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From YouTube: Charlotte Legacy Commission Meeting : September 9, 2020
Description
The Legacy Commission has been charged with engaging in a comprehensive study of street names and monuments in the City of Charlotte that honor a legacy of Confederate soldiers, slaveowners and segregationists. Study will include a detailed historical explanation of the naming and a detailed historical explanation of all recommended changes by the end of October 2020.
The community engagement process will inform the final determination of any recommended changes presented by the Commission. City Council and other authorizing bodies will adopt the final recommendation and time frame for implementation. All street name changes and monument name changes will begin a new history that is inclusive of contributions made by our country’s most worthy citizens.
Meeting schedule:
The Legacy Commission meets bi-weekly on Wednesday’s beginning Aug. 12, 2020, from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Session One: Aug. 12, 2020
Session Two: Aug. 26, 2020
Session Three: Sept. 9, 2020
Session Four: Sept. 23, 2020
Session Five: Oct. 7, 2020
Final Meeting: Oct. 21, 2020
A
A
A
A
A
C
No,
it's
great
to
see
so
many
of
you
here
today.
I'm
sorry
about
the
disruption
last
time
and
we
had
to
skip
a
meeting,
we're
tentatively
looking
at
october
28th
as
the
makeup.
So
would,
if
you
could
hold
that
on
your
calendar.
At
the
same
time,
we
will
be
confirming
that
we're
able
to
use
the
government
channel
and
everything
at
that
time,
but
we
would
like
to
wrap
up
the
work
as
directed
by
the
end
of
october.
C
I
will
turn
it
over
to
him.
He
is
going
to
talk
about
the
links
charlotte
had
to
slavery,
to
the
confederacy
and
the
drive
to
establish
white
supremacy
in
north
carolina
after
the
civil
war
and
also
give
us
a
list
of
street
names
that
are
connected
with
those
periods
in
our
history,
and
so
that
will
be
what
we
will
focus
on
today.
C
E
A
D
E
First
of
all
I
mean
I
have
to
say
that
you
know
I
always
tell
people
whenever
I
do
presentations
on
subjects
that
are
outside
of
my
my
discipline.
I
always
tell
them
you
know
I'm.
This
is
not
something
that
I'm
trained
in,
but
I
have
been
I'm
exposed
to
this
history,
this
these
kinds
of
histories
since
undergraduate.
I
was
an
african-american
studies,
major
and
history,
major
at
morehouse
college
and
in
african-american
studies,
history,
master's
degree
from
oregon
state.
E
So
I
spent
a
lot
of
time
studying
sort
of
the
context
for
slavery
in
the
united
states,
I'm
the
african
diaspora.
So
there
is
some
understanding,
although
my
my
phd
is
in
20th
century,
I'm
u.s
history
and
I've
all
as
a
native
charlatan.
I've
always
been
interested
in
the
history
of
this,
the
city
and
the
county.
So
a
lot
of
this
information
is
something
that
I
really
had
fun
putting
together.
E
The
images
that
I
have
on
the
on
the
first
slide
represent
sort
of
the
bygone
eras
of
the
state
and
regions
history
that
in
many
ways
are
still
with
us,
I'm
in
the
center.
You
see
the
william
pfeiffer
house
or
the
william
pfeiffer
home
that
was
located
once
located
on
north
tryon
short
south
tryon
street
and
where
legend
has
it,
that
the
last
confederate
cabinet
meeting
was
held,
the
other
is
a
souvenir
badge,
and
this
souvenir
badge
comes
from
the
democratic
primary
party
of
the
democratic
party
in
durham
county.
E
I
often
use
this
whenever
I
talk
about
white
supremacy,
because
I
believe
there's
this
this
popular
belief.
That
white
supremacy
is
a
pigment
of
our
imagination
we
most
often
associated
with
trucks
and
confederate
flags,
but
to
see
it
actually
in
print
as
a
badge
that
politicians
wore
at
the
turn
of
the
century.
I
think
really
brings
it
home
to
let
people
understand
that
white
supremacy
was
something
that
was
well
organized
in
in
the
state
in
the
country
by
well-to-do
men.
This
were
not.
These
were
not
poor.
E
People
who
are
were
you
know,
somehow
misinformed.
So
this
is
a
well
organized
campaign
and
we'll
talk
a
little
bit
about
that
later.
The
other
picture
is
an
image
of
a
sketching
of
of
enslaved
africans,
enslaved
people
of
african
descent
who
who
work
in
gold
mines
in
north
carolina
and
charlotte
in
the
charlotte
region.
E
People
often
ask
me
about
the
slides
that
I
use
I've
been
using
these
slides
this
sort
of
the
design
of
the
slide
for
probably
four
years
now,
and
it
represents
spilled
ink,
because
it
reminds
my
audiences
that
historians
often
rely
on
the
written
record
to
confirm
and
analyze
how
vince
events
have
evolved,
and
history
is
something
that
you
really
cannot
erase
because
of
that
hide
or
forget,
because
as
long
as
the
historical
profession
exists,
historians
will
be
here
to
dig
it
up.
So
it's
important.
E
So
the
key
points
of
the
presentation
to
help
us
is
really
to
help
us
better
understand,
slavery's
impact
on
the
growth
and
economic
development
of
the
charlotte
region.
It's
to
show
how
charlotte
offered
support
to
and
contributions
to
the
civil
war
and
really
show
how
charlotte's
role
on
what
growth
and
play
in
supporting
the
lost
cause
and
promoting
white
supremacy.
E
There's
perhaps
no
one
who
has
studied
and
written
about
the
era
of
slavery
in
mecklenburg
county,
more
than
retired
uncc,
professor
dan
morale.
He
reminds
us
that,
despite
the
fact,
much
of
the
era
has
been
erased.
Mecklenburg
county
was
an
essential
part
of
the
cotton
kingdom
of
the
old
south,
although
we
don't
really
see
ourselves
in
the
same
light
as
places
like
mississippi
or
charleston.
E
Charlotte
played
a
huge
role,
some
of
the
places
and
images
that
remain
include
on
mccoy
road.
A
few
hundred
yards
from
where
my
son
attended
trillium
springs
montessori
school
just
last
year.
There
exists
a
slave
cemetery
that
was
erected
by
children
of
the
slave
owner.
An
enormous
marker.
You
hear
see
in
the
upper
left-hand
corner
in
the
middle
of
a
24
square,
foot
plot
of
otherwise
unmarked
graves
there's.
E
This
is
only
one
of
about
24,
known,
african-american,
slave
burial
grounds
around
mecklenburg
county
and
if
you
read
the
the
the
engraving
erected
by
albert
mccoy's,
children
and
his
slaves
uncle
jim
and
his
wife
lizzy
and
uncle
charles
and
family-
and
it
really
brings
up
this
idea
that,
hopefully
we
can
talk
talk
about
after
the
presentation.
This
idea
of
benevolence
and
so
versus
perspective.
E
You
know
these
were
children
who
no
doubt
had
some
fun
memories
of
the
people
that
they
had
once
enslaved,
but
as
historians,
I
believe
it's
really
our
responsibility
to
try
to
bring
to
light
that
there
are
more
than
one
perspective
on
the
past
more
than
one
perspective
on
the
past
and
it's
our
job
to
really
try
to
synthesize
and
make
sense
of
these
perspectives
and
put
them
side
by
side.
For
so
long,
only
one
perspective
have
been
passed
down
to
the
general
public,
and
it's
it's.
Why
we're?
E
E
E
These
were
most
often
prisoners
of
war
that
every
place
on
on
the
globe
and
in
this
world
had,
and
so
I
don't
want
to
get
into
a
huge
long
discussion,
but
there's
a
difference
between
the
forms
of
slavery
that
evolved
in
north
america
and
in
the
old
world,
as
we
sometimes
like
to
call
it.
The
slave
plantation,
the
stafford
plantation
slave
cabin,
is
the
other
image
and
it's
only
the
only
known
domicile
in
mecklenburg
county
was
slaves.
Once
then.
E
I'm
in
1850
44
of
people
in
charlotte
were
enslaved
and
local
laws
were
pla
passed
to
closely
control
the
behavior
of
of
blacks.
Enslaved
people
were
not
allowed
in
the
streets
after
9
30,
without
written
permission
from
their
owners,
they
could
not
buy,
sell
or
buy
or
sell
alcohol
or
smoke
pipes
or
cigars
in
public.
I
don't
really
know
what
that
was
all
about,
but
this
could
not
leave.
They
could
not
leave
their
plantations
without
passes
or
assembled
without
permission
from
their
owners.
E
The
enslaved
could
not
hold
worship
services
and
were
forced
to
attend
white
churches.
There
was
a
town
guard
which
were
early
forerunners
of
police
who
roamed
the
streets
from
9
pm
until
dawn,
and
they
had
the
authority
to
visit
and
inspect
all
homes
occupied
by
free
blacks,
and
so
there
was
severe
punishment
vetted
out
if
they
caught
any
of
the
offenders
and
these
guards
were
most
often
held
up
in
high
esteem
celebrated
if
they
ever
caught
an
enslaved
african
violating
any
of
these
laws.
F
E
In
many
cases,
rape,
which
is
something
was
a
an
essential
part
of
slavery
that
we
don't
often
like
to
talk
about,
and
so
one
of
the
things
that
I
found
really
important
that
I
I
you
know
knew
was
and
if
you
pay
attention
to
the
1800
to
1810
mecklenburg
county
leads
all
of
the
state
counties
in
the
cotton
gin.
Taxes
when
eli
whitney
inc
invented
the
cotton
gin
in
1794.
E
I
always
wondered:
how
was
he
able
to
get
paid
for
his
invention?
So
what
I've
been
able
to
find
out
is
that
counties
all
across
the
south
actually
bought
the
patent
they
bought.
The
rights
purchased
the
rights
to
produce
eli,
whitney's,
cotton
gin
and
they
collected
taxes
from
local
residents
who
use
the
cotton
gin
who
have
built
the
cotton
gin
who
own
plantations
and
they
use
this
money
to
pay
eli
whitney.
E
E
Let
me
see
1790,
oh
no,
I'm
saying
they're.
They
were
sorry.
Let
me
go
to
the
next
slide,
so
the
number
of
those
enslaved
in
north
carolina
increased
just
to
give
you
some
local
or
state
context
around
this
national
number.
In
1790
there
were
just
under,
or
in
1790
there
were
just
around
350
000
enslaved
people
of
african
descent,
that
was
in
1860,
and
that
was
up
from
100
000
in
1790.
E
percentage
of
the
population
that
was
enslaved,
varied
from
county
to
county.
There
were
over
19
counties
in
1860,
whereas
where
slave
populations
were
greater
than
the
free
africa,
free,
blacks
or
free
whites,
I
mean
most
of
these
were
out
in
the
east.
Where
you
had
large
plantations
that
really
focused
on
cotton
and
tobacco
and
and
other
other
products,
there
were
more
black
people
enslaved
in
both
virginia
and
south
carolina
and
in
the
east
or
the
western
part
of
northland.
E
E
So
some
of
the
most
imposing
plantation
houses
in
all
of
north
carolina
piedmont
are
located
in
mecklenburg
county.
Each
is
a
testament
a
testament
to
the
fundamental
importance
of
slavery
to
the
region's
antebellum
way
of
life.
Cedar
grove
was
one
of
the
largest
in
the
county.
It
was
established
by
hugh
torrance,
who
appears
in
the
mecklenburg
county
records
by
1779.
E
This
is
15
years
before
the
cotton
gin
is
invented.
He
purchased
over
667
acres
in
that
year
and
by
1790s
was
in
the
position
to
purchase
over
500
more
acres.
During
the
course
of
the
decade,
a
records
show
that
torrance's
estate
owned
a
substantial
amount
of
livestock,
including
over
60
cows,
12
horses,
46,
sheep
and
150
hogs
in
1790.
E
He
also
owned
33
enslaved
people
of
african
descent
and
by
the
time
of
his
death
hugh
and
his
son
accumulated
a
substantial
tract
of
land
of
over
1400
acres
and
by
1840
they
enslaved
over
100
persons
of
african
descent,
and
so-
and
this
was
a
concentration
of
wealth
that
was
really
not
common
for
the
area.
Granted.
E
I
said
that
that
charlotte
imperfection
was
a
part
of
the
cotton
kingdom,
but
many
of
the
very
large
plantations
that
had
over
100
persons
enslaved
were
truly
in
the
deep
south
on
the
coast
of
south
carolina
places
like
that.
So
this
was
really
an
unusual
plantation
for
the
region
and
probably
perhaps
the
largest.
These
are
some
names
that
I
have
here
of
other
prominent
family,
owning
slaves,
slave
owners,
davidson
the
patterson
family,
the
behringer
family,
the
caldwell
family,
the
johnston,
family,
alexander
pfeiffer,
osborne
and
ladder.
E
Some
of
these
names
are
recognizable
because
of
they,
you
know
their
names
sort
of
spot
street
names,
whether
they're
neighborhoods,
the
latter
plantation,
is
still
in
existence.
Alexander's
have
always
been
a
prominent
name
here.
Johnston
was
one
of
the
earlier
plantations
and
was
a
former
mayor
of
the
city,
of
course,
at
caldwell
and
behringer.
We'll
talk
a
little
bit
more
about
those
names
when
we
get
to
the
streets.
E
E
Okay,
see
he
owned
over
on
two
people
in
1790
by
the
time
that
he
passed
in
1840,
he
passed
the
land
over
to
his
sons.
Initially,
it
came
into
the
hands
of
his
daughter.
Melissa
who
married
zebulon
morris
and
morris
was
from
another
prominent
family
that
enslaved
30
persons
of
african
descent
in
1850.
E
He
brought
with
him
over
12
enslaved
people,
but
he
was
never
really
able
to
compete
on
a
large
scale
with
other
cotton
plantations
in
the
county.
Rosedale
is
probably
one
of
the
more
recognizable
plantation
homes
if
it
is
a
tourist
attraction
that
you
can
easily
miss.
If
you
drive
up
north
tryon
towards
uncc
from
uptown,
it's
right
beside
a
police
station
at
36th
street,
it
was
believed
that
few
fury
served
as
a
tax
collector
in
north
carolina
for
several
years
before
facing
financial
difficulties
over
mishandling
of
taxes.
E
E
Dr
david
t,
caldwell
caldwell
again,
that's
that's
another
influential
name
in
the
city
that
you'll
see
I'm
donning
a
street
signs
and
it
remained
in
the
davis
and
caldwell
this
land
up
until
throughout
the
and
and
that
period
there
were
20
to
30
enslaved
people
of
african
descent.
Working
on
the
caldwell
plantation,
the
beaver
dam
plantation
is
considered.
E
The
seat
of
the
prominent
davidson
family
it
was
built
around
1829
and
acquired
in
in
1808
is
one
of
the
oldest
remaining
houses
in
mecklenburg
county
that
is
associated
with
the
davidson
family,
and
it
was
one
of
the
most
prominent.
As
I
said,
one
of
the
most
prominent
planter
land
holding
families.
E
They
the
davidson
family
in
1830,
enslaved,
25
people
davidson
inhabited
this
house
for
over
18
years
and
the
property
once
covered
more
than
a
square
mile
in
1836
davidson
college
was
established
on
the
property
and
in
davidson's
will
he
requested
that
the
enslaves
be
sold
as
far
as
practical,
so
that
mothers
and
small
children
were
kept
together.
He
also
requested
that
this,
these
his
three
oldest
slaves,
be
provided
for
during
the
remainder
of
their
lives.
E
So
gold
was
first
discovered
in
this
region
in
1799
on
john
reed's
farm
in
north
mecklenburg
county
over
the
next
25
years
on
the
land
surrounding
little
meadow
creek.
There
were
small
pits
that
had
been
dug
for
a
distance
of
a
fourth
of
a
mile
on
both
sides
of
the
stream
in
the
early
efforts
in
these
early
efforts
and
slave
labor,
assisted
in
these
small
endeavors
between
1820
and
1830,
partnerships
began
to
form
to
create
a
massive
gold
mining
operations.
E
Observers
recall
seeing
enslaved
labor
working
in
place
of
deposits,
and
you
see
that
along
these
lines,
these
were
how
they
shipped
or
shipped
the
sediment
from
the
mining
up
to
the
bow
mining
house.
But
along
these
places
were
called
placement
deposits
in
the
in
the
morning.
Those
people
who
owned
slaves
would
have
those
africans
filling
court
jars,
full
of
gold
slave
owners
required
between
four
to
eight
slaves
to
fill
a
court
jar
with
gold
every
day.
E
At
one
time,
observers
noticed
that
there
were
over
three
000
slaves
could
be
seen
could
be
seen
working
the
gravel
deposits
along
a
single
stream,
which
is
a
I
mean,
a
large
amount
of
enslaved
people.
We
often
think
about
seeing
that
kind
of
labor,
often
in
cotton
fields,
but
to
see
them
along
the
the
streams
mining
gold
again
lets
us
know
that
slave
labor
was
was
really
crucial
to
the
development
of
charlotte.
E
During
this
time,
a
place
deposit
mining
as
place,
deposit
mining,
dried
up
mining
operations
turned
to
extracting
gold
from
underground
veins,
and
this
method
initially
brought
in
foreigners
who
were
skilled
miners,
but
labored
disputes
emerged
between
various
european
mining
groups
and
miners
then
turn
to
enslave
labor
at
gold
hill,
which
was
a
mining
company
just
on
the
outskirts
of
mecklenburg
county.
We
can
learn
that
some
companies
hired
between
or
employed
between,
25
to
50
percent
of
its
labor,
was
enslaved.
E
So
what
you
begin
to
see
is
that
some
slave
owners
during
this
period
are
resistant
or
hesitant
to
loan
out
their
laborers
to
these
gold
mining
operations.
But
some
of
the
companies
owning
slaves
included
the
bissell
arker
company
who
employed
59
slaves
in
1830,
the
charlotte
cat
mine
used
38
slaves,
10
of
whom
were
women.
I
mean
there
were
some
an
estimated
5
000
enslaved
africans
and
engaged
in
mining
in
mecklenburg
county
during
the
height
of
the
gold
rush
in
the
1830s
and
1840s.
E
Admittedly,
the
deflated
confederate
dollars-
slaves
sold
in
charlotte
in
august
of
1864,
were
brought
for
the
following
prices:
a
boy
around
18
years
of
old
was
sold
for
five
thousand
dollars.
A
boy
who
was
eleven
years
old
was
sold
for
four
thousand
dollars.
A
young
girl
who
was
16
was
sold
for
four
thousand
dollars
and
so
forth,
but
runaway
ads
were
placed
in
newspapers
by
slave
owners
were
abundant.
E
Spending
time
that
this
idea
of
white
supremacy
really
began
to
emerge
during
the
institution
of
slavery.
People
like
thomas
jefferson,
was
largely
responsible
for
arguments
that
a
lot
of
defenders
and
pro-slavery
thought
how
it
evolved
in
this
country.
Jefferson
and
notes
of
the
states
of
virginia
used
arguments
based
on
history,
science,
political
theory
and
practical
necessity
to
to
justify
race
and
race
to
justify
the
continued
enslavement
of
of
africans.
There
were
numerous
defenders
of
slavery
who
elaborated
on
on
jefferson's
arguments
that
jefferson's
set
out.
E
E
So
in
I
just
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
some
of
those
ideas
that
that
jefferson
shaped
in
notes
of
virginia.
He
argued
that
blacks
were
inherently
inferior
to
whites
in
their
mental
abilities
and
their
moral
virtues.
He
claimed
that
he
had
never
found
a
black
who
had
uttered
a
thought
above
the
level
of
plain
narration.
I've
never
seen
an
elementary
trait
of
paint
or
sculpture,
nor
poetry.
E
He
speculated
that
blackness
might
come
from
the
color
of
their
blood
or
that
black
women,
or
that
black
women
might
have
bred
with
orangutans.
He
asserted
without
offering
proof
that
black
men
preferred
white
women
as
their
sexual
partners,
which
really
became
a
huge
political
tool.
As
we
see
the
turn
of
the
20th
century
with
white
supremacy-
and
it's
still
present
today,
among
some
people
who
are
racist,
their
sexuality,
like
everything
else
jefferson
described-
that
blacks
were
less
human
and
more
animalistic,
he
believed
that
they
were
unequal.
E
Blacks
could
never
in
jefferson's,
mind
survive
competition
with
whites.
He
argued
for
the
removal
of
africans
if
they
were
ever
freed
and
he
asserted
that
there
would
be
deep
rooted
prejudices
entertained
by
whites,
10,
000,
recognitions
he
quoted
by
blacks
and
the
injuries
they
have
sustained
and
new
provocations.
The
real
distinction
which
nature
has
made
would
lead
to
quote
the
extermination
of
one
or
the
other
race,
and
so
these
ideas
of
a
race
war
were
already
being
conjured
up
even
before
the
end
of
slavery.
E
He
also
feared
that
if
free
blacks
stayed
the
united
states
that
they
might
intermarry
with
whites
and
so
southerners
used,
this
theology
used
theology
history
again:
political
theory,
law,
science
and
economics
to
defend
the
central
institution
for
the
society.
The
largest
single
body
of
pro-slavery
literature
is
based
on
religious
defenses.
E
This
was
the
serpent
story
in
genesis
so
often
times
whenever
I
talk
about
jim
crow,
we
we
think
about
jim
crow
as
only
being
segregation
laws
and
particularly
in
the
popular
imagination.
We
think
about
these
laws,
but
I
have
to
remind
people
that
jim
crow
was
an
actual
figure.
Thomas
dartmouth,
rice
or
thomas
daddy
rice
was
born
in
1808
and
lived
until
1860..
He
was
an
american
performer
who
used
african-american
vernacular
to
capitalize
off
of
america's
growing
need
to
cultivate
these
racial
differences.
Rice
became
probably
the
most
popular
menstrual.
E
E
He
reached
his
peak
of
popularity
in
1832
between
1832
and
1844,
and
some
of
the
things
that
were
going
on
just
to
provide
you.
Some
historical
context
is
that
new
york
abolished
slavery
in
1827,
so
there
was
a
social
need
to
control
and
challenge
the
image
of
african
americans
as
intelligent
and
equal
citizens.
Coal
rose.
You
see
this
piece
of
sheet
music,
which
would
become
a
lot
more
popular
in
the
1870s.
E
The
image
of
this
was
really
responsible
for
creating
this
negative
image
of
black
women,
which
helped
maintain
the
destructive
practice
of
exploiting
their
reproductive
bodies
for
labor,
particularly
in
the
south,
where
slavery
has
still
existed.
The
song
portrayed
black
women
as
unattractive
I'm
overweight
and
overdressed,
reassuring
white
women.
That
white
men
could
never
truly
love
black
women,
in
spite
of
them
constantly
using
their
bodies
to
reproduce
labor.
So
george
washington
dixon
was
from
richmond
virginia
and
he
introduced
audiences
to
cold
black
rose
and
another
popular
image.
E
Zip
a
black
person,
a
zip,
a
was
or
a
zip
was
a.
There
are
all
kinds
of
coons,
zip
coons,
but
zip
coons
are
one
of
the
most
popular.
A
black
zip
was
a
black
person
who
was
trying
their
best
to
please
white
people
or
a
black
person
who
is
acting
performatively
or
foolishly
in
a
way
that
reinforces
black
stereotypes.
E
So
these
ideas,
I
I
really
thought
this
was
important.
These
ideas
are
really
important
to
show
that
they
were
thriving
even
under
the
the
institution
of
slavery,
and
they
only
begin
to
to
spread
after
the
civil
war.
So
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
more
about
charlotte
and
its
place
in
the
civil
war,
on
the
eve
of
the
outbreak
of
the
civil
war
leaders
in
charlotte.
Look
to
folks
like
william
r
myers
and
daniel
h,
hill,
charles
lee
and
john
brown
was
another
person.
E
Sectionalism
had
come
to
a
head
with
the
election
of
abraham
lincoln
and
each
man
had
gave
political
speech
speeches
supporting
secession
only
if
southern
states
followed
north
carolina
was
the
last
of
the
southern
states
to
succeed,
but
it's
often
brought
up
that
north
carolina
provided
more
troops
to
the
civil
war
than
any
other
southern
state
and
lost
more
lives
than
any
other
southern
state
at
the
outbreak
of
the
civil
war.
Myers
was
an
organizer
of
a
vigilance
committee
that
assembled
to
protect
the
community
from
incendiary
fires.
E
Although
he
was
a
wealthy
businessman,
he
volunteered
military
service
and
supplied
necessary
equipment
for
the
34th
north
carolina
infantry.
He
was
commissioned
as
a
captain
for
the
company.
In
1861
and
remained
in
the
confederate
army
up
until
april
of
1862
when
the
regiment
reorganized,
but
this
was
likely
due
to
a
lack
of
military
experience,
he
was
not
reelected,
but
nevertheless,
according
to
widespread
customs,
once
you
are
given
a
title
like
colonel,
he
was
able
to
to
be
called
that
and
remain
and
keep
that
title
for
the
rest
of
his
life.
E
Hill
was
more
prominent
in
the
civil
war
in
the
confederacy
than
meyers
was
myers,
of
course,
is,
is
connected
to
myers
park
and
a
lot
of
higher
street
downs
downtown.
Where
there
was
a
maya
street
graded
school,
he
donated
a
lot
of
land
too.
They
also
donated
the
land
of
what
became
the
johnson
c
smith
university,
but
daniel
hill
was
a
west
point
graduate
who
was
a
confederate
general
in
the
civil
war.
He
led
soldiers
into
battle
in
in
tennessee
and
was
the
founder
of
the
north
carolina
military
institute.
E
Although
there
were
no
major
battles
in
or
around
charlotte,
the
city
would
play
a
significant
role
in
the
civil
war.
Daniel
hill
established
this
school
in
1858
and
the
school
furnished.
As
I
said,
many
soldiers
and
offers
to
the
confederate
cause,
the
school
was
located
on
where
the
endowed
ymca
is
currently
located,
and
there
was
once
a
marker
there,
but
I
believe
it
has
been
moved.
I'm
paying
tribute
to
what
was
the
once
the
north
carolina
military
institute
at
the
start
of
the
war.
E
E
Again,
this
was
the
william
pfeiffer
house
that
I
hang
at
the
beginning
of
the
slide.
This
is
a
picture
of
william
pfeiffer.
The
last
meeting
of
the
confederate
cabinet
marker
was
erected.
There's
a
marker
there,
I'm
not
sure
if
it's
still
there,
but
it
was
located
at
722
north
tryon,
it
became
the
headquarters
for
general
beauregard
in
1865.
E
E
The
other
was
james
osborne,
who
was
a
state
judge
and
at
one
time
been
the
manager
of
the
bent
museum
or
the
mint,
the
mint,
the
mint
itself
he
owned.
23
slaves,
according
to
mary
kratt
pfeiffer,
predicted
a
great
future
for
charlotte
there's,
a
pfeiffer
avenue,
I'm
located
in
in
uptown
likely
named
for
him
and
connects
north
tryon
to
north
college
street
between
ninth
and
east
11th
street.
This
is
next
to
the
howe
marshall
center.
E
So
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
confederate
survivors
and
the
lost
cause,
because
I
think
it's
really
important
to
understand
how
belief
in
this
idea
of
states,
rights
and
the
lost
cause
really
took
hold
in
the
south.
It's
true
that
most
of
the
confederate
soldiers
did
not
own
enslaved
africans
or
did
not
enslave
africans,
but
it's
really
important
to
understand
the
destruction
of
this
war
to
understand
sort
of
their
psychological
mind
state.
E
After
the
war
there
were
over
258
thousand
confederate
deaths,
and
so,
when
you
think
about
that
there
were
more
women,
more
women
who
were
widowed.
There
were
more
children
who
were
orphaned
as
a
result
of
the
war,
and
the
war
touched
more
lives
and
communities
more
deeply
than
we
had
thought.
And
so
it
has
shaped
the
course
of
ensuing
decades
of
american
history
in
ways
that
we
just
truly
haven't
really
grasped,
and
so
many
of
those
people
who
did
return
those
former
confederate
soldiers.
They
returned
maimed,
often
missing
limbs.
E
This
really
was
responsible
for
creating
the
prosthetic
industry
in
this
country
and
so
coming
to
grips
with
the
the
fact
that
they
had
been
a
part
of
a
war
that
was
a
failure.
It's
easy
to
understand
why
they
would
have
latched
on
to
this
idea
of
the
lost
cause
that
was
being
disseminated,
as
dr
cox
talked
a
little
bit
about
several
weeks
ago,.
E
So
these
are
some
of
the
other
other
images,
and
so
I
mean
thinking
about
those
ideas
about
african-americans
or
africans,
formerly
enslaved
africans
being
inferior
again,
you
can
understand
why
they
would
be
quick
to
believe
in
this
idea
of
a
loss
cause
and
that
africans
did
not
deserve
equality.
They
certainly
did
not
deserve
to
vote
or
be
placed
on
an
equal
playing
field,
as
they
were.
E
Some
events
that
sort
of
could
help
us
understand
was
an
event
that
I
found
out
about
earlier
this
year.
It
was
the
elite.
Lee
dunlap
was
an
african
american
who
was
shot
and
killed
james,
a
gleason
who
was
a
former
confederate
soldier
in
charlotte
over
an
insult
in
1868,
his
lawyers
demanded
a
retrial,
arguing
that
there
was
no
way
that
he
could
get
a
fair
trial
at
the
hands
of
an
all-white
jury.
E
His
case
was
successfully
removed
to
other
jurisdictions
in
north
carolina
on
several
occasions
and
intermittently
between
court
appearances,
whites
routinely
gathered
around
the
jail
where
to
lynch
dunlap,
where
he
was
being
held,
while
blacks
gathered
to
protect
him
over
the
course
of
six
years.
The
case
eventually
made
it
all
the
way
to
the
supreme
court
and
raised
the
issue
of
whether
african-americans
should
have
access
to
equal
due
process
in
the
court
system.
E
Unfortunately,
the
case
was
never
decided
before
on
the
eve
of
appearing
before
the
supreme
court
on
dunlap
was
allowed
to
escape,
but
this
is
a
really
interesting
story,
because
it
it
points
to
this
idea
of
whether
africa,
not
only
whether
or
not
african
americans
should
have
equal
due
process
in
the
court
system.
But
what
a
lot
of
people
don't
know
is
that,
in
the
aftermath
of
the
civil
war
charlotte
employed,
I
think
a
couple,
maybe
two
to
three
black
police
officers
and
the
police.
E
Lee
dunlap
was
there
to
testify
that
this
white
man,
who
remained
a
name
I
could
not
find
a
name
for
him.
Both
dunlap
and
gleason
appeared
in
court
to
testify
lee
dunlap
on
behalf
of
the
officer
john
t
shinke,
because
police
officers,
black
police
officers,
were
not
allowed
to
arrest
on
white
suspects
in
1867,
1868
and
so
lee
dunlap
came
to
defend
shanks,
saying
that
he
was
just
doing
his
job.
He
in
no
way
violated
the
man's
rights
and
dun
gleason.
E
E
So
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
now
about
the
evolution
of
popular
culture.
I
mentioned
the
fact
I
talked
a
little
bit
about.
I
talked
a
little
bit
about
jim
crow
and
thomas
daddy
rice
by
the
1870s.
The
emergence
of
sheep
music
had
really
taken
a
hold.
This
again
was
the
first
form
of
popular
culture
in
america
and
oftentimes.
E
When
people
entertain,
you
would
go
into
their
room
into
their
homes
into
their
parlors.
They'd
have
those
those
pianos
that
played
music
sheet
music
and
in
their
on
their
dining
room
tables.
You
would
often
find
sheet
music
that
had
images
of
of
african
americans
and
they
were
most
often
described
in
in
the
sheet
music
or
the
images
they
went
a
long
way
to
described
or
portray
african
americans.
E
In
a
certain
light
I
mean
you
can
just
read
some
of
the
the
titles
to
the
sheet
music,
the
that
had
the
razor
which
portrayed
african
americans
often
portrayed
african-americans
as
violent
fight,
always
in
possession
of
some
sort
of
weapon.
This
idea
of
the
zip
code
you
see
in
the
1896,
all
coons
look
alike
or
all
black
folk
look
alike.
This
is
something
that
is
probably
still
believed
in
in
many
circles
today
in
the
bottom
left-hand
corner,
you
see
an
awful
wicked
inward.
E
The
black
man
in
the
in
the
image
is,
is
apparently
with
his
his
partner
and
he
has
one
eye
centered
on
the
white
woman
in
the
picture
of
the
music,
and
he
has
just
assaulted
another
black
man
who
is
lying
on
the
ground
now,
and
so
this
feeds
into
this
idea
that
the
earlier
forms
of
menstrual
c
set
forth,
remember:
cold
black
rose
that
that
black
women
were
unattractive.
This
is
how
they
portrayed
her
thomas
jefferson's
idea
that
all
black
men
wanted
white
women.
E
So
this
kind
of
popular
culture
was
actually
feeding
into
it
and
then
the
other
more
explicit
piece
of
sheet
music
called
the
coons
trademark.
This
idea
that
all
black
people
again
carried
razors,
they
loved
watermelons
and
they
were
chicken
creams,
and
so
this
was
was
really
popular.
This
was
the
way
I
the
way
ideas
were
spread
down
popular
opinions.
This
is
how
they
they
got
the
popular
opinion
to
accept
the
tr,
the
treatment
of
african-americans.
E
So
apparently,
john
mocha
was
an
italian
immigrant
who
had
bought
what
was
the
former
residence
of
the
mayor
and
by
their
time
I
believe
they
had
built
a
new
bear's
office,
and
so
john
mocha
had
bought
this
resident
and
had
turned
it
into
a
store.
But
brad
brabham
was
described
in
stereotypical
fashion
by
the
media.
He
was
called
a
gambler
and
love
to
drink
and
and
party,
and
do
all
those
kinds
of
things,
and
so
he
was
accused
of
killing
john
moca.
E
E
The
church
was
riddled
with
bullets,
I'm
not
sure
which
church
it
was.
I
had
tried
to
find
again.
There
are
a
number
of
articles
that
talk
about
this.
That
document
this
event,
but
none
of
them
mention
which
black
church
it
was,
and
so
this
was
another
event
and-
and
that-
and
some
of
the
articles
talked
about
this
idea-
that
blacks
were
becoming
more
bold,
particularly
that
they
would
gather
and
try
to
protect
someone
like
henry
brabham.
E
So
the
I
think
I
think
this
is
really
important.
This
provides
some
context
to
why
the
the
white
supremacy
campaigns
of
the
1890s
really
began
to
focus
on
this,
the
the
ability
of
african
americans
to
vote
and
by
the
turn
of
the
20th
century,
you
see
the
disinfranchisement
efforts
to
prevent
african-americans
from
voting
in
1890.
E
E
The
confederate
democrats
viewed
the
bill
as
a
threat
to
their
state's
rights,
especially
after
the
hayes.
Tilden
compromise
had
really
sawn
the
withdrawal
of
federal
union
troops
in
the
south,
and
you
can't
read.
You
may
not
be
able
to
read
this
headline,
but
this
appeared
on
the
same
front,
page
newspaper
article
in
1892,
and
this
is
the
first
instance
that
you
begin
to
see
this
idea
of
white
supremacy
appear
in
the
pages
of
charlotte
observer
and
they're
talking
about
instituting
this
campaign
of
education
to
get
people.
E
Opponents
of
white
supremacy
people
who
did
not
support
white
supremacy
on
the
side
of
white
supremacy
that
they
needed
to
be
educated,
and
this
was
a
political
cartoon
that
portrayed
african-americans
coming
to
the
ballot
in
force,
with
weapons
drawn
and
really
almost
taking
their
rights
to
vote
and
costing
white
people
in
the
process.
And
so
these
kinds
of
images
again
popular
images
that
are
used
in
the
media,
played
a
huge
role
in
in
swaying
public
opinion
and
getting
them
on
the
right
side
of
white
supremacy.
E
Now
often
charlotte
has
not
been
discussed
in
terms
of
the
wilmington
race
riots
or
support
of
white
supremacy
in
1895,
henry
bryant
red
buck.
Bryant
came
back
to
charlotte.
He
was
a
native
of
mecklenburg
county
and
he
began
working
for
the
charlotte
observer
began.
Volunteering
initially
unpaid
was
an
unpaid
volunteer
and
in
1898
by
1898
he
had
established
himself
a
reputation
as
a
star
journalist
because
of
his
coverage
of
charles
aycock's
campaign
for
governor
and
he
went
out
east.
E
I
don't
want
to
spend
a
lot
of
time
on
that.
Most
of
you
know
about
the
wilmington
race
rise
in
1898,
but
one
of
the
most
important
elements
of
the
race
riots
or
the
the
wilmington
uprising
was
the
work
that
was
done
by
josephus
daniels
in
the
news
and
observer
he
hired
what
who
was
then
probably
one
of
the
most
important
and
popular
political
cartoonists
named
norman
jennett.
E
This
was
a
really
popular
image
called
the
incubus
and
and
it's
it
it
portrays
an
african-american
really
in
a
caricature
type
images,
not
very
unsimilar
from
the
the
sheet
music
that
you
see
that
I
talked
a
little
about
a
bit
earlier,
but
it
portrays
african-americans
as
seeking
to
take
control
over
or
gain
access
to
white
women
by
children
and
I'm
controlling
the
the
ballot
box.
You
see
the
ballot
box
chained
to
his
his
leg.
E
Shortly
after
the
wilmington
race
riots,
what
you
begin
to
see
take
place
in
charlotte
is
something
that
I
I
call
what
from
extra
legal
lynching
to
legal
lynchings.
There
were
just
in
a
matter
of
months.
There
were
three
men
who
were
who
were
publicly
hung
in
charlotte
for
apparently
assaulting
white
women,
so
joe
jackson
was
one
of
them.
Julius
alexander
was
another,
and
so
you
begin
to
see
charlotte
had
always.
You
really
began
to
see
this
beginnings
of
charlotte
trying
to
portray
itself
as
above
the
fray
there's.
E
They
wanted
to
make
sure
that
only
whites
had
access
to
good
jobs,
and
these
jobs
at
the
time
were
primarily
those
jobs
in
the
cotton
mills,
and
so
they
did
everything
that
they
could
to
keep
african-americans
from
being
employed
in
cotton
mills,
and
so
this
helps
us
understand
how
whites
were
given
positions
of
influence
and
how
they
were
able
to
build
wealth
so
much
faster
than
african-americans.
It's
because
jobs
were
kept
away
from
african-americans
and
these
white
supremacy
clubs.
E
This
is
the
way
that
they
sold
themselves
to
the
average
white
person,
and
so
this,
the
initial
white
supremacy
club,
was
started
in
march
by
july.
You
begin
to
see
these
auxiliary
white
supremacy
clubs
being
formed
at
local
mills
all
across
the
city.
This
is
at
victor
mills
and
the
gingham
mills,
and
you
can
see
people
were
very
bold.
They
put
their
names
in
the
papers
as
being
attached
to
these
white
supremacy
clubs.
I
don't
think
any
of
them
thought
that
you
know
decades
later.
E
This
is
another,
this
is
an
editorial
that
was
produced
around
the
same
time
on
behalf
of
the
white
supremacy
club.
This
was
to
the
editor
asking
all
local
mills
and
local
businesses
on
election
day
as
it
approached
in
1900
to
let
all
white
men
off
of
work
so
that
they
could
go
vote.
It
was
just
imperative
that
they
maintain
their
dominance
at
the
ballot.
E
I
thought
this
was
really
important
because
in
1903,
d.a
tompkins
wrote
what
became
the
first
history
book
of
charlotte
in
mecklenburg
county
and
a
large
part
of
the
lost
cause
was
controlling
how
we
thought
about
the
past
and
controlling
the
historical
narrative,
and
if
you
read
d.a
tompkins
work,
he
is
is
one
of
those
people
who
writes
very
he's
apologetic
about
slavery.
In
many
ways
he
he
doesn't
see
slavery
as
a
as
as
being
a
bad
institution.
E
He
portrayed
most
slave
owners
as
benevolent
and
really
spoke
in
disparaging
terms
about
those
people
who
were
enslaved
and
d.a.
Tompkins
is
a
really
important
figure
in
charlotte
he's
owner
of
the
charlotte
observer,
he's,
of
course,
the
mastermind
behind
the
construction
of
mill,
villages
and
and
cotton
mills,
as
well
as
cotton
oil
mills
all
around
the
city
so
and
in
his
manual
in
how
to
construct
cotton
mills.
E
He
often
talks
about
the
inability
of
blacks
to
work
inside
of
a
cotton
mill
because
they
were
not
as
intelligent
or
didn't
have
the
mental
capacity
to
work.
The
kind
of
machinery
that
you
saw
in
cotton
bills,
and
so
I
thought
that
him
trying
to
gain
control
over
the
local
history
narrative
is
really
important.
It
helps
us
understand
how
people
never
really
thought
highly
of
african-americans,
particularly
if
they
were
not
portrayed
in
positive
lights
in
the
history
of
the
development
of
the
city.
E
E
Of
course,
they're
not
in
their
usual
chain
gang
garbs
of
of
stripes.
The
the
postcards
are
made
to
look
really
pretty
pretty
and
and
portrayed
this
effort
to
build
roads
throughout
the
the
city
and
the
state
as
a
really
an
important
endeavor
that
everyone
should
support.
But
it
doesn't
talk
about
the
use
of
chain
gang
labor
to
do
this.
E
So
jim
mcneely
was
one
of
those
people
who
had
been
in
and
out
of
these
chain
games
and
how
they
describe
him
again:
chicken
jim
to
insinuate
that
he
was
a
known
chicken
thief
around
the
city.
So
when
he
was
shot
you
you
read
the
headline
chicken
jim
killed.
You
begin
to
think
in
the
popular
opinion.
Their
popular
imagination
is
this.
This
is
something
that
he
deserved.
E
He
was
a
known
thief,
and
so
we
think
about
the
way
that
media
is
used
today
to
portray
people
or
victims
of
gun,
violence
and
by
police.
I
think
there's
some
some
real
similarities.
I
think
that
we
can
draw
lines
to
make
some
connections
too.
This
is
not
something
that
is,
that
is
new
and
again
the
reason.
E
So
apparently,
he
shot
a
police
officer
who
had
been
called
to
the
scene
out
on
south
tryon
street
joe
mcneely
had
been
seen
in
the
neighborhood
waving
a
gun
and
some
of
the
people
who
called
him
said
that
he
may
have
been
on
drugs
at
the
time,
and
so
when
the
police
came
riding
his
motorcycle
too,
to
find
out
what
was
going
on.
As
he
came
around
the
curve,
joe
mcneely
saw
him
aimed
his
pistol
and
shot
the
police
officer
and
ended
up.
He
did.
E
The
police
officer
did
not
die,
but
joe
mcneely
was
he
he
ended
up
was
able
to
return
fire,
he
shot
joe
mcneely
and
they
were
able
to
apprehend
joe
mcneely
and
they
because
joe
mcneely
was
badly
wounded
rather
than
take
him
to
jail.
They
took
him
to
the
good
samaritan,
hospital
and
handcuffed
him
to
the
bed
and
again,
this
is
where
you
begin
to
see
this
idea.
That
charlotte
is
is
of
the
phrase
in
terms
of
how
the
media
reported
on
it.
E
One
article
said
queen
charlotte
embiid,
really
hailing
charlotte,
for
it's
being
able
to
allow
this
man
to
get
his
day
in
court
that
lynch
mobs
did
not
form,
but
again,
a
few
days
later.
I
believe
it
was
just
a
period
of
maybe
four
to
five
days
later,
a
mob
did
finally
form
and
this
storm
good
samaritan
hospital
dragged
joe
mcneely
from
his
bed
and
riddled
him
with
bullets.
I
believe
the
crowds
were
estimated
between
40
to
60
mass.
E
This
behavior
called
those
people
hoodlums,
but
this
was
again
so
you
begin
to
understand
that
the
the
relationship
between
the
african-american
community
and
the
law
enforcement
had
never
really
been
on
good
footing,
and
so,
if
joe
mcneely
understood
how
law
enforcement
had
really
been
in
how
it
had
the
relationship
that
it
had
within
his
own
family,
his
own
brother
was
killed
by
law
enforcement
just
a
few
years
earlier.
You
can
understand
why
he
didn't
have
a
positive.
D
E
E
He
traveled
around
the
state
and
organized
the
sons
of
confederate
veterans
chapters,
and
so
he
used
this
speech
as
a
way
to
suggest
that
slavery
was
not
the
cause
of
the
war
between
the
states
and
he
talks.
He
goes
through
some
old,
convoluted
rationale
that
that
this
was
actually
the
war
was
actually
about
trying
to
create
political
balance
in
terms
of
representation
in
in
house
seats
in
the
federal
government.
E
So,
but
I
think
it's
really
important
that
we
understand
this
because,
alexander,
graham
these
ideas
of
the
lost
cause
were
being
spread
by
really
prominent
people
in
the
city,
alexander,
graham,
I
ran
across
alexander
graham
first
in
my
own
research.
He
walked
into
the
classroom
of
transmit
anderson
writing,
a
biography
now
of
when
treason.
Anderson
was
just
in
second
grade,
and
he
lined
all
of
the
kids
up
very
similar
to
what
I
I.
The
way
that
I
portrayed
is
as
a
slave
auction.
E
He
looked
at
these
young
black
kids
in
second
grade
and
pointed
to
tres
van
anderson
and
said
that
trevor
anderson
was
too
small
to
be
in
second
grade
and
to
put
him
back
in
the
force
in
in
first
grade,
and
so
he
was
without
testing
him
without
seeing
whether
he
had
the
intellect
to
do
second
grade
work.
He
looked
at
him
just
physically
and
said,
put
him
back
in
the
first
grade
and
this
affected
treason.
Anderson
in
in
numerous
ways,
really
forced
him
into
a
life
of
activism.
E
But
these
kinds
of
ideas,
alexander
graham
himself,
came
from
a
slave-owning
family
around
fayetteville.
So
these
again,
these
are
ideas
that
that
were
being
or
accepted
and
being
inseminated
by
really
prominent
people
in
the
city,
the
1929
confederate
reunion,
the
way
the
charlotte
observer
reported.
It
is
really
eye-opening.
E
They
talked
about
charlotte
as
being
a
beacon
of
light
in
the
former
confederacy.
In
many
ways
it
was
proof
that
the
south
had
quote
unquote
risen
again,
the
the
reunion
had
really
took
over
the
city
from
june
4th
through
the
7th
there
were
thousands
of
people
coming
into
the
city
by
train
people,
volunteered
their
cars
to
go
to
the
trains
and
and
pick
former
confederate
officers
and
soldiers
up.
They
used
the
former.
E
I
believe
I
believe
at
the
time
it
was
the
world
war
one
base
out
and
I'm
getting
the
name
of
the
play
of
the
place
out
in
in
west
charlotte,
but
they
set
up
tents
for
these
people,
these
former
confederates
to
to
house
them,
and
it
was
like
a
huge
celebration.
I
mean
they
came
into
the
city
and
again
the
way
that
the
charlotte
observer
portrayed
this.
They
talked
about
charlotte
being
a
an
example
of
the
south
rising
and
talked
about
this
textile
industry.
E
This
is
where
you
have
one
of
what
I
I
believe
is
probably
one
of
the
more
explicit
confederate
monuments
and
just
just
to
pay
attention
to
the
last
sentence
that
accepting
the
arbitratement
of
war.
They
preserved
the
anglo-saxon
civilization
in
the
south
and
became
master
builders
of
a
reunited
country,
and
so
this
again
this
points
to
charlotte's
sort
of
centrality
in
the
confederacy's
view
of
of
the
civil
war
and
why
charlotte
was
such
a
prominent
place
for
them,
and
I
think
that
that
is
so
again.
E
E
It
had
been
hung
from
a
tree,
but
it
was
drug
to
the
adjoining
property
to
try
to
conceal
the
actual
hanging,
and
so
this
became
the
second
documented
lynching
in
charlotte,
and
it
appears
as
though
there
was
some
kind
of
cover-up
by
the
county
law
enforcement
at
the
time.
But
I
thought
that
this
was
really
important
to
help
really
try
to
provide
some
context
of
how
ideas
of
of
white
supremacy
have
played
out
on
the
ground.
C
C
B
E
Yeah,
I
believe
that
charlotte
was
probably
similar
to
places
like
raleigh.
I
think
that
the
news
and
observer
worked
closely
with
the
charlotte
observer,
because
newspapers
again
played
a
huge
part.
They
were
leaders
in
disseminating
these
ideas
of
white
supremacy,
so
charlotte
and
and
raleigh
really
worked
hand
in
hand,
as
well
as
the
places
like
durham,
where
you
had
an
elite
infrastructure
with
the
mills
that
were
popping
up
around
durham,
and
I
forget
the
guy's
name
who
was
present
at
the
erection
of
silent
sam
on
unc
chapel
hill.
G
E
Yeah,
I
think
it
really
depended
up
on
the
sort
of
racial
makeup
of
those
rural
parts
of
the
state
like
out
east
what
they
called
historically
out
east.
There
were
larger
black
populations
where
blacks
still
remain
some
semblance
of,
I
guess,
control
over
their
counties.
They
were
not
allowed
to
vote
because
of
their
sheer
numbers.
H
Yes,
tiffany
first,
let
me
say,
dr
griffin:
bravo,
you
have
truly
taught
this
native
daughter
even
more
and
substantiated
some
things
that
I'd
heard
and
stories
growing
up.
So
I
thank
you
for
putting
the
historical
context
that
we
need
to
have
and
what
we're
about
to
do.
Here's
the
thing
I
wanted
to
ask
when
you
talked
about
a.g,
alexander,
graham,
who
has
a.g
junior
high
school
named
after
him
and
everything
and
school
superintendent,
so
many
of
the
things
that
were
overt
but
they
became
more
coker.
E
Covert
nature
of
dealing
with
what
quote:
unquote:
criminal
behavior
of
americans,
and
that
was
sort
of
immediate.
Whenever
there
was
an
and
a
lynching
again.
There
were
only
two
documented
lynchings,
but
I
imagine
that
there
probably
were
more
in
rural
parts
of
north
carolina
or
rural
parts
of
the
county.
There
was
at
least
another
one
that
was
described
as
a
lynching
in
1908,
but
because
it
was
not
documented
so,
but
it
seems
that
there
were
more
covert
efforts
to
deal
in
in
terms
of
how
law
enforcement
dealt
with
african-americans.
E
But
I
think
that
the
the
most
important
part
that
what
there's
there
hasn't
been
a
lot
of
research-
and
I
just
I'm-
excited
ecstatic
that
a
harvard
professor
now
is
writing
a
book
about
how
white
supremacy
was
taught
inside
the
schools
in
the
curriculum.
And
so
that's
something
that
I
have
not
been
able
to
really
get
a
grasp
on
or
get
a
grip
on
how
children
were
taught
in
the
schools
in
charlotte
mecklenburg.
At
the
turn
from
the
turn
of
20th
century
onward.
E
Those
things
were
being
denied
to
african-americans,
which
helped
us
understand
this.
This
idea
of
the
achievement
gap,
you
know
these
things
have
been
sort
of
embedded
into
the
curriculum
for
for
a
very
long
time.
So
I
haven't
done
any
any
real
work
to
try
to
understand
that
or
I
haven't
been
able.
I
haven't
made
any
ground
in
trying
to
understand
that.
F
F
You
know
you've
kind
of
shown
that
there
was
a
big
lost
cause
component
here
and
I
guess
something
that
kind
of
surprises
me
is
that
charlotte
didn't
have
more
statues
to
what
were
known
as
confederate
heroes.
We
have
that
one
monument
to
the
confederate
dead
in
the
cemetery
not
exactly
a
place
of
prominence.
F
E
The
conclusion
that
I
have
come
to
is
that
charlotte
has
always
been
a
place
that
has
been
on
the
move
and
has
always
talked
about
growth
and
rebuilding
and
and
and
always
really,
I'm
concerned
with
recreating
and
recreating
its
image.
So
buildings
have
been
torn
down
really
nice,
so
I
mean
it's.
I
I
really
attributed
to
that.
Just
the
idea
that
charlotte
has
often
been
engaged
in
this
effort
to
rebuild
and
reframe
its
image
and
in
the
process.
E
I
If
that's
okay,
I'm
I
think
what
I'm
taken
by
is
the
presence
of
the
lost
calls
in
charlotte
north
carolina,
and
it
just
shows
us
that,
like
rather
than
being
in
this
or
the
bright
and
shiny
new
south
city,
that
we
often
think
about
that
there
was
definitely
the
the
underlying
themes
of
the
lost
cause
in
the
and
the
growth
of
charlotte
in
the
late
19th
and
early
20th
century.
I
want
to
also
speak
to
be
thompson's
question
about.
I
H
H
For
many
of
us
who
came
to
charlotte
from
our
school
system
the
mere
fact
that
by
the
time
I
got
a
book,
there
were
already
12
names
in
it
and
it
wasn't
a
name
from
around
from
my
community
or
any
schools
that
I
went
to.
So
that
was
why
my
reference
to
alexander
graham
you're,
in
the
educational
system
and
from
the
business
standpoint
about
the
mills
and
the
systemic
way
of
keeping
people
of
color
out
of
there.
I
Yeah,
absolutely
I
do
think
there
is
this
curricular
part
of
all
of
this.
One
of
the
things
that
willie
mentioned
is
the
thing
about
textbooks
and-
and
it
is
probably
a
good
thing
to
remind
everyone
that
you
know,
african-american
schools
ended
up
getting
the
cast
off
textbooks
from
white
schools,
and
so
that
kind
of
material
would
have
been.
I
So
this
is
why
you
have
the
rise
of
these
white
supremacy
campaigns
and
the
rise
of
you
know
this
epidemic
of
lynching
in
the
19th
and
early
20th
late
19th
early
20th
century
once
they
feel
you
know,
whites
feel
like
they've
got
that
temp
down,
then
they,
you
know
things
seem
okay
and
there's
ease
there,
and
then
you
have.
You
know
another
a
wave
of
racial
progress
or
of
efforts
at
racial
progress
through
the
civil
rights
movement.
I
And
then
you
see
again
once
again,
whites
rise
up
against
to
try
to
should
try
to
suppress
that
and
so
to
me
that,
like
you
know,
when
does
it
really
go
covert
honestly
and
the
way
I
think
about
like
that?
Is
this
in
the
post
post
voting
rights
period
and
and
then
you
know,
and
then
finally,
you
know
what
we've
seen
in
the
last
30
years
is
another
another
wave,
another
rise
of
white
supremacy,
and
that
is
coming
at
us
since
the
1990s
and
it's
done
through
various
ways.
I
What
we
might
say
is
coverts
not
covert
anymore.
We
know
about
gerrymandering
and
and
in
districts,
and
we
know
the
ways
in
which
african-american
voters
are
suppressed
and
and
and
a
long
er,
you
know,
parallel
paralleling,
what's
happening
happening
politically,
is
also
a
rise
of
these
white
supremacist
organizations
on
a
push
towards
that
by
groups
like
the
league
of
the
south,
which
was
formed
in
1994.
I
But
then
there
you
know
there's
a
whole
as
if
you
were
to
go
to
the
southern
poverty
law
center's
website,
you
would
see
an
explosion
of
white
supremacist
organizations
again.
A
lot
of
this
is
a
backlash
to
the
racial
progress
initially
in
1990s
a
a
back.
You
know
as
a
backlash
to
racial
progress
since
the
voting
rights
act
and
so
what
it
seems
like
it's
covert
it's
building.
Slowly
and
slowly
until
now,
it's
like
it's
all
out
in
the
open.
Nobody.
I
You
know
there
are
no
more
hoods
people,
you
know,
plan
hoods,
you
know
they're
they're
they're
out
in
the
open,
and
so
one
other
thing.
I
just
wanted
to
speak
to
about
the
lack
of
confederate
monuments
in
charlotte
north
carolina,
one
of
the,
because
the
group
that
put
them
up
the
united
daughters
of
the
confederacy
who
put
up
the
monuments
all
over
the
south.
It
could
be
as
simple
as
that.
There
was
not
an
active
udc
group
here.
A
I
Not
just
about
charlotte
necessarily
because
there
were
women,
a
women's
organization
put
the
monument
up.
The
ladies
memorial
association
did
that
to
the
one
the
one
in
the
cemetery
so
was
there,
you
know
an
active
udc
group
here
in
north
in
in
charlotte
or
mecklenburg
county.
Well,
we
know
there
are
monuments
in
mecklenburg
county
right.
We
know
there
are
some
outside,
but
but
in
charlotte
proper
it
could
have
been
as
simple
as
that.
I
C
Anyone
else
with
a
burning
question:
tiffany,
I'm
assuming
we're
going
to
send
out
the
powerpoint
presentation
to
everyone,
so
hopefully
you'll
have
time
to
review
it
and
think
about
it,
there's
so
much
to
process
again.
Thank
you.
Thank
you,
dr
griffin,
do
you
want
to
put
up
the
street
names
and
just
introduce
the
categories,
or
do
you
want
simply
to
go
ahead?
Then?
I
would
do
that
and
again.
C
E
E
There
were
hundreds
of
street
names
literally,
and
so
what
I
tried
to
do
was
the
categories
that
you'll
see
are
streets
that
are
named
for
leaders
who
actively
fought
against
equality
just
to
give
us
some
way
to
begin
to
think
about
these
street
names.
There
is
a
category
for
streets
that
were
named
for
leaders
who
fought
or
who
fought
for
or
played
a
role
in
the
confederacy
street
brag
street
moorhead
street.
E
There
are
some
street
names
that
are
categorized
for
people
who
owned
enslaved
africans
and
or
enslaved,
americans,
and
so
these
names
may
include
some
of
the
people,
like
the
founding
fathers.
Like
benjamin
franklin,
I
added
just
a
little
caveat
here
beneath
this
one
tom
reminded
me
that
there
are
some
other
founding
fathers
that
streets
are
named
after,
like
in
macquarie
heights,
you
have
washington
madison
on
van
buren
street
there's
also
a
jefferson
drive
near
the
jewish
community
center
and
so
you'll
find
the
street
names
and
then
some
historical
context.
E
Behind
those
names
like
caldwell
street,
there
are
a
number
of
streets
named
after
carsonville,
but,
as
you
recall
from
my
presentation,
there
are
a
number
of
prominent
conveyors
where
it
would
be
almost
impossible
to
determine
which
street
was
named,
after
which
person
there
are
street
names
as
well.
Cameron
street
was
was
a
name
that,
I
think
is
really.
E
It
has
to
be
pointed
out
that
cameron
could
be
named
after
cliff
cameron
of
the
cameron
brown
mortgage
company,
which
became
later
first
union
there's
also
eddie
cameron,
who
was
beloved
throughout
the
state
where,
which
is
name,
has
cameron
indoor
stadium
adorns,
that
name
but
cameron
itself.
The
name
was
a
really
prominent
slave
holding
family
in
in
north
carolina
in
both
north
carolina
and
virginia.
E
They
actually
were
the
owners
of
the
largest
plantation
in
the
state
stag
bill,
and
they
were
in
the
business
of
slaves
trading
all
across
the
south,
and
so
that's
why
I
thought
it
was
important
to
know
that
name.
I
don't
know
if
we'll
ever
be
able
to
find
out
which
streets
reference
that
family
or
if
they
actually
reference
that
family.
But
I
think
it's
something
that
we
have
to
consider
as
a
group.
E
So
there
are,
let
me
see
one
other
category
streets
that
are
named
for
places
of
people
that
have
secondary
ties
to
slavery.
So
there
are,
I
mean
dozens
of
names
that
pay
reference
to,
or
you
know
this
sort
of
homage
to
that
era.
Antebellum
drive
cotton,
planter,
lane,
dixie,
there's
eli
whitney
and
a
number
of
plantations
and
planter
lanes,
as
well
as
a
stone
mountain
court.
E
C
Thank
you
for
that
amazing
amount
of
work.
I
mean
it
is
going
to
ground
everything
we
do
going
forward.
So
thank
you.
Thank
you.
Thank
you.
Tiffany
we'll
be
sending
these
two
pieces
out
to
you,
the
powerpoint
presentation
and
the
list
of
names,
and
I
really
urge
everyone
to
really
review
these
carefully,
because
this
is
where
we
will
resume
when
we
meet
again
in
two
weeks.
Tiffany,
do
you
have
anything
else?
You
want
to
add.
C
B
E
C
There
are
any
confederate
monuments
that
are
directly
under
the
city's
control
that
we
need
to
consider
beyond
those
that
are
at
elmwood
cemetery,
but
we
we're
trying
to
get
that
clarified
that
whole
question
of
which
ones
are
actually
under
the
purview
of
the
city
and
therefore
ones
that
we
need
to
to
consider,
but
we
for
sure
need
to
concentrate
on
the
street
names.
So
that's
really
why
I
ask
you
to
review
this
very
carefully
between
now
and
our
next
meeting
tiffany.
Anything
else
I
haven't
been
able
to.