►
From YouTube: Istanbul Upgrade Countdown Party!
Description
Join us as we countdown the blocks until the Ethereum Istanbul network upgrade!
A
A
Here
we
are
hello
and
welcome
to
the
Istanbul
countdown
livestream
I'm
Hudson
I'm,
with
the
etherium
cat
herders
I
am
not
affiliated
with
any
other
organization
during
this
call,
and
during
this
time
when
I
have
scotch
in
my
hand,
so
yeah,
that's
it
for
me.
Let's
get
going
on
this
and
introduce
people
and
just
talk
about
whatever
we
don't
it
doesn't
have
to
be.
A
A
stable,
related
necessarily
will
probably
answer
some
questions,
though,
if
you
have
them
in
the
chat,
specifically
things
about
Istanbul,
we
have
some
people
like
Dano
and
pooja
and
Michel,
and
actually
pretty
much.
Everyone
here
can
answer
Istanbul
questions
so
whatever
you
got,
throw
it
at
us
and
we'll
start
with
Michael.
If
you
want
to
introduce
yourself.
C
B
A
D
How
you
going
break
from
Perth,
Australia,
yeah
I'm,
a
cat,
herder
and
I've,
been
kind
of
herd
cats
well,
whilst
few
days
to
try
and
get
people
over
the
line.
It
looks
like
majority
over
the
line
for
a
symbol
for
we've
got
to
mining
pools.
Three
large
mining
pools.
There
haven't
quite
confirmed
yet,
although
maybe
they're
aware
of
it
as
easier
and
money
pool
hub,
I'm,
assuming
they're
ready,
but
they
haven't
actually
put
anything
out
and
then
from
the
larger
exchanges.
D
D
A
Yeah,
well,
that's
good.
Anyway,
all
right,
I'm
gonna
shut
down
I'm
trying
to
get
my
upload
speed
up
because
it's
like
my
I
need
to
call
my
internet
company.
It's
like
super
super
low
right
now,
but
it
is
what
it
is.
So,
hopefully,
there's
not
too
much
lag.
Sorry
if
there's
lab
next
up,
we
got
Danna.
E
C
G
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
Eath
wiki
because
there's
like
basically,
if
you
go
to
I'll
post
the
link
in
chat,
this
has
a
good
outline
of
what's
going
on,
but
according
to
the
III
key
which
I
agree.
These
are
the
changes
going
in.
It's
basically
gonna
align
the
cost
of
opcodes,
with
their
computational
cost
and
improve
denial
of
service
attack
resilience.
So
what
happens
is
if
you're
writing
a
smart
contract,
and
you
say
like
I,
want
to
add
two
plus
two:
that's
the
addition
opcode.
A
You
there's
also
a
subtraction
opcode
and
there's
one
to
do
a
sha-3
hash
and
there's
one
to
create
other
contracts
and
if
they
are
and
they
each
cost
gas.
It's
not
the
same
as
ether
you
pay
for
gas
with
ether,
so
gas
cost
for
those
op
codes
very
and
if
you
miss
price
them
like
one
is
too
low
priced
or
one
is
too
high
price.
Someone
can
create
a
denial
of
service
attack
by
calling
that
op
code
over
and
over
and
over
again,
and
so
we
every
once
in
a
while.
A
We
have
to
change
the
computational
cost
of
those
op
codes.
So
there's
a
few
I
think
there's
one
or
two
e
IPS
that
are
doing
that:
EAP
1884
and
E
I
P
2200,
there's
one
that
helps
with
adding
an
OP
code
to
make
ZK
snarks
cheaper,
so
that
Z
cash
and
aetherium
can
interoperate
there's
one
that
makes
yeah.
That
makes
layer,
2
solutions
based
on
snarks
and
Starks.
More
performant
I
just
said
that
one
and
then
there's
one
that
yeah
another
one
that
prevents
spamming
attacks
am
I
missing
any.
Who
else?
F
E
It's
an
opcode
in
the
yeah,
so
when
you
run
it,
you
can
figure
out
what
channel
you're
being
executed
on
I.
Think
the
real
use
case
for
this
is
from
layer
2
solutions
to
make
sure
that
they're
only
off
forwarded
on
the
chain
that
they're
intended
to
be
a
layer,
2
solution
for
so
you
can
say
check
that
I'm
291
great
continue
with
my
swapping
relay
or
to
stuff,
because
I'm
on
me.
A
E
That
chain
idea
was
not
exposed
to
the
EVM.
You
could
check
out
your
signature
and
maybe
figure
it
out
with
some
with
some
gas
expensive
math
to
do
the
extraction
on
it.
But
without
doing
that
now
you
can
just
ask
it
for
cheap
aqua
to
say
hey
what
chain
any
of
this
chain.
Is
it
so
it's
like
you
know
five
gas
versus
hundreds
of
thousands.
A
That's
interesting:
oh
I'm,
getting
dings
I,
don't
want
dings.
How
do
I
turn
all
this
off
there?
We
go
oh
cool,
so
we
have
a
bunch
of
questions
now.
So
one
person
said
is
three
thousand
transactions
per
second
realistic.
So
here's
the
deal
with
that
number
that's
being
thrown
around,
and
this
is
my
understanding.
I
see
Danis
smiling
with
the
thirty
thousand
transactions
at
layer
at
layer,
one
like
the
main
aetherium
blockchain.
It
doesn't
do
anything
to
change
the
number
of
transactions
on
chain.
It's
gonna
be
about
the
same
at
layer
two.
A
So
if
you
throw
in
ZK
roll-ups
other
kinds
of
roll-ups
fruit
roll-ups,
if
you
throw
in
other
zero
knowledge
proof
stuff,
you
can
theoretically
have
up
to
3000
transactions
per
second
I.
Think
there's
stuff
called
nightfall,
there's
stuff
called
I,
think
mace
on
and
other
ones
that
no
actually
mace
on
does
privacy
but
anyways.
What
are
some
other
ones?
A
Another
question:
what
will
the
eath
trans
actors
experience
be
Hudson?
How
will
that
change?
So
as
an
ethereal
person
who
just
uses
aetherium
uses
daps
transfers
ether,
nothing
should
really
change
about
your
experience
right
now.
It's
a
lot
of
behind
the
scenes,
improvements
and
efficiencies
I
will
say,
depending
on
what
exchange
you
use.
If
they
haven't
upgraded,
there
is
the
chance
that
they
won't
be
operating
for
a
little
bit
and
if
you
run
your
own
node,
you
definitely
need
to
upgrade
look
at
blog
cerium
org
on
the
Istanbul
upgrade
post,
because
that
will
affect
you.
A
But
otherwise,
if
you
just
use
like
a
hardware
wallet
or
you
use
a
software
wallet
like
my
ether
wallet
or
my
crypto,
then
those
are
gonna,
be
just
you
don't
have
to
do
anything.
Really,
it's
the
hard
fork
going
to
happen.
Yeah.
It
is
Oh
what
happens
if
the
majority
of
clients
stay
on
the
pre
fork
version.
Anyone
want
to
speak
to
that.
Oh,
we
got
Cheyenne
on
or
Shane
never
be
able
to
say
it
correctly.
Sorry
introduce
yourself
again.
A
Nice,
so
here's
my
understanding
and
someone
correct
me,
but
if,
like
right
now,
50
roughly
50%
of
a
theory
am
no
our
upgraded.
The
bigger
issue
is
if
mining
pools
in
exchanges
don't
upgrade,
because
if
he
exchanges
don't
upgrade,
they
could
be
double
spent
if
the
other,
the
old
aetherium
network,
that
happens,
that
will
be
created
after
this
four
core
maintained
after
this
fork.
If
it
maintains
for
too
long
and
then,
if
mining
pools
don't
upgrade,
then
we
have
another
fort
going
for
a
bit.
A
That
is
useless
and
if
you
transact
on
it
you,
the
transaction,
won't
work
or
you'll
get
your
coins
back
once
you're
on
the
right
fork.
It'll
also
be
really
slow,
and
you
don't
want
to
be
doing
that.
So
if
the
majority
of
clients
stay
on
the
pre
fork,
aversion
that
actually
doesn't
affect
too
much,
am
I
right
Charles
or
Dan?
Oh.
E
Yeah
the
question
is
who's.
The
big
thing
is
is
where
the
miners
mining
a
crime.
So
if
more
than
half
the
miners
are
gonna
be
on
the
post
port
chain,
it's
gonna
get
longer
get
more
use.
If
all
the
miners
go
on
the
post
for
chained,
it
really
doesn't
matter
what
the
clients
are
at,
because
the
chains
not
gonna
grow
and
some
only
if
the
exchange
is
only
service,
the
post
fork
chain.
You
know,
that's
that's
the
market
acceptance
and
there
is
considering
that
the
difficulty
BOM
is
currently
going
off.
F
A
A
I
A
I
I
The
reason
that
the
reason
that
this
one
was
kind
of
messed
up
was
that
when
we
launched
Constantinople,
there
were
improvements
for
block
x,
so
block
x
went
down
from
15
to
13
and
just
some
reason.
Nobody
and
they
community
thought
about
hey.
That's
gonna
make
the
IP
1
2
3
4,
which
pushed
it
back.
2
million
blocks
happened
faster,
so
that
just
caught
up
over
time
and
kind
of
us
for
paying
attention
and
then
I
just
showed
up.
So
it's
actually
fairly
easy
to
predict.
Like
your
glacier
is
gonna
push
it
back.
I
J
K
A
A
Someone
said
vitalik
and
no,
but
Alex
not
on
here
he
was
invited.
He
might
show
up
later.
Who
knows
someone
said
Oh
on
December
5th,
a
huge
drop
happen
in
parity
nodes
that
gradually
recovered.
What
happened
here
was
there
issues
with
the
updated
code,
so
parity
about
two
to
three
days
ago
released
an
emergency
patch
for
their
nodes
and
there's
an
auto
update
feature
with
parity,
where,
if
you
opt
into
it,
your
nodal
automatically
get
upgraded,
and
so
so
people
have
opted
into
that.
A
A
L
F
F
I
A
A
Yeah
there
was
another
one
that
said,
why
are
you
using?
It
said
something
like:
why
are
you
using
a
theory
and
when
bsv
is
king
or
something
like
that
and
I
just
want
to
say
this,
isn't
a
comedy
stream.
So
you
need
to
get
that
stuff
out
of
here.
If
this
was
a
comedy
stream,
then
we'd
be
making
jokes
like
that,
but
we're
not.
A
A
M
M
M
A
F
L
I
was
gonna
say,
like
the
most
questions.
I've
got
is
like
way
to
monitor
the
fork
and
a
bit
linking
them
to
the
ether
notes
website
and
then
they're
asking
like
what's
gonna
happen
to
do
the
nodes
that
are
not
upgraded,
which
is
a
very
common
question.
So
I
don't
know.
Maybe
we
have
to
do
more
around
explaining
that
as
a
community
seems
to
be
a
lot
of
confusion
like
I,
didn't
know
that
there
was
that
much
confusion
still
I.
I
L
I
So
I
think
one
of
the
biggest
questions
is
a
fork
related
per
say,
but
around
each
to
phase
zero.
So
a
lot
of
people
I've
seen,
have
been
asking
about
how
that's
all
gonna
occur.
So
basically,
there's
gonna
be
a
deposit
contract
which
will
go
out
before
the
beacon
chain
goes
live,
say
it's
out
there
for
a
couple
months.
A
couple
weeks.
I
I
L
A
L
P
P
A
A
Nice
never
been
alright,
so
yeah
right
now
for
those
who
just
joined
we're,
taking
questions
from
the
chat
and
just
goofing
off
otherwise,
I
personally
have
an
honor
of
the
hard
fork.
I
have
some
scotch
I'm
drinking
or
sipping
on
slowly
its
Oban
14-year.
Anybody
else
want
to
show
off
what
they're
drinking,
if
anything.
K
B
O
A
F
O
Q
A
O
I
O
I
O
F
F
F
C
O
This
isn't
Nia.
This
is
an
interesting
one.
I
mean
there
is
sort
of
different
levels
of
things
that
could
conceivably
be
called
Z
cash.
Integration,
like
one
of
them,
is
definitely
like,
basically
making
Z
cash
a
kind
of
site,
basically
making
a
theory.
I'm
a
side
chain
of
Z
cash
would
be
the
lingo,
but
coming
up
with
some
kind
of
two-way
bridge
where,
if
you
have
Z
cash
coins,
you
can
move
them
over
the
bridge
and
then
do
things
on
the
etherium
side
with
those
tokens
and
then
move
them
back
to
Z
cash.
O
But
you
would
basically
want
the
functionality
for
people
on
the
etherium
side
to
be
able
to
kind
of
Yuma,
swap
their
eighth
over
or
possibly
just
cross
G
and
exchange
it
over
directly
into
the
Z
cash
on
ethereum
or
just
Z,
and
then
river.
The
sea
cash
on
chain
or
just
into
Z
Kishan
chain
directly,
then
send
some
transactions
inside
of
Zi
Shan
chain
and
then
afterwards,
I'm
gonna
move
things
back
over
onto
the
etherium
side.
O
And
it's
like
one
of
the
challenges
there
is
that
it's
important
for
this
kind
of
two-way
transmission
method
to
actually
be
efficient
enough
for
four
people
to
really
be
able
to
use
like
in
a
lot
of
early
Seiichi
and
proposals
from
blog
streams.
The
mechanism
for
and
of
moving
coins
back
to
chain
was.
It
was
not
super
efficient.
It
had
like
one
to
three
day.
O
Delays
on
these
things
and
the
mechanism
mainly
existed
just
as
a
way
to
enforce
the
peg,
but
there
was
a
kind
of
admission
that
most
people
would
be
moving
back
and
forth
through
exchanges,
but
in
the
case
of
Z,
cache,
specifically
like
in
the
hole
I
personally
feel
like
the
whole
thing,
has
to
be
kind
of
maximally
intermediary
free
because
as
soon
as
you
had
intermediaries,
you're
adding
and
if
choke
points
were
a
lot
of
the
privacy,
egg
gains
could
easily
be
compromised.
But
so
it's
definitely
it
would
be
really
really
interesting.
O
A
A
S
S
A
A
A
Taylor
asked
a
question:
is
it
feasible
and
desirable
to
have
Devcon
that
is
much
more
accessible
in
terms
of
ticket
prices,
something
like
$100
less
per
attendee?
That
is
definitely
something
that
we
would
be
the
ore
that
would
be
desirable
for
me.
Oh
you
copy
and
paste
it
I
thought
you
were
asking
me:
no
yeah!
That's
a
really
good
question,
though:
I
didn't
work
on
DEFCON
5
that
much
and
I'm
not
gonna,
be
working
on
DEFCON
6
that
much
most
likely
so
I
can't
really
answer
for
that
very
well.
A
O
I
mean
my
own
view
on
this
is
that
it
gets
important
to
remember
that
def
cons
have
been
and
have
over
subscribes
and
what
are
always
sold
out
for
the
last
few
years.
And
so,
if,
in
the
conference,
there's
space
for
4010,
attendees
and
N
greater
than
four
thousand
one
to
attend,
then
like
one
way
or
another.
It's
just
a
mathematical
reality
that
n
minus
4,000
people
have
to
be
excluded,
regardless
of
whether
they're
excluded,
because
they
can't
afford
the
money
or
because
they're
not
fast
enough.
O
O
But
it's
just
important
to
recognize
that
kind
of
bumping
up
the
scale.
Another
level
of
something
that
comes
with
its
own
sets
its
own
sets
of
challenges,
and
if
she
changes
the
character
of
the
events
in
certain
ways
and
and
other
things
and
I
mean
it
may
well
be
a
net
good
thing
to
do.
And
I
actually
think
it
probably
is,
but
it's
no
I
like
basically
it's
not
a
matter
of
just
kind
of
change,
I'm
changing
a
number
in
being
willing
being
willing,
thorough
and
slightly
less
revenue.
It's
also
these
other
considerations.
A
A
Alright,
so
it's
been
hit,
so
here's
the
cool
thing
we're
gonna
stay
on
for
a
bit
longer
and
the
reason
is:
is
we
like
to
see
how
many
blocks
get
mined
on
the
on
the
quote
dead
chain?
So
we
don't
have
to
end
the
stream
immediately.
We
can
just
stick
around
and
do
whatever,
because
the
stream
here
is
going
to
oh,
alright
ether,
skin.
Let's
see
some
details
about
this,
but
yeah.
There's
we're
gonna
see
how
many
blocks
remind
on
the
other
one
and
how
quickly
it
goes.
Mm-Hmm.
A
A
Yeah,
the
difficulty
is
decreasing
somewhat
I,
don't
know
how
accurate
that,
so
we
had
a
bug
in
this
software
before,
where
the
hash
rate
difficulty
and
total
difficulty
wouldn't
change
on
the
old
one.
So
yeah
I
don't
know
if
that's
still
the
case
or
not,
but
yeah
we've
done
it.
Let's
just
hope.
Nothing
goes
wrong
because
if
that
happens,
that
I'm
gonna
have
to
very
quickly
in
the
stream
and
go
and
start
another
zoom
call
so
yeah
we're
we're
not
gonna.
S
S
T
A
Cmon
is
open
source
I,
think
that
like
Nick
Johnson,
originally
created
it
and
then
Martin's
one
day
has
kept
it
up
to
date
with
death
and
parity,
but
yeah.
If
you
want
to
take
the
code
and
put
another
mind
or
Basu
on
it,
feel
free
Thomas
you're
with
nether,
mind
so
yeah.
If
you
want
to
jump
on
that
feel
free
for
next
fork,
marking
about
it
thanks
sure
and
with
Basu
that
would
be
Danno
and
Tim.
So
yeah.
T
A
I
Eric,
it
was
URI
bright,
yeah
yeah,
so
basically
it's
pushing
back
the
difficulty
bond
four
million
blocks.
So
this
no,
we
shouldn't
too
far
in
the
concept
the
difficulty
bomb,
but
it's
now
been
pushed
nine
million
blocks
in
total
it
was
underestimated
a
bit
because
after
Constantinople
block
times
went
from
fifteen
seconds
to
thirteen,
so
people
just
weren't
paying
attention.
Nobody
was
watching
it
and
now
block
times
are
going
up,
so
we're
up
to
fifteen
second
block
times
will
get
up
to
thirty
second
block
times
in
about
two
months.
I
A
A
It's
okay!
If
you
were
working
on
eath
too,
then
like
you're,
totally
forgiven,
oh
I,
see
actually
speaking
of
eath.
That's
like
gonna,
be
the
next
exciting
thing
after
muir
glacier,
so
actually
I
guess
Danny.
It's
kind
of
hard
to
hear
you,
but
if
either
you
or
vitalik
want
to
say
anything
about
eath
like
what
the
latest
is
you
just
released
that
blog
post
Danny?
A
V
Of
exciting
things,
prismatic
public
test
that's
been
up
for
a
while,
and
those
are
the
black
explorers
you
seen
parody
successfully
connected
to
it
the
other
day
so
making
it
a
multi-client
public
chestnut
I've
been
talking
with
Paul
honnor
all
weekend
about
the
White
House
test
net
he's
been
making
some
heroic
optimizations
before
releasing
that
imagine
in
a
couple
of
days
better
than
that,
I
mean
really
really
good
progress.
We're
kind
of
like
in
that
engineering
zone,
where
we're
trying
to
make
everything
better
and
it's
getting
better
so
getting
there
yeah.
O
O
I
think
the
next
kind
of
milestone
that
I'm
personally
watching
and
waiting
for
is
just
getting
to
the
point
where
we
have
a
test,
that
of
substantial
scale
on
the
order
of
a
few
thousand
nodes,
and
importantly,
a
million
validator
ideas.
Basically,
because
that's
the
the
scale
at
which
we
expect
if
there
am
2.0
to
actually
be
running
me
and
right
now,
that's
like
there
have
been
some
but
like
there
have
been
kind
of
not
a
specific
benchmarks
at
that's
at
that
scale.
But
there
haven't
really
been
any
words.
O
That's
Gilead
and
also
there
is
all
of
the
kind
of
peer
to
peer
and
of
networking
in
subnet
stuff,
which
is
I,
think
fairly
unprecedented
and
unprecedented
in
cryptocurrency
land.
As
far
as
I'm
aware
so
not
entirely
out
of
the
woods,
but
definitely
a
much
closer
than
we
ever
were
and
much
closer
than
many
scores
of
detractors
and
thought
we
would
ever
get
already.
A
V
So
you
can
join
the
prismatic
test
net
today.
You
can
also
pull
down
parodies
Jasper
enjoying
the
prismatic.
Well
I!
Guess
it's
the
prismatic
parody
chestnut
now,
and
when
doing
that,
when
doing
any
of
these
things
like
be,
if,
if
at
all
possible,
a
kind
of
an
active
user,
you
know
if
something
is
confusing
report
it.
If
something
doesn't
make
sense,
if
something
like
fails
report
it
like
as
an
early
test
neder,
you
know
you
try
to
have
the
responsibility
to
get
back
and
then
oh
and
Nimbus
also
has
a
public
test.
Now.
V
V
Give
back
and
tribute
maybe
write
blog
posts
diagrams
all
that
kind
of
stuff,
and
then
we're
gonna
have
more
like
official,
orchestrated,
larger
test
nets,
at
which
point
we'll
see
much
much
larger
numbers
in
terms
of
users
and
nodes
and
we'll
also
like
have
some
fun
and
try
to
break
things.
So
you
know
just
be
actively
involved
if
you're
into
it.
A
O
I
mean
one
of
us
could
always
be
a
via
grandfather
sitting
around
the
fire
I'm
talking
about
this
hang
around
for
those
sure
yeah.
So
you
know
tell
the
story
from
my
side,
so
September
19th
2016
at
5:15
a.m.
in
the
morning,
I
was
happily
sleeping
in
a
hotel
room
about
60
meters,
above
where
the,
where
DEFCON
2
in
Shanghai
was
going.
I
was
going
to
be
am
held
starting
the
next
morning
and
I
got
woken
up
by
this
and
a
glaring
military-style
a
week.
O
O
Yes
and
I:
remember
you
basically
telling
me
hey
if
it's,
how
like
there's
a
problem,
get
down
now
and
I'm
like
okay
stand
up,
fire
grab,
grab
everything
within
like
less
than
60
seconds
and
walk
out
of
the
room
and
start
and
start
walking
down,
hoping
that
it
was
only
some
minor
problem
and
things
would
be.
Okay,
then
I
got
to
the
this
kind
of
lounge
area.
O
On
the
second
floor
of
the
hotel,
were
you
told
me
to
come
and
they
were
already
about
10
to
15
core
developers
congregated
there,
and
it
was
this
kind
of
emergency
war.
Room
and
I
was
beast
quickly,
told
that
there
was
a
denial
of
service
attack
and
an
attacker
had
found
a
way
to
make
a
bunch
of
transactions
that
would
basically
cause
all
of
the
DEF
nodes
to
freeze
and
they
think
all
of
the
all
of
the
parity.
No
it's
to
also
process.
O
These
blocks
fear
fairly
slowly,
and
we
were
all
kind
of
huddling
around
trying
to
figure
out
exactly
what
the
problem
is
and
after
about
an
hour,
we
figure
it
out
what
it
is,
and
it
was
one
of
these
quadratic
attacks.
So,
as
I
recall,
the
very
first
Quadra
quadratic
attack
was
that
there
was
a
set
of
coals
and.
O
Basically,
there
is
like
a
big
kind
of
Tower
of
calls.
One
address
calling
you
know,
I'm
calling
another
address,
calling
a
third
address,
I'm,
going
all
the
way
down
to
the
maximum
5024
depth
and
then
inside
of
each
of
those
calls,
it
was
I,
think
call
doing
some
kind
of
transition
and
then
reverting
it
and
basically
because
the
clients
was
and
have
not
designed
optimally
like
basically
because,
instead
of
using
a
journaling
it
just
kind
of
cached
everything
that
it
accessed.
O
The
memory
used
by
the
client
was
like
blowing
up
too
many
gigabytes,
and
so
only
the
clients
look
like
100
gigs
were
staying
on
the
network.
We
figured
this
out
and
we
came
up
with
a
patch
and
we
came
up
with
the
pad.
It
would
figured
it
out,
I
think
around
7:00
a.m.
came
out
with
a
patch
around
8
a.m.
tested.
It
published
it
and
basically
got
the
thing
released,
something
like
9:00
to
10:00
a.m.
O
like,
basically
at
exactly
the
time
that
the
conference
was
supposed
to
start,
and
so
we
managed
and
have
solved
that
problem.
The
problem
just
in
time
for
the
conference
to
start
on
schedule.
Two
days
and
six
hour,
I
think
eight
hours
later,
we
discovered
that
this
was
only
the
first
attack
and
the
attacker
was
persistent
and
the
attacker
discovered
another
way
to
basically
cause
a
theorem
coins
to
slow
to
a
halt,
and
this
time
around
it
was
what
it
was,
an
attack
that
could
not
easily
be
kind
of
quickly
patched
around.
O
And
so
we
basically
got
miners
to
reduce
the
gas
limit
to
I
think
it
was
somewhere
around
1
million
in
and
the
developers
just
started
quickly,
cranking
out
and
like
different
layers
of
caches,
mitigations
and
other
things
to
try
to
make
both
guess
and
parity
run
faster.
And
then
this
began
a
period
of
about
one
month
during
which
every
two
or
three
days,
the
attacker
would
discover
a
new
attack.
O
There
was
no
kind
of
clients
optimization
way
to
get
around,
which
is
basically
that
if
you
call
a
bunch
of
addresses
over
and
over
again
and
what
you'd.
Actually
what
you
do
is
you
kind
of
call
and
then
inside
of
the
call
you
use
the
self-destruct,
opcode
and
sense
ends
and
have
sent
some
funds.
And
then
you
revert
and
you
keep
on
you.
You
keep
on
doing
this,
then
the
number
of
storage
slots,
which
was
just
starting
to
kind
of
increase,
pretty
much
expense
well,
I
mean
I,
shouldn't,
say
exponentially.
O
What
happened
is
that
the
attacker
started
tossing
us
again
and
despite
all
the
the
facts
that
we
had
increased
the
gas
prices
for
everything
the
Doss
attacker
was
still
successful
and
no,
it
was
less
successful
than
before,
but
it's
still
managed
to
basically
solo
the
chain
and
make
it
not
really
able
to
cross
us
more
than
about
two
to
three
million
gas.
And
the
problem
was
that
the
attacks
up
until
that
point
had
created
19
million
empty
accounts.
O
Up
to
the
point
where
the
state
was
pretty
basically
too
large
to
hold
inside
of
RAM,
and
so
every
single
account
access
required,
I
cook
up
a
bunch
of
fairly
slow
histories,
and
so
then
I
mean
we.
We
did
another
hard
fork
whose
purpose
was
to
basically
remove
the
concept
of
empty
accounts
and
in
a
way
that
would
allow
kind
of
poking
accounts
in
order
to
remove
the
90,
the
19
million
existing
yeah.
So
we
did
this
and
I
was
responsible
for
running
the
script.
O
There
was
one
bug
on
the
left
side
and
one
bug
on
the
parody
side
and
they
processed
a
couple,
a
couple
of
edge
cases
differently,
and
there
was
one
key
edge
case
where
there
was
a
transaction
touching,
a
pre-compile
where
that
pre-compile
had
empty
state
and
that
transaction
got
reverted
and
I
was
the
one
that
sent
this
transaction,
and
this
was
pretty
much
the
only
time
that
the
etherium
network
had
an
actual
live
consensus.
Split,
and
this
went
to
another
period
of
like
everyone
being
awake
for
about
12
hours.
O
A
Yeah,
that
was
a
really
scary
time.
I,
remember
us
being
up
in
the
middle
of
the
night
and
SPARC
pool,
which
was
at
the
time
called
ëthe
fans
pool
was
like
called,
and
they
came
to
the
hotel
and
they
were
just
sitting
right
behind
us
like
typing
in
commands
cuz.
They
were
one
of
the
more
dominant
pools
at
the
time
to
like
change
their
like
to
up
to
change
the
block
gas
limit
and
stuff
like
that
to
help
us
out
so
I'm
always
thankful
for
them.
I
think
Peter,
Pratt
sure
might
have
been
online
too.
F
A
K
A
X
Y
A
Try
to
just
push
this
invite
link
out
to
like
a
bunch
of
people.
So
that's
why
there's
such
a
variety
on
here
which
I
like
because
it
kind
of
represents
different
parts
of
the
etherium
community
amongst
apps
developers,
core
devs
old
school
people,
new
school
people,
investors,
everybody,
joseph
de
la
ride,
the.
B
A
A
U
R
A
A
X
A
A
F
F
A
A
F
A
A
A
A
F
A
W
The
same
thing
I
was
thinking
defy,
but
for
exciting
reasons:
I
get
that
there's
like
this
idea
that
there
could
be
vulnerable
ities,
like
financial
vulnerabilities
in
this
stuff,
but
having
worked
at
a
bank
and
I
worked
for
Bank
kyc
and
AML
laws
are
like
super
difficult
to
deal
with,
and
the
fact
that
they've
been
so
difficult
to
deal
with
has
forced
people
to
stay
on
network.
So
you
know
you
can
trade
kind
of
into
like
stable
positions.
You
can
trade
on
network
and
you
really
don't
ever
need
to
exit
and
I.
W
Think
that's
really
exciting,
like
traditionally
like
that's
when
all
the
bad
stuff
happens
is
when
you
have
to
exit
the
network,
and
now
you
technically
don't
I
mean
if
you're
European
they.
What
is
the
name
of
that
card
monolith?
Monolith
has
the
credit
cards
non-custodial
I.
Think
it's
amazing
like
you
can
spend
like
died
right
off
of
the
network
on
a
card.
A
Yeah
someone
in
the
someone
in
the
chat
said
of
the
governmental
or
what
did
they
say?
They
said
something
like
the
government
implications
of
it.
That's
that's.
The
geopolitical
implications
are
the
most
terrifying.
They
said,
I
kind
of
agree
that
that's
gonna
become
a
bigger
thing
in
the
next
few
years,
but
that's
pretty
terrifying.
I
already
have
a
lawyer,
I'm
good.
I
Excites
me,
the
nose
is
staking
I'm
most
pumped
for
sticking
I.
Think
proof
of
work
is
ancient
and
can't
stand
the
test
of
time.
It's
wasteful
energy,
wise
and
there's
a
lot
of
benefits
of
previous
take.
So
that's
when
I'm
personally,
most
excited
for
but
yeah
I
have
been
excited
for
it
for
about
five
years
now.
So
it's
like
we're
getting
there.
C
It
was
me
so
I
am
personally
excited
about
the
marketing
part
of
now
etherium
that
is
coming
up
with
marketing
Dow
as
well.
So
now
we
are
good
with
technical
part,
it's
time
that
we
should
take
it
to
mass
adoption,
also
at
the
enterprise
level,
so
marketing,
which
is
very
important
for
aetherium
yeah
I,
am
a
part
of.
S
AA
C
Right
now,
Megan
is
working
on
the
legal
aspects
of
the
organization
she
can
get.
You
give
you
the
brief
of
that,
and
once
this
is
done,
we
would
actually
start
taking
members
and
onboarding
members
in
the
Dow
and
then
we
will
start
accepting
the
funds
donation
then
going
on
with
the
proposal
part
Megan.
What
do
you
want
to
give
give
them
a
little
brief
of
the
legal
aspects
that
you're
taking
care
of
it
now
sure.
Y
H
The
pie
that
we're
saying
with
the
Oracles
you
might
get
to
the
point
that
we're
relying
on
them
a
lot
and
we're
not
actually
considering
how
much
it
costs
to
affect
them,
because
constants
in
the
conciliar
is
one
thing:
Oracle's
is
an
others
I'm
doing
some
research
on
like
how
much
it
costs
to
like
falsify
to
one
chain
link
and
other
word
codes.
So
anyone
is
very
interested
like
message.
K
At
maker
world,
with
trying
to
come
up
with
the
next
full
version,
it's
like
I,
don't
think
we're
ever
gonna
fix
them
like
you
cannot
fix
the
Oracle
problem.
You
can
just
reduce
the
surface
of
attack,
but
for
me,
what's
most
interesting,
exciting
and
scary
is
I,
saw
the
big
short
the
other
day
and
I
pictured
that,
but
with
defy
ten
years
from
now,
I
know
projects
that
are
selling
well.
K
You
know
you
have
derivatives,
you
have,
you
can
buy
risk
premium
from
your
eath
or
your
die,
but
then
you
can
pack
that
into
tokens,
and
then
maybe
somebody
uses
those
tokens
as
collateral
for
another
system
and
then
something
that
it's
worth
one
and
so
being
traded
for
a
hundred
and
yeah.
That
excites
me
is
courtesy.
Yeah.
F
That's
really
one
of
the
things
that
that
scares
me
the
most
is
the
I
think
that
people
have
this
theory
that
if
you
can
see
inside
these
packaged
up
things
that
we
won't
recreate
the
financial
crisis
because
you
can
see
inside
them
but
historically
just
because
you
can
verify
something,
doesn't
mean
people
actually
do
and
like
a
perfect
case
in
point
is
like
quadriga
was
insolvent
from
20:16,
and
yet
nobody,
it
was
all
on
the
blockchain.
Anyone
that
looked
cuz.
F
A
P
J
K
So
the
Oracles
haven't
updated
yet
because
the
price
has
been
pretty
stable.
The
last
update
is
two
hours
ago
and
I
really
do
not
control
the
Oracles.
It
is
a
group
of
twenty
different
computers
around
the
world,
so
I
cannot
make
them
update
before
they
actually
do
so.
We're
gonna
have
to
wait
a
little
bit
more
I'll
tweet
the
gas
price
difference.
A
B
F
A
I'm
back
okay,
so
the
call
that
Lou
eats
gonna
make
it
be
really
interesting
if
we
figure
out
that
that's
what's
breaking
the
blockchain
at
this
point,
because
there
are
some
people
standing
by
some
core
devs
standing
by
if
things
go
wrong
over
and
you
know
around
the
world
so
but
we're
monitoring
for
sure,
Oh
Trent
you're
here
give
an
intro
you're
a
muted
appear
on.
Oh.
A
AA
A
R
Is
good,
it's
good!
It's
going
along
right,
like
I'm,
trying
to
go
through
the
fundamentals
of
like
trying
to
make
a
little
like
linear
curriculum.
You
know
kind
of
learn,
learn
through
the
steps
of
getting
to
there
the
magic
moment
it's
going.
Well,
it
takes
a
while.
You
really
have
to
have
to
do
stuff
figure
out
like
this
is
why
this
thing
works
like
this
and
then
how
do
I
abstract
it
away
just
right,
so
it
makes
a
lot
of
things.
I.
AA
R
A
R
No
HTTP
makes
it
man
so
I'm
doing
like
video.
So
it's
like
this
very
sort
of
visceral
physical
thing.
You
kind
of
drag
around
you,
man,
hashes
key
pairs
like
what
a
ledger
is,
how
transactions
work
like
mining
blocks
and
blockchain
work.
So
I'm
like
going
through
the
early
curriculum,
but
it's
really
gonna
blow
up.
It's
gonna
be
really
fun
and
exciting.
When
it
gets
to
you
know
the
web
3
arena
is
really
fun.
There's
a
lot
of
neat
things
we
can
do
and
they
really
are
building
blocks
so
being
able
to
make
things.
R
AA
It's
really
good
a
lot
of
presentations
and
stuff
over
time,
like
it's,
a
very
nice
way
to
depict
how
how
things
are
constructed
on
a
low
level,
especially
now
I
think
you're,
going
into
smart
contracts
too.
Right,
like
it
seemed
like
initially
was
like
crypto
primitives
and
the
basics
for
forming
transactions.
But
it
seems
like
you,
want
to
go
into
smart
contracts,
which
is
like
really.
R
It's
ready
to
go
you
you
just
like
basically
wire
up
the
bytecode
and
you
make
the
transaction
like
you,
take
off
the
to
address
and
you
wire
up
the
bytecode
to
the
call
stuff
and
send
it
out,
and
it
just
goes
and
there's
a
smart
contract
so
I
think
that,
like
just
making
about
accessible
and
making
it
clear
that
same
magic
moment
that
you
had
like
trying
to
get
people
there
quicker.
Yes,
I,
don't
know
like
more
more
bits
or
like
very,
like
dragging
dropped.
You
know
I,
it's
working
so
far,
we're
going
to
it.
B
A
That's
awesome:
Austin
I
posted
the
link
in
the
YouTube
chat
to
you.
So
people
could
go
visit.
Oh
man,
we
should
probably
wrap
up
soon.
Anyone
have
any
final
stuff
to
talk
about,
or
you
know
think
on
or
things
like
that.
I
guess.
I
can't
really
end
this
until
I
finish
the
Scotch.
So
we
have
a
little
bit
of
time.
I
I
A
A
I
The
difficulty
bombs
weird
cuz,
like
originally
people,
the
original
thought
back
and
I-
think
2015.
It
was
was
like
to
push
progress
for
you
to
so
now.
People
associate
it
with
e2,
but
really
it
has
nothing
to
do
with
e2
anymore.
So,
like
I've
seen
a
lot
of
people
saying
why
is
it
too
late
for
a
million
or
you
know?
Why
are
people
think
of
removing
it?
I
That's
just
gonna
push
e
to
back,
but
it
just
has
no
association
anymore
because
and
e2
doesn't
require
a
fork
on
the
8th
one
chain
and
unless
we
do
the
finality
get
so
it's
funny
how
we
have
this
association
cuz
like
historically,
that
was
true,
but
it's
not
anymore.
It's
not
like
the
to
Deb's
or
like.
Oh
we're,
gonna!
Wait
because
you
push
it
back
for
my
inbox,
but
it
seems
to
me
that
some
people
think
that.
U
AA
Yeah
I've
been
thinking
about
how
to
how
to
compile
all
the
different
discussion,
because
there
is
a
lot
of
discussion
and
all
over
the
place
and
I'm
thinking
about
how
I
mean
I
guess
copy
all
the
different,
chats
and
tweets
and
everything
in
one
page,
and
then
we
could
start
to
get
the
arguments
straight
and
then
some
people
written
articles
like
Jay,
has
written
some
really
good
articles
about
it
and
I.
Think
Eric.
Did
you
put
it
on
on
the
show?
Did
you
happen?
Did
you
discuss
it?
There
yeah.
I
We
we've
talked
about
it
a
little
bit
yeah,
it's
it's
funny
like
when,
when
it
was
realized
the
Box
I'm
sure
going
higher.
Of
course,
when
I
made
that
EIP,
then
everybody
says
oh,
should
we
just
remove
it?
I
was
like
well,
we
should
do
this
ASAP.
So
let's
not
do
that
because
that's
gonna
be
a
community.
That's
gonna
have
to
play
out
over
months,
so
I
think
it's
coming
like.
What
is
the
use
of
this
anymore?
I
guess
is
the
debate
probably
but
it'll
be
interesting
to
watch
play
out.
Yeah.
AB
I
I
Really
interesting
point,
though,
like
it's
something:
we've
talked
about
a
little
bit
on
the
podcast
recently,
but
like
no
one's
really
archiving
the
history
of
aetherium
I
find
that
interesting
and
like
so
there's
a
lot
of
revisionist
history
going
on
or
a
lot
of
stuff,
that's
just
being
a
lost
that
people
don't
know
happened,
they're
like
why
things
happen,
and
you
see
it
around
a
lot
around
the
Dow's
work,
but
it's
kind
of
disappointing
that
we're
losing
a
lot
of
good
history.
It's
weird
that
that's
happening.
AC
AA
P
A
A
A
AA
L
Russo
is
coming
out
with
her
book
next
July
I
think
it
is
I,
think
that's
got
a
lot
of
the
history
of
etherium.
You
know
I
think
that's
the
whole
point
of
the
book
really
and
in
her,
and
they
made
a
website
history
of
a
theory
and
more
something
that
documented
a
lot
of
these
too.
So
I
guess
I
get
easy
out
there,
but
we
could
probably
do
a
better
job
of
publicizing
it
or
like
20
people
towards
it.
L
A
A
L
U
F
A
Yeah,
no
it's!
He
has
an
incredible
memory,
but
also
like
I.
Remember
it
because
it
was
one
of
the
most
stressful
times
in
my
life,
because
I
had
only
been
with
the
etherium
foundation
like
five
months.
Maybe
four
months
and
I
was
like
starting
to
be
in
kind
of
that
community
role,
where
I
would
like
explain
the
narrative
to
people
in
the
community,
and
so
that
was
really
difficult
for
me
and
that's
why
I
remember
it
so
well.
I.
A
A
A
Let
me
look
know:
January
6
is
a
Monday
and
if
it
gets
delayed,
it'll
be
in
the
midweek,
so
I
should
be
able
to
do
it
and
if
that's
the
case,
I'll
do
another
one
of
these
for
sure
to
make
sure
everyone
gets
over
and
invite
all
the
same
people,
and
maybe
some
more
people
and
get
some
good
discussions
going
so
that
that's
gonna
be
for
that.
Anybody
else
have
closing
comments.
Yeah
I,
wonder
that
I.
U
F
And
check
out
our
sort
of
new
super
improved
product,
I,
don't
know
if
it's
been
merged
yet,
but
contacts
has
been
updated
and
now,
if
you
type
in
an
address
that
has
verified
contract
on
either
skin
and
it'll
autofill,
the
API
for
you,
which
is
pretty
much
the
best
thing
literally
ever
so
yeah
faded
out.
My
calm
I
mean
the
whole
thing's
new,
but
the
contracts
is
really
exciting
for
people
who
care
about
contracts
at
all.
Oh.