►
From YouTube: Susan Crawford-Young (Red River College)
Description
Susan Crawford-Young (Red River College, Manitoba, Canada) talk to DevoWorm weekly meeting, June 27, 2016. Title: "Axolotl Egg-Embryo Experiements".
A
Perfect,
all
right,
then
I
will
I
will
continue
on
here.
You've
got
so.
This
is
an
introduction.
This
is
an
adult
and
mr.
splashy
pants.
We've
named
them
all
here.
That's
because
people
can't
resist
naming
them.
I
have
a
female
named
sushi
and
one
named
Veronica
and
one
named
Pandora
and
ones
Tinkerbell
and
I've
got
one
who's.
I
forget
start
so
that
are
anyway.
That's
that's
about
all
the
females
I've
got
that
will
lay
eggs
and
here's
an
example
of
some
eggs.
A
A
A
This
is
a
wreck
the
egg
up
here
and
you
can
see
the
white
yoki
bottom
and
the
top
of
the
egg
that
has
melanin
in
it
and
these
are
freshly
laid.
So
they
haven't
divided
yet
and
then
I've
got.
This
is
an
axolotl
pride
freshly
hatched
and
this
is
the
size
of
the
egg
in
comparison,
so
they
don't
grow
that
much
from
the
size
of
the
egg.
To
that
the
hatchling.
A
They
have
to
rely
on
on
what's
in
that
egg,
for
for
nutrients
and
I've
got
a
series
here,
it'll
come
up
there.
It
is
of
some
older
pictures
that
I
took
the
egg
starting
to
divide
and
then
dividing
further
and
further
and
the
cells
becoming
smaller
and
smaller
and
smaller.
Until
you
get
to
about
this
stage
and
then
they
tend
to
stay
about
the
same
size
and
then
this
stage
is
interesting
here
as
well.
This
is
this
is
the
brain
here
and
that's
the
spinal
column.
A
This
literally
rolls
up
to
become
brain
and
spinal
column
with
the
neural
plate
inside
here,
and
this
is
a
neural
crest
cells
on
the
outside
and
here's
neural
tube
closure
and
to
meet
all
the
animal
regulations.
I
am
not
supposed
to
experiment
on
them
past
the
neural
tube
closure
stage,
but
I
imagine
I
could
get
permission
to
take
their
photograph
past
Durrell,
tube
closure,
but
I
haven't
broached
that
that
yet
I
haven't
asked-
and
I
have
this
slide
here-
developmental
time-
depends
on
temperature.
So
that's
why
the
stages
are
numbered.
A
A
B
A
C
A
A
And
here's
your
theory
there's
a
wave
of
contraction
cell
contraction
that
goes
across
the
surface
of
these
aches,
and
we
are
fairly
sure
that
this
is
a
cell
differentiation
wave
and
that
the
the
top
part
here,
which
is
covered
by
this
top
part
here,
becomes
the
neural
plate
and
eventually
rolls
up
to
become
the
brain
and
spinal
column
like
I.
Had
in
the
previous
picture.
A
A
And
you
get
the
microtubule
involvement
and
the
basically,
the
physical
signal
gets
right
down
into
the
nucleus,
and
this
is
a
picture
of
what
might
happen
so
yeah
some
sort
of
a
force
and
the
stress
is
propagated
through
the
cell
and
into
the
nucleus
here,
whoops
sure.
Just
move
that
around
and
I
managed
to
get
a
picture
at
once.
I'm
hoping
for
more
pictures
of
these
and
there's
there's
a
cell
contraction
here
and
here
on
the
surface
of
a
developing
egg.
A
And,
of
course,
this
happens
in
more
than
one
type
of
animal,
so
this
is
somebody's
picture
of
what
happens
to
a
drosophila
I
and
then
I've
got
more
apical
constriction
in
sea,
urchin
and
xenopus
and
Joseph
Allah
and
in
chick
and
because
you're
into
C,
elegans
I
included
this.
This
slide
in
the
next
slide.
I
guess
I'm,
not
sure
of
all
of
the
mechanisms
here,
but
it
looked
like
kind
of
a
nice
overview,
but
they
left
out.
A
A
There's
lots
of
evidence
out
there
for
for
this
type
of
transition,
and
then
this
is
an
example
of
the
shear
force
and
pressure
on
endothelial
cells
and-
and
this
is
without
the
shear
force
and
pressure
and
then
the
bottom
one
is
with
this
shear
force
and
pressure
and
I've
met
people
who
say:
oh
yeah.
If
you're
going
to
sell
I'm
going
to
study
this
else,
vessel
walls,
you
need
to
clamp
them
off
so
that
they're
under
pressure
or
they'll,
undergo
apoptosis
and
die,
and
you
won't
won't
get
any
data.
A
A
Some
green
in
that
picture.
If
you
stretch
it,
you
get
some
nerve
develop
and
if
you
add
retinoic
acid,
you
get
nerve
development
and
but
you
get
more
nerve
development
if
you
have
stretch
and
what
they
did
was
rhythmically
stretch
a
rubber,
substrate
I
think
under
these
precursor
nerve
cells.
Anyway,
it
was
statistically
significant.
A
So
what
I'm
trying
to
do
is
look
at
all
sides
of
the
spherical
embryo
as
it
develops
and
look
at
stress
and
strain
on
the
surface.
So
that's
it
can
be
difficult
because
they're
two
millimeters
in
diameter
and
they
have
a
lot
of
yolk.
So
you
can't
use
a
confocal
microscope
and
they
come
with
a
gel
coat
that
sticks
to
anything
and
they're
kind
of
gooey
you're,
mostly
water,
compose
the
water,
so
they're
gooey
anyway.
This
is
what
I
wanted
to
use
and
it's
as
over.
Seventy
thousand
dollars.
A
D
A
A
The
right
way
up
and
get
a
picture
of
all
sides
of
the
embryo,
so
I
I
devised
this
thing.
This
is
my
flipping
microscope
stage
and
what
it
does
it
it
flips
with
this
this
part
here
we
sure
I'm
just
going
to
ruin
my
slides
here
and
it
rotates
with
this
motor
here,
so
it
alot
Kate
this
way
and
then
flip
and
they'll
rotate
and
then
flip
with
this
motor
here.
A
So
with
that,
this
one
here
is
a
very
fast
motor
is
the
fastest
servomotor
I
could
find
and
then
I
had
a
student
who
was
very
ingenious
at
being
able
to
program
an
Arduino
to
make
it
flip,
because
it
wanted
to
check
where
it
was
every
single
time
it
moved
which
slowed
it
down,
but
he
got
it
to
flip
fast.
So
that
was
really
great.
I,
don't
have
the
programming
included
in
these
slides,
but
if
you
wanted
to
see
them,
I
can
show
you
anyway.
A
This
is
a
machine
just
locally
here
in
Winkler
and
by
a
Leon,
Bowman
and
general
metal,
and
they
do
a
very
good
job
there,
a
good
machine
shop
from
so
anyway
there's
these
are
rollers
that
hold
the
wheel
in
place
here,
and
this
is
on
another
servomotor,
a
tiny
nano
motor.
They
called
it
yeah,
it's
a
nano
high-tech
servo,
and
this
is
the
entire
setup.
I've
got
a
stand
here
that
this
is
a
magnification
stack,
it's
an
LM
scope
and
it's
from
Austria,
and
then
you
focus
it
here
and
I've
got
a
nikon
d70
200.
A
A
This
is
a
light
here.
I've
got
side
lighting
for
this,
as
well
as
a
ring
light.
It
seems
to
need
the
side
lighting,
but
the
side
lighting
I
was
able
to
go
to
walmart
and
and
get
some
nice
LED
lights,
so
that
only
cost
twenty-five
dollars
as
opposed
to
sorry
this
event,
as
opposed
to
ring
lights
that
can
cost
five
hundred
dollars.
I
splurge
this.
This
ring
light
does
cost
five
hundred
dollars
yeah,
but
it
had
angled
lights
and
it
was
more
durable
and
some
of
the
other
ones.
A
A
A
A
Yeah
I
can
do
it
with
or
without
the
jelly.
If
the
jelly
is
clear
and
I
can
see
through
it,
then
I
could
leave
it
in
the
jelly.
If
it's
giving
me
a
bad
time,
if
there's
bits
of
junk
in
it,
then
I'll
have
to
put
it
in
the
methyl
cellulose
and
I'm
looking
into
getting
the
oxygen
permeable
membrane
to
put
over
top
of
the
hole
here
and
then
I
can
just
fill
it
with
salt
water
hole,
freighters
solution,
and
hopefully
the
egg
will
like
it
in
there
at
least
it'll
have
oxygen
from
both
ends.
A
A
I'm
am
I've,
got
a
chiller
coming,
so
I
should
be
able
to
keep
their
water
cool
and
I've
got
the
local
on
museum
and
some
fossil
Discovery
Center
kind
of
interested
in
displaying
some
of
the
animals
and
I
think
it's
a
better
environment
for
them.
So
I'm
going
to
try
to
persuade
them
to
take
on
likes
a
half
of
the
animals
for
now
and
see
if
they
might
be
persuaded
to
start
a
breeding
colony.
A
I,
don't
know,
I'll
have
to
see
their
their
kind
of
reluctant
to
say
they're,
going
to
permanently
take
care
of
them
anyway.
Back
on
to
this
slide
here,
if
you're
looking
down
a
microscope
at
an
image,
you
can't
really
tell
what's
going
on
physically
with
that
embryo,
unless
you
know
their
density,
viscosity
of
elasticity,
their
volume
and
even
the
interior,
Blastoise
ill
cavity
volume
and
pressure
of
the
blast
to
seal
and
basically
where
the
yolk
and
the
nucleus
placements
are
in
these
eggs.
You
kind
of
need
to
some
other
parameters.
A
A
A
And
so
future
density
experiments
that
I
want
to
do
yet,
as
this
is
a
statistical
least
significant
number
of
eggs
and
measure
them
the
top
and
the
bottom
of
the
egg
to
see
the
difference
in
density
and
perhaps
measure
the
neural
plate
compared
to
the
rest
of
the
egg
and
I'd
like
to
measure
the
properties
of
the
blast.
Aseel
fluid
now.
A
That
brings
me
to
this
slide.
These
are
all
blast
to
seal
stage,
eggs.
They
develop
a
cavity.
This
is
the
outside.
This
is
stage
9
egg
and
they
develop
a
cavity
in
here,
and
this
is
an
MRI
of
the
cavity,
and
this
is
the
cavity
when
it
was
sliced.
So
you
can
see
there's
some
distortion
here
when
these
eggs
are
are
sliced.
A
However,
I
went
ahead
and
I
am
doing
some
slicing
experiments
to
see
if
I
can
stain
stain
the
eggs.
So
this
is
what
I'd
like
to
see.
I'd
like
to
be
able
to
see
where
the
yolk
is
and
the
nucleus
in
these
cells-
and
this
is
what
we
got
so
far
and
the
fellow
that's
doing
it
andre
from
the
department
of
biology
at
the
university
of
manitoba
says
these
are
extremely
difficult.
He
tried
them
out
in
paraffin
and
tried
slicing
them,
and
he
said
they
they
were
like.
A
They
just
went
to
dust
a
lot
of
them.
They
just
they
just
didn't
work
but
he's
trying
them
with
resin,
like
you
would
for
an
electron
microscope,
and
hopefully
I'll
have
a
few
more
slides
in
a
week
or
two.
When
he's
finished
that
and
then
he
was
going
to
stain
them
well,
just
just
like
they
are
here
with
a
fast
green
and
this
safranin,
and
then
he
was
going
to
try
staining
for
the
nucleus
as
well.
A
But
I'm
going
to
try
optical
coherence.
Tomography
is
less
hard
on
living
tissue
than
the
MRI
that
high
a
Tesla
MRI,
and
so
you
can
view
these
eggs
through
actually
through
their
gel,
and
you
can
also
use
them.
If
we
get
it
going
properly,
we
should
be
able
to
do
optical
coherence
elastography
and
see
if
we
can
get
some
measurements
of
visco
elasticity
that
way
right
now.
This
is
let's
set
up
and
you
have
as
a
swept
source
infrared
light
source.
A
What
was
it
1300
about
thirteen
hundred
nanometers
and
you
put
it
through
an
interim
eter
and
apparently
a
swept
source?
This
is
a
key
component
of
the
swept
source,
this
three
by
three
switch
here,
and
this
is
kind
of
a
setup
of
the
one
in
Toronto
that
was
used
that
we
use
for
our
trial
run
and
then
I've
got
another
diagram
which
might
be
easier
to
follow.
A
You
have
your
laser
or
your
diode
source
and
it
goes
into
a
mirror
and
it
will.
This
is.
This
is
a
reference
arm
here
through
a
mirror,
and
then
this
is
your
sample
arm
that
goes
through
here.
I
think,
that's
it!
No
I
don't
know
anyway,
you've
got
a
reference
in
the
sample
arm
and
this
is
showing
how
you
can
actually
get
a
measure
of
some
physical
qualities
of
your
sample
by
squeezing
it.
A
A
A
And
then
this
is
ultrasound
and
ultrasound
is
too
too
big,
because
my
my
eggs
are
two
millimeters,
so
yeah
the
optical
coherence
tomography
should
work
for
them,
maybe
not
quite
at
cellular
level
like
I
would
like,
but
there
they
keep
improving
the
optical
coherence
tomography
technique.
So
on
I'm
hoping
this
is
the
initial
pictures
I
got
using
the
system
at
the
University
of
Manitoba
in
dr.
Sharif
slab,
and
it
just
shows
them
the
gel
and
then
the
outside
of
the
egg,
and
it
doesn't
show
anything
inside.
A
That's
because
this
is
a
single
wavelength
source,
and
so
we
decided
guess
we
should
should
try
this.
This
is
a
swept
source,
so
it's
13,
10,
nanometers,
plus
or
minus
55,
nanometer
wavelength,
light
source,
and
here
you
can
see
the
gel
coat.
You
can
see
how
water
layer
there
and
the
middle
and
membrane
and
or
the
start
of
the
egg
and
a
blast
aseel
cavity
and
dr.
Sharif-
has
just
managed
to
to
build
a.
A
Optical
clearance
tomography
system,
so
that,
instead
of
part
of
the
egg,
which
is
kind
of
this
belongs
up
here,
I
can
get
whole
pictures
of
it.
So
I
can
see
how
that
blast,
aseel
grows
so
I
think
that's
worthwhile
study
and
other
people
now
have
done
this
as
well.
This
is
an
8,
50,
nanometer
I
think
this
is
also
swept
source
optical
queers
tomography,
but
this
is
of
xenopus
ache
and
it
shows
why
I'm
looking
at
acts
long
leg
rather
than
xenopus.
These
are
smaller
eggs
and
they
have
a
layer,
a
cell
layer.
A
A
If
you
had
this
refined,
maybe
it
could
and
I've
got
this
I
put
two
images
over
top
of
each
other,
so
this
is
the
MRI
with
the
blast
asil
cavity
under
this
is
the
section
that
we
did
as
a
trial
with
the
Toronto
imaging
of
using
optical
coherence
tomography,
and
you
can
see
there's
they
match
they.
Actually,
the
this
arc
actually
matches
this
MRI
I
I
thought
that
was
quite
eat.
A
So
this
is
actually
the
beginning
of
the
neural
plate
in
in
here
in
this
area
and
the
optical
coherence
tomography
is
superior
to
the
MRI,
partly
because
it's
less
expensive,
but
also
because
it
it
looks
like
it's
going
to
be
Lex
pixelated,
so
they
have
a
higher
resolution
and
it
also
only
takes
a
half
a
minute
to
get
this
image
actually
as
shorter
with
the
new
optical
coherence
tomography
in
dr.
Sharif,
lab
I.
Believe
it's
going
to
be
less
than
0
point
five
seconds
to
get
that
image
and
with
the
MRI.
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
The
other
idea
I
had
for
measuring
disc
elasticity
was
using
micro
beads.
You
have
to
be
careful
the
probe
if
it
gets
small
enough
just
measures
the
cytoplasm
and
not
the
tissue
that
you're
looking
at
so
I
need
a
larger
microbead
and
I
mentioned
it
a
little
later,
or
maybe
I
mentioned
it
just
down
here.
A
Somewhere
I
met
someone
at
a
the
photonics
conference
and
she
had
optical
tweezers,
and
she
was
quite
willing
to
try
to
measure
the
elasticity
of
some
sample
eggs
for
me
with
her
with
her
system.
Once
she
got
set
up,
she
was
from
Laval
Quebec,
so
I'll
see.
Maybe
I
can
do
a
partnership
with
her
and
I
can
get
some
measurements
has.
C
C
A
Okay,
all
right!
Well,
thank
you
when
I
thought
of
trying
was
maybe
something
like
this
there's.
A
I
have
had
some
correspondence
with
these
people
and
they're
looking
there.
They
finally
got
their
blood
viscosity
meter
watched
and
on
the
market.
So
now
now
they're
looking
for
a
lot
of
the
uses
for
it
and
my
curry
ology
might
be
be
the
way
to
go
for
other
like
if
they
want
to
measure
phlegm
or
something
from
that
people
cough
up,
then
I'm
all
for
it,
because
that's
exactly
the
consistency
of
my
eggs,
so
I'm
hoping.
A
A
B
A
And
there's
there's
the
university
matter
to
acquiring
a
micro,
rheometer
I
think
it
might
be
chemistry,
they
have
got
the
contact
and
then
I
yes,
I
want
to
make
this
nano
tech
device
for
measuring
viscosity,
so
a
nanotech
be
more
an
inkjet
printer,
viscosity
measurement
and
then
there's
the
optical
tweezers
that
I
mentioned
before.
So
that's,
basically,
all
my
slides
kind
of
ran
through
them
and
I'm
also
interested
in
this
neural
crest.
A
So
you
can
follow
some
of
that
and
also
something
that's
physical
are
the
pharyngeal
pouches
that
occur
when
the
animal
curls
around
the
beating
heart
when
it
starts
to
develop
and
there's
L
is
just
like
folds.
If
you
curled
something
up,
you
get
folds
and
there's
pressures
involved
in
that.
So
the
study
of
that
would
be
interesting
as
well.
A
A
A
C
A
A
For
the
nerve
cells
stretching
seems
to
work
or
stretch,
and
then
what
so
there's
pressure
in
the
blast
assail
and
stretching
them,
and
then
it
may
be
the
pressure
diminishes
and
then
they
they
turn
into
a
nerve
cell
I.
Don't
know
if
that's
part
of
it,
but
it
certainly
looks
like
the
cell
cramps.
The
differentiation
wave
cell
cramps
help
those
cells
turn
into
a
nerve
neural
plate.
B
Well,
exactly
is
one
one
thing
that
one
issue
that
was
of
concern
and
my
checked
literature
on
human
embryos
was,
you
know
women
have
ultrasound
tests
to
look
for
developing
embryos
and
fetuses
and
I.
Don't
know
if
this
is
ever
resolved,
but
I
remember.
One
concern
with
Delta
saw
might
affect
the
embryo.
B
B
A
B
A
D
There's
a
there's
a
lot
of
controversy
about
ultrasound.
Most
of
the
studies
seem
to
be
that
it
is
entirely
safe
and
that
there's
nothing
there.
But
there
are
a
couple
of
studies
that
one
in
Norway
in
particular
I,
can
think
of
where
there
is
an
increase
in
the
percentage
of
the
population
that
have
that's
left-handed
in
populations
where
everybody
gets
ultrasounds
and.
D
Well,
there's
usually
a
percentage
of
the
population
that
is
left
handed
in
any
case,
and
it
doesn't
need
anything
when
you
have
an
increase
in
the
percentage.
It
usually
means
small,
subtle
forms
of
brain
damage,
so
left-handedness
by
itself
is
not
diagnostic
of
brain
damage,
but
an
increase
in
left
handedness
and
having
left
hands
being
left-handed.
D
A
D
I
personally
would
not
have
an
ultrasound
unless
there
was
an
absolute
medical
reason
for
it.
In
that
case,
the
benefits
would
outweigh
the
risk,
but
a
lot
of
people
have
ultrasounds
for
what
I
were
artists,
various
reasons
and
I
think
the
worst
ones
are
the
ones
where
they
do.
Eltra
sounds
to
get
portraits
that
are
like
happy
pictures
of
baby
find
out
the
gender
of
the
baby
and
to
make
a
beautiful
series
of
pictures
that
the
parents
can
put
together.
B
A
C
B
A
B
A
A
Yeah,
so
that's
some,
that's
about
all
I
guess:
I,
just
I
fight
with
my
salamanders
all
the
time
they
they're
fussy
and
they
won't
eat
their
food.
They
make
their
water
extremely
dirty.
They
don't
like
it
hot
they
wanted
at
18
degrees,
and
then
they
don't
want
to
lay
eggs.
It's
just
kept
with
I
have
pets.