota
also
gets
folks
from
Canada
to
we.
You
can
see
that's
about.
Four
percent
of
our
immigrants
come
from
come
from
Canada.
We
are
certainly
receiving
people
from
countries
such
as
Somalia,
but
Somalia
is
not
most
of
the
African
immigration.
B
B
You
know
all
over,
you
know
and
and
still
receiving
people
from
Europe
right
now,
the
largest
one
of
the
largest
most
rapidly
growing
populations
in
Minnesota
is
people
from
India
and
we're
seeing
very
strong
growth
in
and
in
the
population
from
India,
and
these
are
trends
that
tend
to
evolve
over
time.
They
relate
primarily
to
two
things:
what's
happening
in
the
rest
of
the
world,
when
there's
really
troubled
spots
and
terrible
things
are
happening.
B
Someplace
in
the
world,
we'll
probably
see
some
folks
from
there
that's
sort
of
the
source
of
the
Liberian
population
and
the
Somali
population,
and
more
recently,
the
Korean
population,
from
from
Burma
Myanmar.
Of
course,
before
those
groups
were
the
Hmong
people
from
Southeast
Asia,
but
we
also
receive
people
for
for
job-related
reasons
and,
and
that
is
the
main
driving
force
behind
the
the
growth
of
the
Indian
population,
the
population
from
Mexico,
Latin,
America
and
and
China
and
other
places
of
of
the
world.
B
You
know,
I
mean
we
got
this
exploding
immigrant
population,
but
please
note
that
the
population
of
foreign-born
people
is
still
substantially
less
than
it
was
in
1900
to
1910
and
in
1900
the
population
of
the
state
was
a
lot
smaller
and
I
know
I've
heard
people
say
things
like
yes,
but
they're
from
different
places.
You
know
it's.
It
was
a
different
situation.
No,
no
read
the
newspapers
from
a
hundred
years
ago.
B
Lord
help
us
the
the
Norwegians
came,
and
you
know
the
sweeps
and
for
a
while
there
it
was
oh
gosh.
The
Germans
were
here
the
worst
of
all
with
the
Irish
okay,
there
were
all
sorts
of
articles
written
about
the
terrible
Irish
I
mean
we
all
know
that
the
Irish
all
share
all
sorts
of
characteristics
right
there,
either
cops
or
drunks
come
on.
You
know,
people
are
people
they're,
just
the
same
people
really
haven't
changed,
their
national
origins
may
be
different,
their
languages
may
be
different.
B
Isn't
that
wonderful,
I
think
it's
wonderful
Minnesota
there
are
people
who
believe
that
and
know
not
just
bully.
They
know.
Minnesota
is
a
land
of
wonderful
and
they
want
to
come
here
and
be
part
of
this.
That's
an
exciting
thing
and
that's
that's
a
lot
of
energy
coming
in
too
into
the
country.
Okay,
that's
are
some
of
the
big
trends
that
are
happening
in
terms
of
in
terms
of
population.
B
That
leads
us
up
to
about
the
year
2008
and
then
in
January
of
2008.
Two
things
happened
in
the
same
month
same
one
January
2008.
One
of
those
is
is
that
the
Great
Recession
began
and
yeah
the
Great
Recession.
That's
the
deepest
and
longest
most
difficult
down
economic
downturn.
We
have
seen
since
the
Great
Depression.
This
is
not
a
small
thing.
This
is
a
really
big
deal,
and
you
know
everybody
knows
the
recession,
doors
right,
okay,
it
actually
ended
in
July
of
2009,
okay,
I
know
you
wait
a
minute.
B
We're
recovering
from
this,
for
a
recession
to
end
for
an
economist
merely
means
that
we
hit
bottom.
It
was
nice
to
know
that
there
was
a
bottom.
There
was
a
period
where
we
weren't
sure
that
there
was
a
bottom
that
was
sort
of
a
scary
time,
but
by
July
of
2009
we
knew
there
was
a
bottom.
We
hit
that
bottom
big
thud,
but
it's
a
really
deep
hole
and
it's
gonna
take
a
long
time
to
dig
our
way
out
of
this.
B
The
consensus
forecast
is,
is,
and
has
been
for
some
time,
is
that
we
will
not
fully
recover
our
end
of
2007
level
of
jobs
nationally
until
until
about
the
end
of
2013
or
2014,
it's
a
very
long
and
difficult,
slow,
laborious
recovery
and,
in
the
short
run,
economic,
huge
economic
events
like
this
affect
some
demographic
trends.
One
of
the
demographic
trends
that
was
a
affected
was
that
people
had
fewer
babies.
B
B
I
know
err,
people
feel
uncomfortable
about
economists,
talking
about
consuming
babies,
but,
okay,
that's
a
really
that's
really
expensive
to
have
a
kid,
and
so
during
recessions,
when
you're,
unsure
about
your
job
and
and
you're
unsure
about
whether
or
not
you'll
be
able
to
keep
your
house
and
things
like
that,
you
put
off
having
a
child
for
for
a
while.
Every
hospital
in
the
state
wants
to
know.
I
know
they've
been
calling
me
when
this
is
going
to
turn
around
okay,
because
okay,
it's
been
going
on
2008
2009,
2010
2011.
B
We
got
four
years
we're
now
into
the
fifth
year
of
this
stuff,
and
the
number
of
babies
is
about
ten
fifteen
percent
lower
each
year
and
so
there's
all
this
excess
capacity
in
the
OB
wards,
and
my
personal
opinion
is-
is
that
this
is
probably
turning
around
right.
Now,
it's
partially
turning
around,
because
people
are
saying
well,
things
seem
to
be
stabilizing
a
little
bit
better.
Minnesota
is
actually
recovering
earlier
than
the
nation.
Our
unemployment
rate
is
substantially
below
the
national
unemployment
rate,
we're
in
the
mid
five
percent
range.
Now
we
are
substantially
substantially
below.
B
We
seem
to
be
recovering
at
a
bit
faster
clip
and
a
bit
earlier
than
the
rest
of
the
nation,
and
so
I
think
Minnesotans
are
about
to
have
more
children,
they're,
probably
in
the
process
of
doing
this
right
now,
but
there's
something
else
that
begins
to
click
in
is
that,
after
waiting
four
years
for
some
people,
the
biological
time
clock
begins
to
go
off.
You
know
the
alarm,
you
hear
it
it.
B
You
can't
shut
it
off;
okay,
it
just
keeps
going
and
going
and
going
and
well
yeah,
okay,
so
that's
going
to
cause
in
the
short
run
rise
in
the
number
of
babies
born.
There
were
other
things
like
one
of
the
things
is
that
people
aren't
moving
as
much
anymore,
and
so
people
aren't
moving
out
to
those
subvert
the
ex
urban
communities
that
urban
sprawl
has
stopped.
B
There
were
all
sorts
of
commissions
of
oh.
What
are
we
going
to
do
about
urban
sprawl?
You
know
we
need
to
have
policies
about
what
to
do
about
urban
sprawl.
We
need
to
do
something
about
urban
sprawl.
For
thirty
years,
we've
been
having
commissions
on
urban
sprawl
with
absolutely
no
impact.
All
it
takes
is
one
little
old
recession
and
huge
amounts
of
foreclosures
and
an
entirely
collapsed
housing
market
and
near
collapse.
Banking
system
and
things
like
that
and
people's
lives
ruined.
That's
merely
what
it
takes
to
to
affect
this.
B
It
was
a
huge
impact,
but
people
simply
aren't
moving
right
now
and
so
people
aren't
moving
out
of
Bloomington,
aren't
moving
out
of
Minneapolis
and
st.
Paul
for
those
outer
ring
suburbs,
and
so
that's
favoring.
A
little
bit
more
growth
in
in
the
interior
areas
and
in
Bloomington
is
one
of
those
areas.
I
think
will
be
benefited
by
that
growth.
Okay,
those
are
some
of
the
short-run
impacts
of
the
Great
Recession
that
began
in
January
of
2008.
There
was
something
else
that
began
in
January
of
2008,
and
this
is
you
know,
recessions,
come
recessions.
B
Go
you
get
over
eventually
we'll
forget
about
this
one
there's
only
a
few
Oh,
as
probably
in
this
room
that
grew
up
in
depression,
households
I
mean
I,
grew
up
in
a
family
where
we
talked
about
the
depression
almost
every
day,
I
mean
it
was
really
depressing
to
talk
about
the
depression
every
day.
Okay-
and
so
you
know,
my
wife
would
testify.
I
don't
like
to
spend
money
at
all
on
recirc,
abstention,
I'm,
cheap,
okay,
but
it's
that
depression
mentality.
I
grew
up
with
this
recessions
going
to
affect
people
for
their
and
tide.
B
B
That's
not
gonna,
go
away
anytime.
Soon,
that's
going
to
affect
people's
behavior
in
ways
that
we
can't
fully
predict
right.
Now
it's
going
to
affect
people's
behavior
for
the
rest
of
our
lives,
so
it
was
a
big
event.
It
was
a
big
deal,
but
this
other
thing
that
I'm
gonna
talk
about
is
much
bigger
and
it's
not
a
short-run
thing.
B
Now
we
have,
let
me
ask
a
question:
perhaps
you
can
help
me
with
an
answer.
When
did
we
know
that
the
people
born
in
1946
would
turn
62
in
2008?
Okay,
you
get
the
idea,
did
we
do
anything
to
prepare
for
that
day
and
I?
Think
a
lot
of
folks
would
say,
maybe
not
so
much
okay,
we've
know
this
is
not
a
surprise.
It
should
not
have
been
a
surprise.
It
appears
to
have
been
a
surprise.
There
were
people
who
were
literally
surprised
by
this
whoa.
B
B
We
have
entered
what
demographers
and
economists
have
been
referring
to
for
at
least
the
last
four
or
five
decades
as
the
future
age
of
entitlements.
We've
entered
this
period
of
our
national
history.
Minnesota
is
not
exceptional.
In
this.
We
are
exceptional
in
almost
every
other
way.
We
are
better
educated.
We
are
harder
working,
we're
more
likely
to
have
a
job,
we're
more
likely
to
work
full
time.
B
We're
higher
income,
higher
wage,
lower
poverty
longer
lived,
healthier
and
better
looking
than
the
average
American,
but
in
one
way
we
are
exceptionally
average,
and
that
is
our
age
structure.
We
are
the
most
average
state
when
it
comes
to
age.
We're
not
an
old
state,
we're
not
a
young
state.
We
are
that
national
average,
so
anything
I
say
about
Minnesota
is
also
true
for
the
United
States
in
this
decade.
This
decade
of
the
teens,
we
will
add
as
many
people
over
age
65
as
we
have
in
the
last
four
decades.
B
Combined
and
next
decade
we
will
add
even
more
people
over
age
65
and
then
that
large,
that
rapid
growth
of
the
65
and
older
population
is
going
to
be
largely
over
with,
but
don't
breathe
a
sigh
of
relief
right
now,
because
the
folks
that
are
turning
65
will
be
how
old,
in
20
years,
one
year
for
twelve
months,
you
know
85
and
an
85.
Your
bodies
begin
to
change,
and
you
know
it
doesn't
matter
how
much
you
exercise
and
how
clean
of
a
life
you
have
and
and
how
strong
you
know,
I
mean
different
people.
B
B
Eventually,
we
do
wear
out
even
with
spare
parts
which
increasingly
that's
one
of
the
big
things
right
now,
shoulders
hips
knees
we
got
all
sorts
of
spare
parts
keeps
us
going
a
bit
longer,
but
eventually
we
do
wear
out
and
within
20
years,
we're
looking
for
an
explosion
in
the
number
of
people
who
are
over
85,
and
that
will
be
a
rapid
growth.
And
the
question
to
consider
this
in
terms
of
medical
care
is
that
if
we
can't
afford
health
care
today,
what
are
we
going
to
do
in
20
years?
B
We
better
start
coming
up
with
some
solutions.
We
better
think
about
how
we're
going
to
do
these
things
going
forward,
because
this
is
not
an
unpredictable
thing.
Most
people
age
about
one
year,
every
12
months,
it's
a
pretty
regular
process
and
very
predictable
age
is
not
the
only
thing
as
changing.
There
are
other
things
that
are
related
to
age
that
are
also
changing,
one
of
which
is
the
household
or
the
family,
now
I
think
most
Minnesotans.
B
If
I
ask
them
what
is
the
most
common
type
of
family
in
this
order
today,
I
think
most
people
would
say.
Probably
you
know
married
couple
with
kids
that
hasn't
been
the
most
common
type
of
family
in
Minnesota
and
the
United
States
since
the
early
90s,
the
world's
changed,
and
it
continues
to
change
the
most
common
type
of
family
in
Minnesota
today
and
the
United
States
menace'
and
Esther's.
B
The
most
common
type
of
family
is
the
married
couples
whose
kids
have
grown
up
and
moved
away
and
then
move
back
and
then
moved
away
and
they
move
back,
but
eventually
they
do
leave,
and
it's
just
the
two
of
you
and
it's
a
whole
new
existence.
It's
you
wake
up
one
morning
and
say
who
is
this
person?
I
haven't
talked
to
this
person
in
25
years?
Gee
I
have
to
actually
talk
to
them
now,
because
we
don't
have
all
these
things
to
do
for
kids,
okay,
it's
a
very
different
kind.
B
It's
a
very
different
kind
of
life
and
what
you
view
as
important
has
suddenly
changed.
Schools
are
not
them
now,
no
longer
the
number
one
driving
force
in
your
life,
you
have
no
connection
to
schools,
you're
learning
the
kids
in
school,
there's
no
connection
to
the
school
most
school
districts
in
Minnesota.
B
In
most
school
districts,
in
Minnesota,
most
of
the
households,
which
are
the
primary
taxing
and
voting
unit,
have
absolutely
no
connection
to
the
schools,
and
it's
a
little
wonder
why,
when
it
comes
to
things
like
levy
referendums,
people
see
no
relationship
between
my
life
and
what
these
people
over
here
are
talking
about
about
needing
more
money
from
me
to
pay
for
the
kind
of
house
that
you're
looking
for
you
no
longer
want.
You
know
that
big
old
place
out
on
the
Prairie.
B
You
know
all
those
stairs
seem
like
a
real
good
idea
when
you're
40
not
so
much
now
that
you're
in
your
60s
and
it's
gonna
get
worse
when
you're
in
your
70s
and
80s,
all
those
stairs
all
that
maintenance,
dusting
and
taking
care
of
stuffing
and
and
boy.
You
know
the
10
acres
boy.
It
seemed
like
a
really
good
idea
once
upon
a
time,
didn't
it:
okay,
people's
residential
preference.
What
they
think
are
important
in
terms
of
how
they
live
changes
dramatically
when
you
become
an
empty-nester
and
over
the
next
two
decades.
B
Not
only
is
that
the
most
common
type
of
family
in
Minnesota,
that
is
where
virtually
all
of
the
girls
and
families
is
going
to
occur,
the
number
of
families
with
children
is
going
to
be
basically
static.
The
number
of
married
couple-
families
with
children
slight
decline,
a
number
of
alternative
types
of
families
with
children.
A
bit
of
an
increase
part
of
that
increase
is
grandparents
with
grandchildren.
B
Unless
you
think
that
that's
a
that,
that's
a
lovely
situation
that
almost
never
is
a
positive
situation.
It's
almost
never
that's
always
a
difficult
situation
is
grandparents
with
with
grandchildren.
They
will
see
some
growth,
but
married
couples
with
kids
will
see
a
decline.
The
only
other
kind
of
household
that's
going
to
see
any
kind
of
substantial
growth
over
the
next
two
decades
will
be
older
people
living
alone.
B
This
has
all
sorts
of
implications
about
how
we
take
care
of
each
other,
how
we
interact
with
each
other.
What
happens
when
your
neighbor
living
alone
falls
down
and
has
an
accident
and
can't
get
up,
and
they
don't
have
one
of
those
little
things
that
says:
I've
fallen
and
I
can't
get
it
okay,
they
need
help.
B
We're
going
to
need
to
rethink
our
concept
of
community.
How
do
we
get
along
with
each
other?
How
do
we
take
care
of
each
other
things
that
used
to
be
done
within
the
family?
There's
no
family
around
things
that
used
to
be
assumed,
because
we
were
lived
in
a
small
community
where
everybody
knew
everybody
else's
business
that
doesn't
exist
anymore.
B
B
Our
older
citizens
need
to
understand
that
the
children
that
are
in
school
are
not
an
albatross
around
their
neck.
The
children
in
school
right
now
are
their
future.
They
are
their
blessing.
They
are
all
our
children.
It's
doesn't
matter
what
language
they're
speaking
on,
what
they
clock
or
what
they
eat
there,
all
our
children,
and
so
we
need
to
figure
out
ways
to
begin
to
connect
across
age
lines.
B
Generational
lines.
We
need
to
connect
across
ethnic
and
racial
lines
across
cultural
lines
across
language
lines,
in
ways
that
we
have
never
done
before,
because
these
things
aren't
happening
on
their
own.
We
need
to
actually
help
to
encourage
them
to
build
rebuild
this
concept
of
community,
because
they're,
all
the
bases
of
community
that
we
had
is,
is
evaporating.
B
Okay,
big
changes
are
happening
this
decade,
but
this
right
now
is
the
for
what
is
happening
today
right
now
and
the
early
part
of
this
route
of
this
decade.
This
is
the
big
one,
and
this
is
the
one
you
hear
almost
nobody
talking
about.
This
is
not
the
main
topic
on
them.
On
the
the
speaker
circuits
or
the
you
know,
campaign
trails
or
anything
like
that.
But
this
is
the
really
big
one.
B
This
is
the
one
that
has
the
really
dramatic
economic
impact
and
it's
affecting
Bloomington's
budget
and
it's
affecting
every
aspect
of
your
life
and
will
increasingly
affect
every
aspect
of
your
life,
and
that
is
that
our
workforce
is
getting
dramatically
older,
dramatically
older
and
we
are
standing
on
the
verge
of
a
huge
increase
in
retirements
in
state
government.
In
2011,
we
exceeded
our
previous
record
year
of
2010
retirements
by
nearly
50
percent.
B
Every
county,
every
city,
every
state
government
in
the
country,
it's
seeing
huge
numbers
of
retirements
school
districts,
the
federal
government
is
seeing
huge
numbers
of
retirements.
This
is
not
being
fully
factored
into
the
stuff
that
you're
hearing
on
the
news.
Right
now,
we
are
undergoing
a
huge
shift
in
structure
of
our
society.
This
this
year
will
spread
into
the
private
sector
into
the
private
market
sector
into
our
largest,
more
mature
corporations.
The
ones
that
have
a
more
mature
workforce
will
begin
to
see
large-scale
retirements.
B
This
is
not
a
small
thing.
This
is
a
really
big
thing
and
I
take
HR
people
are
you
know,
I,
don't
know
what
to
do
about.
There
are
enormous
changes
happening
right
now.
At
the
same
time,
the
number
of
young
people
entering
the
workforce
is
declining.
The
high
school
graduation
class
reached
a
peak
in
2008
and
2008
keeps
coming
back.
Doesn't
it
spring
of
2008?
We
reached
a
peak.
Our
high
school
graduation
class
will
fall
to
about
the
middle
of
the
decade
and
then
rise
slowly.
B
B
There's
only
two
ways
to
grow:
an
economy,
only
two
ways
to
grow:
an
economy.
Having
more
federal
reserve
bank
notes,
new
wallet
is
nice.
We
all
like
it
I,
don't
think
anybody
wants
to
get
rid
of
them.
We
all
like
having
more
of
them
in
our
wallet
and
our
bank
accounts.
That
is
not
how
you
grow
an
economy.
B
There's
only
two
ways
to
grow
an
economy,
one
is
to
increase
the
number
of
people
making
stuff
and
the
other
is
to
increase
the
amount
of
stuff
each
person
makes
one
has
to
do
with
the
growth
of
the
workforce.
The
other
has
to
do
with
productivity.
We
have
already
dialed
in
in
Minnesota
and
in
the
United
States
that
our
workforce
growth
will
be
at
record
low
levels
by
the
end
of
this
decade.
B
This
is
the
way
it
works.
It's
a
simple
additive
if
you
want
3%
real
growth
in
the
in
your
economy
and
your
labor
force
is
growing
at
one-and-a-half
percent.
You
only
need
one
and
a
half
percent
growth
in
your
productivity,
not
bad.
If
your
labor
force
has
got
zero
growth
in
it
now
you
need
three
percent
growth
in
productivity.
That's
a
steep
hill
climb.
B
This
is
not
a
one-shot
affair.
This
is
every
year
year
after
year
after
year
after
year,
we're
going
to
need
to
increase
per
worker
productivity.
Is
this
doable?
Oh
absolutely?
Oh,
we
could
do
much
better
than
that.
No
problem
at
all.
Do
we
have
the
will
to
do
that?
Apparently
not
apparently
not,
and
so
most
economists
believe.
B
The
implication
of
this
is
that
economic
growth
is
probably
going
to
slow
down,
and
so
you
get
people
like
Mohamed
el-erian
and
Bill
Gross,
who
manage
an
organization
called
pimp,
professor
Pacific
investment
management
corporation,
unless
you
think
that
they
have
no
relationship
to
you,
there's
a
good
chance
that
they
are
managing
at
least
part
of
your
retirement
fund,
the
fixed
investment
part
portion.
They
run
one
of
the
largest
bond
houses
in
the
world,
and
not
only
do
they
have
their
own
product
under
their
own
name.
B
So
what
they
say
actually
affects
your
your
pocketbook
actually
affects
you
personally
and
they've,
been
talking
for
several
years
now,
and
some
we're
using
a
term
that
they
coin
called
the
new
normal
I
know
the
new
normal
is
now
one
of
the
most
hated
terms,
because
you
hear
it
all
the
time
the
new
normal
does
not
have
anything
to
do
with
what
kind
of
dishwashing
soap
you
use.
It
has
nothing
to
do
with
what
kind
of
television
program
you
watch.
That's
not
what
the
new
normal
is
about.
B
B
This
is
exactly
the
iya
issue
that
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Greece
France
England.
All
the
European
zone
countries
are
dealing
with
they're
about
a
decade
ahead
of
us.
In
this
process,
their
workforce
is
actually
declining,
their
workforce
is
actually
declining.
It's
getting
smaller,
Japan
is
further
along
and
then
Europe
Japan
is
older
than
Europe
Japan's
workforce
began
to
decline
in
the
late
90s.
Japan
has
been
in
a
two
decade:
long
recession
with
no
end
in
sight.
B
China
today
is
growing
very
rapidly
and
gee
I've
heard
people
say
oh
gee,
if
only
we
could
be
more
like
the
Chinese
you'd,
be
careful
what
you
wish
for
I
remember
when
people
wish
for
being
more
likely
Germans
and
then
it
was
being
more
like
the
Japanese.
You
know
during
the
80s
it
was
in
the
70s.
It
was
wasn't
being
more
like
the
Germans
in
the
80s.
It
was,
but
you
know,
if
only
we
could
be
more
like
the
Japanese.
B
You
know
now
we're
pretty
sure
we
didn't
want
to
be
like
them
now
just
be
more
like
the
Chinese,
you
know
watch
out
what
you're
wishing
for,
because
today
they
are
younger
than
we
are
by
2017.
They
will
be
older
than
us,
and
their
workforce
begins
to
decline
in
2017
by
2027
or
population
begins
to
decline.
There
are
unprecedented
things
happening
in
the
world.
Almost
everything
that
you
know
about
how
the
world
normally
operates
is
probably
incorrect.
B
Mexico,
you
probably
think
of
Mexico
as
a
high
fertility
country,
that's
exporting
all
sorts
of
young
people,
actually,
their
unemployment
rates
lower
than
ours.
Their
economic
growth
is
faster
than
ours,
and
Mexico
has
seen
one
of
the
most
remarkable
transitions
from
high
fertility
in
three
decades
fertility
rate
of
six
children
per
women
per
woman
on
average
to
about
2.3.
B
Now
and
by
the
end
of
this
decade,
Mexico's
fertility
rate
will
be
lower
than
our
and
Mexico
will
embark
on
about
a
two
or
three
decade,
long
period,
that
that
because
they
will
have
fewer
children
and
and
because
they
will
have
relatively
few
old
people,
but
a
peak
number
of
people
in
in
their
working
age
that
they
will
embark
on
a
period.
That's
known
as
the
demographic
dividend
that
when
you
go
through
this
fertility
reduction,
you
go
through
a
period
of
about
two
or
three
decades,
where
you
enjoy
very
rapid
economic
growth.
B
The
same
things
happening
in
Brazil
and
and
China's
coming
to
the
end
of
it
in
South,
Africa
much
of
the
world
is
changing
and
changing
in
dramatic
unprecedented
ways
for
tilty
rates
are
falling
all
over
all
over
the
world,
and
that
has
an
implication
for
for
the
labor
force.
Okay,
so
we
have
entered
this
new
normal.
What
does
that
probably
mean?
And-
and
you
know
the
state
economist
and
I
used
the
term?
Probably
because
we
don't
know
exactly
you
know,
this
is
all
new.
B
The
the
folks
at
PIMCO
talked
about
this
purely
from
the
standpoint
of
bonds,
state
economists
now
I've
tried
to
expand
this
to
two.
You
know
the
public
and
private
sectors
well
beyond
well
beyond
the
bond
market,
to
try
to
understand
how
all
this
begins
to
affect
the
policies
of
how
we
do
things.
One
of
the
things
that
it
probably
means
is
slower
economic
growth.
It
doesn't
have
to
mean
slower
economic
growth.
The
potential
for
increasing
productivity
is
enormous,
enormous.
B
Like
in
the
you
know,
the
the
in
the
combat
movies,
you
know
with
the
airplane
that
you
know
the
on
the
aircraft
carrier
they're
playing
that
didn't
get
started
just
right
and
when
ready
to
go
into
the
water
out
of
the
way
got
to
make
room.
We
have
to
do
this
thing.
We
were
on
a
productivity
drive.
We
were
seeing
productivity's
in
the
double-digit
range
per
year.
I,
you
is
enormous.
B
B
B
B
We
have
people
moving
here
from
all
over
the
world
to
little
old,
Minnesota
and
they're
moving
here,
because
there
are
opportunities,
but
they
had
those
opportunities
are
open
to
them
because
they
are
talented
people
and
some
of
our
biggest
corporations
stay
here,
because
we
can
attract
and
retain
the
most
talented
people
in
the
world.
And
if
those
biggest
corporations
can't
find
the
most
talented
people
in
the
world
and
get
them
to
move
here,
they
will
go
to
where
those
people
are.
You
understand
what
I'm
saying.
B
Houston
saw
one
of
the
largest
construction
companies
of
the
world.
Houston
Texas
saw
one
of
the
largest
construction
companies
of
the
world
move
out
over
a
weekend
to
do
by
the
the
their
building
block
was
filled
with
people
on
Friday
and
by
Monday.
It
was
closed
down
and
the
people
were
in
another
country.
B
This
stuff
can
happen
and
it
can
happen
real
fast
and
it
happens
in
large
part
based
upon
what
happens
to
that
flow
of
talent
and
how
we
react
to
talented
people
moving
here
who
look
different,
sound
different,
maybe
wear
different
clothes
eat
different
food.
How
do
we
react
to
these
people?
How
do
we
welcome
them
to
our
midst?
B
What
kinds
of
services
do
we
provide?
How
safe
of
an
environment
is
there?
What
kind
of
wonderful
place
is
this
for
their
children
to
be
educated?
What
kind
of
cultural
opportunities
are
there
for
them
to
enjoy
outdoor
activities?
What
what
are
the
the
selling
points
for
Minnesota,
and
that
becomes
the
critical
issue?
There
will
be
a
single-minded
focus
on
productivity
now.
B
That
that
doesn't
just
mean
the
public
of
the
private
sector.
It
also
means
the
public
sector
and
the
public
sector
is
starting
to
see
drives
to
productivity,
that,
for
some
people
are
uncomfortable,
it
will
get
much
more
uncomfortable.
There
will
be
drives
to
productivity
that
we
will
continue
into
the
future.
There
will
likely
be
chronic
cuts
and
government
government
services
and
and
chronic
government
debt.
B
Well,
I.
Don't
really
see
much
of
a
possibility
beyond
this.
Unless
we
make
some
real
dramatic
changes
in
how
we
do
things,
there
will
be
worries
about
how
to
pay
for
past
promises,
and
here
is
the
big
one.
Here's
the
big
one
for
every
state
government
in
the
United
States,
not
just
Minnesota
every
state
government
in
the
United
States.
B
We
have
made
a
promise
to
folks
over
the
last
three
generations
or
so
that,
if
you're
old
and
frail
and
there's
nobody
else
there
to
take
care
of
you,
don't
worry
government
will
it's
called
medical
assistance
or
Medicaid,
and
it's
not
about
young
people.
It's
almost
exclusively
about
long
term
care
nursing
homes.
Basically,
what
we're
talking
to
me
and
the
problem
is-
is
that
the
cost
of
that
are
rising
at
eight
and
a
half
to
nine
percent.
A
year
revenues
are
rising
at
about
four
percent
a
year.
B
B
B
So
we
have
to
figure
out
a
different
way
of
doing
things,
we're
on
an
unsustainable
path
here,
so
worries
about
how
to
pay
for
past
promises.
That's
the
biggie.
That
is
the
problem
at
Europe
faces.
That's
the
problem
that
Greece
faces
right
now.
Greece
has
a
problem.
Their
workforce
is
declining
and
they're,
not
pushing
up
her
worker
productivity.
B
B
B
Increasing
productivity
is
about
working,
smarter,
doing
things
better
and
I'll
talk
a
little
bit
about
that
in
just
in
just
a
minute,
but
that's
what
productivity
is
about,
and
so
Greece
has
a
problem.
They're
not
pushing
up
productivity,
their
labor
force
is
declining.
Their
economy
is
literally
getting
smaller.
It's
expecting
to
drop
about
five
to
six
percent.
This
debt
this
year,
that's
but
three
times
as
fast
as
we
did
during
the
recession.
B
This
is
really
dramatic:
their
unemployment
rates
skyrocketing
and
they're
beginning
to
look
at
things
like
cutting
pensions.
You
know
that
pension
that
we
promised
you
and
we'll
only
be
able
to
pay
half
of
that-
and
you
know
Social
Security
naps
re
not
anymore,
and
that
medical
help
and
medical
assistance
now
can't
do
that
can't
afford
it
Germans
won't.
Let
us.
B
Greece
has
a
problem:
they
made
all
sorts
of
promises
that
were
predicated
on
the
concept
of
more
rapid
economic
growth,
but
they
didn't
do
what
was
necessary
to
ensure
that
that
was
going
to
happen,
and
there
will
be
disruptive
things
that
will
happen.
There
will
be
big
disruptive,
there's
gonna,
be
great
pressure
for
huge
pressures
for
dramatic
changes
in
our
societies.
I,
don't
know
what
disruptive
things
are
gonna
happen.
Some
of
them
will
be
events
like
tsunamis
and
volcanoes,
and
earthquakes
and
things
like
that.
B
Those
always
happen,
but
there
will
be
other
kinds
of
disruptive
thing
now.
This
is
one
of
the
disruptive
things.
I
think
is
going
to
happen
this
decade
and
it
might
happen
in
Minnesota
is
I.
Think
this
decade
somebody
is
going
to
find
a
cure,
not
not
a
delay
but
a
cure
for
Alzheimer's,
and
when
that
happens,
we
will
have
to
change
all
of
our
calculations.
Wouldn't
it
be
a
pleasant
thing.
It
would
be
wonderful
that
we
would
have
to
change
all
of
our
calculations.
B
People
will
still
get
old,
they
will
still
get
frail,
they
will
still
get
sick,
they
will
still
die,
but
they
won't
die
from
this
terrible
terrible
thing
of
Alzheimer's
I.
Think
it's
going
to
happen
in
this
decade,
but
see
if
you're
running
a
nursing
home
or
if
you've
got
services
for
shut-ins
or
are
people
with
limited
mobility
or
something
or
memory
care
kinds
of
things.
If
you're
doing
those
kinds
of
things,
then
you
need
to
begin
to
think
already,
not
two
or
three
four
or
five
years
now
today,
you
need
to
begin
to
think
about.
B
How
would
we
respond?
You
don't
respond
yet,
but
you
need
to
start
thinking
in
advance.
How
do
you
go
about
responding
to
a
change
like
that?
How
would
the
world
change
there
will
be
other
kinds
of
disruptive
things,
one
of
the
ones
I
in
you
know.
The
police
officers
here
in
the
audience
might
have
be
amused
by
this
driverless
automobiles.
A
B
B
How
do
you
deal
with
insurance?
How
do
you
deal
with
accidents?
There's
all
sorts
of
laws
and
regulations
and
how
we
react
to
things
that
would
have
to
change.
Is
the
technology
there?
Oh
absolutely
you
know,
that's
that's
not
that
the
technology
is
not
the
issue.
It's
the
human
societies,
the
human
organizations
that
become
the
limiting
factor
and
there's
going
to
be
a
whole.
This
is
not
what
I'm
talking
about
here
is
not
bad
news.
Please
don't
walk
away
from
here,
discouraged
or
depressed,
or
anything
like
that.
This
is
all
wonderful
opportunities.
B
Bloomington
has
opportunities
that
perhaps
it
never
had
before
things
that
gee
I
don't
know
how
we're
going
to
do
this
thing
and
all
of
a
sudden
the
opportunities
can
open
up
now.
I've
mentioned
a
lot
about
productivity.
Let
me
just
let
me
just
say
just
a
little
bit
about
what
that
means,
because
I'm
sure
that
you
think
that
that
just
means
bigger,
faster,
cheaper
machines
that
produce
things
cheaper
and
and
put
people
out
of
work,
that's
yeah.
B
It
does
mean
that
to
at
least
you
know,
there
is
always
that
in
there,
but
it
also
means
some
other
things.
One
of
the
things
that
means
is
making
things
better,
improving
the
quality.
What
would
happen
if
we
could
reduce
the
recidivism
rate
in
our
prison
system
so
that
when
people
come
out,
they
are
totally
reformed,
ready
to
live
in
the
world
and
ready
to
be
productive,
and
rather
than
going
right
back
to
the
system
and
and
at
great
great
public
expense?
B
B
We
are
seeing
a
rapid
rise
in
the
number
of
young
people
that
come
out
of
our
high
schools
in
Minnesota
who
require
remedial
work
before
they
can
ever
get
into
college
and
it
cost
them
a
year
or
two
of
their
life.
Now
we
only
have
what
30
40
years
of
work
time
take
a
couple
of
those
years
out
for
remedial
work
as
a
total
waste,
something
that
you
should
have
gotten
in
eighth
or
ninth
grade.
B
You
have
to
go
back
and
do
it
again
and
that's
a
loss
of
productivity,
and
if
children
come
out
of
high
school
prepared
for
higher
education,
we
just
increased
productivity
by
a
whole
year's
works
by
3
percent.
Ok,
that's
what
I'm
talking
about
there's
a
variety
of
other
things
that
you
can
do
to
increase
probity.
Both
public
and
private
sector
I
mean
there's
all
sorts
of
things,
but
also
innovation,
making
better
things.
It's
not
only
making
things
better.
B
B
Diabetes
is
an
epidemic
in
this
country.
It's
exploding
in
numbers
and
we're
on
the
verge
of
a
cure.
Wow,
that's
enormous.
That
is
big
news.
That
is
a
big
time
kind
of
kind
of
change.
Okay,
so
we
will
see
all
sorts
of
changes
like
that.
Now.
How
does
government
respond
to
this?
You
were
told
in
campaigns
a
year
ago
that
there
were
two
possibilities.
B
We
there
raise
taxes
or
we
cut
cost
cut
out
programs,
and
you
know
it
may
require
both
of
those
to
resolve
the
kinds
of
issues
that
we're
facing.
We
may
still
have
to
do
those
things
and
I'm.
My
guess
is:
we
probably
will
have
to
do
some
increasing
some
some
way,
the
increased
revenue
some
way
to
cut
expenditures,
but
the
third
way
is
to
do
things
better
in
government
and
that's
one
of
the
reasons
why
the
legislature
in
a
bipartisan
rare
bipartisan
move-
this
is
actually
bipartisan,
which
pointed
a
rare
bipartisan.
B
B
If
you
don't,
because
you
have
to
cross
every
dot,
every
T
and
dot
every
I
exactly
the
way
Staker,
and
so
we
do
this
with
schools
and
and
the
superintendent's
say.
Oh
you're
micromanage
me,
and
then
the
superintendent
turns
right
around
and
micromanage
is
the
principles
and
the
principles
micromanage.
The
teachers
and
the
teachers
micromanage.
The
pupils
we've
got
a
micromanagement.
Society
has
anybody
here
ever
had
to
suffer
under
a
micromanager?
B
It's
a
Productivity
killer.
It
kills
your
incentive,
it
can
kills
your
desire.
It
is
very
expensive
to
do
that.
Person
has
to
stand
over
you
and
watch
you
all
the
time,
because
they
know
you're
gonna
screw
things
up,
so
they
can't
be
doing
something
and
the
best
way
to
improve
productivity
quit
doing
it.
B
Tell
people
what
you
want
them
to
do.
Give
them
outcome
measures
give
them
the
resources
to
do
it
and
let
them
do
it
and
get
out
of
their
way.
That's
difficult.
You
have
to
actually
trust
people
to
do
things.
Don't
you,
okay,
but
it's
possible,
realigning
the
incentives,
make
a
huge
difference
and
all
that
can
have
a
huge
impact
on
on
what
we're
doing.
B
We
are
undergoing
some
dramatic
changes
in
our
society,
and
these
changes
will
be
felt
this
decade
about
a
decade
ago,
the
state
economist
and
I
pointed
out
using
this
graph
actually
or
an
earlier
version
of
it.
That's
this
is
very
little
changed,
just
updated
using
an
earlier
version
of
it
pointed
out
to
legislate
bipartisan
group
of
legislative
leaders
that,
by
the
end
of
the
Arts,
we're
in
around
2010
beginning
of
the
teens.
This
was
more
than
a
decade
ago.
B
This
is
not
a
short-run
change.
This
is
a
long-run
change
in
health
care
is
about
to
really
start
skyrocketing.
We
are
about
to
see
more
and
more
disabilities,
particularly
right
at
the
first
hearing
and
vision
and
ambulatory
disabilities,
and
basically,
we
have
the
potential
for
a
physical
trap.
Now
this
is
a
chart
that
the
state
economist
not
pointed
to
show
to
a
group
of
former
leaders,
governor
speakers
of
the
House
Majority
Leader's
and
other
such
people
back
in
back
in
fall
of
2008.
B
It's
the
same
thing,
and
it
still.
This
is
true.
Now,
as
it
was
back,
then
that
we
face
a
physical
trap
and
the
issue
is
not
a
short-run
problem.
It
is
a
long-run
issue.
Underlying
short-run
solutions
will
not
solve
the
problem,
kicking
the
can
down.
The
road
doesn't
do
anything.
This
is
a
long-run
change.
B
B
Revenue
growth
is
going
to
be
met
with
increasing
resistance.
The
only
surprise
that
we
had
in
the
past
decade,
you
know
we've
been
saying
revenue
would
be
met
with
increasing
resistance
for
some
time.
Nohe.
Surprise
we
have
is
that
things
like
the
the
you
know:
anti-tax
movements,
an
acceptor,
have
been
so
weakened
so
late.
That's.
That
was
our
only
surprise.
This
was
not
she's,
not
the
surprise.
That
would
happen
and
efforts
to
immediate
to
increase.
It
will
be
met
with
increasing
resistance.
B
Well,
at
the
same
time,
spending
pressures
are
going
to
be
driven
largely
by
issues
of
aging
and
health
and,
and
spending
pressures
will
be,
will
be
very
strong.
Okay,
we
know
how
to
solve
this
issue.
Now.
I
fall
back
on
a
quote
from
the
famous
Canadian
philosopher,
who
also
played
a
little
bit
of
hockey,
and
he
was
one
time
asked
well
Wayne.
How
is
it
that
you
can
score
so
many
go
and
his
answer
was
I
skate
to
where
the
puck
will
be
not
to
where
it
has
been
nice?
B
What
that's
hot,
except
you
know
in
his
mind's
eye.
He
knows
where
the
puck
is
going
to
be,
that's
really
remarkable
in
it.
He
can
close
his
eyes
and
know
where
the
pucks
going
to
be
in
the
future
and
here's
what's
interesting.
We
know
where
the
puck
is
going
to
be
in
ten
years,
we've
known
for
a
long
time
where
the
puck
was
going
to
be
most
people
aged
about
one
year
every
12
months,
it's
very
predictable.
B
Put
our
stick
on
the
puck
and
score
the
goal,
and
if
we
do
that,
Minnesota
will
continue
to
be
one
of
the
strongest
most
successful
economies
of
the
world,
and
we
will
do
very
well
and
we
will
prosper.
That's
all
we
have
to
do
is
begin
to
act
on
the
knowledge
that
we
have
and
how
we
are
changing
as
a
society.
C
B
Who's
going
to
buy
it
well,
the
question
is
who's
going
to
buy
the
things
that
we
are
making,
and
this
has
been
a
concern
for
economists.
All
along
is,
you
know,
are
we
going
to
buy
too
much
we're
going
to
buy
too
little?
You
know.
Is
there
going
to
be
too
much
demand
for
things?
There
are
so
many
things
that
people
can
do
and
and
new
products
keep
coming
along.
B
B
B
But
we
can
also
do
other
things.
Economic
activity
also
includes
things
like
you
know.
It
certainly
includes
making
huge
mounds
of
garbage,
but
it
also
includes
cleaning
up
huge
mounds
of
garbage.
That's
economic
activity
and
and
increasingly
I,
think
we'll
see
people
involved
with
cleaning
up
the
messes
that
we
have
made
collectively
over
the
last
few
decades.
B
Oh
there's
plenty
to
do,
and
and
and
people
are
willing
to
buy
products
and
we're
seeing
you
know
we're
seeing
people
in
the
world
today
who,
who
you
know
20
or
30
years
ago,
weren't
sure
where
their
next
meal
work
was
coming
from
now,
looking
at
things
like
going
out
to
eat,
I,
don't
know
if
you
you
know,
you
grew
up.
You
know
in
the
kind
of
situation
I
grew
up
in,
but
you
know
about
three
times
a
year
we
went
to.
We
want
to
serve
a
local
local
place
for
the
Blue
Plate
special
okay.
B
Nobody
here
knows
what
the
Blue
Plate
special
I
mean.
A
few
Oh
is,
do
a
few
oohs
do
and
we
actually
knew
the
proprietor
Sonny
look
and-
and
you
know
and
Sonny
would
come
over
and
talk
to
us
and
everything.
But
this
was
not
something
going
out
to
eat.
That
was
not
something
you
did
very
often
I
mean
it
was
over.
It
was
a
special
thing
and-
and
you
know
now,
it's
something
you
know
people
heard
do
all
the
time.
B
Somehow
we
found
a
way
to
make
services
and
commodities
for
people
to
consume
that
we
didn't
use
to,
and
so
there
always
seems
to
be
a
way.
I
mean
there's,
there's
all
sorts
of
new
products
that
you
know
two
months
ago.
I
didn't
know
that
I
needed
a
cellphone
now
I,
don't
know
how
I
could
live
without
it.
Two
months
ago,
I
was
one
of
the
Luddites,
yes
I
know,
and
my
colleague
the
state
economist
still
does
not
have
a
cell
phone.
B
He
refuses
to
carry
one,
and
so,
if
I
knew,
if
I
wanted
to
contact
him,
I
have
to
go
through
his
wife
and
to
her
cell
phone
and
yeah
she's
real
happy
about
that,
and
but
I
have
her
in
my
contacts
list
yeah
it's
you
know
the
world
changes
and
we
do
find
ways
of
you
know
and
and
there's
all
sorts
of
you
know
imagine
there's
all
sorts
of
diseases
and
things
like
that
that
we
can
do
that.
We
can
take
care
of
and
and
that
increases
economic
activity
and.
B
You
know
so
I
just
think
that
you
know
that
there
are
tremendous
things
that
can
happen
in
the
world
now.
This
wasn't
actually
consuming
something,
but
it
was,
you
know,
flow
of
money
and
things
like
that
will
point
it.
Somebody
somebody
you
pointed
out
that
it
was
a
Rotary,
Club
I,
think
you
last
film
Lee
or
something
Rotary
International
and
I'm,
not
selling
for
rotary
and
I'm.
Not
a
member
of
rotary
but
they've
been
on
a
campaign
to
eradicate
polio
in
the
world
and
they
may
have
done
it.
B
B
D
B
Hope
is
growing
and
not
just
hope.
My
expectations
growing
I'm,
actually
much
more
optimistic
than
I
was
two
or
three
years
ago
and
here's
the
bizarre
nature
of
this
opportunity-
and
it
is
her
strange
for
three
decades
I-
would
say
to
people.
This
is
going
to
happen
in
the
long
run
and
their
response
was
yes,
but
we
have
more
immediate
short-run
issues
to
resolve.
B
B
We
have
been
kicking
the
can
down
the
road,
and
this
is
not
just
a
Minnesota
phenomena
as
a
phenomenon
everywhere.
Difficult
decisions
and
decisions
that
might
have
painful
results
and
and
I
have
to
tell
you.
You
can't
make
an
omelet
without
breaking
eggs.
There
will
be,
if
you're,
going
to
make
real
substantial
changes
in
the
society
and
get
us
back
on
track.
It's
not
going
to
happen
without
some
disruption
there
will
be
broken
eggs
it'll
happen.
B
My
optimism
comes
from
couple
sources,
one
is
that
I
know
it.
You
know
I
know
on
the
news
and
etc.
It
doesn't
appear
this
way,
but
from
my
perspective
and
sort
of
standing
outside
on
the
edge
of
decision
makers,
the
legislature
and
governor's
for
a
long
time,
there's
a
lot
of
really
good
folks.
I
am
I,
have
really
never
met
a
state
politician
that
I
would
consider
you
know
a
really
awful
individual.
They
they
all
want.
B
The
best
I
mean
that's
the
reason
why
there's
not
I
mean
it's
not
a
fun
thing
to
do
being
a
legislator
is
not
a
fun
job.
Being
a
governor,
I,
don't
think,
is
a
fun
job.
It's
very
hard
and
and
I,
don't
think
they're
there
to
be
obstructive.
I
think
they're
there
to
do
what
they
think
is
absolutely
the
very
best,
so
I
think
there's
a
lot
of
good
spirit.
We
just
need
to
find
a
way
of
focusing
that
and
maybe
getting
some
agreement
on
that
good
spirit.
B
My
hope
comes
from
the
fact
that
I
think
we've
kicked
the
can
into
a
cul-de-sac.
We
have
no
other
choices,
and
so
the
only
choice
we
have
today
is
to
do
the
right
thing
or
to
do
nothing
at
all.
Those
are
our
only
choices
and
so
I
think
that
we
can
begin
to
begin
to
talk
about
some
of
these
things.
Now
there
are
some
things
we
don't
have
to
solve.
Tomorrow,
I
mean
we
don't
really
have
to
solve
the
Social
Security
thing
tomorrow.
B
That's
Medicare
a
little
bit
more
urgent,
but
we
don't
have
to
solve
it
tomorrow.
There
are
some
things
we
really
have
to
deal
with
and
that's
the
work
force.
That
is
this
is
immediate.
We
need
to
start
thinking
very
seriously
about
how,
because
you
know
it's
not
you
know
it's
both.
You
know
the
issue
is
both
growing
the
size
of
the
pie
and
how
we
divide
it.
B
B
It
becomes
critical
issues
and-
and
you
know
once
we
get
to
that
point
of
understanding
that
and
find
that
we're
really
sort
of
semi
on
the
same
page,
we
just
have
to
be
willing
to
sort
of
turn
in
the
same
direction
and
move
together
we'll
be
you
know,
we'll
be
fine
and
I'm
beginning
to
see
more
and
more
interest
in
doing
exactly
that.
That's
this,
this
redesigned
caucus
is
a
bipartisan
caucus.
B
E
B
B
Biggest
opportunities
facing
Bloomington,
okay,
one
opportunity
I,
think,
is
that
this
outward
expansion
is
stopped
right.
Now
that
may
be
a
transitory
stop
or
it
may
be
permanent,
I'm
beginning
to
think
it's
permanent.
There
are
two
things
happening
here.
One
is
is
that
as
people
mature
as
they
as
they
grow
up
maturing
that
a
nice
way
saying
gang
old
that
as
people
age,
they
want
something
different
in
house
now.
B
You
know
nice
say
you
know
say
well
what
are
the
main
things
that
you're
looking
for
safe,
neighborhoods,
clean,
friendly,
accessible,
easy
to
get
to
convenient
easy
to
maintain?
You
know,
I
mean
you
know:
they're,
the
the
marketing
for
a
senior
population
is
very
different
than
the
marketing
for
the
younger
families
with
kids,
okay,
so
there's
a
growing
potential
market.
There
I
think
that
Bloomington
is
very
well
placed
for
that
I
mean
you're
right
here
on
the
interstates.
B
There,
apparently
no
longer
interested
in
moving
further
and
further
out
to
ever
more
distant
suburbs
and
driving
ever
longer
distances
to
get
to
work
and
spending
more
and
more
of
their
precious
time
instead
of
playing
games
on
their
iPhone
driving,
okay
and
may
and
mowing
yeah
I
don't
want
to
do
that
stuff.
So
what
are
they
looking
for
they're?
B
Actually
looking
for
housing,
that
is
closer
in
more
urban,
where
you
have
friends
and
neighbors
people
that
get
along
people
that
know
each
other:
less
maintenance,
more
convenience,
cleanliness,
safety,
those
always
come
to
the
top
and
everybody's
a
list.
Wow
guess
what
Wilmington
is
a
pretty
good
place,
I
think
there's
a
lot
of
opportunities
for
for
Bloomington
I.
You
know
that
in
a
world
that
is
rapidly
changing-
and
you
know
very
rapidly,
changing
and
Bloomington
is
not
in
a
bad
position.
I,
don't
think
in
that
kind
of
dramatically
changing
world.
B
B
One
is
that
the
humans
tend
to
take
the
easy
to
get
to
stuff
first,
and
then
they
go
to
the
more
and
more
difficult
we've
done,
that
with
oil
and
and
so
we've
expanded
outward
in
terms
of
getting
oil
to
so
when
we
got
mean
there's
a
lot
of
oil.
You
know
the
the
world
known
reserves
of
oil
keeps
expanding.
You
know
people
say
well
we're
about
ready
to
run
out
of
oil
now
or
not,
but
the
the
cost
of
getting
to
that
oil
is
getting
more
and
more
expensive.
B
There
are
huge
potential
oil
fields
off
the
coast
of
Brazil
that
are
in
what
a
gazillion
feet
of
water
I
mean.
You
know.
We
think
that
Gulf
well
was
hard
to
get
to.
These
are
like
twice
as
far
down
very
expensive
to
get
that
oil
out.
It's
there,
it's
just
going
to
be
expensive
to
get
it.
That's
going
to
raise
the
cost.
The
price
of
oil,
the
expensive
oil,
the
the
oil
that
is
being
tracked
out
of
the
ground
in
Canada
and
places
like
that
is
a
gunk.
Your
oil
requires
more
refinery,
increased
cost.
B
Okay,
so
you
got
the
increased
cost
there.
Alternative
sources
of
energy
tend
to
be
higher
cost
sources
of
energy,
and
you
know
when
solar
things
like
that,
although
there
are
some
technological
changes
that
are
affecting
that
one
of
the
most
remarkable
ideas
read
about
this
was
just
it
was
just
in
The
Economist
magazine
just
just
last
week
was
you
know,
group
of
people
were
trying
to
figure
out.
How
could
you
get
a
solar
array
to
increase
the
efficiency?
B
You
know
the
mirrors
turn
and
and
they've
in
the
way
that's
normally
been
done,
it's
sort
of
a
you
know,
semicircle
sort
of
an
audience
kind
of
theater
kind
of
setting,
and-
and
you
know
so,
they
started
looking
at
some
alternative
forms
and
and
and
ran
all
sorts
of
computer
simulations
and
what
they
came
up
with
was
well
basically,
the
structure
of
the
heart
of
a
sunflower
you're,
seeing
the
inside
of
a
sunflower
and
how
the
seeds
are
arranged.
If
you
arrange
solar
mirrors
like
that,
you
increase
the
the
productivity
by
about
10
percent
Wow.
B
Just
simply
by
listening
to
what
sunflowers
do
so
I
mean
you
know,
there's
the
potential
there
of
increasing
productivity,
but
but
costs
are
still
going
to
rise,
that's
going
to
affect
what
we
do,
how
we
do
it,
what
we
consume,
how
we
consume
it.
Things
like
that.
That's
going
to
be
one
of
those
other
factors,
that's
going
to
tend
to
tend
to
make
living
further
and
further
out
more
costly
and
living
closer
in
more
economical
as
those
cost
differentials
rise
and-
and
we
are
you
know-
economists
talk
about
differentials
and
and
rent
gradients.