►
Description
Dr. Mark Ryan and Dr. Maria Van Kerkove of the World Health Organization answer questions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic during this Q&A program, originally broadcast on August 5, 2020.
The City of Cupertino would like to express thanks to the World Health Organization for permission to use their video materials during COVID-19 pandemic. More information can be found at https://who.int/covid-19
For more information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Cupertino, please visit https://cupertino.org/coronavirus
A
B
Coronavirus
good
morning
and
good
afternoon,
everyone
watching
us
today.
My
name
is
alexander
kuzmanovic,
and
this
is
another
weekly
live
q,
a
with
dr
mike
ryan
and
dr
maria
van
kerkover,
who
are
answering
all
your
questions
about
covet
19..
B
C
Yeah,
that's
a
very,
very
shocking
event,
and
many
of
you
will
have
seen
those
images
on
the
television
and
at
this
stage
there
are
over
100
people
reported
dead
and
thousands
injured,
and
clearly
many
many
others
in
shock
and
people
have
lost
their
homes.
They've
left
their
livelihoods.
This
comes
at
a
particularly
difficult
time.
C
In
lebanon,
it's
been
going
through
a
big
economic
crisis,
political
crisis
as
well
as
covet
19.,
and
remember
too,
that
lebanon
has
been
instrumental
in
both
supporting
millions
of
refugees
from
from
syria,
and
lebanon
is
used
as
an
operations
base
to
support
people
in
syria
as
well.
So
this
is
a
this
is
a
major
incident
and
our
teams
are
on
the
ground.
Our
wh
country
team
is
on
the
ground.
C
We
have
logisticians
there
and
others,
and
we've
already
began
dispatching
trauma
and
surgical
kits
from
our
regional
warehouse
in
dubai
and
thanks
to
the
uae,
the
uae
royal
earring
is
donating
the
transport
of
those
kits
into
to
lebanon.
We
also
have
some
emergency
medical
teams
on
standby,
ready
to
deploy.
Should
the
government
of
lebanon
request
those
working
closely
with
the
ifrc
and
colleagues
in
the
uk
as
well,
the
obviously
the
damage
assessments
need
to
continue,
but
as
you've
seen,
many
many
hospitals
overwhelmed
with
casualties
and
people
are
still
looking
for
the
injured
and
the
dead.
C
B
I
would
like
to
invite
our
viewers
to
ask
their
questions
as
usual
on
twitter,
if
you're
watching
us
on
twitter
use
the
hashtag
askwho,
if
you're
watching
us
on
linkedin
facebook
or
tick
tock,
then
leave
your
question.
Why
a
comment
section
there
are
some
questions
we
again
lack
time
to
to
respond
last
week
and
the
first
one
is:
if
we
can
remind
our
viewers
about
the
signs
and
and
see
symptoms
of
kobe,
and
do
we
have
any
new
scientific
updates
on
on
this?
B
D
Thanks
alex
hello,
everybody,
yes,
I
think
it's
always
good
to
remind
ourselves
sort
of
what
we,
what
we're
learning
and
what
we
know
about
the
disease
that
is
caused
by
cyrus
cov2
infection,
the
disease
we
call
covid19
most
people
that
develop
disease
are
develop
a
respiratory
disease,
so
they
they
often
have
a
sore
throat.
They
often
have
a
cough,
might
be
a
dry
cough
and
many
people
develop
fever.
Those
are
the
most
common
symptoms.
D
Things
like
sneezing
aren't
as
common.
I
know
many
people
think,
because
it's
a
respiratory
disease,
you
have
sneezing.
We
do
know
that
some
people
have
they
lose
their
sense
of
smell.
They
lose
their
sense
of
taste
but
again
we're
seven
months
into
a
pandemic.
Even
though
we've
had
more
than
18
million
cases,
we
are
still
learning
about
this.
You
know
we
have
a
typical
presentation,
which
means
most
people
will
will
start
with
a
respiratory
signs
and
symptoms,
but
not
all
so
it's
really
important
that
everybody
remains.
D
B
Thank
you,
maria
yesterday,
we
also
hosted
a
meeting
with
the
scientists
around
the
world
virtual
one.
I
I
I
assume
on
cover
19
transmission.
Are
there
any
important
outcomes
and
lessons
from
from
that
meeting?
Yeah.
B
D
So
from
the
beginning
of
this,
this
pandemic,
the
two
of
the
major
things
that
we
we
are
concerned
about
are
severity,
which
we
just
covered
a
little
bit
with
with
the
symptoms
and
transmission.
So
how
does
this
virus
transmit,
who
transmits
and
where
is
transmission
occurring?
So
these
discussions
you
mentioned,
we
had
a
call
yesterday
and
we
did.
We
had
more
than
700
groups
from
our
working
groups
from
the
r
d
forum
on
clinical
management
on
virology
on
infection
prevention
control
on
epidemiology.
D
We
also
opened
it
up
to
other
disciplines
like
engineering
and
aerobiology
and
and
others
social
science
as
well,
to
really
see
what
do
we
know?
Where
are
we
there's
a
lot
of
discussion
about
how
the
virus
transmits,
whether
it's
the
droplets
or
the
aerosol
or
formites?
You
know
contaminated
surfaces
or
other
modes
of
transmission
when
a
person
transmits,
because
we
know
that
people
can
transmit
when
they
have
symptoms,
but
also
when
they
don't
have
symptoms?
D
And
most
of
the
data
that
we
that
we've
seen
from
the
collection
of
samples
from
people
who
are
positive,
they
seem
to
be
or
appear
to
be,
most
infectious
at
or
around.
The
time
they
develop
symptoms
which
can
include
before
they
develop
symptoms,
so
that
means
before
they
actually
have
any
symptoms,
but
I
think
what's
most
important
right
now
in
this
discussion
is
where
transmission
is
happening
and
it's
a
it's
a
combination
of
the
type
of
exposure
that
one
may
have.
D
We
know
that
people
in
close
contact
you
need
close
contact
between
people
to
have
transmission.
That's
where
most
transmission
is
happening,
the
intensity
of
that
transmission.
If
you
have
direct
contact
with
someone
and
the
duration,
so
the
longer
you
spend
with
an
infected
person,
the
higher
the
risk
is
of
the
chance
of
transmission
and
and
really
what
we're
trying
to
get
at
is
have
a
multi-disciplinary
discussion
about
this.
It's
not
just
the
epidemiology,
that's
important!
It's
not
just
the
ventilation,
that's
important!
B
D
D
What
we,
what
we
recommended
is
the
use
of
a
mask
for
somebody
who
is
sick,
whether
because
it
it
forms
a
barrier
of
a
source
control
which
means
you
put
this
this
mask
on,
and
we
have
recommendations
on
how
to
make
a
three
layer
mask
which
includes
a
middle
filtration
layer.
It
would
prevent
source
control.
So,
if
you're
infected
and
you
it
prevents
you
from
passing
the
virus
to
someone
else
and
that's.
A
B
Thank
you
very
much
maria
here
we
are
having
a
question
from
hunter,
also
watching
us
on
facebook.
How
many
cases
are
estimated
to
be
unconfirmed,
especially
in
developing
countries?
Is
this
virus
having
more
significant
effects
in
developing
countries
compared
to
what
we
are
seeing
in
developed
countries.
D
D
If
we
test
those
individuals
and
find
cases,
those
cases
should
be
isolated
and
then
we
carry
out
something
called
contact
tracing,
which
means
we
identify
the
close
contact
of
the
individuals
who
are
are
identified
as
a
case,
and
we
follow
them
over
14
days
and
we've
quarantined
them,
which
means
we
prevent
them
from
coming
in
contact
with
other
people
and
this
breaks
chains
of
transmission.
But
I
think
all
of
us
know
I
think,
globally,
that
there
is
unrecognized
cases
that
are
out
there,
and
I
think
that
will
vary
by
country.
B
Thank
you.
Maria
we've
been
talking
a
lot
about
young
people
and
their
role
in
in
the
response,
and
also
in
transmission,
and
some
of
our
viewers
were
asking
if
we
also
refer
to
to
younger
children
just
to
to
clarify
when
we
say
young
people
and
what
are
their
their
roles
in
this.
C
Since
the
beginning,
you
know
have
been
in
younger
people,
but
we're
also
seeing
that
shift
into
into
younger
people.
Older
people
have
been
very
careful
about
protecting
themselves
and
trying
and
we've
all
been
trying
to
be
careful
about
exposing
older
people
to
the
bug.
But
as
younger
people
are
moving
back
into
society,
then
clearly
younger
people
can
act
as
a
mode
of
transmission.
What
I
mean
by
younger
people
are
children
under
10
teenagers
and
young
adults.
Now
each
of
those
groups
is
different.
C
There
is
no
question,
I
think
I've
said
it
before
that
younger
children
do
not
seem
to
have
a
very
severe
course
of
illness,
although
some
children
do
get
very
severely
ill,
especially
those
with
underlying
conditions,
and
we
need
to
protect
them,
but
we
do
know
that
all
human
beings
pay
a
part
in
transmission,
and
we
we
think
that
teenagers
and
younger
adults
are
equally
able
to
transmit
the
virus
than
the
adult
population
or
older
population,
with
some
evidence
that
younger
children
may
not
participate
in
transmission
as
actively
as
as
as
older
children
and
adults,
but
they
do
participate
in
that
process,
so
creating
environments
in
which
younger
people's
activities
can
be
safe
and
where
we
can
reduce
the
risks,
and
I
think
that's
again
a
it's
everybody's
job.
C
The
authorities
need
to
create
the
environments
in
which
younger
people
can
engage
in
safe
behaviors,
but
equally
younger
people
also
have
to
take
on
board
that
they
have
a
responsibility
in
this
too.
You
can
choose
not
to
do
things.
Maria
says
this.
All
the
time
ask
yourself
the
question:
do
I
really
need
to
go
to
that
party?
C
Do
I
really
need
to
be
part
of
that
indoor,
disco
or
indoor
nightclub?
Do
I
really
need
to
be
there
and
what
are
the
consequences
for
doing
that?
A
lot
of
that
risk
to
younger
people
are
part
of
society.
So
really
the
overall
risk
to
younger
people
is
mainly
due
to
the
overall
risk
of
the
epidemic
in
a
given
community
and
that's
down
to
the
level
of
community
transmission.
C
If
transmission
at
the
community
level
is
very,
very
low
and
the
risk
to
everybody
is
very
very
low
if
community
transmission
is
high,
that
everybody's
at
risk,
maybe
at
different
risks
in
different
situations,
but
everybody
is
at
risk.
So
we
need
to
work
together
to
reduce
those
risks
and
younger
people
have
a
huge
opportunity
to
drive
down
transmission
in
this
by
their
behaviors.
D
Just
quickly
add
something
because
one
of
the
things
we're
trying
to
do
right
now
is
look
really
closely
at
some
of
the
countries
that
are
that
have
had
success
in
suppressing
transmission
and
that
are
opening
up,
and
I
think,
unfortunately,
right
now
what
we're
seeing
in
some
of
these
clusters
is
that
they're
happening
where
younger
adults
or
are
gathering
and-
and
there
is
a
consent,
consistent
picture
that
we're
seeing
right
now,
this
virus
transmits
in
clusters.
This
virus
likes
people
that
come
together
and
it
forms
clusters
and
it
forms
outbreaks.
D
The
virus
needs
people
to
transmit,
and
so,
if
we
provide
an
opportunity
for
people
to
come
together
in
the
viruses
in
the
community,
as
mike
has
said,
it
will
transmit.
So
it
is
things
like
social
gatherings
and
bars
and
nightclubs
and
we're
seeing
some
increases
in
transmission
among
college
age.
Students
among
people
that
are
either
coming
coming
together
for
social
events
through
different
types
of
sporting
matches,
not
even
at
the
sporting
match
itself,
but
actually
coming
together
to
watch
the
sporting
match.
So
we
want
people
to
get
back
to
their
lives.
D
We
want
people
to
enjoy
life
again,
but
we
do
need
people
to
still
do
physical
distancing.
It
is
really
important
that
we
don't
give
this
virus
an
opportunity
and
unfortunately
we
are
seeing
these
clustering.
That
is
happening,
so
we
need
to
prevent
these
clusters,
not
everybody,
transmits
the
virus.
To
somebody
else.
D
I
think
that's
kind
of
a
something
that
we
need
to
also
share
more
widely
is
that
it's
estimated
that
between
10
and
20
percent
of
all
cases
are
responsible
for
about
eighty
percent
of
transmission
events,
which
means
that
there's
many
dead
ends,
and
so
we
have
to
stop
these
clusters
from
happening,
and
so
we
can
do
that
by
preventing
some
of
these
close
gatherings
and
crowded
spaces.
D
C
C
In
which
that
can
happen
safely,
but
there's
always
a
residual
risk
in
many
countries,
people
are
asked,
for
example,
to
leave
their
name
and
phone
number
when
they
visit
a
restaurant
visit,
a
club
do
whatever
and
and
then,
if
they
are
contacted,
the
they're
asked
to
get
a
test
or
or
they're
asked
to
provide
details
of
their
contacts.
It's
really
important
that
not
just
at
any
time
a
cluster
can
happen,
it's
it's
nobody's
fault
per
se
and
we
we
need
to
avoid
blaming
things
happen.
Cluster
happens,
that's
a
problem.
C
The
second
problem
that
occurs
is
when
people
don't
want
to
give
any
details,
they
don't
give
and
we
can't
trace
people
or
where
people
refuse
to
be
tested
and
say
no,
I
don't
want
to
be
tested,
and
that
then
creates
another
problem.
So
when
something
happens-
and
there
is
a
cluster
or
there
is
a
problem
in
the
community,
then
everybody
needs
to
participate
and
get
involved
in
finding
the
solution,
and
it's
been
difficult
for
some
authorities.
They've
contacted
particularly
contacted
younger
people
who
say
no,
I
don't
want
to
be
tested.
C
I
don't
want
to
give
you
my
details.
No,
I
didn't
have
any
contacts
because
they
don't
want
to
embarrass
their
friends
and
they
don't,
and
everyone
starts
to
think
about
the
consequences.
Oh,
you
know,
I've
been
exposed
and
now
I'm
positive
and
now
my
friends
are
all
going
to
know
I'm
positive
and
they're
going
to
contact
and
there
is
pressure
and
we
need
to
recognize
that.
It's
not
an
easy
thing.
C
I
wouldn't
like,
if
I
was
positive
for
all
my
friends
to
be
called
up
to
be
asked
where
they
were
and
what
their
exposure
was
and
that's
tough,
but
it's
what's
needed
to
stop
the
virus.
So
it's
really
important
that
when
we
avoid
the
problems,
but
when
the
problems
happen
that
we
engage
and
we
participate
in
solving
the
problem
and
not
making
the
problem
worse
by
ignoring
it
or
avoiding
the
issue,
because
that
is
happening
in
many
countries.
We're.
B
C
John,
I
really
hope
we're
both
leads
united
fans
and
they've
just
gone
up
to
the
premier
division
and
I
would
love
to
go
to
their
first
game,
but
I
think
we
have
to
be.
We
have
to
be
very
prudent.
I
mean
it's
really
tough
to
say
we
don't
know,
but
the
fact
is,
we
don't
know
large
crowds
of
40
50
60
000
people
is
not
just
the
risk
of
being
in
the
stadium,
it's
the
risk
of
going
to
the
stadium,
the
public
transport,
the
bars
and
the
club.
C
Now
we
have
seen
in
countries
like
new
zealand
have
reopened
venues
and
they
have
brought
crowds
back
and
they've
done
that
safely,
in
places
like
japan,
for
example,
with
with
their
baseball,
I
think
consumer.
C
They
have
limited
crowds
and
they
have
a
selection
of
fans
coming
and
everyone
gets
the
golden
ticket,
and
we
may
have
to
expect
that,
as
the
thing
opens
up
that
we
we
go
from
having
no
one
at
the
games
to
maybe
having
a
thousand
people
at
the
game
to
2000
and
we're
just
going
to
have
to
accept
that
we
move
step
by
step
by
step.
We
all
want
sport
back,
we
all
want
our
festivals
back.
My
daughters
are
particularly
upset
because
the
paleo
festival
is
cancelled
here
in
switzerland
and
they
fly
over.
C
They
would
love
to
fly
from
ireland
to
to
be
part
of
that.
So
you
know
everyone
is
impacted
by
this
and
we
all
want
to
get
back
to
our
normal
lives,
but
we're
just
going
to
have
to
be
careful
for
for
a
good
bit
longer,
and
I
I
I
don't
know
we
really
have
to
be
honest
with
people.
It's
it's
very
unrealistic
in
countries
with
community
transmission
that
we're
going
to
be
seeing
large
gatherings
like
that
this
year.
It's
really
unrealistic
at
this
point.
C
D
What
we're
trying
to
do
alex
is
we're
trying
to
help
the
people
that
are
running
these
gatherings.
These
venues
to
take
the
right
types
of
decisions
can
this
occur,
should
it
occur
and
if
it
does,
how
can
it
be
done
safely
more
safely
and
there's
different
things
that
they
need
to
consider?
Is
it
an
indoor
event?
Is
it
an
outdoor
event?
Can
physical
distancing
happen?
Can
we
do
it
with
a
limited
number
of
people?
Can
we
do
it
virtually?
D
You
know
so
we're
trying
to
help
the
decision
makers
take
a
risk-based
approach
for
every
event,
but
I
have
to
say
it's
not
only
the
football
matches.
This
also
should
be
considered
for
birthday
parties.
It
should
be
considered
for
sleepovers,
and
I
know
even
my
little
ones.
You
know
they
want
to
go
on
sleepovers,
but
right
now
it
might
not
be
the
best
idea.
D
So
it's
we
need
everyone
to
to
sort
of
be
with
us
and
be
in
this
together
to
work
through
what
our
normal
is
going
to
look
like
going
forward,
but
I
agree
we
have
to
be
realistic
and
we
have
to
see
set
the
expectations
of
everyone,
because
if
everyone
thinks
that
we're
going
to
go
back
to
the
way
it
was
next
month,
you
know,
I
think
I
think
we're
all
going
to
be
disappointed.
So
work
with
us
and
I
think
young
people
can
help
us
find
solutions.
D
So
there's
a
lot
of
people
that
are
trying
to
come
up
with
ways
of
how
we
do
things
going
forward,
help
us
be
creative.
You
know
and
think
of
the
ways
that
we
can
still
see
our
favorite
teams
you
know
perform.
D
B
Mike
you
mentioned
at
the
beginning
of
this
answer,
which
was
very
elaborative
and
I
think
very
helpful
for
for
our
viewers
in
particular,
but
we
have
a
lot
of
parents
of
younger
children
watching
us
and
there
was
a
question:
if
their
kids
have
underlying
conditions,
are
they
still
safe
to
go
to
school
and
there
were
a
lot
of
questions
again?
We
did.
We
did
speak
about
it
a
few
few
weeks
ago,
but
they're
also
asking
a
lot
again.
Is
it
safe
for
kids
to
go
to
school?
B
Will
it
be
safe
to
go
again
in
september
to
school?
So
can
we
maybe
give
some
responses
to
to
these.
C
Well,
I
mean
first
of
all,
we
all
want
our
kids
back
in
school.
We're
paying
a
heavy
price
on
our
kids
are
paying
a
heavier
price
for
their
lack
of
access
to
education,
and
I
think
I've
said
in
the
previous
facebook
live.
There
are
many
countries
went
to
school
as
a
safe
and
secure
environment
for
kids,
both
for
accessing
food
and
avoiding
exploitation
and
abuse.
C
Schools
are
not
just
about
education
in
our
in
our
world
today,
unfortunately,
so
we
all
want
the
kids
back
at
school,
but
the
reality
is
that
unless
the
diseases
control
the
community,
I'm
not
saying
absent,
but
unless
we
have
control
over
the
virus
and
we're
suppressing
the
virus,
then
opening
schools
in
the
context
of
fully
blown
community
transmission
is
likely
to
make
the
problem
worse,
not
better,
because
what
we
don't
want
is
to
open
the
schools.
Then
close.
The
schools
then
open
the
schools,
then
close.
C
C
But
with
regard
to
specific
children,
many
parents
out
there
have
children
with
underlying
conditions,
and
I
know
that
they,
they
worry
every
day
about
their
kids,
because
kids
are
exposed
to
all
kinds
of
different
things
in
a
school
environment
and
and
it
is
tough
and
we
want
to
make
sure
that
we
integrate
all
children
into
the
education
environment
and
we
don't
want
to
exclude
and
we've
spent
decades
now.
C
Many
great
initiatives
around
the
world
that
are
trying
to
really
educate
together
bring
kids
from
all
backgrounds,
with
all
conditions
together
as
much
as
possible
in
a
school
environment
that
respects
diversity.
That
brings
everybody
together
and
makes
the
necessary
arrangements
for
those
kids
who
may
struggle
or
may
have
underlying
conditions.
C
So
that's
that's
positive,
but
in
the
context
of
community
transmission
again,
individual
parents
will
have
to
make
their
own
decisions
and
also
speak
to
the
school
to
ensure
that
the
school
has
special
arrangements
in
place
for
those
children
with
with
underlying
conditions
who
may
need
extra
protection
or
extra
shielding
in
order
to
make
their
school
experience
safe.
And
we
can't
advise
from
here
on
each
and
every
school.
C
So
this
requires
not
just
changing
what
we
do,
but
we
have
to
invest
in
order
to
be
able
to
change.
So
I
would
advise
all
parents
out
there
who
have
children
with
underlying
conditions
in
any
country.
That's
planning
to
open
schools.
They
should
be
as
they
would
normally
do.
I
think,
be
contacting
the
school
heads
and
contacting
the
the
support
teachers
to
see
what
arrangements
are
going
to
be
put
in
place
in
order
to
reduce
the
risk
for
their
kids.
And
you
know,
in
the
end
of
the
day,
this
is
parental
choice,
a
parent.
C
Have
you
know
it's
it's
a
tough
decision,
because
parents
have
to
make
a
livelihood
too,
and
I
know
it
breaks
their
hearts
to
sometimes
have
to
have
kids
in
school
when
maybe
they
feel
they
should
be
with
them
more.
But
this
is
one
of
the
awful
facts
of
life,
but
in
that
regard
I
just
think
they're
going
to
have
to
both
ask
the
school
and
then
maybe
make
demands
from
the
school
as
to
what
needs
to
be
put
in
place
in
order
for
their
child
to
be
as
safe
as
possible.
D
There's
a
lot
of
discussions.
I
think
that
are
happening.
You
know
to
consider
all
of
these
things
and
listening
to
parents
and
listening
to
the
kids
themselves.
Again,
some
of
the
kids
are
having
some
really
good
ideas
about
how
this
could
be
done,
but
I
think
in
this
discussion
we
have
to
constantly
remind
ourselves
that
schools
are
not
isolated
locations
they're
within
communities.
D
So
you
can't
have
the
discussion
about
a
school
without
discussing
what
is
happening
in
the
community.
As
mike
has
said,
if
you
have
transmission,
that's
in
the
community
that
transmission
will
move
into
the
school,
it's
not
just
kids
that
are
at
the
school
there's
adults
that
work
at
the
school,
not
just
teachers,
but
the
nurses,
the
staff
and
everybody
wants
schools
open.
We
all
know
that,
but
we
have
to
do
that
in
a
way
that's
safely,
and
there
are
very
good
discussions
that
are
having
very
serious
discussions.
D
You
know
about
how
to
do
this
safely,
as
we
want
to
open
up
all
of
these
other
locations.
Schools
are
one
of
those
and
we
have
a
technical
advisory
group
that
we've
brought
together
to
help
us
look
at
educational
institutions,
because
not
all
schools
are
the
same
across
the
world.
I
think
your
viewers
know
we.
You
know
we
work
with
all
countries.
We
work
with
everyone
everywhere
and
schools,
don't
look
the
same.
D
All
over
the
world,
schools
for
very
young
children
may
be
different
from
secondary
school
they're,
quite
different
from
universities
and
colleges,
and
there's
indoor
there's
outdoor
so
we're
doing
what
we
can
and,
as
mike
said,
we
can't
give
a
prescription.
You
know
about
how
to
do
this
everywhere.
What
we
can
do
is
lay
out
the
considerations
that
need
to
be
taken
into
account
in
the
context
of
the
community,
while
trying
to
get
kids
back
into
school.
A
D
B
D
So
there's
different
ways:
masks
can
be
used
and
masks
are
a
tool
in
our
tool
kit.
You
know
we
you
you've,
probably
heard
our
director
general
say
you
know
not
mass
alone,
not
physical,
distancing
alone,
not
hand
washing
alone.
Do
it
all,
and
I
think
we
need
to
kind
of
promote
this
as
much
as
we
can
do.
It
all
do
everything
that
you
can
to
prevent
yourself
from
getting
infected,
what
we
recommend
for
the
general
public.
So,
let's
we're
not
talking
about
healthcare
facilities
but
for
the
general
public
to
wear
a
fabric
mask.
D
So
these
are
the
non-medical
or
non-surgical
masks
that
you
see
healthcare
workers
using
use
a
fabric
mask
when
you're
in
an
area
where
there's
virus,
where
it's
circulating
around
and
you
can't
do
physical
distancing.
This
is
a
this.
Is
a
layer
of
you
know
another
tool
that
in
case
you're
infected
and
you
don't
know
it
yet
or
you
don't
have
symptoms.
You
prevent
yourself
from
passing
the
virus
to
somebody
else.
D
So
again,
it's
another
tool
that
we
can
use
and
it
is
important
if
you
live
in
an
area
where,
where
you
are
asked
to
wear
a
mask,
please
do
so.
Please
follow
your
national
guidance
and
wear
a
mask.
This
is
part
of
the
solidarity
you
know
of
being
part
of
the
part
of
the
fight
with
it
follow
those
guidelines
as
well
as,
if
you're
asked
to
stay
home
stay
home.
D
Please
do
physical,
distancing,
please
clean
your
hands
regularly
with
soap
and
water
or
an
alcohol-based
rub
practice
what
we
call
respiratory
etiquette,
which
is
coughing
sneezing
into
your
elbow
and
be
informed.
So
one
of
the
things
we
we
may
not
always
say
is
every
day
you
should
be
informed
about
where
this
virus
is
where
you
live,
where
you
work
where
you
want
to
go
and
get
your
information
from
good
sources,
but
mass
are
one
of
the
tools
that
we
have.
B
D
But
we
also
have
within
our
within
the
building
that
we
work
in.
We
have
strict
limits
on
how
many
people
can
come
in.
So
not
everybody
is
actually
back
at
work
here
in
in
who
in
our
headquarters-
and
we
have
good
ventilation-
we're
very
lucky
to
have
to
have
that
here
and
we
practice
physical
distancing.
So
even
us
we
wash
our
hands
regularly.
D
We
are
constantly
reminding
ourselves
not
to
huddle
together
not
to
come
close
together,
because
sometimes
people
sometimes
people
forget,
but
we
make
sure-
and
even
they
can't
see
on
the
floor,
but
we
actually
have
markings
on
the
floors
to
keep
ourselves
distance
when
we
walk
down
the
hall
when
we
go
into
the
cafeteria
and
get
food,
and
even
where
our
chairs
are
on
the
floor
right
now
to
to
remind
us,
you
know
how
far
at
least
one
meter
is.
D
C
C
When,
when
you
press
the
the
the
button
for
the
lift,
you
stand
back
behind
another
yellow
line
to
allow
anyone
else
to
come
out
of
the
lift,
so
you
won't
be
standing
at
the
door
and
our
lifts
have
in
both,
for
the
most
part,
are
one
person
per
lift
and
some
the
bigger
ones
of
two
persons
per
lift
so
and
each
one
of
those
things
is
not
perfect.
C
But
what
it
illustrates
is
what
you
try
to
do
is
reduce
your
risk
at
every
possible
opportunity,
and
in
doing
that,
you
create
an
overall
low
risk
environment.
No
one
thing
you
do
is
reducing
the
risk,
absolutely
you're,
adding
together
a
number
of
different
behaviors
and
different
rules
that
allow
us
all
to
remain
safe.
In
the
environment
I
mean
we
have,
I
would
say,
two-thirds
of
our
staff
working
from
home-
and
I
mean
from
from
march
and
and
again
strict
limits.
B
D
So,
there's
a
lot
of
things.
I
think
everyone
can
do
whether
you're
a
teacher
or
not,
and
so
part
of
it
is
about.
You
know,
trying
to
minimize
your
risk
of
exposure
where
you
work
and
outside
of
where
you
work.
So
in
many
areas
I
mean
even
I
come
from
a
family
of
teachers,
retired
teachers,
but
teachers
who
loved
their
work
and
loved
you
know
being
in
front
of
in
front
of
children
and
doing
that.
D
I
think
making
sure
that
you,
when
you're
outside
of
the
classroom,
you
know
that
you're
wearing
your
mask,
where
you
go,
do
your
shopping
or
you
do
other
things,
and
I
think
that
there
will
be
things
in
schools
that
will
try
to
minimize
the
risk.
I
know
at
my
own
son's
school
here.
They
had
some
recommendations
for
the
teachers.
The
teachers
had
to
wear
a
mask
the
children.
D
If
they're,
if
they're
pregnant
or
whatever
talk
to
your
doctor,
you
know
have
a
conversation
with
your
medical
provider
and
find
out
what
is
right
for
you
again,
it's
very
difficult
for
us
to
give
individual
advice,
and
I
think
we
we
shy
away
from
that,
because
the
context
is
very
important
and
especially
at
an
individual
level.
Your
level
of
risk
may
be
different
based
on
who
you
are
your
age.
The
underlying
conditions,
et
cetera,
yeah,.
C
Just
add
to
this
on
teachers,
because
we've
all
had
all
of
us
have
had
magical
teachers
in
our
lives
and
everybody
who's
listening.
You
know,
even
if
you
don't
like
school,
and
even
if
you
don't
like
half
your
teachers,
there's
always
one
or
two
teachers
who
shape
your
life
and
and
as
wbh's,
a
famous
poet
from
from
my
home
country,
once
said
that
education
is
not
filling
a
pot,
it's
lighting,
a
fire
and
for
those
teachers
out
there
who
continue
to
light
those
fires
of
curiosity
and
learning
and
people.
C
We
thank
you
from
the
bottom
of
our
hearts,
because
sometimes
we
talk
about
the
heroes
of
the
healthcare
system
and
they
are,
but
our
teachers
are
our
heroes
too
and
they're
in
the
front
line.
In
this
sense,
they
know
how
important
education
is.
They
want
to
get
back
to
school
like
everybody
else,
but
they
also
want
that
to
be
managed
in
a
way
that
the
risk
to
their
kids,
the
risk
to
themselves
and
the
rest
of
their
families
are
minimized.
C
And
you
know
everything
should
be
done
to
maintain
the
lowest
possible
risk.
And
again,
it
is
the
responsibility
of
government
communities
to
push
down
infection,
suppress
infection
in
the
community
to
the
lowest
level,
and
then
we
can
bring
our
schools
back
online
with
the
appropriate
risk
management
measures
and
teachers
are,
are
hugely
well
placed
to
be
a
a
big
big
part
of
making
that
a
successful
endeavor
and
we
need
our
teachers.
We
need
our
teachers
back
in
school.
We
need
our
kids
back
in
school,
but
we
need
to
do
that
safely.
B
D
Alex
that's
a
fantastic
question
from
whoever
that
came
from,
and
that's
a
quite
a
long
discussion.
I
think
I
mean
I
think
you
know
we've
heard
over
the
last
day
or
two
people
feeling
a
bit
of
despair,
people
feeling
a
bit
fatigued
by
all
of
this,
and
this
is
a
lot
to
handle
for
everyone,
no
matter
what
age
you
are
no
matter
where
you
live,
there's
so
much
that
we
can
do
to.
D
There
is
hope
and
there's
so
much
that
we
can
do
to
drive
down
transmission,
and
each
of
us
has
a
role
to
play
in
this.
I
think
we've
said
this
many
times
before
we
want
everyone
on
the
planet
to
understand
that
they
have
a
role
to
play
in
this.
They
have
a
role
to
play
in
preventing
themselves
from
getting
infected
and
there's
things
that
you
can
do.
You
know,
there's
a
physical
distancing
that
you
can
do
washing
your
hands.
Practicing.
Respiratory
etiquette.
D
You
know,
following
national
guidelines
being
involved,
engaged
empowered
sharing,
good
information
being
kind
to
one
another
help
each
other
out.
Looking
after
one
another.
There
are
things
that
communities
can
do.
There
are
things
governments
can
do
there
are
things
all
of
us
can
do
even
teachers,
you
know-
and
I
think,
even
just
mentioning
teachers.
Every
parent
has
a
much,
even
though
we
appreciated
teachers
before
have
a
much
deeper
appreciation
of
what
teachers
do
for
all
of
our
children
every
day.
D
But
I
think
we
need
everyone
to
understand
that
this
is
going
to
take
some
time,
but
there
is
hope-
and
we
can
turn
it
around.
There
are
some
countries
that
are
going
through
something
very
difficult
right
now,
my
own
home
country
included,
but
they
can
turn
it
around
and
they
will
turn
it
around.
So
we
may
get
to
a
point
where
we
have
to
learn
to
live
with
this
virus
and
figure
out
a
way
to
keep
transmission
suppressed.
D
While
we
get
economies
and
governments
going,
and
that
may
happen
with
this
virus,
getting
rid
of
this
virus
completely,
I
think
will
be
incredibly
difficult
and
I
think
what
our
goal
is
is
to
really
drive
down
transmission
to
the
lowest
level
possible,
preventing
infections
certainly
preventing
deaths,
but
getting
people
back
back
to
normal
and
we're
working
out
how
to
do
that.
Thank
you.
C
C
So
the
vibrations
of
a
pandemic
can
stay
for
a
very,
very
long
time,
but
at
a
lower
level,
and
as
this
covet
19
or
sars
kobe
virus
spreads
amongst
people.
It
will
continue
to
create
infections
until
it
burns
out
or
until
we
burn
it
out,
and
we
have
two
ways
of
doing
that.
As
maria
said,
we
suppressed
the
infection,
that's
tough
because
it
takes
a
sustained
effort
and
we
see
the
impact
that's
having
on
people
and
economies
and
psychology
and
schools
and
teachers.
C
But
then
we
have
the
prospect
of
vaccines
coming
and
vaccines
could
play
a
very
important
part
in
eliminating
or
providing
long-term
control
over
this
virus.
But
we
need
to
match,
as
maria
said,
what
we
do
in
terms
of
suppressing
the
virus
and
what
science
can
bring
in
terms
of
vaccines.
Later
it'll
be
all
the
easier
to
contain
this
disease.
C
If
we've
already
done
some
of
the
work
and
again
when
we
look
at
the
zero
prevalence
data,
in
other
words
the
number
of
people
in
the
world
who
currently
have
antibodies
that
show
the
previous
infection,
it's
re,
it's
relatively
low
in
most
cases
under
10
percent,
and
that
means
that
you
know
on
a
planetary
basis.
90
of
people
on
the
planet
are
still
susceptible
to
infections
of
this
virus.
So
this
virus
has
a
long
way
to
burn
and
we
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do
together
to
suppress
it.
C
We're
accelerating
and
working
really
well
and
getting
some
very
good
results
on
vaccine
development,
but
there's
a
lot
to
do
and
we
need
to
bring
that
to
the
game
so,
but
the
history
of
pandemics
is
they
take
time
and
they
take
time
to
control
and
one
can
never
predict
when
they
will
end,
but
certainly
bringing
a
safe
and
effective
vaccine
online
that
we
can
distribute
to.
Everybody
in
the
world
will
be
a
huge
step
forward
in
that.
B
Thank
you
very
much
both
for
your
time.
Next
wednesday
is
youth
day,
so
we
hope
that
we'll
have
more
youth
watching
us
and
asking
their
questions.
Thank
you.
Everyone
watching
us
today
from
uae
turkey,
usa,
very
early
and
namibia,
luxembourg,
iran,
india,
nigeria,
bangladesh,
zambia,
indonesia,
pakistan,
poland,
france,
lebanon,
italy,
kenya,
south
africa,
belgium,
spain,
morocco,
new
zealand,
uk,
jordan
and
many
others.
Please
do
it
all.
As
dr
mike
ryan,
dr
maria
van
keerprove,
and
our
the
doctor,
general
say,
and
stay
safe.