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Description
Electrification as a Solution to Climate Change: Global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity are three of the most significant problems facing the world today. Professor Mark Jacobsen discusses the development of technical and economic roadmaps to convert energy infrastructures of buildings, towns, cities, states, and countries to those powered with 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS). Dr. Aimee Gotway Bailey also shares Silicon Valley Clean Energy's efforts to produce carbon free electricity and the vision to decarbonize. Recorded October 18, 2018 at the Cupertino Community Hall. This is the second installment of the 2018 Cupertino Sustainability Speaker Series.
A
A
It
was
a
very
sobering
report,
but
today
I
hope
you
come
away
with
some
hope
and
hope
for
the
future
and
learn
some
things
that
are
happening
globally,
as
well
as
locally
to
to
fight
climate
change
and
hopefully
keep
those
degrees
below
low
that,
and
so,
with
that
I'd
like
to
introduce
the
sustainability
speaker,
who
will
introduce
our
first
speaker?
But
before
he
comes
up
I
should
say
we
have
two
speakers
tonight.
Each
of
them
will
speak
and
then
they'll
be
answering
questions
right
afterwards,
so
we
encourage
you
to
use
the
microphones.
A
B
B
So
it's
my
pleasure
to
introduce.
Actually,
in
the
last
few
months,
professor
mark
Jacobson
from
Stanford,
he
spoke
at
our
local
rotary
several
months
ago.
Mark's
done
a
wide
range
of
things
and
accomplishments
and
I
could
probably
take
an
hour
to
explain
them
all.
Well,
one
of
the
things
when
I
went
through
your
record
was
in
1988.
B
He
has
authored
a
150
plus
papers,
two
textbooks
all
on
energy
and
the
environment.
He
early
on
his
career
and
his
doctoral
thesis
now
in
the
interaction
of
air
pollution
and
Climate
Pollutants,
and
it
was
instant
that
result
that
those
analysis
were
critical
in
formulating
our
plans
against
black
carbon
and
distribution.
C
C
C
I'll
talk
about
the
impacts
of
some
of
these
plans
later,
but
I
want
to
really
talk
about
not
only
the
policy
level,
what
well
what
these
plans
entail
and
what
policymakers
can
do,
but
what
individuals
can
do
in
their
own
homes
and
businesses
to
transition?
Well,
first
of
all,
why
do
we
care
and
why
do
I
care?
I
mean
I
started
this,
because
I
was
always
interested
in
trying
to
understand
and
solve
large-scale
air
pollution
and
climate
problems
and
I
mean
worldwide.
C
C
Today
and
it's
then
the
air
pollution
is
actually
getting
worse
in
most
of
the
world,
although
the
United
States
is
actually
not
so
bad
as
other
places.
Global
warming
is
a
growing
problem
and
already
causing
significant
damage,
but
it's
expected
to
cause
around
25
to
30
trillion
dollars
per
year
worldwide
and
damage
by
2050,
and
the
other
issue
is
energy
security.
Fossil
fuels
are
limited
resources
they
cause
conflict.
Their
scarcity
will
ultimately
result
in
social,
economic
and
political
instability.
So
we
need
to
change
them
at
some
point.
C
C
So
again,
the
idea
is
to
Electrify
everything
so
for
transportation,
for
example,
we
go
to
battery
electric
vehicles
and
hydrogen
fuel
cell
vehicles
or
hybrids
between
the
two
and
the
hydrogen
would
be
used
mostly
for
long-distance
ships,
trains,
trucks
and
planes,
and
all
y'all
even
show
you
some
in
military,
some
military
equipment
as
well,
and
then
heating
and
cooling,
mostly
with
heat
pumps,
which
use
one
quarter.
The
energy
is
as
electric
resistance
heaters,
even
or
gas
heaters.
C
So
these
all
these
run
on
electricity,
but
they're
much
more
efficient
because
they
don't
create
heat,
they
move
heat
and
some
solar,
hot
water
preheating,
but
the
heat
pumps
were
running
on
electricity
is
primarily
primary
mechanism
and
then
for
industry
arc,
furnaces
induction,
furnaces,
dielectric
heaters.
These
are
technologies
that
are
already
existing
and
I'll.
Show
you
some
examples
in
a
second
but
and
then
the
electricity
is
all
going
to
be
derived
from
onshore
and
offshore.
C
Wind,
solar,
photovoltaics
on
rooftops
and
and
power
plants
concentrated
solar
power,
some
existing
hydroelectric
power,
the
tidal
power
geothermal
and
some
wave,
and
we'll
also
need
storage
which
I'll
talk
about,
but
so
just
to
give
you
some
examples
of
these
existing
electric
technologies,
not
only
technologies
for
that
we'd
replace
well
for
industry,
but
also
show
you
just
some
appliances
as
well.
So
this
is
on.
The
right
is
an
induction
furnace.
Electric
induction
furnace
Electric
on
the
left
is
an
electric
arc
furnace.
C
C
Fuel
cell
electric
hybrid
buses
already
in
existence
I
think
there
was
a
number
that
China
was
producing
like
60,000
buses
and
it
was
of
like
a
month
or
something
like
that
to
replace
their
diesel
buses.
But
this
is
needed.
You
need
a
large-scale
transition
for
everything.
I
have
a
student
who's
in
the
army,
he's
working
on
transitioning,
looking
at
transitioning
or
army
vehicles
and
kriti
tanks
and
helicopters
and
marine
vessels,
and
so
this
shows
an
example
of
some
calculations
for
different
type
of
tanks
and
vehicles.
C
C
C
Four
people
and
on
the
top
right
is
a
drawing
of
a
cryogenic
hydrogen
aircraft.
That
would
so
it
would
be
larger
volume
in
this
case,
but
it
weighs
less
anyway.
These
are
all
technologies
that
are
either
existing
or
we're
capable
of
doing
I
mean
all
Rockets
have
been
propelled
into
space
with
hydrogen,
almost
all
rockets.
So
that's
you
know
it's
an
existing
technology.
C
This
is
a
there's,
a
start-up
building
this
to
replace
some
helicopters.
It's
a
vertical
takeoff
and
landing
vehicle
and
again
this
is
this-
is
all
electric
so
and
then
what
about
just
normal
everyday
things
like
leaf
blowers?
I
mean
the
worst
thing
is
in
the
world
is
like
a
leaf
blower
because
it
smells
and
it's
noisy
right.
So
an
electric
leaf
blower
neither
smells
nor
is
noisy,
and
but
these
are
existing
technologies
that
can
replace
current
gasoline
or
diesel
appliances
same
thing
with
lawnmowers.
C
Electric
lifts
instead
of
fossil
fuel
lips
and
there
exist
there-
technologies
that
are
have
really
started
to
boom
of
late
offshore
wind
that
is
floating
so
floating
offshore
wind.
There
now
several
farms
that
have
been
installed
worldwide-
and
this
is
really
important
because
it
allows
the
development
of
offshore
wind,
for
example,
off
California's
coast,
because
California
has
a
very
deep
water
as
very
deep
top
Pithom
'try,
whereas
the
East
Coast
is
pretty
shallow
the
simmetry.
C
So
it's
very
difficult
there
only
a
few
places
where
you
can
put
offshore
wind
off
California
and
actually
have
it
sunk
into
the
ocean
floor.
So
floating
offshore
really
allows
you
to
put
the
turbines
further
out.
So
nobody
complains
about
them
because
you
can't
see
them
and
it
provide
there's
a
huge
amount
of
resource
offshore
of
the
east
and
west
coast,
pretty
much
the
largest
sun-tap
wind
resources.
C
So
for
electricity
we
use
combination
of
concentrated
solar
power
with
storage
weight,
concentrated
solar
power
works.
Is
you
have
light,
focusing
off
of
mirrors
onto
a
central
tower
to
heat,
a
fluid
that
fluid
can
then
be
stored
in
a
tank
overnight?
And
then,
when
you
need
electricity,
run
the
fluid
by
water
to
to
boil
the
water
and
evaporate
it
and
the
steam
from
the
water
runs
a
steam
turbine
to
generate
electricity.
So
you
can
run
it.
C
You
can
generate
electricity
24
hours
a
day
with
concentrated
solar
power
with
storage,
and
it's
it's
actually
a
very
cheap
form
of
storage.
While
batteries
are
200
to
300
dollars
per
kilowatt
hour,
concentrated
solar
power,
the
storage
component
is
only
about
25
to
30
dollars
per
kilowatt
hour.
So
it's
like
1/10,
but
the
but
photovoltaics
right
now
are
cheaper
than
the
actual
concentrated
solar
power
units
per
kilowatt
hour.
So
it's
a
balance
between
battery
storage
with
photovoltaics
and
concentrated
solar
power
with
thermal
energy
storage.
C
There's
another
lake.
So
when
water
drains
down
they'll,
just
pipes
that
are
buried
underground,
to
pump
the
water
back
up
to
Lake,
Mead
and
basically
recirculate
it,
and
so
that
allows
you
to
use
to
generate
electricity
when
you
need
it,
which
is
important
when
you
have
lots
of
wind
and
solar,
which
are
intermittent,
which
means
that
Sun
doesn't
always
shine,
the
wind
doesn't
always
blow
but
pump.
C
Tigers
are
you
know
it's
pretty
commonplace
right
now
in
the
US
and
it's
relatively
inexpensive,
it's
not
going
to
grow
a
huge
amount,
but
it
is
useful
for
some
purposes.
Then
batteries,
of
course,
are
there
don't
take
up
a
lot
of
space
and
they're
coming
down
and
cost
quite
a
bit
they're,
not
only
lithium-ion,
but
there's
also
other
types
like
zinc.
C
Air
batteries
returned
starting
to
gain
a
foothold,
and
then
heating,
cooling,
we'd,
store
heat
and
cold
in
water
and
store
heat
and
rocks
and
cold
and
ice
and
they'll
show
examples
in
a
second
and
we'd
use:
hydrogen
for
transportation
and
that's
a
form
of
storage
for
excess,
wind
and
solar.
We
can
use
it
use
it
to
produce
hydrogen
and
then
demand
response
is
a
technique
by
which
utilities
will
charge
people
different
amounts
at
different
times
of
the
day
to
encourage
them
or
discourage
them
to
use
electricity
at
that
time
of
the
day.
C
C
This
was
first
built
for
a
Stanford.
They
built
their
system
in
1998.
At
that
time,
batteries
were
just
way
more
expensive,
any
case,
so
cold
storage,
it's
pretty
common
for
hospitals
and
stadiums
and
other
types
of
big
facilities.
So
it's
not
a
new
technology,
but
people
just
have
it
used
it
on
the
large
scale
that
we
need.
It
then
there's
a
underground
thermal
energy
storage,
a
one
type
is
in
rocks.
This
is
a
community
in
Okotoks
Canada,
one
hour
south
of
Calgary.
C
During
the
there
are
52
homes
that
were
built
in
2004,
and
five
on
the
roofs
of
these
homes
were
well
on
the
roofs
of
the
garages.
These
solar
collectors
were
installed
where
there's
a
glycol
solution
in
the
collectors
during
the
summer
which,
where
you
have
long
days,
these
the
glycol
solution
collects
heat
from
the
Sun.
The
solution
is
then
piped
to
this
building
on
the
right,
where
the
heat
is
transferred
to
water
in
pipes
that
the
water
is
then
piped
under
this
field.
C
This
grassy
field,
which
was
excavated
and
filled
with
rocks
and
some
pipes
and
then
then
filled
in
and
the
wat,
the
hot
water
heats.
The
rocks
up
to
80
degrees,
Celsius
that
heat
is
stored
for
up
to
six
months
and
the
whole
system
is
run
in
Reverse
during
the
year,
but
over
a
six
month
period
and
that
provides
100
percent
of
the
heat
for
these
52
homes
in
the
winter,
such
as
in
the
bottom
left
when
the
snow
is
on
the
ground.
C
So
this
type
of
storage
is
cost
less
than
$1
per
kilowatt
hour
for
storage,
even
some
estimates
like
30
cents,
a
kilowatt
hour
for
the
storage
portion-
and
you
know,
compare
this
heat
storage.
It's
not
electricity
storage,
but
compared
to
batteries.
It's
about
two
or
three
hundred
dollars
a
kilowatt
hour.
But
this
is
a
form
of
district
heating
and
you
can
do
the
same
kind
of
district
heating
with
water
like
you
can
have
a
big
pit
of
water,
for
example,
and
heat
that
and
store
that
heat.
C
Or
you
know
there.
Other
types
of
storage,
medium,
but
like
Denmark
60%
of
their
heating
is
called
district
heating.
But
it's
it's
not
for
six
months:
it's
not
a
long
term,
but
they
do
have
water
tanks
in
the
city
and
then,
instead
of
everybody
having
their
individual
heater.
The
centralized
water
system,
pipes,
the
hot
water
to
buildings
and
that's
used
for
heating,
the
water
and
for
heating
their
buildings
themselves.
So
district
heating
is
pretty
common.
C
It's
more
efficient
when
you
have
a
pretty
dense
urban
infrastructure,
but
it's
also
useful
and
separate
in
the
suburbs,
as
well
so
another
type
of
another
example
of
heat
storage
and
cold
storage.
So
Stanford
used
to
till
2015
there's
a
natural
gas
cogeneration
plant
that
provided
80
percent
of
the
campus
heating
and
electricity.
This
gas
plant
was
bulldozed
and
replaced
with
these
two
boilers
and
a
chiller
and
50
megawatts
of
solar,
60
60
megawatts
of
solar
and
the
way
this
works
is
basically
well
on.
C
The
right
is
that
Durant
is
a
one-year
of
cold
and
heat
demand,
so
on
the
left,
side
of
the
graph
is
January
and
the
right
side
is
December,
so
you
can
see
in
the
winter
you
have
higher
heat
demand,
which
is
the
bright
red,
and
the
bright
blue
is
the
cold
demand
which
peaks
in
the
summer.
But
every
time
you
produce
cold,
you
release
waste
heat
and
when
you
produce
heat,
you
release
waste
cold.
C
68
percent
carbon
free,
well,
68
percent
of
their
electricity
from
renewable
sources,
essentially,
but
now
they've
just
committed
and
just
bought
72
megawatts
more
of
solar
to
go
to
a
hundred
percent
renewable
electricity
for
the
campus.
Once
that's
installed
in
by
2021,
and
they
also
committed
to
100%,
clean
transportation
and
so
and
so
also
well,
I
think
that's
by
2025
and
hopefully
sooner
and
then
and
then
there's
some
other
sources
that
would
they're
trying
to
get
rid
of
all
of
greenhouse
gas
emissions.
C
Well,
by
2021
for
electricity
in
2025
by
transportation,
if
not
sooner
so,
let
me,
then
let
me
go
down
drill
down
to
a
finer
level
to
a
household
level,
so
I
built
a
home
on
the
campus
that
I
moved
in
to
about
a
year
and
a
half
ago
and
I
made
sure
there
was
no
gas
coming
on
the
property.
It
was
all
electric,
so
I
just
wanted
to
show
you
what
I
did
and
I
have
over
a
year
of
data.
C
I'll
show
you
when
your
data
from,
but
basically
so
everything
is
electric
and
so
use
heat
pumps
for
air
heating
and
cooling,
and
there
can
well
end
for
water
heating
as
well.
So
this
is
a
this
particular
heat
pump.
It's
called
a
ductless
mini-split
heat
pump,
air
heater
and
air
conditioner
and
again
it
doesn't
create
heat
or
cold.
It
moves
heat,
so
it
takes.
It
takes
heat
from
outside
sucks
heat
from
the
outside
and
moves
it
in
when
you
need
the
heat
or
it
sucks
cold
from
the
outside
and
move
it
in.
C
So
the
unit
on
the
right
is
the
outside
unit,
and
then
you
need
to
zone
of
the
house.
You
have
a
unit
like
on
the
left
and
instead
of
ducts,
that's
always
called
ductless
there,
no
ducts
to
send
heat
around
the
house.
There
are
copper
pipes
with
coolant
and
that
that
really
then
transfers
heat
either
in
or
out
of
the
house.
C
So
basically,
if
you
have,
if
the
house
is
hot
and
you
want
to
cool
it
down,
the
hot
air
is
blown
over
the
over
the
coolant
and
which
absorbs
the
heat
and
then
sends
it
outside
sends
it
out
of
the
house.
So
it
basically
moves
heat
around
it
doesn't
create.
It
so
uses
1/4
the
energy
as
your
typical
gas
heater,
which
is
good
and
the
same
thing
with
this
heat
pop
water
heater
it.
C
This
is
in
a
in
a
mechanical
room,
so
it
actually
takes
the
heat
out
of
the
room
itself
and
moves
it
to
the
water
in
the
tank
and
and
that
fan
on
the
top
kind
of
blows
cold.
So
the
room
come
becomes
slightly
more
cold,
but
just
a
couple
degrees.
In
fact,
in
the
summer,
which
that's
good,
because
you
can
then
open
the
door
and
then
it'll
help
air-conditioned
the
house,
but
it
really
it
works
really.
Well
again,
it
uses
1/4.
The
energy
is
your
typical
water
heater
and
it's
yeah.
It
hasn't
had
any
problem.
C
It
cost
pretty
similar
to
a
conventional
water
heater
first
stove.
Instead
of
a
gas
stove
I
used
an
electric
induction,
cooktop
stove,
this
cost
the
same
again
as
a
gas
stove,
but
it
boils
water
and
half
the
time
controls
the
heat
just
the
same
or
better
than
a
gas
stove.
And
then,
if
you
touch
the
stove,
it
doesn't
feel
hot,
even
when
you're
boiling
water.
That's
because
it's
not
actually
producing
heat
to
actually
boil
to
the
pot
hot.
C
It's
creating
vibrations
that
cause
vibrations
in
the
in
the
pot
itself.
So
you
need
certain
types
of
pot,
either
an
iron
or
stainless
steel
bottom
for
the
pot.
Well,
iron
and
figures.
Stainless
steel
aluminum
anyway,
vite
causes
vibrations
that
then
make
the
pot
hot
but
keep
the
stove
cold,
except
for
some
heat
that
gets
conducted
from
the
pot
back
to
the
stove
anyway.
It
works
really
well,
then,
for
generating
power.
I
have
solar
on
the
roof
and
batteries
in
the
garage.
There
are
four
batteries,
but
PG&E
only.
C
Let
me
turn
on
two,
and
so
the
house
is
I'm
only
using
two
batteries,
but
actually
it
turns
out.
That's
fine,
because
if
I
were
using
more
than
I,
probably
actually
not
save
as
much
money
is
because
it'd
be
well
there's
a
technical
reason
for
that,
because
I'd
be
using
the
power
I'd
be
using
power
when
it's
more
expensive
any
well,
maybe
I'll,
explain
a
little
later
so
complicated,
but
to
two
batteries
is
sufficient
in
this
case.
To
two
as
I'll
show
you,
the
electricity
bill
was
not
only
zero.
C
They've
I
got
a
check
at
the
end
of
the
year
and
they're
in
their
electric
cars
as
well.
In
fact,
and
so
the
solar
system
was
designed
for
to
have
electric
cars,
but
it
turned
out.
Everything
was
so
efficient
that
I
was
generating
much
more
electricity
over
the
end
over
the
year,
even
after
charging
not
only
two
cars,
but
my
son
has
an
electric
car:
did
he
bring
it
over
to
charge
as
well
and
so
they're
three
cars
that
were
being
charged?
C
So
here's
one
well
one
week
of
electricity
is
just
to
give
you
an
example
of
how
this
works
so
first,
so
their
batteries,
their
solar
and
the
solar.
The
green
is
the
solar
production.
During
the
day.
This
is
a
summer
a
week
and
the
light
blue
is
home
consumption,
including
battery
consumption.
So
in
the
morning
electricity
is
first
used
from
the
from
the
PV
panels
is
first
used
to
power
things
in
the
home
and
when
those
loads
are
satisfied,
then
the
power
goes
to
fill
the
battery,
which
is
drained
at
night.
C
C
So
together,
that's
six
point:
six
kilowatts,
that's
as
fast
as
it
can
discharge,
but
you
can
see
that
Tesla
Model
S
requires
20
kilowatts.
At
least
it's
and
so
you'd
need
basically
five
batteries
or
no
sort
more
than
six
seven
batteries
to
for
the
MIT,
Tesla,
Model
S
and
then
the
other
one.
The
Roadster
requires
its
tenth
kilowatts,
so
you
can
see
the
batteries
trying
to
charge
the
Roadster,
but
it
and
it
does
for
a
little
bit,
but
then
it
runs
out
of
steam
because
it
empties
out,
and
so
you
need
grid
electricity.
C
C
There's,
there's
no
reason
except
for
having
somebody
come
out
there
and
hook
them
up,
but
they
had
charged
you
a
huge
amount,
but
that
gets
saved
and
also
the
gas
pipes,
and
these
are
average
numbers
so
I'm,
probably
somewhere
in
the
middle
there,
of
one
to
seven
thousand
dollars
per
household.
If
you
avoid
gas
pipes
in
your
home
and
then
you
know
typical
electric
bills,
one
to
three
thousand
dollars
typical
gas
bills,
one
to
three
thousand
dollars
and
vehicle
bills-
wonder
four
thousand
so
a
typical
person,
if
they
did.
C
This
would
save
four
to
fifteen
thousand
dollars
up
front
plus
three
to
ten
thousand
dollars
per
year,
so
the
payback
time
for
this
system
with
subsidies,
because
there
are
right
now
still
good
subsidies
of
federal
tax
credits
and
state
subsidies
as
well.
It's
about
five
to
six
years
for
the
whole
system,
but
everything's.
Well,
the
solar
is
warranteed
for
25
years.
C
Batteries
are
warranted
for
ten,
but
since
I,
since
I
have
four
and
they're
only
used
half
time,
I
guess
that's
20
years,
but
if
they're,
no,
if
there
were
no
subsidies,
maybe
about
a
10
year,
payback
time,
which
is
still
pretty
good,
but
I
mean
I'm
doing
it,
because
I
want
to
do
it.
It's
still
nice
to
feel
that
it's
also
economic
as
well.
To
do
this
and-
and
it
just
works
wonderfully
I
mean
the
temperature
in
the
house
is
just
the
same
all
year,
no
matter
how
cold
it
is
or
hot
it
is
outside.
C
It's
just
perfect
temperature
all
year,
there's
a
system,
and
it
just
hardly
use
it
as
you
could
see
from
that
I
mean
if
I
go
back
to
this
plot.
I
mean
this
is
a
summer.
These
are
summer
days
and
look
how
little
energy
is
being
used
in
the
home
for
air
conditioning,
and
this
is
to
keep
the
temperate
the
house
at
a
perfect
temperature
and
it's
hardly
using
any
energy,
because
the
heat
pumps
are
just
so
efficient.
C
Ok,
so
then
question
is
next:
can
we
actually
power
the
entire
world
with
clean
renewable
energy
and,
as
I
mentioned,
we
developed
plans
for
139
countries
of
the
world,
which
represent
more
than
99
percent
of
all
the
emissions
worldwide
and
and
I'm
going
to
show
you
the
aggregate
impact
of
all
these
plans.
So
the
2012
power
demand
for
a
139
countries
is
about
twelve
point,
one
trillion
watts
or
terawatts,
and
that's
expected
to
go
up
to
20
point
six
terawatts
in
2050.
But
if
we
electrify
everything
and
provide
that
electricity
with
clean
renewable
energy.
C
Well,
without
heat
pumps,
there
B
would
go
down
to
eleven
point:
eight
terawatts
and
with
heat
ponts
pumps,
we
go
down
to
eight
point:
six
terawatts
or
58%
reduction
of
demand,
and
you
can
see
the
breakdown
of
why
we
get
this
improvement.
And
this
is
really
your.
Without
you
really
changing
your
habits
at
all,
well,
23
percentage
points
is
due
to
the
efficiency
of
electricity
of
our
combustion
averaged
over
all
sectors.
You
get
the
best
benefit
in
transportation
because
batteries.
C
Eighty
to
eighty,
six
percent
of
the
electricity
going
into
a
car
goes
to
move
the
car
and
the
rest
is
waste
heat,
whereas
with
a
gasoline
car,
only
seventeen
to
twenty
percent
of
the
energy
and
the
gasoline
goes
to
move
the
car
on
the
rest
is
waste
heat.
So,
with
a
with
a
car,
you
reduce
your
end
use
power
demand
by
a
factor
of
four
to
five,
just
by
electrifying
your
car,
but
averaged
over
all
sectors.
C
That's
about
twenty
three
percent
reduction
of
demand,
then
thirteen
percent
of
all
energy
worldwide
is
used
in
mind
transport
and
refined
fossil
fuels.
So
we
can
eliminate
that
energy
by
going
to
clean
renewable
energy
and
then
heat
pumps
are
about
you
can
reduce
if
you
use
heat
pumps
for
all
heating
and
cooling
and
cleaning
refrigeration
and
water
and
air
heating,
you
can
reduce
demand,
another
16
percent
and
then
seven
percent
reduction
due
to
end
use
energy
efficiency
improvements
beyond.
What's
expected
this
business
as
usual?
C
The
cost
that
you're
paying
out
of
your
wallet
is
half
as
much
because
you're
using
less
energy,
and
you
can
see
that
in
and
that
chart
I
showed
you
for
my
home
you're
using
less
energy
with
heat
pumps,
for
example,
than
you
would
with
with
gas
heaters,
for
example.
So
this
didn't
come
out
well,
but
this
shows
the
one
way
that
we
could
provide,
and
actually
this
is
for
this
case
of
eleven
point:
eight
terawatts
without
even
heat
pumps.
This
shares.
How
do
we?
How
can
we
provide
that
eleven
point?
C
Eight
ten
watts
of
power
in
2050
just
with
wind
and
water
and
solar
power.
So
this
is
with
twenty
three
and
a
half
percent
onshore
winds
and
14
percent
offshore
winds,
16
percent
residential
rooftop,
photovoltaics,
12
percent
commercial
government,
rooftop,
photovoltaics,
20
percent
PV
power
plants,
10
percent
CSP
power
plants,
one
percent
geothermal,
four
percent
hydro,
which
all
exists.
The
numbers
on
the
right
are
the
number
of
new
devices
you'd
need,
and
so
we
have
zero
new
hydro
plants
and
then
less
than
one
percent
tidal
wave
power.
C
So
in
terms
of
wind,
it's
about
1.7
million,
Bonjour
and
offshore
wind
turbines.
Sorry
2.7
million,
onshore
and
offshore
wind
turbines
that
might
sound
like
a
lot.
But
I'll
show
you
the
land
areas
in
a
second,
and
you
can
see
all
the
photovoltaics
you
would
need
and
we've
we
actually
checked
rooftop
areas
there
enough
rooftop
areas
to
meet
all
these
plenty
of
rooftop.
In
fact,
we
had
all
sorts
of
exclusions
for
shading
and
north-facing
roofs
and
and
roofs
every
week.
Things
like
that,
but
this
is
the
land
area
required
worldwide
for
this
plant.
C
These
plans
to
be
implemented.
Well,
so
we
for
offshore.
Obviously,
we
don't
need
any
new
land,
so
offshore,
wind,
tidal,
wave
power
for
and
then
on,
land
rooftop
PV
does
not
take
up
new
land.
There's
no
new
hydro
geothermal
is
trivial,
so
it's
all
utility-scale
photovoltaic
and
CSP
and
onshore
wind
and
the
PV
plus
CSP
takes
up
point
to
2
percent
of
the
world's
land
area.
So
it's
1/5
of
1%
and
then
the
spacing
between
the
wind
turbine
point,
nine,
two
percent.
C
The
footprint
on
the
ground
of
the
wind
turbines
is
pretty
trivial,
but
it's
just
their
space
between
the
turbines
in
farms,
but
that
space
can
be
used
for
agriculture
open
space
or
you
can
even
put
the
solar
panels
in
between
the
turbines.
So
that's
dual
purpose
slam,
but
just
take
that
number
one
point:
one:
four
percent
well
I
bet
you.
You
could
never
guess
how
much
land
is
used
by
the
fossil
fuel
industry
that
this
would
replace.
E
C
The
United
States
there
are
one
point:
two
million
active
oil
and
gas
wells
and
2.6
million
inactive
ones
abandoned
ones.
There,
550
thousand
abandoned
gas
wells,
fifteen
hundred
coal
mines,
135
oil
refineries,
1.6
million
miles
of
gas
pipes,
161
thousand
miles
of
oil
pipes,
3,300
power
plants,
115,000
gas
stations;
three
hundred
ninety
four
gas
storage
facilities.
They
take
up
1.3
percent
of
the
United
States
land
area,
about
1.7
percent
of
California's
land
area,
just
for
the
oil
and
gas
infrastructure,
and
every
year
the
US
produces
50,000
new
oil
and
gas
wells
just
to
sustain
itself.
C
C
So
now
the
next
question
is:
can
you
keep
the
grid
stable
with
just
clean
renewable
energy?
So
we
did
scenarios
three
different
scenarios
where
we
broke
up
all
the
hundred
thirty
nine
countries
into
20
world
regions
and
then
did
a
grid
stability
analysis
by
modeling
with
a
climate
model
that
was
able
to
predict
the
winds
every
30
seconds
for
five
years
in
the
solar
fields,
and
we
tried
to
then
match
the
power
demand
in
each
of
these
twenty
world
regions
with
renewable,
wind
and
solar
and
geothermal
and
hydroelectric,
and
then
storage
as
well.
C
And
there
are
three
scenarios
we
ran.
This
just
summarises
them.
It's
not
easy
to
read
that,
but
basically
we
had
in
one
case:
for
example,
we
had
batteries,
concentrated
solar
power,
was
storage,
heat
and
cold
storage,
no
heat
pumps
at
all,
no
added
hydropower
turbines
to
existing
dams.
We
had
hydropower,
storage
and
hydrogen
for
transportation
and
then
in
another
scenario,
we
had
no
no
batteries
but
added
hydro
power
turbines
and
then
a
third
scenario.
We
had
batteries,
no
added
hydropower
turbines,
but
we
had
peat
heat
pumps.
We
use
heat
pumps
instead.
C
But
let
me
just
show
you
really
briefly:
I'll
run
through
all
twenty
world
regions
for
one
month
showing
a
matching
power
demand
with
supply
continuously
without
any
grid
failures,
and
no
blackouts
in
any
world
region
with
just
wind,
water
and
solar
and
I'm.
Just
I
want
to
point
this
out.
I
can't
emphasize
too
much
that
this
is
the
number
one
issue
that
that
utilities
fear
is
grid
stability.
C
Will
the
grid
stay
stable
with
just
a
lot
of
intermittent
renewable
energy
as
you
get
closer
to
100%
renewables,
and
so
that's
the
one
barrier
that
people
are
still
clinging
on
to
that?
Hopefully,
this
kind
of
study
and
others
there,
a
lot
of
other
studies
that
are
similar
will
overcome
that
barrier,
but
this
shows
for
the
North
America,
US
and
Canada
for
a
30
day
period.
This
shows
every
hour
that
you're
keeping
the
energy
supplies
matching
the
demand
plus
changes
in
storage
plus
losses
both
shedding
of
energy.
C
This
is
Central
America,
Cuba,
Haiti,
Dominican,
Republic,
Jamaica
South
America,
New
Zealand
Australia,
Southeast
Asia,
the
Philippines
South
Korea
and
Japan
Taiwan
China
Hong
Kong
Mongolia
North
Korea,
Russia,
Georgia,
India,
Nepal,
Sri,
Lanka,
Central
Asia,
the
Middle
East
Europe
Iceland
in
Africa.
So
that's
all
139
countries.
We
can
keep
the
grid
stable
under
three
different
scenarios
and
this
summarizes
the
cost
of
energy.
C
If
we
look
at
the
business-as-usual
electricity
sector
today-
and
we
just
marched
that
forward
to
2050
and
bring
it
back
to
today's
dollars,
it's
ninety
point:
eight
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
for
direct
energy
for
fossil
fuel
energy,
but
there's
another
13
cents,
a
kilowatt
hour
for
the
health
cost
and
16
cents
a
kilowatt
hour
for
the
climate
cost.
So
the
total
cost
of
energy
for
a
fossil
fuel
system,
which
called
the
social
cost
of
energy,
is
38
cents
a
kilowatt
hour.
C
If
we
just
look
at
replacing
the
fossil
fuel
electric
power
sector
today
with
wind/water/solar,
that's
nine
point:
seven
cents,
a
kilowatt
hour,
social
cost,
because
there's
no
health
or
climate
cost.
So
it's
about
the
same
as
the
direct
energy
cost
of
the
fossil
fuel
system,
but
the
social
cost
is
one-quarter
but
again
you're
using
50%
fewer
kilowatt
hours.
So
the
actual
cost
to
society
is
one
eighth
of
a
wind
water
solar
system
compared
to
a
fossil
fuel
system.
C
Ok,
so
then
let
me
just
get
to
the
final
part,
which
is
what
do
people
think
and
what
kind
of
what's
happening
on
kind
of
in
terms
of
implementing
these
plans.
So
a
couple
pick
public
opinion
surveys.
This
is
one
there
was
done
last
year:
twenty
six
thousand
people
in
13
countries
and
there
interesting
results.
82
percent
of
the
people
surveyed
won
a
world
with
a
hundred
percent
renewable
energy
I
mean
this
is
not
like
more
renewable
energy.
This
is
a
hundred
percent.
C
So
is
everything-
and
this
includes
the
United,
but
only
66%-
believe
climate
change
is
a
global
challenge.
So
the
interesting
part
about
this
is
people
don't
have
to
believe
in
climate
change
to
believe
in
clean
renewable
energy
and
the
other
questions
kind
of
indicate.
Why?
Because
69%
say
renewables,
make
countries
more
energy,
independent,
73%,
say:
renewables
will
boost
economic
growth
so
well
as
long
as
people
are
interested
in
solving
the
problem,
they
don't
have
to
actually
believe
in
the
problem.
That's
fine
with
me.
C
This
is
another
poll
that
was
just
in
the
US,
but
it
was
US
states,
seven
states
and
nationwide.
The
question
is:
do
you
support
or
oppose
powering
all
energy?
So
it's
a
hundred
percent
of
energy
in
the
US
entirely
by
clean
and
renewable
sources
like
wind,
solar,
hydroelectric
by
2050.
That
means
homes,
businesses,
cars,
trucks,
64%
strongly
supported
that
19%
somewhat
supported
so
83%
strongly
or
somewhat
supported.
That
statement,
which
is
similar
to
result
to
the
other
poll
and
only
16
percent
opposed,
and
then
he
could
see
the
state
distribution.
C
Were
you
know
all
the
states
had
majorities,
but
some
were
stronger
than
others.
Well,
so
does
that
translate
into
actual
action?
Well,
there
have
been
several
bills
and
resolutions
proposed
in
Congress
that
are
still
sitting
there
waiting
to
be
voted
on
they're.
Actually,
five
there's
House
Resolution
540,
which
calls
for
the
United
States
to
support
a
transition
to
100%
clean
renewable
energy
has
60
co-sponsors.
C
Senate
resolution
632
supports
100%,
clean
renewable
energy,
Senate
bill
997,
it's
a
bill
to
transition
from
fossil
fuels,
to
100%,
clean
and
renewable
energy,
but
2050,
and
then
there
to
house
bills
each
borrow
three
three
one:
four
and
three
six
seven
one
one
of
them
is
toward
a
hundred
percent
cleaner,
renewable
energy
by
2050
and
the
other
is
200
percent
clean
and
clean
energy
clean
well,
which
they
define
as
just
wind
and
solar
and
water
and
efficiency
by
2035.
It
was
very
aggressive.
C
Hawaii
has
a
hundred
percent
laws
of
2015
for
all.
Electric
power
has
to
be
clean,
renewable
power,
but
2045
California's,
SB
100,
as
I
mentioned,
is
effectively
a
hundred
percent
renewable
electricity
by
2045
and
sixty
percent
by
2030.
The
actual
wording
is
60
percent
eligible
renewables
by
2030
and
eligible
renewables
are
defined
as
the
renewables
I've
listed,
but
not
including
large
scale.
Hydro.
It
includes
small
hydro,
and
so
then
the
other
forty
percent
is
either
eligible,
renewables
or
large
hydro.
C
That
have
not
been
discovered
yet
that
have
zero
carbon
emissions
and
then
Vermont
has
a
law
to
go.
75
percent
renewable
by
2032,
New
York
has
150
percent
by
2030.
Washington
State
has
a
proposal
to
go.
100
percent
carbon
3
by
2045
I
think
it's
gonna
be
voted
on
pretty
soon
and
there
are
well.
As
of
this
writing.
C
I
mean
a
lot
of
these.
Companies
are
actually
moving
up
their
timelines.
Just
in
the
last
week,
I
think
Sony
moved
up
their
timeline
to
by
10
years,
so
they're
finding
it's
actually
pretty
straightforward
to
do,
and
it
saves
them
a
lot
of
money
in
the
process.
There
are
over
70
nonprofits
that
are
committed
to
100%
renewables
and
they've,
really
been
pushing
on
the
ground
going
to
like
the
Sierra.
C
Club
has
really
been
working
to
get
cities
to
commit,
and
the
re
100
dog
org
has
been
helping
a
lot
with
companies
and
the
solutions
project
is
a
nonprofit
that
I
helped
co-found.
That
is,
has
been
really
organizing
all
these
other
nonprofits
and
also
trying
to
engage
disadvantaged
communities
and
trying
to
get
them
interested
in
the
solutions.
C
The
solutions
as
well
well
to
summarize
and
I
didn't
talk
about
jobs,
but
we
did
find
that
we
would
create
24
million
net
long-term
full-time
jobs
over
those
lost
with
the
transition,
including
2
million
in
the
United
States,
and
the
land
footprint
and
spacing
I
talked
about.
We
had
avoid
4
to
7
million
air
pollution
deaths
per
year,
slow
than
eventually
reverse
global
warming.
C
We
think
the
grids
can
stay
stable
throughout
the
world
with
100%
renewables,
the
cost
per
kilowatt
hour,
the
direct
cost,
the
energy
cost
is
slightly
less
than
fossils,
but
the
energy,
health
and
climate
cost
per
kilowatt
hour
1/4
and
the
absolute
costs
not
per
kilowatt
hour
of
the
absolute
cost,
is
about
1/8
of
fossil
fuels
in
terms
of
the
social
cost
and
then
finally
transitioning
to
win
water
solar.
We
think
it's
technically
and
economically
possible.
Main
barriers
are
still
social
and
political.
The
solutions,
though,
do
require
collective
willpower
but
immediate
deployment.
C
Ipcc
3
agrees
that
we
really
need
an
80%
transmission
transition
within
10
to
12
years
by
2030
at
the
latest
and
a
hundred
percent
by
2050
to
avoid
a
1.5
degree.
Warming.
If
you
want
more
information
on
this,
the
actual
plans,
the
published
plans
are
there's
one
website
there
and
the
grid
studies
are
at
another
website.
This.
The
talk
similar
to
this
I
actually
already
posted
online.
C
If
you
want
this
particular
talk,
I'm
happy
to
give
it
send
it
to
you
and
also
they're
the
solutions,
project
org,
you
can
go
there
and
click
on
a
map
for
a
state,
the
country
and
even
city
in
town,
too,
and
you'll
see
a
plan
and
I'm
also,
if
I
put
updates
on
Twitter
quite
frequently.
So
thank
you
very
much.
If
you
have
any
questions.
A
C
So
so
we've
considered
nuclear
power,
but
well
there
are
a
lot
of
issues
with
it.
Aside
from
aside
from
the
fact
that
it's
there's
well,
there
are
risks
associated
with
it.
The
IPCC
identifies
risks
such
as
weapons,
proliferation,
meltdown
risk,
mining,
risk
waste
risk,
but
right
now
it's
just
too
costly
and
it
takes
too
long
to
plan
to
operate
so
the
average
time
between
planning
and
operation
of
a
nuclear
plant,
that's
actually
getting
a
permit,
I
decided
and
getting
it
funded
and
and
then
the
construction
is
10
to
19
years.
C
C
So
it
doesn't
compete
economically.
It
takes
too
long.
So
that's
why.
In
fact
there
was
a
South
Carolina
plant,
and
that
was
actually
they
started
it.
They
spent
like
seven
eight
years
and
billions
and
billions
of
dollars,
and
then
they
just
went
bankrupt
and
now
the
ratepayers
of
South
Carolina.
You
know
they're
gonna
be
they're
stuck
with
the
bill
for
these
failed
nuclear
plants
for
the
next
30
years.
F
Thank
you
very
much
for
your
enlightenment.
There
I'm
looking
forward
to
the
day.
That's
the
last
bit
of
coal
is
burned.
We
have
no
more
to
burn,
but
there's
one
industry
that
uses
coal
and
that's
the
steel
industry.
How
do
we
deal
with
that
from
both
the
use
of
coal
and
making
steel
and
I
believe
that
the
major
part
of
the
energy
for
making
steel
is
also
coal?
D
C
Actually
produce
the
product,
so
you
can
actually
reduce,
eliminate
both
concrete
and
steel.
You
can
eliminate
half
the
emissions
just
by
electrifying
the
high
temperature
processes,
but
in
case
of
steel
there
actually
is
recently
there
have
been
developments
of
alternate
technology
to
produce
steel
without
using
coal
and
I.
Think
it's
pretty
much
like
99
percent
carbon
free,
so
I
don't
know
how
far
along
that
is,
but
there
there
is
a
technology
technology
now
available
for
that
concrete
there.
Others
there
are
others
that
are
being
it
are
in
the
works.
C
I
think
it's
less
far
along
I!
Think
concrete.
That's
probably
the
one
place!
If
you
can
capture
the
carbon
there
should
least
in
the
short-term,
and
because
it's
you
know
it's
one
stream
of
carbon,
that
you
could
capture
it
locally
and
then
use
it
for
something
else.
That's
one
area
of
carbon
capture
I'm,
not
in
favor
of
carbon
capture
for
coal
plants
or
gas
plants,
because
that
doesn't
avoid
the
actual
use
of
coal
or
gas.
C
In
fact,
because
when
you
have
a
carbon
capture
at
a
coal
plant,
you
still
have
the
mining,
the
transporting
the
refining
of
the
of
the
coal
or
the
ore,
these
transport
and
mining,
and
that's
like
one
third
of
all,
the
energy
goes
to
that
process
and
plus
you
need
25
percent
more
coal,
because
that's
how
much
energy
you
need
to
run
the
carbon
capture
equipment.
So
a
carbon
capture
is
not
a
solution.
C
In
fact,
there's
a
Department
of
Energy
study
recently
that
showed
that
even
natural
gas
with
natural
gas,
with
a
carbon
capture
that
still
puts
out
300
grams
of
co2
per
kilowatt
hour
versus
without
it.
It's
like
700
gram
grams
of
co2
per
kilowatt
hour,
so
300,
compared
to
a
wind
turbine
even
manufactured
with
today's
background
grid,
is
only
10
grams
of
co2
per
kilowatt
hour.
So
natural
gas
with
carbon
capture
is
still
30
times
more
co2
per
kilowatt
hour
than
a
wind
turbine.
H
I
have
a
quick
question
for
you
about
land
use.
You
mentioned
whatever
that
very
small
number
was
of
land
use
that
we
would
use
to
put
in
new
new
renewable
energy
systems.
So
are
you
also
thinking
about
using
brown
use
land?
Like
you
know,
old
buildings,
and
you
know
spaces
where
there's
old
mining
locations
and
such
like?
That
is
that
included
in
that?
Or
would
that
be
extra
well.
C
We
haven't
specified,
there's
particular
areas,
but
you
could
sure
in
fact
that's
what
China
just
did
they
just
put.
There
was
an
old
coal
mine
that
has
turned
into
a
lake,
and
then
they
put
floating
solar
on
top
of
it.
Just
went
up
loud
this
week.
I
think
it
was
here
just
like
the
most
humongous
solar
field,
I've
seen
a
long
time
but
yeah
you
can
that's,
there's
an
ideal
lands
to
use
for
this
type
of
activity.
I
Hi
I'm
I'm,
a
resident
of
San,
Jose
and
I've,
been
following
some
of
the
the
group
that
are
meeting
to
talk
about
the
dura
Don
Station
rebuild
there
with
Google
and
other
things
and
I
think
there's
a
huge
opportunity
to
build
something:
that's
very
energy,
sustainable
water,
sustainable
and
I'm
wondering
what
your
thoughts
are.
How
would
how
would
a
resident
of
San
Jose
try
to
help
make
sure
that
this
is
a
completely
electrified
development?
Sorry,
I'm.
I
I
C
I
think
I
mean
if
Google
is
involved,
they're
pretty
own
up
to
date,
up
to
speed
on
what
to
do,
but
yeah
I
can
imagine
any
new
development
should
I
mean
there's
a
law
in
California
that
all
new
residential
buildings
have
to
have
solar
on
them
enough
solar
to
produce
their
produce
their
own
energy.
There,
no
I
think
there
might
be
an
equivalent
commercial
bill
either
being
proposed
or
but
I
have
a
I
mean
this
is
definitely
every
building
should
have
at
least
solar
should
be
efficient,
should
be
have
all
the
latest
technologies
be
electrified.
C
Yeah
I
know:
Palo
Alto
has
been
considering
this
to
have
no
gas
in
new
homes
and
I
mean
it
saves
money,
but
but
I
think
you
need
to
effort.
You
have
to
have
communication
with
the
people
just
because
most
people
are
not
familiar
with
all
the
new
technologies
and
what
can
be
done,
but
anyway,
there.
That
is
an
opportunity
to
create
a
really
nice,
energy-efficient,
building
or
set
of
buildings.
E
There's
certain
things
that
are
required
for
batteries
like
lithium
is
a
raw
material
for
heat
pumps.
You're
gonna
need
some
sort
of
refrigerant
that
can
can
make
the
heat
pump
run
efficiently.
Is
there
enough
of
those
material
like
we're
not
as
a
world
using
very
much
that
material
right
now?
Is
there
enough
of
that
material
in
order
to
actually
do
this
transition?
Does
our
plan
to
have
that
yeah.
C
I
mean
things
like
like
platinum.
You
would
need
for
hydrogen,
but
you
also
have
platinum
for
catalytic
converters,
which
you
no
longer
need.
So
that's
a
case
where
you're
you're,
gonna
trade
off
and
neodymium
4
is
used
for
wind
turbine
and
wind
turbine
generators
for
magnet
permanent
magnets
and
wind
turbine
generators.
There's
like
seven
times
more
available
than
you
need
for
all
the
wind
turbines
in
the
world.
So
I
don't
think
there
are
also
things
you
can:
trade
off
and
solar
there's
certain
materials
that
you'd
have
to
trade
off.
C
C
C
Days
well,
there
are
some
people
that
are
using
them,
but
not
in
our
plants.
Don't
call
for
biofuels
because
we're
trying
to
eliminate
combustion
and
to
eliminate
air
pollution
and
biofuels
cause
just
as
much
air
pollution
as
gasoline
or
diesel
they
or
they
can
save
carbon
depending
on
how
they're
produced
and
that,
but
even
that's
debatable
in
some
cases
so,
but
until
they
use
so
much
land
I
mean
to
grow
up
photo
synthesis.
C
C
Well
I
say:
reversing
you're,
first
gonna
because
you're,
if
you
eliminate
all
the
emissions
today,
especially
carbon
dioxide,
the
temperatures
will
still
go
out
for
a
while,
because
well
they're,
not
gonna.
If
you
eliminate
everything
today,
they'll
go
down,
but
there's
co2
is
gonna,
stay
in
the
atmosphere,
even
after
you've
stopped
emitting
it.
So
the
what's
out
there
is
going
to
still
cause
warming
for
a
while.
So
eventually,
then
the
temperatures
will
cool
down.
You
know
they'll
stay
constant
for
a
while
and
then
they'll
eventually
cool
down.
D
C
The
reason
so
they
have
this
esoteric
rule
that
they
helped
create.
That
says
you
can't
have
larger
than
a
10
kilowatt
inverter.
Well,
if
you
have
larger
than
a
10
kilowatt
inverter,
then
they
have
to
be
able
to
measure
the
solar
actually
in
the
inverter
right
now
they
do
their
measurements
outside
the
house,
basically
outside
the
meter,
but
an
inverter.
C
If
you
have
a
battery
and
solar
going
to
an
inverter,
they
claim
they
have
to
be
able
to
measure
the
solar
specifically
in
the
inverter,
to
separate
it
from
the
batter
what's
coming
from
the
battery
and
if
it's
less
than
10
kilowatts,
they
don't
care.
But
if
it's
more
than
10
kilowatts,
they
use
that
as
an
excuse
to
say
you
have
to
be
able
to
measure
it
and
because
they
don't
have
any
way
to
measure
it.
You
can't
do
it.
C
Yeah
but
I
mean
there
was
a
worker.
There
was
a
workaround,
but
it
involved
it
was
even
more
complicated.
It
would
actually
be
less
beneficial
than
shutting
off
two
batteries,
but
yeah
there
I
mean
no
utilities
are
starting
to
come
around
because
they
realize
that
that
they
better
join
the
this
momentum.
Otherwise
they're
going
to
lose
out.
K
A
A
Our
next
speaker
will
be
a
brief
and
they'll
also
be
time
for
more
Q&A,
so
I
know
you
probably
still
have
lots
of
more
questions,
so
we'll
do
a
little
transition
here
all
right.
Well,
thank
you,
professor
Jacobsen.
Our
our
next
speaker
here
is
dr.
Amy,
got--we
Bailey,
which
is
the
director
of
decarbonisation
and
grid
innovation.
M
Okay,
great
thanks
very
much
for
that
intro
first,
can
you
guys
hear
me?
Okay
awesome,
so
it's
kind
of
a
tough
act
to
follow,
but
I
agreed
to
do
it
anyway,
because
I
couldn't
pass
up
the
opportunity
to
share
a
bit
more
about
what
you
know.
Your
community
is
doing
to
help
decarbonize.
So
thank
you,
misty
for
inviting
Silicon,
Valley,
Clean
Energy,
to
say
a
few
words
about
our
vision
and
plans
for
decarbonisation.
It's
a
treat
to
be
here
for
sure.
I
wanted
to
first
start
by
giving
a
brief
intro
to
the
organization.
M
In
case
people
aren't
familiar
with
it
since
we
are
reasonably
new
and
then
go
into
kind
of
some
of
the
activities.
So
this
will
be
fairly
a
brief,
brief
presentation.
So
what
is
Silicon
Valley
Clean
Energy?
We
were
established
in
2016
and
we're
one
of
the
many
so
called
community
choice,
energy
programs
or
community
choice,
aggregators
formed
by
local
communities
to
source
cleaner
power
at
competitive
rates
and
also
offer
new
choices,
economic
and
environmental
benefits.
So
for
context
as
well.
You
know
there's
some
discussion
about
PG&E.
M
So
all
of
our
customers-
Silicon
Valley,
Clean
Energy
customers-
are
still
PG&E
customers.
So
we
cover
the
source.
The
generation
component
of
the
service,
P
genies,
still
does
a
transmission
and
distribution,
and
also
the
billing
and
other
services
to
the
customer.
And
so,
if
you're
not
familiar
with
Community
Choice
Energy
I
know
many
of
you.
M
Most
CCA's
in
California
at
least,
are
formed
also
to
meet
climate
goals
because
they
know
they
can
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions
by
transitioning
their
electricity
supply
to
renewable.
There
is
also
an
additional
choice
when
you
have
a
CCA,
so
it's
not
just
the
monopoly
income
it
and
then
there's
also
rate
competition
rate
stability
and
really
the
opportunity
to
develop
and
offer
community-based
programs,
and
so
for
s.
Vce
we're
based
here
in
Santa,
Clara
County.
Our
customers
include
around
270,000
customers
total
most
of
those
are
residential
customers
like
around
90
percent.
M
You
know
it
is
having
options,
but
it's
also
enabled
the
community
to
take
a
really
big
and
immediate
step
to
reduce
carbon
emissions
by
taking
control
of
the
electricity
supply
and,
as
we'll
discuss,
that's
kind
of
not
not
the
end
so
SP
CES
mission.
Our
overarching
mission,
is
to
reduce
dependence
on
fossil
fuels.
So
that's
everything
we're
doing
as
an
organization
is
really
central
around
this
mission,
and
this
is
the
mission
directly
from
our
community.
M
This
is
electricity,
related
emissions,
natural
gas,
related
emissions,
predominantly
from
heating
in
buildings,
and
then
also
transportation
like
those
are
the
three
big
components.
So
this
is
our
baseline
and
SVC
had
originally
established
a
target
of
reducing
emissions
30%
by
2021
and
we're
at
the
stage
where
we've
are
halfway
towards
achieving
that
goal,
and
so,
on
the
left
hand
side.
That's
our
baseline
emissions
inventory
again
on
the
right
hand,
side,
that's
our
2017
emissions
inventory
and
so
we'll
be
doing
this
on
an
annual
basis
to
continually
monitor
and
track
progress.
M
What
you'll
notice
between
the
two,
the
right
one,
is
smaller,
indicating
the
smaller
you
know:
fewer
total
emissions
and
the
components
specifically
that
I've
shrunk
are
the
electricity
related
components.
Note
there
are
still
emissions
from
electricity
because
we
have
some
customers
that
are
that
remain
bundled
customers
with
PG&E.
We
also
have
some
large
commercial
customer
that
have
direct
access,
so-called
direct
access,
which
means
they
have
complete
retail
choice,
and
so
they
they
go
out
in
the
competitive
market
and
can
buy
electricity
from
anyone
and
then
also
in
2017
Milpitas,
one
of
our
largest
cities.
M
M
So,
on
the
left-hand
side
is
our
2015
inventory
on
the
right
hand,
side
the
2017
inventory-
and
this
was
using
a
Department
of
Energy
funded
tool
to
kind
of
tease
out
what
were
factors
that
actually
caused
increases
in
Commission's,
so
increased
therms
per
household
is
one
we've
had
employment
growth,
which
is
a
great
thing.
That's
also
increases
emissions,
increased
usage
of
vehicles,
but
we've
had
a
lot
of
things
that
have
actually
resulted
in
decreasing
emissions,
the
biggest
one
being
from
the
electricity
fuel
mix,
and
so
that's
largely
the
first
respect.
Rissa
t
supply.
M
We
call
our
retail
rate
products
green
start,
which,
if
you're
enrolled
in
s
VCE,
that's
the
standard
supply
portfolio,
it's
GHG
free.
You
also
have
the
option
to
opt
up
to
100%
renewable
and
which
all
of
the
municipal
accounts
and
our
service
territory
I
believe
all
of
them
have
have
chosen
to
do.
We've
made
a
little
bit
more
progress
to
date,
including
a
demand
response
program
for
our
large
commercial
customers
called
peak
day
pricing.
M
We
have
some
community
engagement
grants
to
help,
communicate
and
engage
parts
of
the
community
that
are
typically
underserved,
and
then
we
also
have
secured
a
grant
from
the
Bay
Area
Air
Quality
Management
District,
for
a
program
that
will
help
incentivize,
switching
from
natural
gas,
water
heaters,
heat
pump,
water
heaters,
and
so
that's
a
program,
that's
in
the
process
of
being
designed
and
will
be
launched
early
next
year
late
this
year
or
early
next
year.
However,
there's
a
lot
more
to
go.
M
What
we're
doing
is
we're
in
the
process
of
really
developing
a
comprehensive
portfolio
of
programs
and
initiatives
to
really
tackle
decarbonisation
and
the
service
territory.
Our
over
is
overarching
strategy
you,
you
know
pretty
much
learned
all
about
it
in
the
last
presentation.
This
isn't
unique
to
SVC
II.
This
is
kind
of
the
recipe
to
decarbonize.
You
decarbonize
your
electricity
supply.
M
Then
you
switch
everything
over
that
you
possibly
can
to
be
fueled
by
that
carbon
free
electricity
and,
in
addition
to
electrifying
everything,
maintaining
progress
towards
harnessing
energy
efficiency
and
also
ensuring
grid
integration
are
kind
of
other
aspects
that
kind
of
need
to
be
in
place
in
order
to
cost-effectively
achieve
deep
decarbonisation.
So
this
is
our
kind
of
guiding
light.
M
We
also
have
been
in
the
process
of
developing
kind
of
a
strategic
framework
to
really
identify
how
well
SVC
e
determine
which
opportunities
or
which
programs
which
initiatives
to
undertake,
and
so
this
strategic
framework
was
kind
of
the
result
of
a
lot
of
stakeholder
engagement,
a
lot
of
different
input,
so
the
types
of
activities
that
that
will
do
relate
to
retail
products
and
services.
It
includes
rates,
but
it
also
includes
helping
clean
energy
technologies,
gain
traction
in
the
marketplace.
M
Education
and
outreach
I
mean
I,
think
that
was
a
big
one
from
Professor
Jacobson's
answer
to
one
of
the
questions
like.
How
do
you
do
things
at
a
local
level?
Well,
you
need
you
have
to
have
that
education
and
we're
community
based
organization.
That's
really
going
to
be
a
core
function.
We
see
for
for
our
organization
helping
to
build
up
education
and
awareness
related
to
electrification.
Public
policy
is
a
big
one,
not
just
at
the
state
level.
M
We
are
made
up
of
governments,
our
board,
their
elected
officials
and
these
governments,
so
there's
an
alignment
there
that
that
really
lends
itself
to
helping
to
make
progress
with
local
local
policy,
including
potentially
building
codes
that
help
support
all
electric
and
market
transformations.
So
there
are
many
different
types
of
market
barriers
that
prohibit
prohibit
people
from
adopting
heat
pump
water
heaters,
and
so
we
can
imagine
doing
taking
an
active
role
in
helping
to
mitigate
those
market
barriers.
M
M
Ultimately,
we
know
our
service
territory
is
responsible
for
a
pretty
small
fraction
of
global
emissions.
So
if
spce
and
this
community
wants
to
have
an
impact
beyond
our
service
territory,
we
want,
to
you
know,
pursue
programs
initiatives
that
really
can
be
transferable
outside
of
Silicon
Valley,
and
that's
really
what
this
area
is,
is
kind
of
all
about
innovation
and
innovating
in
a
way
that
that's
scales
and
so
we're
excited
to.
You
know,
be
able
to
try
some
new
things
that
we
think
are
going
to
have
an
impact
elsewhere.
M
Equity
and
service
and
things
that
are
a
core
role
for
SVC
are
a
couple
other
metrics
as
well.
And
how
will
we
do
it
we'll
do
it
in
a
way
that
really
embraces
innovation,
I?
Think
in
a
way
that
historically,
traditional
utilities,
maybe
haven't
we're
in
a
data-driven
society
and
we're
in
an
era
where
everything
is
digitized
and
so
certainly
being
guided
by
data
and
analytics
is
another
key
aspect
of
how
we
are
going
to
approach
all
aspects
of
program,
development
and
then
with
partners.
M
So
just
a
few
more
comments,
so
in
tandem
with
developing
kind
of
that
overarching
strategy
and
framework,
we
also
are
developing
this
comprehensive
portfolio
of
programs,
and
this
has
been
a
multi-month
stakeholder
process.
Actually
many
of
the
members
of
the
advisory
group
so
mentioned
on
the
next
slide
are
in
this
room
as
well,
and
so
we're
in
the
dark
blue
section
of
the
right-hand
part
of
this
chart,
and
so
we're
going
to
be
bringing
to
the
board
of
directors
in
December.
M
You
know
this
decarbonisation
strategy
and
our
programs
portfolio
for
their
review,
and
hopefully
you
know
approval
revision
and
approval.
What
have
you
and
so
you'll
be
seeing
a
lot
of
information,
hopefully
late
this
year
early
next
year
about
different
initiatives
launching
so
it
encouraged
you
to
keep
an
eye
out
for
four
mailings
and
other
advertisements
from
SVC,
II
and
so
I
know.
There
are
a
lot
of
acronyms
on
here
and
so
just
to
highlight.
M
That
kind
of
need
to
be
a
part
of
this
equation
that
need
to
be
a
part
of
this
transformation
to
achieve
deep
decarbonization,
and
so
we
don't
have
kind
of
standing
advisory
groups
to
provide
in
to
get
to
seek
input
from
most
of
these
organizations.
We
do
it
in
a
workshop
type
format
that
okay,
so
just
I,
wanted
to
give
you.
M
We
actually
have
a
lot
of
control
over
retail
rates,
at
least
specifically
the
generation
component,
and
it
turns
out
that
retail
rates
can
present
some
specific
barriers,
some
pretty
steep
barriers
to
electrification
and
so
we're
in
the
process
of
kind
of
evaluating
how
we
want
to
tackle
the
opportunity,
that's
presenting
itself
they're
just
having
control
of
of
retail
rate
products.
Maybe
I'll
highlight
a
couple
more,
maybe
in
the
lower
left
hand
corner
the
second
bullet
down
program
for
innovative
pilots,
I.
M
Innovation
ecosystem
and
really
try
to
activate
the
private
sector
and
direct
them
to
address
problems
that
we
see
that
need
to
be
addressed
based
on
our
position
in
the
market,
and
so
one
way
we
can
do
that
is
to
set
up
a
framework
to
nimbly,
engage
in
different
partnerships,
pilot
partnerships
and
other,
maybe
research,
partnerships
with
different
entities.
It's
not
just
a
private
sector
nonprofit
sector
as
well,
academic
institutions,
National
Labs,
and
so
we're
looking
at
kind
of
developing
that
structured
program.
M
That
would
help
enable
those
that
type
of
innovation-
okay,
so
I'll,
just
there's
a
lot
here.
I
won't
speak
about
every
single
bullet
point,
but
it
will
be
in
the
recording
if
you
want
to
refer
back
or
if
you
have
any
questions
about
any
particular
one
happy
to
happy
to
address
particular
questions,
but
I
guess
I'll
just
say
you
know
we're
trying
to.
M
We
know
we
need
to
address
every
part
of
this
Venn
diagram
and
if
it's
not
addressed
elsewhere,
and
so,
for
instance,
all
of
our
customers
are
already
already
paying
PG&E
effectively
for
energy
efficiency
programs.
So
does
it
make
sense
for
s
VCE
to
also
offer
those
programs,
probably
not
so
we
want
to
help
help
them
access.
M
Okay,
so
the
next
steps
are
really
the
board.
Member
excuse
me
to
bring
the
D
card
strategy
and
programs
roadmap
to
the
board
in
December
and
then
to
really
execute
measure,
monitor,
and
course,
correct,
and
so
we
anticipate
you
know,
coming
back
on
a
fairly
regular
basis
to
our
board
and
to
our
communities,
to
update,
provide
updates
on
progress
and
also
really
identify
what
are
things
that
are
working
and
what
are
things
that
aren't
working
because
they're
going
to
be
both
and
then
figure
out
how
to
adapt
and
go
from
there.
So
thank
you.
A
N
Without
going
into
too
deep
of
a
wonk
question,
my
understanding,
though,
is
that,
just
in
the
past
week
and
a
half,
there
was
a
very
negative
ruling
on
the
PCIA,
the
power
charge
and
difference
adjustment
and
I've
seen
statements
from
ccas
that
this
is
very
damaging.
I
was
wondering
to
what
extent
has
that
recent
that
was
by
the
California
Public
Utilities
Commission?
To
what
extent
does
that
ruling
damage
your
ability
to
function
and
to
decarbonize,
and
is
it
worth
going
to
the
California
Legislature
to
get
that
PUC
decision
overruled.
M
Now
it's
probably
gonna
be
a
bit
smaller
and
really
leverage
the
finite
money
we
have
and
the
influence
we
have
to
try
to
kind
of
activate
the
community,
the
innovation
ecosystem
and
others
around
us
to
decarbonize.
So
we
anticipate
actually
a
lot
more
needing
a
lot
more
innovation
needing
to
rely
a
lot
more
on
partners
and
also
needing
to
be
a
lot
smarter
about.
You
know
even
smarter
than
we
had
planned
about
how
we
go
about
doing
things
and
so
using
really
data
to
inform
what
is
going
to
be.
M
L
You
know
one
of
the
things
that
I've
heard
about
as
dr.
Jacobson
mentioned
is
the
problem
with
grid
reliability
is
with
renewables,
is
not
enough
storage
and,
if
I
understood
dr.
Jacobson,
it
sounds
like
that
could
be
something
that's
not
as
expensive.
Is
that
something
that
community
choice
programs
would
be
looking
at
investing
in
storage,
yeah.
M
So,
that's
definitely
something
that
community
choice.
Energy
programs
are
looking
at,
including
SVC,
II
and
so
I.
Think.
A
lot
of
what
I
focused
on
was
more
kind
of
things
happening
within
the
community,
but
if
you
look
actually
at
our
power
supply,
so
right
now
we're
in
the
process
of
signing
some
longer-term
contracts,
and
so
when
your
CCA
and
just
starting
up,
you
know
you
don't
have
operating
reserves,
you're,
basically
building
out
staff
and
so
a
lot
of
the
contracts.
M
You're
signing
for
renewables
are
more
shorter
term
and
until
you
can
release
I
get
requests
for
proposals
and
get
proposals
in
and
evaluate
them
like
that's
when
you
start
making
a
lot
of
important
commitments
and
really
making
an
impact
on
having
an
additive
if
effect
impact
on
renewable
energy
development,
so
long
story
short
two
of
the
three
contracts
who
are
looking
at
one
of
them.
One
contract
has
already
been
signed.
It's
a
wind
contract,
but
there
we've
gotten
responses
that
incorporate
solar.
It's
utility
scale
solar
in
that
case,
combined
with
the
renewable
generation.
M
So
there's
some
activity
that
could
be
happening
at
the
power
supply
side
on
the
demand
side.
So
in
the
community
on
the
community
level,
we
are
certainly
looking
at
storage.
Going
back
to
the
statement
I
made
about
you
know,
our
customers
are
already
paying
for
a
lot
of
programs
that
are
administered
through
PG&E.
M
One
of
those
programs
is
called
self
generation
incentive
program
s
chip
for
short,
and
it
actually
provides
pretty
substantial
rebates
for
storage,
and
so,
in
that
case,
in
the
near
term,
we
anticipate
our
role
will
be
to
ensure
that
our
customers
are
familiar
with
that
program
and
are
aware
of
it
and
can
evaluate
whether
that's
a
good
option
for
them.
But
there
may
also
be
other
opportunities
for
storage
for
sure.
F
M
So
the
the
long-term
contract
that
was
signed
a
couple
months
ago
is
a
wind
contract
that
is
in
New
Mexico
and
it
would
be
delivered
I
believe
in
two
or
three
years
from
now,
because
it's
it's
not
built.
Yet
it's
still
in
the
process
of
being
built,
I
think
most
of
the
most
renewable
developers,
at
least,
if
we're
talking
about
new
renewable
projects,
to
my
knowledge,
they're
all
for-profit,
but
there
are
certainly
kind
of
government
sources
of
renewable
electricity.
M
H
M
All
of
that
additional
peak,
that's
exported
to
the
grid
and
is
basically
helping
meet
the
energy
needs
of
his
neighbors,
and
then
there
are
certain
rate
structures
that
kind
of
help
ensure
he
gets
compensated,
and
so
that's,
hence
the
$500
plus
check
from
s
VCE.
At
the
end
of
the
the
day.
Sorry
did
that
answer
your
question.
Yes,.
A
M
Okay,
so
how
competitive
are
we
with
our
commercial
customers?
So
SVC
'is
supply
portfolio?
Our
rates
are
cheaper
than
PG
knees,
I
believe
it's
six
percent
and
also
we're
cleaner,
and
so
our
default
portfolio
is
GHD
free.
So
for
those
customers
that
don't
have
full
retail
choice
that
so-called
direct
access
customers,
then
they're
saving
money
with
us
and
I'm.
M
Sorry,
I,
don't
have
the
figures
handy
for
kind
of
how
much
money
has
been
saved
by
our
customers
since
since
launch,
but
that's
kind
of
the
short
answer
for
those
that
are
on
direct
access,
like
a
large,
really
large
customers
like
Stanford,
for
instance,
how
they
procured
that
solar
energy
off-site
that
was
through
a
direct
access
construct.
I
mean
they
have
the
option
they.
You
know,
Stanford's
not
doing
that,
but
other
entities
in
that
situation.
M
They
could
just
choose
the
very
cheapest
option
possible
and
it's
probably
going
to
be
cheaper
than
ours,
because
it's
probably
going
to
be
like
66
percent
natural
gas,
and
so,
if
those
direct
access
customers
that
maybe
don't
have
an
environmental
kind
of
ethos
or
that
aren't
like
the
apples
and
the
googles
and
maybe
are
in
an
extremely
cost
competitive
industry,
you
could
probably
expect
them
to
pursue
a
compliance
project,
a
compliance
product.
And
so
that's
actually
one
of
the
main
reasons.
K
I
had
a
question
or
comment:
I
I
think
I've
been
disappointed
at
the
communication.
That's
come
from
SV.
Your
organization
seems
to
be
very
simplified
and
doesn't
provide
a
level
of
detail
what
you
need
to
make
good
decisions,
PG
need.
Also,
of
course,
we
will
get
our
monthly
bill
and
they
seem
to
have
taken
the
tack
of
making
it
virtually
impossible
to
figure
out
what
the
hell
is
going
on
with
nubbins
pluses
and
minuses,
and
who
knows
what
so
I
would
encourage
you
to
if
you
can.
D
K
An
impact
in
the
community
you've
got
to
get
a
better
communication
line,
whether
you
have
any
control
over
what
PG&E
is
doing
as
your
client
to
deliver
the
electricity.
They
could
do
a
much
better
job
of
indicating.
What's
going
on.
The
other
thing
that
appears
to
me
is
you
don't
actually
pay
more
for
electricity
at
different
times
of
day
or
night?
It
seems
like
you,
do
a
contract,
that's
just
one
price,
but
PG&E
can
charge
ridiculous
amounts
to
deliver
it
at
times
of
day.
When
you
actually
happen
to
want
to
use
it
well,.
D
K
It
seems
that
whole
construct.
On
the
one
hand,
we
read
in
the
paper
that
we've
got
all
this
solar
during
the
day
that
we
really
don't
know
what
to
do
with,
but
on
the
other
hand,
we're
encouraging
people
to
use
all
their
power
later
and
to
not
use
anything
during
the
day.
It
makes
no
sense.
You
know
we
need
a
better
understanding
of
the
matching
of
supply
and
demand,
I,
think
and
and
how
and
explain
that
to
the
to
the
residents
or
trying
to
make
good
decisions.
M
Well,
thank
you
for
that
feedback.
Did
you
want
me
to
address
any
particular
part
of
it
or
I
mean
I
I?
Think
it's
you
know
very
important
feedback
to
have
I
will
make
one
kind
of
correction,
so
SVC
II
any
load
serving
entities
we
do
are
the
cost
of
the
electricity
supply
is
dependent
upon
the
time
of
day.
M
So,
even
though
we're
signing
these
long-term
contracts
with
kind
of
fixed
prices,
you
know
PG&E
does
that
as
well
other
load
serving
entities
do
that
as
well
that
the
it's
still
a
part
of
a
calculation
that
involves
it's
basically
hedging.
It's
still
a
part
of
a
calculation
that
involves
time-dependent
electricity
costs
and
also
marginal
emissions.
M
But
there
are
actually
a
number
of
implementation
barriers,
and
so
we
have
a
working
group
of
a
number
of
CCA's
kind
of
working
through
those
implementation
barriers
that
would
allow
us
to
actually
have
rates
that
are
different
from
PG&E,
because
right
now
we
can't,
even
though
we
have
the
the
authority
to
do
it
based
on
board
Authority
operationally,
we
aren't
getting
the
data
that
we
need
to
be
able
to
able
to
bill
on
different
rates.
So
I
appreciate.
You
know,
I
appreciate
that
feedback
stay
tuned.
G
O
My
name
is
rod:
sinks
I,
help
found
this
agency
and
I'm
Cooper
Tina's
representative
of
the
board,
am
the
first
chair.
So
I'll
give
you
some
perspective
from
my
time
since
you're
new.
First
of
all,
we
deliberately
sought
contracts
that
would
complement
solar
in
the
state
of
California.
We
have
built
a
lot
of
solar,
including
locally,
that
is
providing
that
energy
during
the
daytime,
but
because
of
the
Duk
curve,
the
resources
that
we
are
now
investing
in
have
to
complement
what
we
can
get
so
to
do
this
responsibly.
O
We've
taken
the
lead,
the
wind
from
New
Mexico,
is
actually
considered
bucket,
one
in
California,
because
we're
also,
through
our
contract,
funding
the
transmission
of
that
power
in
the
California.
The
the
efficiency
factor,
the
factor
that
determines
the
the
amount
of
power
we're
getting
is
much
higher
for
that
wind
resource.
We
had
looked
at
initially
at
Alameda
and
Alameda
County,
but
those
contracts
didn't
make
sense.
O
They
had
so
in
any
case
we're
getting
a
lot
more
power
by
going
to
New,
Mexico
and
getting
up
into
the
hills,
and
why
is
that
important?
It's
because
the
time
at
which
that
power
ramps
up
is
exactly
when
our
Solar
is
beginning
to
tail
off.
So
we
need
to
be
thinking
about
our
carbon
footprint
and
generation
sources
across
the
Western
grid.
It's
really
important
that
we
not
be
too
parochial
about
where
exactly
we
buy
the
power.
O
The
two
Solar
contracts
that
you've
talked
about
both
of
those
are
bundled
with
storage,
so
we
insisted
that
we
not
simply
build
more
solar
and
contribute
to
the
duck
curve
problem,
but
that
we
actually
bundle
those
with
storage.
So
those
are
coming
to
the
board
next
week,
I
think
at
least
one
of
them
both.
M
O
We
want
to
move
the
needle,
but
we
want
to
do
it
in
a
in
a
responsible
way
and
what
you'll
see
in
2019,
from
the
CPUC
and
rate
setting
and
other
things,
is
a
press
to
change
how
time
of
day
is
applied
for
existing
solar
customers.
Everybody
right
you're,
going
to
start
to
see
the
value
of
the
Sun,
the
solar
power
that
you
put
back
on
the
grid
go
down
during
the
daytime
and
instead
it's
going
to
come
up
at
night.
So
it's.
O
If
we
had
that
data
and
we
will
we
have
been
pressing
to
get
it.
We
could
also
be
running
programs
that
better
tailor
the
overall
demand
to
the
new,
but
I'll
stay
after.
If
people
have
questions
and
I
want
you
to
know,
you
know,
as
one
of
the
directors
were
about
transparency,
we
want
you
to
have
a
say
in
what
we
do.
We
meet
here
actually
once
a
month,
the
board
of
directors
13
of
us.
We
want
to
make
the
programs
that
we
have
responsive
to
things
you
think
are
important
and
yeah.
O
We
started
in
our
first
year
we
were
wonderful,
1
percent
under
PG
and
across
the
board,
since
April
we've
been
6
percent
under
I
can't
predict
the
future.
But
our
overall
mission
is
to
deliver
the
most
efficient
product.
We
can
that's
also
carbon
free.
So
that's
where
we're
coming
from
and
if
you
looked
up
what
the
NRDC
had
to
say,
National
Resources,
Defense
Council
had
to
say
about
directs
access.
You
would
find
them
saying
it's
about
the
dumbest
thing
ever
if
we
want
to
go
backwards
and
backslide
right.
A
A
Hopefully,
you'll
be
able
to
be
here
afterwards
answer
some
more
questions
and
we
do
have
a
broad
sink
there.
That
can
also
answer
questions.
I
want
to
thank
all
of
you
for
attending
today.
I
know
it's
been
a
great
great
evening,
and
hopefully
it
gave
you
some
hope
for
the
future,
and
you
learned
a
lot
more
about
what's
happening
globally
and
locally.
A
This
presentation
is
being
recorded,
so
it
will
be
available
on
the
city's
website
through
the
Cupertino
green
web
page,
which
is
W,
Cupertino
org,
slash
sustainability,
give
us
a
few
days
to
get
that
posted,
but
we'll
also
make
sure
we
update
the
Facebook
page
and
other
places
to
get
that
out
there.
So
thank
you
very
much
and
hope
you
have
a
good
evening.