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Description
Dr. Mark Ryan and Dr. Maria Van Kerkove of the World Health Organization answer questions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic during this Q&A program, originally broadcast on July 29, 2020.
The City of Cupertino would like to express thanks to the World Health Organization for permission to use their video materials during COVID-19 pandemic. More information can be found at https://who.int/covid-19
For more information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Cupertino, please visit https://cupertino.org/coronavirus
A
C
C
This
will
be
a
short
session
like
last
week,
but
please
ask
your
questions
on
twitter,
using
the
hashtag
askwho,
if
you're
watching
us
on
linkedin
facebook,
tick,
tock
or
youtube
leave
your
comments.
Ask
your
questions
via
comment,
section,
maria
and
mike
thank
you
for
making
time
in
this
busy
year
to
respond
questions
from
our
viewers
watching
us
across
different
social
media
channels.
C
D
But
that's
that's
still
a
journey
ahead
and
the
current
situation
with
you
know
we're
approaching
nearly
15
million
cases
around
the
world
over
600
000
people
have
died,
and
that's
probably
an
underestimate,
so
this
virus
has
clearly
shown
us
just
how
dangerous
it
can
be,
but
we've
also,
while
seeing
that
and
seeing
that
disease
spread
and
cause
so
much
devastation.
We've
also
seen
communities
and
countries
fight
back
and
we've
seen
them
achieve
success
and
we've
seen
them
sustain
that
success
by
using
very
simple
measures,
and
what
we've
seen
is
when
communities
are
united.
D
When
governments
are
clear
about
how
they
go
about
things
and
when
we
all
work
together,
we
can
beat
this
virus
and
we
can
suppress
it.
We
can
reduce
debts
and
now,
with
the
prospect
potentially
of
having
effective
vaccines
down
the
line,
we
also
have
the
hope
of
another
measure,
but
that's
still
a
while
away.
So
I
think
we
have
to
really
focus
on
where
we
are
now
in
the
pandemic
of
what
we
can
do
together
now,
and
I
think
the
toughest
part
of
this
is
sustaining
our
effort
at
community
level.
D
It's
really
hard
after
seven
months,
everyone's
tired,
everyone's
exhausted
everyone
just
wants
things
to
go
back
to
the
way
they
were,
who
wouldn't
we
too,
but
unfortunately,
in
the
face
of
a
crisis,
the
virus
is
choosing
too
much
of
our
future
right
now
and
we
need
to
choose
our
future
and
the
only
way
we
do
that
is.
We
fight
the
virus.
C
Mike
you
mentioned
only
if
you're
united
at
community
level,
we
can
fight
the
virus
back
and
we're
already
receiving
questions.
What
can
we
do
on
a
community
level
as
individuals
to
fight
the
virus
back?
I
know
you
explained
this
repeatedly
in
our
press
conferences
and
in
other
appearances,
but
I
think
it's
worth
repeating
once
again.
E
There
are
many
things
there
are
many
tools
that
we
have
right
now
that
people
can
use-
and
this
includes
the
basics,
the
basic
measures
of
ensuring
that
you
clean
your
hands
regularly
and
make
sure
that
you
practice
this
respiratory
etiquette
making
sure
you
keep
a
physical
distance
from
people
and
again
I
just
want
to
highlight
that
we're
saying
physical
distance,
physical,
distancing
and
not
social
distancing,
because
we
need
people
to
feel
connected
with
others.
There's
a
tremendous
impact
on
our
on
our
mental
health,
not
just
our
physical
health.
E
So
we
need
people
to
stay
connected
with
their
loved
ones
as
best
as
they
can.
It
includes
wearing
a
mask
when
being
asked
to
wear
a
mask.
It
includes
staying
home
if
you're
asked
it
includes,
you
know,
seeking
medical
care
and
calling
those
hotlines
that
are
put
in
place
doing
your
part,
and
I
think
that
national
governments,
you
know,
have
put
out
recommendations
and
it's
very
important
that
people
follow
those
recommendations,
and
I
think
lastly,
most
importantly,
is
keep
yourself
informed.
C
E
E
When
you
know
that
somebody
is
infected
with
this
virus
for
the
general
community,
we
recommend
the
use
of
a
mask
if
you're,
sick
yourself
and
actually,
if
you
are
sick,
you
should
be
at
home
and
you
should
call
your
medical
provider,
but
also
in
situations
where
you
cannot
do
physical
distancing
and
if
the
virus
is
present
in
the
community.
So
in
indoor
settings
you
know
when
you
cannot
do
physical
distancing,
we
recommend
the
use
of
a
fabric
mask
so.
C
We
are
sitting
apart
here,
so
we
that's
the
reason
why
we
are
not
wearing
masks
in
in
this
setting.
We
are
receiving
a
lot
of
questions
mike.
Maybe
you
can
take
this
one
about
children.
Should
people
keep
children
at
home
or
they
should
go
back
to
school
and
also
are
there
any
particular
precautionary
measures
to
be
taken
for
children.
B
A
D
D
So
if
we
have
spread
of
the
virus
in
our
community
and
that
spread
is
intense
and
it's
widespread,
then
that
disease
will
spread
through
the
school
environment,
so
we
know
that
children
can
spread
the
disease.
Thankfully,
very
the
vast
majority
of
children
don't
suffer
a
very
severe
illness,
but
that
doesn't
mean
that
they
can't
participate
in
the
process
of
transmission.
D
We
see
this
with
many
diseases.
We
see
this
with,
for
example,
with
polio.
Many
many
children
can
process
the
virus,
pass
the
virus
on
and
never
get
sick
themselves,
but
when
that
virus
reaches
a
particularly
vulnerable
child,
then
that
virus
could
cause
paralysis.
So
it's
pretty
much
the
same
with
with
covet
the
disease
may
pass
through
children.
It
may
find
the
child,
then
that's
less
immune
or
has
some
compromise
and
could
cause
abortive
infection,
or
it
can
also
be
brought
home
to
vulnerable
grandparents
or
others.
D
So
the
way
I
would
see
it
is
that
when
you
have
intense
transmission
at
the
community
level,
then
we
have
to
be
careful
about
schools,
but
also
we
have
to
also
recognize
that
education
is
hugely
important
and
there
are
environments
in
the
world
where
being
at
school
is
a
safer
place
to
be
given
the
social
conditions
and
given
other.
There
are
many
schools
that
act
as
a
very
important
points
of
nutrition
for
children,
they're
points
of
safety
from
children
in
areas
that
are
not
necessarily
as
safe
socially
for
kids.
D
Schools,
don't
just
function
as
sites
of
education,
they're,
very
important
centers
within
our
societies
and
within
our
communities.
So
we
have
to
do
everything
possible
to
bring
our
children
back
to
school,
and
the
most
effective
thing
we
can
do
is
to
stop
the
disease
in
the
community,
because
if
we
control
the
disease
in
the
community.
B
D
Open
the
schools,
so
we
need
to
focus
again
back
on
controlling
the
disease
at
the
community
level,
and
younger
people
have
a
huge
part
to
play
in
this.
This
is
not-
and
I
hope,
we're
speaking
to
to
many
younger
people
and
younger
adults
out
there
and
I'm
so
proud
of
the
younger
generation
the
way
they've
taken
on
the
issue
of
racism
they've,
taken
on
the
issue
of
climate,
we
need
a
young
generation,
that's
willing
to
take
action,
take
action
for
a
better
future.
Take
action,
take
control
of
our
society.
D
Take
control
of
our
future,
and
part
of
that
is
ensuring
we
get
through
this
go
with
pandemic.
We
need
a
better
future.
We
need
a
stable
future.
We
need
a
new
normal
and
it's
not
about
being
victims
of
that.
It's
about
taking
action
to
ensure
that
we
beat
this
virus
and
younger
people
why
they
may
suffer.
D
The
least
effects
of
this
virus
participate
in
transmission
and
we
need
particularly
younger
people
and
younger
adults
to
really
take
on
that
responsibility
and
not
in
a
sense
feel
that
they're
giving
something
up,
that's
precious
to
them,
and
I
know
they
are
because
we
were
all
young
ones
and
the
freedom
of
youth
and
the
the
the
desire
and
the
right.
You
have
to
go
and
enjoy
life
and
go
and
experience
life,
and
it
is
hard
to
put
your
life
on
hold,
especially
when
your
adult
life
is
potentially
just
before
you.
D
So
I
think
I
would
love
to
see
the
same
energy
and
the
same
commitment
and
the
same
activism
that
I
can
see
going
into.
Other
aspects
of
our
future
really
commit
themselves
to
getting
rid
of
this
disease,
and
I
think
we
need
to
see
more
young
leaders.
We
need
to
see
leadership
from
youth
leadership
from
young
adults.
It's
your
future.
D
E
Think
also
the
the
creativity
that
we
see
with
the
younger
generation.
You
know
help
us
find
solutions,
help
find
the
solutions
that
we
need
to
go
forward.
This
idea
of
a
new
normal.
I
don't
think
anyone
completely
knows
what
that
looks
like.
We
need
to
create
this
ourselves,
and
everyone
has
a
role
to
play.
E
It
shouldn't
be
older
folks
that,
like
us
that
that
decide,
you
know,
I
think
I
think
we
need
everybody
to
play
an
active
role
in
that
and
that
you
know
people
and
of
all
ages
need
to
feel
empowered
that
they
have
a
role
to
play
in
this.
So
speak
up,
speak
out.
You
know,
help
us
work
through
this
and
fight
and
really
find
that
way
to
be
creative
and
innovative
that
this
this
is
temporary.
E
I
mean
this
idea
of
having
to
put
some
things
on
hold
is
hard,
and
I
understand
that
because
we
are
also
putting
all
of
us
are
putting
things
on
hold,
but
it
is
temporary.
We
will
get
through
this.
You
know
we
will
get
through
this.
There
is
hope
you
were
asking
about
the
six
months
and
can
peop?
Can
people
turn
this
around?
Can
we
turn
this
around?
E
We
can
absolutely
turn
this
around
and
I
think
everybody
needs
to
know
that
and
and
we're
not
just
saying
that,
because
we
are
optimists
here,
we
have
seen
many
many
countries
do
this,
it's
going
to
take
tremendous
hard
work,
but
it
needs
to
take
every
single
member.
I
have
two
young
kids
and
you
know
just
trying
to
get
them
to
wash
their
hands
regularly.
C
Thank
you,
but
this
was
very
motivational
and
it's
inspirational,
and
I
can
tell
you
that
we're
already
receiving
some
questions
from
people
watching
us
on
tik
tok
sukanya
is
asking
how
to
protect
myself
and
others
from
covid.
If
I
need
to
take
public
transportation
every
day.
So
this
is
one
of
the
setting
that
young
people
are
using
on
daily
basis
to
commute,
go
to
school,
still
see
their
friends.
D
I
take
the
buzz
every
day
and
it
it.
It
really
is
about
simple
behaviors.
Sometimes
I
let
a
bus
pass
by
a
buses
looks
too
full
if
it
doesn't
feel
safe.
It's
not
safe.
Okay,
I'm
going
to
be
10
minutes
later
than
I
would
normally
be.
It's
the
same
thing
if
I
asked
someone
many
of
the
people
watching
this
ride
their
bikes
in
urban
areas.
You
take
a
big
risk
doing
that
every
day,
but
you
know
the
basic
rules.
You
know
when
you
can
go
a
bit
faster,
a
bit
slower.
D
You
know
when
you
need
to
stop,
and
sometimes
cyclists
know
how
to
jump
the
odd
red
light
and
wear
helmets
or
whatever.
So
it's
the
same
when
it
comes
to
the
boss,
it
really
is
about.
It
is
about
the
intensity
and
the
duration
of
the
contact.
You
will
have
with
other
people
if
you're
going
to
be
on
public
transport
for
a
long
time
and
going
to
be
very
close
to
people,
that's
more
risky
than
been
on
public
transport
for
a
short
time
and
been
well
spaced
from
people.
D
So
the
number
of
people
are
the
density
of
people
in
the
environment
and
the
period
of
time
you
spend
on
it
is
the
risk.
Then
you
can
reduce
that
risk
by
not
getting
on
that
bus
or
if
you
do
get
on
that
bus.
Finding
the
area
of
the
bus,
that's
least
crowded
it
might
be
furthest
from
the
door.
It's
about
simple
techniques.
You
know,
if
you
sometimes
you
know
the
buses,
you
have
to
press
the
button
to
open
the
door
when
you
get
on
the
bus,
while
your
finger
has
just
touched
something.
D
D
So
I
touch
that
and
I
get
out
and
you
know
get
sit
down
and
then,
as
soon
as
I
sit
down
on
the
bus,
I
have
my
mask
on
me,
but
then
I
take
out
hand
sanitizer
before
I
touch
anything
else
before
I
go
near
my
iphone
or
try
to
stick
my
headphones
in.
I
just
clean
my
hands
and
then
I
know
my
hands
are
clean.
I
can
touch
my
phone,
so
it's
a
simple
kind
of
routine
a
kind
of
technique.
D
D
I
think
to
be
honest
with
you.
This
is
something
humans
we're
designed
for
this.
We
do
it,
we
adapt.
We
live
in
complex
environments
and
we
make
complex
decisions
every
day.
The
issue
is
just
to
learn
and
absorb
the
behaviors.
You
need
to
keep
you
safe
and
it's
all
out
there.
I
mean
in
fact,
if
anything,
we're
we're
overloaded
with
information
about
what
to
do
and
what
not
to
do,
and
sometimes
I
feel
people
feel
overwhelmed
by
all
the
advice
they're
getting
and
I
think
that's
something
on
our
side.
We
need
to
be
careful
with.
D
I
know
a
number
of
people
have
said
to
me,
my
god,
if
I
did
everything
everyone
told
me
to
do
I'd,
probably
hide
under
my
bed
all
day
long.
That's
the
only
way
to
be
safe
and
I
think
that's
a
reasonable
thing.
I
think
we
have
to
be
very
careful
to
create
enough
concern
in
people,
so
people
react,
but
not
so
much
concern
that
we
drive
fear
and
we
drive
panic
and
finding
that
balance
is
not
easy.
C
E
That's
a
really
really
good
question
jennifer,
you
know
the
use
of
any
of
these
any
of
this
advice
or
the
use
of
masks
forcing
that
to
happen
sometimes
doesn't
work,
but
you
know
these
advice,
this
advice.
These
guidelines
are
put
in
place
for
a
reason.
So
it's
really
important
to
understand
why
the
advice
is
put
out
there.
You
know
there
must
be
a
reason.
Why
there's
an
advice
to
use
a
mask
in
a
certain
situation
so,
for
example,
using
a
mask
when
you
go
into
a
shop
or
using
a
mask
when
you're
on
public
transportation.
E
These
are
situations
where
you
can't
do
physical,
distancing
and
there's
a
reason
for
that,
and
the
reason
is,
if
you
put
on
a
mask
it's
to
protect
you
from
infecting
somebody
else
and
if
somebody
else
is
infected
from
them
infecting
people
that
are
around
them
and
so
really
understanding
why
those
those
that
advice
is
put
in
place,
I
think,
can
be
helpful
and
if
you
don't
understand,
ask
why
you
know
find
out
what
is
the
reason
for
this?
Why
are
these
items
being
told
to
us
and
then
see
what
it
is?
You
know?
E
Okay,
maybe
it's
inconvenient,
maybe
it's
a
little
bit
uncomfortable,
I
have
to
say
putting
on
a
mask,
is
not
the
most
comfortable,
but
it's
something
that
you
can
do
again.
This
is
temporary.
You
know
this
is
something
that
you
play
your
part
in
and
if
that
can
help
prevent
transmission,
then
please
please
do
that.
D
D
It
is
always
a
mixture
of
your
acceptance
to
do
that.
In
other
words,
I
think
that's
a
smart
thing
to
do.
I
will
do
it,
which
is
my
acceptance
of
that
behavior
and
then
there's
also
the
deterrent
of
someone
says
you
can't
do
that
and
there'll
be
a
punishment.
If
you
do
do
that,
we
do
this
all
the
time
seat
belts
in.
D
Seats
in
cars,
drink
driving
rules
there's
an
element
of
social.
I
mean
if
I
get
in
a
car
with
my
three-year-old
or
my
four-year-old
kid,
and
I
stick
them
on
the
back
seat
and
don't
put
a
seatbelt
on
I'm
breaking
the
law,
but
I'm
also
breaking
a
social
norm,
because
other
people
will
look
at
me
and
go
my
god.
You're.
D
Or
if
I
go
into
a
bar
and
I
drink,
you
know
five
or
six
drinks
and
then
I
go
and
get
in
my
car
and
I
drive
that's
not
socially
acceptable
anymore.
There
was
a
time
when
that
behavior
was
socially
acceptable.
It
was
totally
normal.
It's
not
acceptable
anymore
and
the
way
we
got
there
was
a
mixture
of
deterrence
rules.
That
said,
you
can't
do
this,
but
also
a
change
in
the
way.
D
Our
attitude
to
that-
and
I
think
both
are
important,
but
I
would
much
prefer
the
role
of
acceptance
and
trust
rather
than
the
role
of
enforcement,
because
enforcement
does
not.
It
does
behavior
that
changes
because
of
acceptance
can
sustain
itself
for
a
long
time.
Behavior
that
changes
because
of
enforcement
is
not
it's.
A
C
D
You
keep
having
to
apply
the
enforcement,
so
it's
much
better
if
it's
through
trust
and
if
it's
through
acceptance
that
we
change
any
of
our
behaviors,
because
it's
a
more
sustainable
way
for
us
to
change.
But
we
have
to
also
accept
that
in
certain
situations
enforcement
may
be
needed
and
but
again,
when
a
rule
is
enforced,
it
can
be
enforced
in
a
number
of
different
ways.
It
can
be
enforced
through
people
pointing
out
to
people
that
you're
doing
something,
that's
not
acceptable
and
it
can
be
done
through
warnings.
D
It
can
be
done
through
trying
to
convince
people.
I've
seen
a
number
of
authorities
doing
that
where
they
don't
have
punishments
for
people,
but
they
point
out
to
people
that
you're
doing
something
that's
not
allowed.
So
I
think
you
can
build
that
up,
but
we
have
to
be
very,
very
careful
in
all
of
this
to
remember
that
human
rights
are
important
in
the
center
of
this.
D
We
are
members
of
this
community
in
a
society,
but
we're
also
individuals
and
we're
free
to
express
our
individual
views
and
we're
free
to
carry
out
our
individual
behaviors
as
long
as
those
behaviors
don't
impact
on
the
well-being
of
others,
and
I
think
that's
the
contract
we
have
in
society.
So
we
need
to
not
look
at
what
is
my
right
to
behave.
You
have
a
right
as
an
individual
to
behave
in
any
way.
D
C
E
So
that's
a
good
question.
The
risk
depends
on
the
context
that
we're
that
we've
mentioned
so
indoors
is
riskier
than
outdoor.
First
of
all,
what's
risky
is
where
the
virus
is
so
we
need
a
good
understanding
of
where
this
virus
is,
and
so
that's
why
there
are
systems
in
place
to
be
able
to
detect
cases
and
to
find
cases
make
sure
that
they
are
isolated.
E
Anybody
who
is
infected
is
isolated
from
other
people
and
that
we
carry
out
what
is
called
contact
tracing,
which
is
essentially
finding
every
contact
close
contact
that
you
have
an
infected
person
has
and
separating
them,
putting
them
in
quarantine
from
someone
else.
This
is
what
we
call
breaks
chains
of
transmission,
so
that's
first
and
foremost,
and
that's
important
for
somebody
to
know
when
they're
taking
a
decision
about.
E
Do
I
do
this
activity,
or
do
I
do
that
activity
as
it
relates
to
outdoors
doing
things
that
are
outdoors
means
that
you
have
more
space
means
that
there's
you
know,
free-flowing
air
and
there's
better
ventilation,
and
it
means
that
you
could
be
more
physically
distance
than
others
compared
to
something
indoors.
One
of
the
things
we
want
to
highlight
is
avoiding
crowded
indoor
spaces.
I
think
that's
really
important
right
now,
especially
in
this
part
of
the
pandemic,
where
we
are
to
avoid
avoid
those
types
of
situations.
E
If
you
can
that's
good,
so
outdoor
spaces
are
even
better,
but
even
when
you're
outdoors,
you
still
need
to
be
physically
distanced
from
individuals.
So
that's
at
least
one
meter
apart
and
make
sure
that
you
practice
your
cleaning
your
hands,
make
sure
that
you
use
your
respiratory
etiquette
and,
if
you're,
if
you
cannot
do
that
outdoor,
even
outdoors,
make
sure
that
you
wear
a
fabric
mask.
E
C
D
Yeah,
the
the
usually
the
disease
or
the
virus
is
processed
in
the
nasal
cavities
or
the
upper
respiratory
tract.
So
what
happens?
Is
the
virus
enters
lands
on
your
on
your
mucosa
inside
your
your
nasal
tract
and
the
virus
can
replicate
in
that
situation,
and
actually
you
can
create
quite
a
bit
of
virus
up
there
and
what
is
known
is
that
the
peak
in
those
viral
loads,
even
if
you're,
not
sick,
the
peak
in
those
viral
loads,
usually
occurs
around
the
day.
You
get
symptoms
or
even
before.
B
D
So,
therefore,
it
is
possible
for
people
who
feel
well
to
have
quite
a
bit
of
virus
in
their
nose
and
if
you
then
are
in
their
airways,
if
you
then
cough
or
if
you're,
very
close
to
someone
or
you
sneeze
or
even
if
you
speak
very
loudly
or
shout
or
if
you
start
singing
or
in
gyms,
where
there's
a
lot
of
exertion,
anything
that
produces
higher
pressure.
Air
coming
out
of
your
voice
box
tends
to
project
droplets.
We've
seen
that
I
mean
we've
all
been
in
nightclubs,
where
you
can't
hear
the
person
standing
beside
you.
D
The
music
is
very
loud
and
you
end
up.
You
know
three
inches
away
from
their
face,
shouting
at
them
and
you're
going.
What
university
you
know
are
you
singing,
along
with
the
music
and
in
those
environments?
What's
happening
is
that
you
know
otherwise
healthy
people
who
may
be
getting
sick
in
a
day
or
two
or
may
already
be
starting
to
feel
slightly
unwell,
can
project
a
lot
of
droplets
from
their
nasal
from
their
mouth
or
from
their
nose,
and
that's
how
people
who
are
otherwise
well
can
can
transmit
the
the
disease
in
in.
E
I
think
I
think
it's
important
to
for
younger
people
to
understand,
and
even
kids
like,
even
though
younger
people
and
kids
tend
to
have
more
mild
disease,
they
don't
feel
unwell
or
they
just
feel
a
little
bit
unwell.
They
can
still
pass
the
virus
to
others,
but
it
isn't
universal.
So
even
young
people
can
get
very
very
ill
and
we
have
seen
young
people
in
hospital.
We
have
seen
young
people
in
icu
on
ventilators
and
we've
seen
young
people
die.
E
So
I
think
it's
important,
even
though
we
luckily
we
do
see
the
majority
of
young
people
and
children
having
mild
disease,
they
can
get
sick
and
they
can
die,
and
so
we
need
everyone
to
understand
that
they're,
not
invincible,
and
that's
not
meant
to
scare
anybody,
but
we
do
need
a
little
bit
of
reality.
You
know
so
people
understand
that
that
they
can
get
sick.
But
what
is
even
more
important
that
even
though
you're
younger
you
may
not
be
part
of
a
vulnerable
group,
you
may
live
with
someone
who's
more
vulnerable.
E
You
may
live
with
somebody
who
has
an
underlying
condition.
Who
has
chronic
respiratory
disease?
Who
has
cancer?
You
may
live
with
somebody
who's
over
the
age
of
60
and
if
you
get
infected,
even
though
you
don't
feel
unwell,
and
even
though
you
may
not
even
have
symptoms,
you
can
pass
the
virus
to
someone
else
that
is
vulnerable
and
they
could
get
really
really
sick
require
hospitalization
and
they
could
die.
So
it's
not
only
about
protecting
yourself.
We
want
everyone
to
do
what
they
can
to
protect
themselves,
but
it's
also
about
your
responsibility
of
protecting
others.
E
So
again,
it's
just
everything
that
you
can
do
to
prevent.
You
know
yourself
of
getting
in
that
nightclub
situation,
especially
where
there's
active
transmission
in
in
some
countries.
You
know
avoid
those
crowded
situations
in
close
contact
with
one
another
to
prevent
the
opportunity
for
the
virus
to
pass
the
virus
likes
people.
The
virus
doesn't
just
waft
around.
It
needs
people
to
pass
between.
So,
if
you
give
it,
if
we
give
it
that
opportunity,
it
will
pass
between
people.
D
And
what
you
have
is
this
really
sort
of
inflammatory
process
that
goes
on
in
the
air
sex
and
in
in
those
small
blood
vessels?
And
when
that
subsides
it
takes
a
long
time
for
your
lungs
to
regain
their
normal
function
and
sometimes
for
your
cardiovascular
system
and
that's
why
a
lot
of
people
are
suffering
long-term
fatigue
they're,
finding
it
really
hard
to
go
back
to
the
gym,
they're
exhausted.
If
they're
going
up
and
down
the
stage-
and
these.
A
D
That
you
can
prevent
yeah,
we
don't
I
mean
we
live
in
a
society.
We
go
to
the
gym,
we're
trying
to
stay
fit,
we're
trying
to
make
healthy
choices.
This
is
one
healthy
choice
we
can
make
avoid
getting
over
19
because
it's
probably
even
if
you're
not
going
to
die
from
it.
Even
if
you're
not
going
to
be
admitted
to
hospital
a
significant
minority
of
people,
even
young
people
find
it
hard
to
make
a
full
and
immediate
recovery
from
the
disease.
E
Can
I
just
say
that
many
people
have
reached
out
to
me
personally
on
twitter
and
on
other
social
media
means
about
groups
that
are
in
that
recovery
phase?
I
just
want
to
say
that
we
hear
you
you
know
we
do
hear
you.
We
do
have
a
group,
that's
looking
at
the
longer
term
recovery
of
people
who
have
quote
unquote
recovered.
You
know
the
people
that
you're
talking
about
that
are
dealing
with
these
long-term
effects.
E
We
hear
you
and
what
we're
trying
to
really
understand
is
I
mean,
even
though
we're
seven
months
in
I
know
it
feels
like
an
eternity
for
most
people.
It's
still
very,
very
new
and
there's
still
a
lot
that
we're
learning,
but
particularly
those
who
have
recovered,
but
still
have
these
lingering
effects.
We're
trying
to
better
understand
what
that
means
and
we're
trying
to
better
study
this,
so
that
we
can
give
you
the
support
that
you
need.
C
Thank
you
very
much
for
receiving
a
lot
of
questions
so
I'll.
Try
to
summarize
maybe
two
more
one
is
coming
from
facebook
from
cecila,
which
is
how
effective
is
contact
tracing
and
how
often
should
one
get
tested.
You
mentioned
that
we
need
to
know
where
the
virus
is
in
community
to
control
it.
So
I
thought
it's
good
to
clarify
contact,
tracing
and
testing
yeah.
E
So
contact
tracing
is
essential
in
infectious
diseases.
What
you,
what
everyone
needs
to
understand
is
that
the
virus
passes
between
people,
and
so
when
we
know
where
the
virus
is
you
think
of.
I
wish
I
had
a
little
visual
right
now.
Think
of
these
dots,
you
know
think
of
these
dots
representing
people.
If
someone
has
contact
with
lots
of
dots,
then
you
can
spread
the
virus
between
people.
So
what
contact
tracing
does?
Is
it
identifies
a
case
and
testing
is
essential
to
be
able
to
determine
who
has
the
virus
and
who
doesn't
have
the
virus?
E
And
then
you
find
all
of
the
people
that
they
came
in
contact
with
two
days
before
they
develop
symptoms
up
to
14
days
after
they
develop
symptoms,
you
find
those
contacts,
and
then
you
follow
them.
You
put
them
in
quarantine,
which
means
you
separate
them
from
others,
so
that
if
they
have
the
virus
or
develop
the
disease,
that
they
don't
pass
it
to
others,
and
you
follow
them
for
14
days.
E
If
we
do
that
for
every
case,
if
we
do
that
well,
for
even
most
cases,
we
will
be
able
to
stop
transmission
between
people.
It's
incredibly
effective,
but
I
have
to
say
it's
incredibly
difficult,
but
it
is
possible-
and
there
are
so
many
people
now
that
are
trained
to
do
contact
racing
and
one
of
the
things
I'm
really
encouraged.
By
are
many
countries:
high
income,
low
income,
north
south
east,
west,
rural
urban,
that
are
building
up
this
workforce
of
contact
tracers,
which
are
people
who
are
what
we
call
these
shoe
leather
epidemiologists.
E
D
D
What
we
really
need
to
do
is
focus
and
prioritize
testing
for
those
who
need
testing,
and
that
is
people
who
are
developing
the
illness
or
unwell
or
people
who
are
contacts
who
develop
a
fever.
The
more
important
issue
in
this
is
how
efficient
is
the
testing
process?
Are
we
testing
people
quickly?
Are
we
turning
the
results
around
quickly,
so
it
makes
a
difference
little
point
having
a
test.
D
If
I
have
the
test
today
and
I
get
the
results
in
10
days
time,
because
by
that
point,
I'll
have
spread
the
disease
to
another
group
and
then
have
spread
it
to
somebody
else.
So
it's
about
the
speed
and
efficiency
of
testing
and
it's
about
the
percentage
positive.
When
we
hear
people
talk
about
this,
I'm
much
more
look
at.
If
we
take
my
own,
my
own
country,
ireland,
only
quarter
of
one
percent
of
people
tested
are
positive.
As
of
yesterday.
D
That
means
a
very
small
proportion
of
people
are
testing
positive,
which
means
you're
having
to
test
many
people
to
find
a
positive
case,
which
means
you're
almost
over
testing,
but
it
means
you're,
not
missing
anything.
There
are
other
places
in
which
the
testing
positivity
rate
is
40,
yeah,
somewhere
like
afghanistan.
Right
now,
it's
40,
which
means
4
out
of
10
people
tested
40
out
of
100,
are
positive,
which
means
we're
missing
lots
and
lots
and
lots
of
cases.
D
So
when
you
look
critically
at
testing,
don't
just
look
at
the
number
of
people
tested
in
your
country
by
day.
Look
at
how
fast
is
the
testing
done?
How
quickly
are
the
results
available?
What
is
the
proportion
of,
and
you
have
to
be,
your
own
critics?
You
have
to
look
at
the
system
and
you
need
to
ask
those
questions
because
testing
is
important,
but
it's
only
as
important
as
it
contributes
to
contact
racing.
It
contributes
to
our
knowledge.
D
The
director
general,
dr
tetris,
has
said
many
times.
You
can't
fight
a
virus
blindfolded
and
not
having
testing
is
like
fighting
a
virus
blindfolded.
If
you
don't
know
where
the
enemy
is,
if
you
don't
know
where
you're,
where
your
enemy
lies,
then
you're
going
to
be
a
victim
of
that.
So
I
think
that's
the
importance
of
testing
with
testing
within
the
context
of
surveillance.
E
Can
we
just
say
to
the
viewers
that
there's
two
things
that
are
really
important
that
you
know
of
what
to
do
if
you're
feeling
unwell,
even
a
little
bit
unwell,
stay
home
contact
the
hotline,
contact
your
medical
provider
and
find
out
what
are
your
next
steps
because
it's
important
even
when
you're
feeling
unwell,
some
may
have
underlying
conditions?
Some
may
have
other
contact
your
medical
provider
and
find
out
what
should
I
do?
Should
I
get
a
test?
Can
I
get
a
test?
E
If
you
might,
if
you
think
you
are
a
contact
of
a
known
case,
stay
home
again,
contact
the
hotline
contact,
your
medical
provider
say,
I
think,
I'm
a
contact.
What
should
I
do
find
out
more
information,
and
I
think
people
need
to
really
understand
that.
There's
things
that
you
can
do
yourself.
The
contact
tracing
system
and
the
testing
system
and
surveillance
systems
in
place
in
countries
are
working.
E
Some
are
working
better
than
others
they're,
not
a
hundred
percent,
so
you
as
an
individual
need
to
know
that
there
are
things
that
you
can
do
as
well.
If
you
are
concerned-
and
you
can
stay
home,
stay
home
contact
that
hotline
contact,
your
medical
provider
say
what
do
I
do
next?
I
think
I
may
have
been
in
contact
with
someone
who
is
the
case.
If
you
are
not
contacted
by
the
contact
tracing
system
just
find
out
what
you
can
do,
just
be
informed,
be
vigilant,
be
informed.
C
E
So
I'm
a
parent
of
my
husband
and
I
we
have
two
kids.
We
have
a
nine-year-old
and
we
have
an
18
month
old.
So
we
the
way
that
we
keep
our
children
safe,
is
applying
ensuring
that
we
teach
them
the
basics
in
hygiene,
making
sure
that
there's
hand
washing
or
alcohol-based
rub
even
the
baby.
We
do
an
alcohol
we
do
with
the
alcohol-based
robin.
When
we
go
out,
we
actually
keep
our
outings
quite
minimal.
You
know
if
we
need
to
go
out,
we
go
out
if
we
don't.
E
We
are
very
fortunate
to
have
a
nice
home
that
we
can
stay
and
we
can
play
in
and
we
keep
them
home.
My
son's
school
was
open
for
a
while.
It
was
closed
for
a
while
and
it
was
open
for
a
while,
but
again
when
he
went
to
school,
make
sure
that
he
follows
the
rules
at
the
school
and
keep
the
physical
distancing
and
and
the
the
rules
that
they
have
in
place.
They
wash
their
hands.
I
don't
know
how
many
times
per
day
he
said
mom,
I
think
my
hands.
You
know.
E
I
said
this
is
good
and
again
it's
about
habit.
It's
about
habit,
habits
forming
and
especially
with
young
kids,
they're,
actually
quite
compliant
babies.
It's
a
little,
it's
a
little
bit
more
difficult,
but
there
are
a
lot
of
systems
that
are
put
in
place
in
crashes
and
in
schools
to
protect
children.
But
it's
important
to
talk
to
your
kids.
E
I
think
one
of
the
the
most
important
things
that
parents
can
do-
and
I
know
we're
all
doing
our
best
with
this-
and
I
know
it's
really
really
hard
and
how
much
we
really
appreciate
teachers
and-
and
you
know
in
in
teaching
our
children
but
talk
to
your
kids.
This
is
really
scary
for
many
of
them,
and
it's
really
confusing.
E
E
If
you
don't
have
the
answers
to
those
questions
yourself,
as
a
parent
try
to
find
out
where
you
can
get
more
information,
I
know
my
nine-year-old
is
incredibly
clever
and
and
smart
and
asks
probably
the
toughest
questions
I've
received,
and
I
don't
know
how
many
press
conferences
we
have.
We
have
had
but
really
tough
questions,
and
so
I
I
would
just
encourage
you
to
try
to
talk
with
them
and
if
they're
scared
and
if
they're
fearful,
acknowledge
that
you
know
it's
okay
to
be
scared.
But
let's
turn
that
into
something
positive.
E
C
D
Yes,
we'll
probably
have
to
do
a
whole
other
session
on
that,
because
there
is
that
much
positive
news.
I
I
think
increasingly
we're
seeing
more
vaccines
move
into
what
we
call
phase
three
trials,
which
are
real
world
trials.
That
means
when
we
give
the
vaccine
to
people
in
the
community-
and
we
see
if
it
protects
them
from
the
virus,
that's
spreading
in
their
communities.
Those
studies
are
just
getting
underway.
What's
positive,
I
think,
is
that
there's
four
or
five
of
those
for
going
through
now.
D
None
have
failed
so
far,
so
pretty
much
all
the
vaccines
that
have
in
the
platform
that
have
come
through
phase
one
and
two
trials
have
all
made
the
grade
in
terms
of
safety
and
in
their
ability
to
generate
immune
response.
So
we're
not
seeing
a
lot
because,
very
often
in
vaccine
development
you
lose
one
or
two
along
the
way
and
you're
hoping
to
keep
a
number
of
candidates
right
through
to
the
end,
so
we're
making
good
progress,
we're
not
losing
candidates
right
now.
D
The
real
world
trials
are
very
different
and
we
really
thank
those
people
out
there,
particularly
again,
it's
mainly
18
to
55
year
olds,
who
are
volunteering
for
the
studies,
because
they're
they're,
hugely
important
studies
and
people
are
stepping
forward
and
saying
yes,
I
want
to
be
part
of
this
study
and
that's
a
massive
contribution
to
the
whole
world.
People
who
are
doing
that
for
drug
trials,
they're
doing
that
for
vaccine
studies,
it's
a
huge
gift
to
humanity
to
participate
in
research.
You
don't
have
to
be
a
an
observer.
D
Vaccines
for
this
pandemic
are
not
for
the
wealthy
they're,
not
for
the
poor
they're
for
everybody,
so
who's
a
very
important
job
to
make
sure
that
we're
fair
and
we're
working
just
as
hard
on
that
as
we
are
on
the
vaccines
on
the
drug
side
as
well.
We're
beginning
we've
seen
some
positive
results
from
some
drugs
we're
adding
more
drugs
into
our
disco
into
our
solidarity
trials.
D
There
are
some
interesting
and
hopeful
signs
with
things
like
hyper
immune,
globulin
and
potentially
down
the
line
with
with
monoclonal
antibodies
again
based
on
material
on
blood.
That's
taken
from
from
recover
patients.
So
again,
patients
in
recovery
are
contributing
and
benefiting
people
who
are
coming
behind
them
in
the
system.
So
I
think
we
are
seeing
hopeful
signs,
but
I
think
we
have
to
be
realistic
on
two
things:
one.
D
We
have
to
be
able
to
look
ourselves
in
the
eyes
and
we
have
to
be
able
to
look
at
our
communities
and
assure
them
that
we
have
taken
every
precaution
to
make
sure
these
vaccines
are
safe
and
effective
before
we
go
giving
them
to
general
populations.
In
order
to
make
that
happen,
we
can
shorten
that
time.
But
realistically
it's
going
to
be
the
first
part
of
next
year
before
we
start
seeing
people
getting
vaccinated.
That's
the
first
sort
of
issue.
D
Second
issue
is
we've:
vaccines
are
never
100
effective;
they
they
generate
immunity
in
most
people
for
some
vaccines.
It's
only
some
people
for
some
vaccines,
like
measles,
they're,
highly
effective
at
95
people
are
protected.
We
don't
know
where
we
are
with
this,
so
we're
going
to
have
to
wait
and
see
how
effective
the
vaccine
is
going
to
be,
and
how
long
will
the
protection
last
so
the
idea
that
we're
going
to
have
a
vaccine
in
two
or
three
months
and
then
all
of
a
sudden
this
virus
is
going
to
go
away.
D
I
would
love
to
be
here
saying
that
to
you,
but
that's
just
not
realistic,
and
it's
really
important
that
we're
realistic
in
our
expectations.
We
have
to
push
and
get
the
best
vaccines.
We
can
get
the
best
treatments
we
can,
but
we
also
need
to
be
realistic
and
we
need
to
do
what
we
can
now
and
maria
said
it
there's
so
much.
D
We
can
do
now
and
it'll
be
so
much
easier
to
get
rid
of
this
virus
using
vaccine
if,
if
we've
already
suppressed
it,
because
it's
it's
easier,
it's
easier
to
beat
an
opponent
when
you've
already
exhausted
your
opponent
and
we
need
to
exhaust
this
virus.
We
need
to
push
the
virus
out
of
our
communities
and
then
using
vaccine
will
be
much
easier
for
us
to
be
effective
in
the
use
of
that
vaccine.
So
we
need
to.