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From YouTube: Devcon VI Bogotá | River stage - Day 4
Description
Official livestream from Devcon VI Bogotá.
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B
Okay,
everyone
is
still
sleeping,
I
think,
but
just
this
is
the
last
day.
So
let's
keep
the
energy
up
we'll
start
with,
with
a
panel
we'll
start
only
with
Pavel
avilica,
if
I'm
pronouncing
it
correctly,
so
yeah
we'll
just
start
with
him
and
then
his
partner
Alex
will
come
as
well.
So
we
have
this
for
50
minutes
and
then
you
a
few
speed
sessions
so
hope
you
enjoy
it.
Paul
all
yours,
okay,.
C
Good
morning,
everyone,
it's
apparently
very
early
for
some
people,
but
we
kind
of
imagined
it
to
be
con
continuation
of
the
Ethereal
magician
session.
We
had
I
think
on
the
first
day,
but
the
focus
for
for
today
would
be
eaps
related
to
evm,
so
yeah
this.
This
possibility
to
take
a
mic
and
and
describe
or
pitch
for
AIP.
You
are
interested
in
and
we
can
discuss
and
maybe
ask
questions
from
the
audience.
C
So
if
anyone
wants
to
start,
if
not
I
can
take
like
five
minutes.
10
minutes
to
to
talk
about
eof
that,
like
three
five
EIP
proposals
we
have
drafted
so
far.
C
Okay,
so
again,
it's
me,
so
this
is
a.
This
is
a
slide
for
my
lightning
talk
about
eof,
but
mostly
what
I
wanted
to
to
have
on
the
screen
is
the
five
five
VIPs
we
have.
Two
first
are
to
first
potentially
scheduled
for
for
Shanghai,
which
means
the
next
execution
layer
upgrade
and
I
defined.
C
The
kind
of
the
basic
of
the
UF
structure,
so
EOS
eof
stands
for
evm
object,
format
and
is,
and
is
kind
of
on,
our
idea
to
structure
the
the
evm
programs
in
the
way
that
the
kind
of
behave
more
predictable
way
so
that
we
know
where
the
data
is
in
the
program.
We
know
the
code
is,
and
we
conversion
programs,
so
that
also
gives
us
some
additional
backwards
compatibility
features,
and
on
top
of
that
we
can
build
additional
features,
and
these
three
additional
features
are
the
the
next
three
IPS
on
the
list.
C
So,
firstly,
eof
allows
us
to
to
Define
instructions
and
in
a
bit
different
way,
so
we
can
have
some
immediate
values
means
the
op
code
can
be
followed
by
additional
numbers.
That
means
something
to
the
instruction
that
will
interpret
it.
That
will
interpret
the
the
the
values
following
that
wasn't
possible
before
because
of
their
backwards
compatibility
of
existing
evm.
So
you
can,
in
the
current
VM,
you
can
craft
a
program
that
that
will
break
if
you
interpret
into
values
following
up
codes
in
a
different
way.
C
Is
it
easier
to
analyze
from
from
external
tools
and
also
from
the
code
validation
in
the
evm
itself
and
additionally,
the
the
next
one
is
eof
functions,
which
means
we
can
additionally
partition
the
the
evm
code
into
separate,
separate
sections
with
meaning
individual
native
functions
in
the
evm
and
the
additional
instructions
that
allows
you
to
go
between
these
two
between
these
partitions
and
all
combined
with
the
starting
jumps
and
the
functions
we
can
get
rid
of
existing
Dynamic
jumps
in
the
VM,
which
it
should
improve
efficiency
and,
most
importantly,
we
can
get
rid
of
jump
this
analysis.
C
C
This
analysis
and
and
lastly,
we
can
also
put
additional
verification
in
the
eof
format
that
will
allows
you
to
to
check
statically
before
deploying
the
code.
If,
if
a
function
performs
stack,
Overflow
or
possibly
stack
underflow
and
we
can
reject
such
programs,
such
programs
would
be,
by
definition,
a
bit
more
restrictive
than
the
current
ones.
C
So
this
there
are
some
tricks
you
can
do
in
current
VM.
That
would
not
be
possible
anymore,
but
I
think
most
of
the
compilers
that
Target
CVM
doesn't
really
exploit
this.
This
exploit
this
properties,
so
that
also
brings
some
additional
efficiencies,
because
you
can
kind
of
check
for
correctness
in
at
least
in
the
terms
of
Stack
Behavior
during
deploy
time-
and
you
don't
have
to
repeat
these
checks
right
later
during
execution.
C
Okay,
so
that's
that's
all
I
can
say
in
five
minutes
about
that.
So
yeah
I'm
open
to
answer
some
questions
and
also
if
someone
wants
to
join
on
stage
and
talk
about
some
interesting
evm
stuff
yeah.
C
E
E
Can
you
like
walk
through
what
are
like
the
proposals
of
you
know
of
those
fives
and
maybe
others
that
you
have
like,
which
one
required
version
bump,
which
one
don't
and
how?
How
would
you
think
about
like
deploying
the
whole
thing
over
time.
C
C
So
like
has
originally
we,
we
kind
of
wanted
to
split
that
and
that's
what
also
reason
we
have
like
five
VIP.
It's
not
like
single
one,
because
people
freak
out
if
the
EP
is
big
enough,
so
we'll
kind
of
splitted
that
into
like
multiple
pieces,
which
also
brings
some
inefficiency
in
there
like
in
the
design.
All
of
that,
because
we
need
to
update
multiple
documents.
E
F
G
E
Then,
in
like
the
last
three
yeah
can
be
added,
so
you
could
add
all
three
together
and
make
eof
V2.
C
Yes,
exactly
you
can
you
can
like
combine
how
many
features
you
want.
It's
like
up
to
kind
of
our
yeah.
What
what
do
you
yeah?
What
do
you
do?
What
you
define
as
a
version
I
mean
like
multiple
versions,
bring
some
like
like
new
kind
of
complexity
to
the
system.
We
don't
have
so
far
right
so
currently
when
we
change
something
to
evm.
It's
mostly
time
based
like
to
some
point.
Evm
works
this
way
and
from
some
point
it
it
works
differently.
C
So
I
think
all
the
codes
still
like
have
all
of
the
versions,
historic
versions
and
because
people
care
about
executing
every
instruction
from
the
beginning.
But
you
can
imagine
you
can
design
a
client
that
only
kind
of
has
like
the
recent
two
or
something
like
that.
So
you
can
kind
of
scrap
the
code
that
is
and
like
do
the
the
full
thing
which
means
doesn't
execute
the
the
transactions
just
collects
the
state
and
goes
on
from
that.
C
I
think
nobody
did
so
far
this
way,
but
it's
possible
and
like
this
kof
itself
will
like
introduce
kind
of
the
new
evm
that
will
run
next
to
the
Legacy
one
and
they
will
be
able
to
communicate
within
the
single
transaction
right.
So
you
can
have
like
Legacy
contract
that
calls
the
new
one
and
the
new
one
called
the
old
one
and
like
nothing
breaks
on
this
level.
But
it
will
have
kind
of
two
parallel
events
and.
E
Yeah
just
to
follow
up
so
like
of
the
say,
like
the
the
last
three:
are
there
any
say
we
were
to
split
that
in
like
two
in
one
or
like
three
hard
Forks
like?
Are
there
any
that
don't
require
a
version
bump
or
do
they
each
as
long
as
they're,
not
shipped
together?
All
the
time
require
a
version
bump.
C
I
think
that
the
static
relative
jump
doesn't
require
version
bomb
at
all,
so,
like
kind
of
the
forward
forward.
What
is
that
forward
backward?
C
No,
the
forward
compatibility
of
eof
is
that
you
can
always
drop
new
instruction
into
it
without
version
bomb,
so
whatever
without
instruction
can
be
like
whatever
of
any
complexity,
you
can
always
do
that
because
we
make
sure
the
op
codes
that
are
undefined
currently
are
not
used
in
the
programs
so
like
we
can
yeah,
we
can
drop
the
static
relative
jumps
like
without
version
bump,
but
I'm
kind
of
I
don't
know
I,
like
my
feeling,
is
like
it's
probably
like
better
to
pack
as
many
features
I
as
we
have
capacity
for
so
we
don't
have
multiple
eof
versions
later
right.
H
What
about
the
backwards
compatibility
of
packing
in
new
optional
eof
format,
sections
like
if
eof
functions
were
separate
from
the
code
section
and
provided
data
on
top
of
it
same
with
the
stack
validation
information
it
was,
it
had
a
separate
section
number
that
would
go
on
top
of
it.
I
mean:
could
those
be
done
in
a
forward
compatible
way
with
it
doesn't
break
things.
C
C
Yeah
yeah,
but
you
can
kind
of
so.
The
thing
is
you
can
like
when
you
have
something
commandatory,
you
can
make
it
optional
later
right,
so
because
kind
of
the
the
previous
deployed
contracts
will
all.
We
will
have
this
thing
there,
but
if
it's
optional,
it's
still
fine.
So
maybe
there's
a
way
to
have
like
single
code
section
with
the
information
that
maybe
later
will
enable
like
more
code
sections.
So
like
single
code,
section
contracts
from
before
will
still
work.
We'll
just
have
single
function
there.
C
So
maybe
this
way
to
design
it
in
the
like
forward
compatibility
way,
so
we
don't
have
to
version
bump.
That's
I,
think
nice
idea,
I
haven't
really
thought
about
before
would.
H
Adding
a
minor
version
in
the
eof
header
be
useful
to
indicate
that
I'm
I
require
these
forward
compatible
changes,
but
I'm
compatible
with
a
Backward,
Compatible
interpreter
kind
of
like
HDMI,
1.1
and
2.1.
C
I'm,
not
sure
I
mean
it's
like
still
like
system,
like
all
the
all
the
contracts
have
to
like
do
exactly
like
the
same
things,
and
like
this
not
really
like
optional,
think
you
can
perform
in
the
sense
that
all
the
clients
have
to
behave
the
same
way
so
I'm
not
sure
like
they're,
actually
that
having
like
minor
version
will
make
any
change,
make
any
difference,
so
either
it
behaves
differently
or
not.
So
if
it's
like
two
versions,
numbers
I,
don't
think
that
makes
any
difference.
Okay,.
C
I
Do
I
understand
correctly
that
the
last
tip
doesn't
require
the
version
bomb,
because
it's
just
the
change
on
the
EDM
side.
So
it's
not
e
in
the
bytecode
and
and
you
can
do
it
whenever
you
want.
C
No,
that's
actually
the
one.
The
last
one
actually
requires
the
version
bump
because
it
puts
additional
restriction
rules
on
the
code.
That
means
we
want
to
make
sure
like
when
you
load
the
the
evm
program
from
database,
and
you
see
the
version
number.
You
know
exactly
what
you
can
expect
from
the
code.
So,
if
you
like,
if,
if
some
rules
are
not
there
at
the
deploy
time,
it
means
that
the
program
you
load
from
that
era
will
like
have
different.
It
will
have
different
structure
and
you
can't
rely
on
it
anymore.
Yeah.
J
So
unfortunately,
I've
been
just
come
across
the
eof,
but
so
I'm
guessing
that
the
intention
of
these
changes
is
to
make
it
easier
to
do
static
analysis
on
the
evm
code,
particularly
repeating
predecessors,
to
basic
blocks,
which
is
always
a
challenge
with
evm
at
the
moment
and
doing
static
translation
will
become
a
lot
easier.
J
Well,
that's
right:
I've
got
sort
of
three
main
use
cases,
so
one
is
stat
Statics
and
a
symbolic
execution.
For
example,
another
is
translation
translated
to
x86
and
that
another
is,
you
know,
doing
static
analysis
of
contracts
to
see
if
they're
valid.
So
imagine
that
all
these
things
are
going
to
help
out
with
that.
So.
J
Yes,
certainly
it's
the
static
static
jumps
will
help
enormously,
but
because
of
the
practice,
has
a
problem
essentially.
B
K
Beautiful
so
arm
has
the
zero
register.
There's
a
lot
of
registered
machines
out
there
push
zero
will
also
be
quite
convenient.
Fuel
also
has
taken
the
zero
register
from
arm
in
their
virtual
machine.
The
ABM
currently
has
the
gas
counter
and
the
program
counter
and
I
think
they're
registers.
C
Oh
this
way,
I
thought
you'll
start
talking
about
pool
zero
EIP
because
this
one
on
the
list.
So
maybe
you
want
to
talk
about
it,
no
okay,
I
have
so
okay,
like
let
me
start
like
from
the
from
the
back
there's
like
one
AP
that
introduces
like
pool
zero
instructions.
I
think
this
is
what
this
kind
of
analogous
to
arm
and
all
of
that,
so
the
it's
just
to
like
make
sure
like
people,
don't
use
like
kind
of
exotic
way
of
like
M
size,
of
that
to
put
zero
on
the
stack.
C
So
we
just
will
delegate
one
instruction
to
do
exactly
this
with
the
same
gas
cost
of
the
kind
of
the
hacks
we
currently
have,
and
that's
also
scheduled
for
Shanghai.
If
you
remember
right,
can
anyone
confirm
that?
Okay,
what
I
think
it
is?
And
so
that's
one
thing:
I
registers
in
the
VM?
Probably
never
so
this
like
eof
stuff,
looks
already
complex
enough.
That
I
don't
know
like
what
is
the
time
scale
we
can
deploy
it
or
maybe
it's
it's.
C
It
will
never
be
deployed
on
the
minute,
but
the
thing
is
like
it
has
kind
of
different
structure.
So
we
kind
of
design
the
evm
loop
interpret
a
little
differently,
but
the
instructions
they
operate
on
a
kind
of
share
between
Legacy
and
new
one
and
I
think
that's
the
current
current
direction.
We're
going
with
nobody
proposed
like
radical
changes.
I
think
like
radical
change,
would
be
just
to
take
some
other
VM.
Like
I.
Don't
know
we
try
to
webassembly,
maybe
the
fuel
VM
and
I'd
put
it
somewhere
on
L2
or
whatever.
C
What
I
don't
expect
to
see
so
drastic
changes
to
evm,
it's
kind
of
the
same,
it's
kind
of
the
same
of
as
the
question
like.
Why
do
we
have
256
bit
size
words
right
and
we
I
probably
there's
also
not
like
a
not
really
option
to
shorten
it
to
something
smaller.
L
Hey
so
Greg
colvin's
got
his
simple
subroutines
EIP
as
well.
Could
you
explain
how
that
is
different
than
these.
C
Yeah
I
I
would
sit
down
because
I,
so
those
some
I'm
sure
I
can
I
can
give
a
full
picture.
So
maybe
someone
will
jump
and
help
me,
but
I
can
start
with
that.
It
kind
of
wanted
to
introduce
this
subroutines,
which
are
kind
of
analogous
to
what
our
functions
are
to
existing
evm.
C
So
there
are
some
technical
issues
like
one
is
about
having
these
immediate
values
in
the
instruction
which
are
not
like
fully
backwards
compatible,
and
secondly,
it
kind
of
doesn't
really
help
with
this
analysis.
So
this
was
one
one
because
for
the
simplicity,
the
jumps
will
still
work
the
same
and
they
can
cross
the
subroutines
easily.
C
L
Yeah
I
mean
he's
updated
that
proposal
again,
since
it
was
last
rejected.
I,
don't
know
if
you've
seen
those.
C
Up
yeah
yeah,
I
kind
of
noticed,
but
yeah
I
I'm,
not
sure
this
is
like
the
I
mean
the
the
AP
is
kind
of
being
updated
and
I'm
I'm
I
have
little
trouble
to
keep
track,
like
which
version
we're
talking
about
right
now,
but
I
know
there's
some
changes,
but
this
is
like
still
kind
of
something
we
should
consider
for
future
upgrades
or
or
not,
because
I'm
not
sure
like
if
that's
candidate
for
for
anything.
M
Oh
yeah
hi,
so
I
just
have
one
question:
are
there
any
technical
barriers
for
implementing
3074.
C
Oh,
this
one
I
have
no
idea
honestly.
Maybe
someone
can
help?
Okay,
no
you're,
not
helping
no
I
text.
I,
don't
know
really
so
I
think
like
on
the
technical
level,
probably
not
so
many
I
think
it's
mostly
like
social
level,
which
is
problematic
or
like
this
like
some
way.
You
can
trick
people
to
do
something
and
there
is
no
way
back
or
but
I
I
am
not
an
expert
on
this
one.
Actually,
so
I
don't
think
I
can
answer
this
yeah
go
ahead.
You.
K
K
C
And
that
that's
that's
good
question
so,
like
we
didn't
put
anything
like
any
kind
of
draft,
but
we
we
have
some
thought
about
that,
and
there
was
some
some
input
from
vitalik
as
well
recently
about
how
to
kind
of
model
that
I
think
this,
like
multiple
Dimensions
you
can
try
to
kind
of
describe
it
like
one
is
that
current
memory
allows
you
to
just
just
use
whatever
index
you
want.
C
You
will
just
pay
more
gas
for
it
and
that
looks
kind
of
calculated
and
so
kind
of
the
memory
automatically
expands
to
the
to
the
use
and
that's
a
kind
of
different
way
of
doing
that.
So
you
kind
of
have
to
explicitly
inform
the
evm
up
front
like
okay,
please
allocate
moment
more
memory
for
me
and
and
if
you
use
something
that
is
outside
of
the
allocation,
it
will
just
terminate
execution
right
and
the
second
one
is.
C
This
is
the
model
that
webassembly
uses
right
so
like
you
there
you
need
to
kind
of
allocate
memory
up
front
and
you
can't
use
it
if
it's
not
allocated,
and
so
this
is
like
one
way
you
can
select
from
I.
Think
at
least
solidity
was
happy
with
this
automatic
allocation,
but
I'm
I'm
not
sure
I
can
confirm.
That
is
anyone
from
solidity
here.
C
N
C
J
Yeah
so
no
static
and
statically
analyzing.
The
maximum
memory
size
is
a
challenging
problem
at
the
moment,
and
you
know
if
there
was
something
in
the
eof
to
specify
the
maximum
memory
size
so
probably
quite
useful.
C
C
Are
okay,
okay,
got
it
yeah.
So
this
is
one
aspect
and
I
kind
of
we
don't
have
a
winner
here
so
far
and
like
from
evm
implementation.
I
would
prefer
to
somehow
lower
the
the
housekeeping
of
memory.
So
whenever
you
execute
one
of
the
memory,
instructions
like
this
like
M
load
and
store
like
most
of
the
time
evm
is
spending
just
to
calculating
the
cost
like
if
it's
like
new
instruction
like
if
the
index
index
is
not
like
absolutely
huge
or
something
like
that,
and
just
like
accessing
the
memories
like
this
is.
C
This
is
nowhere
in
the
on
the
profile
right
so
I
think
like
to
to
keeping
the
housekeeping
lower,
maybe
combining
the
explicit
allocation
and
do
the
like
cost
by
memory
Pages
or
something
like
that
would
just
help,
but
we
didn't
prototype
any
of
that
so
far,
so,
like
kind
of
rough
ideas,
what
you
can
do
quite
interesting
stuff,
if
you
have
memory
pages
and
in
VM
implementation.
This.
J
Is
a
very
similar
problem
to
the
sbus
on
the
PlayStation
3,
for
example,
you
you
have
sort
of
the
minimum
emergency
28
bits,
so
so
the
evm
is
extremely
similar
to
the
to
the
spu
on
the
PlayStation,
and
that
was
a
that
was
interesting
challenge
as
well,
but.
K
O
C
C
Oh
Asic,
okay,
okay
wow,
so
we
had
a
pro.
We
had
a
project
called
evm
jet,
which
just
was
compiling
evm
byte
code
into
let's
say
x86
like
native
code,
and
the
performance
was
great,
but
the
cost
of
compiling
that
was
also
big.
So
that's
kind
of
the
trade-off
and
at
some
point
we
just
scrap
it
it's
somewhere
around,
but
I
think
you
have
difficult
time
to
decide
like
which
contract
you
want
to
compile
to
native
code.
If
you
don't
have
to.
O
I
I,
you
might
have
misunderstood
my
question.
Sorry,
let
me
restate
it
so:
has
there
been
anyone
implementing
a
physical
Hardware
machine
that
executes
EV
yeah?
So
that's
got
nothing
to
do
with
jet.
So.
C
Okay,
okay,
yeah:
what
I
wanted
to
do?
Okay,
yeah
I
kind
of
wanted
to
put
it
in
perspective
in
the
sense
like
that
seems
at
least
to
my
opinion.
That
seems
like
more
advanced
because
I
don't
know
about
this
stuff
at
all
that,
like
doing
even
jet
compilation,
which
is
already
hard,
it's
like
compilation
is
not
hard,
but
it's
like
time
consuming.
C
So
you
have
to
just
squeeze
this
if
you,
if
you
have
Hardware
yeah
I,
think
even
if
you
had
a
hardware
like
that,
the
gas
costs
nowhere
reflects
like
the
performance
of
it
right
so
I'm
sure
how
much
you
will
say:
you'll
save
like
you're
like
machine
computational
time,
but
it
would
not
I
think
it
would
not
improve
the
network
unless
this,
like,
like
most
of
the
people,
use
it.
But
I,
don't
know
if
anyone
tried
that
I'll
be
definitely
interesting
project
to
see
how
it
works.
K
Greg
Colvin
has
infamously
said
that
the
AVM
is
a
gas
counting
machine
that
does
computation
as
a
side
effect.
Do
you
think
there
could
be
any
benefits
to
reducing
the
Precision
or
the
Fidelity
in
terms
of
actually
how
gradual
you're
doing
your
gas,
accounting
and
so
like
paying
for
more
gas
things
up
front
or
even
say,
like
the
memory
case,
would
be
one
case
where
you
pay
for
expansion
or
the
escalation
like
the
curve
that
it
follows,
isn't
actually
like
a
smooth
perfectly
smooth
curve.
K
C
I
think
depends
a
bit
like
what
kind
of
instruction
subsets
you
mean
I.
Think
for
memory.
We
should
take
take
a
look
like
yeah
how
to
improve
golf
Gus
housekeeping
for
these,
for,
like,
like
purely
computational
ones,
I
think
it's
not
so
big
deal
right
now.
So
the
one
thing
is
that
the
instructions
actually
do
quite
a
lot
because
they
are
like
two
56-bit
precision.
C
C
So
you
kind
of
can
hide
the
latency
of
gas
computation
there.
So
kind
of
the
CPU
is
doing
the
the
computation
itself
and
also
calculates
gas.
So
the
overhead
of
disabled
gas
calculation,
it's
not
I,
mean
if
you
have
really
efficient,
evm
implementation,
it's
it
can
be
like
seven
percent,
maybe
ten
percent.
So
this
is
not
like
huge
amount
and
the
same
for
the
stack
checks
and
all
of
that,
but
yeah.
So
I
I,
don't
know
what
like
for
evm
I
would
keep
it
as
this
I
think
it's
not
so
bad.
C
Definitely,
the
simple,
simple
gas
tools
will
have,
but
I
wouldn't
change
like
to
be
some
kind
of
different,
Precision
or
whatever,
but
we
also
don't
want
like
complicated
gas
rules
that
doesn't
bring
anything.
So
the
memory
is
unfortunately
like
another.
This,
like
example,
one
once
more,
which
means
you
just
compute
this,
like
32-bit
chunks
of
memory
which,
like
you,
need
to
do
some
additional
computation
to
to
calculate
the
gas
cost.
If
that
would
would
be
per
byte,
it
would
be
simpler
and
the
effect
would
be
the
same
right.
C
J
So
now
for
most
most
basic
blocks,
you
can
calculate
the
gas
cost
up
front
and
just
just
calculated
with
the
whole
basic
block
and
obviously
things
like
s
store
and
so
on
the
variable,
but
but
for
you
know
for
many
many
basic
blocks
you
can
you
can,
as
this
can
I
properly
tell
you
you
can
you
can
pre-compute
it.
C
Yeah,
you
can
do
that,
like
with
one
like
like
comment
that
it's
like
for
the
basic
grass
ghost
some
instructions
have
like
basic
cost
and
then
like
like
variabic
variatic
gas
goes
depending
on
the
arguments
and
something
like
that
yeah
we
did
try
that,
like
even
the
VM
implementation
and
it
it
brings
I
think
some
performance,
but
I
think
we
kind
of
scrapped
the
idea,
because,
because
you
need
like
additional
analysis
phase
to
like
she
pre-calculate
that
and
you
have
to-
and
so
a
quick
quick
like
description,
how
it
was
done
in
evm1,
there
was
like
the
old
interpreter
that
was
doing
this
and
the
analysis
cost
was
really
big
and
we
kind
of
transitioned
to
like
simple
design
but
efficient
design
of
evm,
which
doesn't
do
that
anymore
and
the
new
one
is
actually
faster
than
an
old
one.
C
J
Yes,
certainly
my
experience
is
the
evm
is
a
tiny
part
of
the
cost
of
the
whole
system
anyway,
so
which
possibly
answers
the
sort
of.
Why
I
don't
really
have
a
an
fpga
evm,
which
would
obviously
be
trivial
to
do.
K
1153
Otherwise
Known,
t-store
T
load,
one
by
let's
see
years
ago.
Do
you
have
any
thoughts
on
that
and
it's
specifically
to
the
memory
problem?
Would
that
reduce
some
of
these
pressures
on
reforming
memory?
Because
you
know
you've
got
this
transient
storage,
it's
not
hitting
disk,
it's
pretty
cheap.
How
do
you
feel
about
1153.
C
So
I'm
not
sure,
if
I'm
on
the
same
page
with
this
one,
but
does
it
like
have
the
same
kind
of
like
map
map
structure
that
this
storage
has
right.
So
yeah
like
for
me,
the
the
issue
is
that
you
have
this
like
map
structure
there.
So
it's
like
it's
like
this
is
like
chunk
of
memory.
You
actually
have
like
hash
map
or
like
whatever
the
implementation
is
because,
as
I
remember,
it
was
like
doing
the
same.
You
have
like
unlimited
number
of
256
bit
slots
you
can
assign
to
so.
C
K
K
N
K
But
yeah
do
you
want
it
in
Shanghai.
C
It's
like
me
personally,
I
I,
don't
know
it's
like
I'm
kind
of
kind
of
been
affected
by
that
so
like
how
how
actually
I
Vision
a
VM
is
like
this
kind
of
below
that
so
I
kind
of
mostly
focus
on
that
like
single
call,
so
that
this
Transit
storage,
it's
it's
like
problematic
in
the
way
that
I
have
to
kind
of
Outsource
it
somewhere
else
so
like
the
client
of
like
client,
has
to
provide
some
way,
some
API
to
actually
access
it,
because,
like
for
for
my
VM
at
least
it's
that
I
just
start
the
AVM
context
on
the
when
you
enter
the
call
and
I
end
it
there.
C
So
I
don't
have
anything
that
lasts
above
that
so
but
yeah
I'm
kind
of
transitioning.
To
like
this,
the
transaction
level,
evm
execution
I.
Think
like
the
the
ultimate
question,
is
like
usability
of
that
and
like
if
there's
like
strong
enough
number
of
use
cases
that
will
just
make
it
like
desired
right
and
I
think
that
some
people
really
push
hard
for
it.
C
C
Like
from
my
perspective,
it's
not
any
different
to
access
a
store
because
I'm
kind
of
have
a
buffer
of
like
this
cache
of
this
s
store
and
I'd
like
for,
like
Yeah
from
like
the
like
the
Corey
VM
site,
it's
not
much
different,
but
I
think
it's
like.
So
the
difference
is
when
you
have
to
actually
go
to
the
database
on
disk
or
not
and
like.
C
Think,
historically,
we
did
fix
the
pricing
of
Esther
in
every
heart
for
crying.
If
you
see
the
like
asteroid
implementation.
That's
like
like
this
is
multiple
lines
of
like
different
revisions
of
evm.
So
I
don't
know.
Maybe
we
can't
get
it
right,
so
we
need.
We
need
a
replacement
for
it.
Yeah
I,
don't
know
how
to
fix
it
like
more.
It's
already
super
complicated,
so.
C
Well,
I,
yeah,
I
can't
be
sure
I
mean
I
would
be
sure
if,
like
there
was
a
group
that
actually
tried
to
fix
the
store.
So
it's
it's
competitive
feature
than
the
the
transit
storage,
but
I
think
this
not
such
group.
So
far,
so
maybe
we
just
have
to
pick
one
option
off
of
one.
So
I
don't
know
foreign.
C
Maybe
my
colleagues
can
help
me
with
that.
We
did
experiment
with
flip
assembly
and
for
some
use
case
that
evm
is
used
for
it's.
It
really
helps
when
it's
this
this
this
big
word
size.
So
all
these,
like
balance
calculations,
all
of
this
like
fixed
Point,
are
automatic.
C
It's
really
hard,
if
you
so,
if
you
need
to
emulate
like
bigger
numbers
in
the
smaller
like
this,
like
more
like
smaller,
like
64-bit
word
size,
it's
just
it's
really
horrible,
and
when,
when
you
have
like
simple
design
like
interpreter
and
stuff,
so
you
need
like
to
drop
a
lot
of
instructions
to
emulate
that,
and
it
was
really
bad
on
some
more
clothes,
so
I
I.
We
can't
confirm
it's
like
the
based
the
the
best
word
size,
but
for
some
use
case
it
really
helps.
B
Guess,
well,
thank
you
for
this.
Thank
you.
B
So
we
will
follow
up
with
with
Leo
alt
from
ethereum
Foundation.
He
will
be
talking
about
building
an
end-to-end,
evm,
symbolic,
I'm,
sorry
I'm
from
marketing
I'm,
the
one
that
actually
sells
these
things.
So
if
I
say
something
that
is
technically
not
correct,
please
bear
with
me
but
yeah
building
an
end-to-end,
AVM,
symbolic
execution
and
she
delivered
from
decision.
Foundation
I
will
give
him
this.
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
I
N
Can
you
yeah
no
yeah,
so
this
came
out
of
like
a
fun
project.
I
wanted
to
write
like
a
full
like
an
end-to-end,
symbolic
execution
engine
in
solidity
with
including
the
the
solver
that
we
usually
use
in
the
in
the
background,
and
this
is
actually
pretty
fun.
N
So
I
want
to
share
with
you
what
this
does
so
a
few
questions
for
like
audience,
adjustment
who,
yes,
who
here
was
at
Harry's,
talk
yesterday
about
symbolic
computation
in
your
okay,
who
knows
what
symbolic
execution
is:
okay,
nice
I
am
prepared
to
tell
you
what
it
is,
though,
for
the
ones
who
don't
know
so
I'm
quickly
going
to
go
over
some
slides
and
then
we're
going
to
move
to
code.
N
So
this
word,
or
these
expressions
are
thrown
around
a
lot
like
what
symbol,
execution,
what's
constraints,
what's
sm2
solver?
What's
all
that
stuff
and
a
lot
of
people
know
what
it
is,
but
if
you
don't
know
what
it
is
they
kind
of
like
you
feel
left
out,
and
these
words
are
used
very
trivially,
even
though
they're
not
really
they're
simple,
but
not
trivial.
N
So
first
I
want
to
tell
you:
what's
not
symbolic
execution
and
that's
concrete
execution.
So
let's
say
you
have
oh
yeah
last
question:
who
can
read
assembly
like
this
nice?
Okay,
that's
very
good!
So
let's
say
we
have
this
assembly
here
from
evm
and
we
want
to
run
the
concrete
execution
over
it.
N
So
let's
say
we
have
this
call
data,
it's
12
in
hacks,
I,
don't
know
what
that
is,
and
what
is
that
in
decimal,
like
20,
no
18
yeah,
it
makes
sense.
So
if
you
run
this
program
without
call
data,
what
do
we
get?
What's
like?
There's
no
return
here
is:
let's
just
consider
the
top
of
the
stack
as
sort
of
a
return.
N
In
this
case
we
get
a
12
we're
going
to
push
zero
and
the
stock
would
call
data
load
that
position
we
got
the
12
push.
Three
multiply.
That's
going
to
give
us
36
in
HEX,
we
add
one.
So
we
got
this
number
on
top
of
the
stack
right.
So
this
concrete
execution,
you
have
a
program,
you
have
a
concrete
input
and
then
you
execute
the
program
that
input
you
get
an
output.
N
N
So
we
have
the
same
program
here,
but
now,
instead
of
a
concrete,
called
Data
we're
going
to
have
a
symbolic
called
Data.
What
does
that
mean
to
be
symbolic?
Is
that
you
just
use
a
variable
instead
of
concrete
number?
That's
really
all
you
do
you
look.
You
keep
looking
at
variables,
so
our
entire
call
data
is
going
to
be
CD.
Now
it's
just
a
variable
and
the
top
of
our
stack
is
going
to
be
a
variable
called
top.
N
That's
all
we're
doing,
and
so
here
we're
going
to
collect
constraints
which
are
things
that
must
be
true
when
we
run
the
program.
So
when
we
run
call
data
load
of
zero,
we're
basically
doing
CD
of
zero
right
and
then
we
can
also
call
it
X.
We
can
call
it
Z,
we
can
call
it
whatever
it's
just
a
symbol
and
it
happens
that
that
thing
must
be
greater
or
equal
to
zero,
because
we're
trading
we're
dealing
with
evm
words
and
they're
unsigned
right.
The
second
part
is
that
we
are
assigning
that
to
X.
N
We
just
make
a
variable
out
of
out
of
that
when
we
do
the
call
data
load
next
thing,
we
have
this
multiplication.
We
can
make
another
variable
for
it
called
Y,
which
is
now
x
times
three.
Finally,
for
this
ad,
we
can
make
another
variable
for
it
called
top
and
then
which
we
just
did
the
previous
top
of
the
stack
which
is
y
plus
one.
N
So
you
see
that
for
every
operation
we
add
a
new
variable,
we
add
a
new
symbol
that
represents
that
expression
and
we
collect
all
these
Expressions.
So
we
end
up
with
what
we
call
these
constraints,
and
this
is
what
is
our
symbolic
encoding?
So
we
take
the
program
in
evm,
bytecode
and
assembly.
Here
we
transform
it
into
a
set
of
constraints
and
that's
our
symbolic
encoding,
they're
different.
There
are
many
many
different
ways
to
write
these
constraints
from
a
program,
which
means
we
have
different
ways
to
symbolically
encode
your
program.
N
Why
do
we
want
to
do
this,
so
we
obviously
walking
code
is
going
to
turn
into
a
system
of
linear
inequalities,
so
this
was
our
set
of
constraints.
That's
going
to
turn
into
the
system
of
linear
inequalities.
There
are
equalities
here,
but
they
can
be
very
quickly
translated
into
inequalities,
so
we
just
keep
them
as
a
college
for
Simplicity,
and
why
do
we
do
this?
N
The
reason
why
we
do
this
because
we
know
how
to
solve
these
things
with
algorithms
that
you
might
have
seen
in
high
school
or
University,
or
you
still
will
see
it
when
you
finish
High
School,
and
what
can
we
do
with
it?
We
can,
for
example,
do
the
same
thing
we
did
before.
We
can
give
a
concrete
call
data
in
this
case
the
same
call
data
as
we
we
had
before
and
run
it
symbolically.
What
does
that
mean?
N
We're
gonna,
in
this
case
a
simple
substitution:
does
it
we
can
substitute
CD
by
this
entire
call
data
which
then
substitute
CD
of
0
by
12
and
so
on,
and
we
get
that
the
top
is
going
to
be
this
number
when
we
solve
that
with
gal,
Jordan,
elimination
or
Gauss
elimination
or
there's
tons
of
ways
of
solving
it.
A
simple
substitution
here
will:
do
it
not
only
gives
us
the
value
for
top.
N
N
How
do
we
ask
that
we
simply
add
a
constraint
that
represents
that
statement
in
this
language,
so
can
top
be
greater
than
10?
000
basically
gives
us
this
constraint
here
and
then
oh
yeah
I
was
actually
going
to
ask
you,
but
here's
the
answer.
It
is
possible,
in
which
case
such
a
solver,
such
a
math
solver,
will
tell
us
that
this
system
is
satisfiable,
meaning
that
there
is
evaluation
for
every
single
variable
in
the
system.
That
makes
this
the
the
the
set
of
constraints
satisfiable.
N
N
Sorry,
by
the
way
where
all
these
variables
are
on
the
integers,
there's
no
reals
or
rationals
here,
everything's
integers
cannot
sorry
Kurt.
In
this
case
the
silver
says
the
system
is
unsatisfiable.
It's
inconsistent,
there's
there's
no
way
all
these
constraints
can
be
true.
At
the
same
time,
they
may
be
true
in
separation,
but
they
will
never
be
true
at
the
same
time.
N
So,
but
what
exactly
do
we
want
to
do?
You
can
do
several
things.
You
can
try
to
prove
that
a
certain
assertion
is
true.
You
can
prove
that
a
certain
thing
always
happens
or
never
happens,
kind
of
things
for
our
use
case
we're
going
to
try
to
find
unreachable
branches.
So
here's
a
piece
of
solidity
we're
going
to
analyze
the
VM
byte
code,
but
this
is
just
to
show
an
example.
So
I
have
this
functional,
X
and
integer
X
and
first
we
require
that
X
has
to
be
last
or
equal
10..
N
Then
we
have
the
branches
as
if
x,
slash
or
equal
50
does
something
and
then
the
rest
does
return
is
false.
So
this
Branch
here,
basically
the
false
branch
of
the.
N
If
it's
unreachable
right
because
X,
we
know
that
X
is
less
or
equal
10
from
the
beginning
of
the
function,
which
means
it's
always
less
or
equal
50.,
meaning
that
it
will
always
enter
the
if
and
it
will
never
come
to
this
part
of
the
of
the
code
and
well
basically,
this,
if
you
take
the
true
Branch,
this
is
reachable
because
these
constraints
are
available
together.
N
N
The
cool
thing
about
trying
to
do
that
stuff
is
that
we
need
very
little
support
from
the
evm.
Of
course,
if
you
want
to
write,
if
you
want
to
write
a
symbolic
execution
engineer
to
write
an
interpreter
in
the
first
place
right,
you
need
an
NVM
interpreter,
but
we
don't
want
to
deal
with
every
object
because
it
gets
really
big,
really
complicated
and
we
don't
want
to
do
things
like
call
create
and
storage
and
all
this
complicated
stuff,
which
of
course,
you
could
and
a
lot
of
tools
do
that.
N
We
don't
want
to
do
that
in
solidity.
The
cool
thing
again
about
this
encoding.
We
we
only
have
to
care
about
the
stack
operations
control
flow,
so
it
jumps
and
opcodes
that
stop
the
execution
and
relation
upgrades,
and
so
basically
we're
going
to
Care,
mostly
about,
as
you
saw
before,
ifs
with
relation
operators
inside
so
less
than
greater
than
and
the
negation
of
these,
so
that
you
can
get
less
than
or
equal
and
greater
than
or
equal.
N
The
symbolic
encoding,
we're
going
to
use
is
also
pretty
simple
so
for
every
evm
expression
that
we
saw
before
we're
going
to
transform
it
into
math
constraint
of
the
form,
a
minus,
B,
less
or
equal
K,
where
A
and
B
are
going
to
be
variables
and
K
is
going
to
be
a
constant.
So
this
is
also
what
Harry
was
talking
about
yesterday
in
in
his
talk,
and
we
get
things
like
like
this,
for
example,
so
whoever
was
in
Harris
logic
together.
Is
this
system
satisfiable.
N
N
N
The
reason
why
we
like
this
encoding
is
because
we
can
use
a
difference,
logic,
solver
and
again
it's
hard
to
explain
yesterday
a
difference.
Logic
solver
is
very
simple:
to
write.
What
does
it
do?
It
basically
takes
these
constraints,
these
math
constraints,
and
it
tells
you
whether
it's
possible
or
not,
that
these
things
are
satisfiable
at
the
same
time,
and
if
it
is
possible,
it's
going
to
give
you
values
for
the
variables
that
make
it
satisfiable.
Otherwise,
it
just
says
it's
not
possible
at
all.
N
For
these
things
to
be
satisfiable
together,
the
solver
is
much
simpler
than
the
things
you
need
like
ILP
or
smt,
when
you
need
to
solve
with
linear
combinations
or
even
non-linear
expressions
and
the
sorts
of
things
that
you
end
up
with
when
you
start
encoding,
arithmetic
expressions
and
other
things,
and
as
also
Howard
explained
yesterday,
this
runs
in
employ
normal
time
on
the
graph
generated
from
the
constraints
using
the
volume
four
graph
algorithm
not
going
to
go
much
into
that.
N
If
you
want
to
learn
more
about
that,
please
re-watch
Harris
talk
and
this
algorithm
is
super
simple.
This
is
basically
almost
the
whole
thing,
and
most
of
it
is
comments.
So
now
all
we
need
to
do
is
put
it
all
together.
Let
me
see
yeah
it's
going
to
be
hard.
At
the
same
time,.
N
Yeah,
okay,
so
what
we
want
to
do
first,
so
this
is
the
whole
project,
so
these
are
two
tests
files,
one
for
the
solver
itself,
just
like
unit
test
for
the
solver
and
one
for
the
symbol,
execution
engine,
and
then
you
have
all
those
files
for
the
for
the
whole
engine.
N
N
N
Don't
worry
about
that
now
we
have
a
path
which,
basically,
it's
a
it's-
a
path
of
all
the
program
like
of
the
program
counters
that
were
visited
in
the
in
the
jumps
and
we're
going
to
use
this
to
detect,
loops
and
exit,
because
we
don't
want
to
encode
loops.
We
have
an
array
of
constraints.
This
is
what
I
showed
before
like.
When
you
see
the
require,
it
says,
require
act
less
or
equal
10.
We
go
into
that
Branch.
N
So
we
keep
that
constraint,
because
that
thing
needs
to
be
true
for
the
rest
of
the
execution,
and
this
counter
variable
is
just
a
counter
to
help
create
new
variables.
So
when
we
were
creating
new
variables
for
the
Expressions,
X,
Y
and
Z,
and
so
on,
here
are
going
to
be
expression,
one
expression,
two
expression,
three
and
so
on,
and
they
need
to
be
different
in
the
branches
that
we
execute.
N
N
N
N
We
extend
the
path
with
the
Disney
op
code,
and
here
is
the
part
that
the
first
part
of
the
what
I
mentioned
with
The
Interpreter.
We
need
to
care
about
Stack
Up
codes
because
they're
going
to
add
some
numbers
and
a
bunch
of
different
things,
jump
locations,
jump
destinations
that
we
will
need
when
when
building
our
constraints,
so
this
just
does
the
usual
stock
handling.
So
if
it's
a
swap
you're
gonna
go
into
the
stack
and
swap
the
numbers,
if
it's
a
dupe
you're
going
to
duplicate
whatever
it
needs
to
duplicate
it.
N
If
it's
a
push,
you
just
push
that
number
into
the
stack
here.
The
only
thing
we
do
is
apply
a
function
on
the
stack
arguments,
which
is
so,
for
example,
if
you
have
an
ad
we're
not
going
to
encode
the
ad
precisely
here,
but
we
do
need
to
consume
the
stack
slots
and
put
a
new
return
value
there
right.
So
this
basically
just
uses
these
handlers.
We
have
internally
it's
like
a
bunch
of
function,
pointers
to
if
you
have
an
ad.
N
So
this
is
generic
for,
like
all
the
all
the
up
girls,
we
don't
care
about.
It
takes
the
number
of
arguments
this
op
code
takes
pops.
All
of
them
from
the
stack
creates
a
new
work.
What
we
call
symbolic
variable
so
like
a
new
expression,
13
or
whatever
here,
and
puts
that
expression
on
the
stack
and
we
don't
really
have.
We
don't
really
care
what
it
looks.
N
What
it
looks
like
right
now,
we
don't
really
care
what
kind
of
constraints
we
have
over
it
and
here's
a
part
of
the
that
we
actually
care
about
the
where
we
do
the
check.
So
if
we
have
a
jump
every
time
we
see
a
conditional
jump,
we
take
the
the
argument
of
that
jump.
We
take
the
condition
that
makes
it
jump
and
we
ask
the
solver:
is
it
possible
that
we
can't
jump
to
that
location
because
it
saw
before
we
had
this?
N
This
required
an
if
right,
so
we
have
require
access
or
X
less
than
or
equal
to
10..
So
we
have
that
saved.
X
must
be
less
or
equal
to
10,
and
then
we
see,
if
x,
greater
than
50,
and
then
we
ask.
Is
it
possible,
though
that
is
that
X
is
greater
than
50..
So
at
this
point,
that's
when
we
we
have
all
the
math
things
encoded
already
in
here
as
you'll
see
this
make
symbol.
This
is
like
internal
helpers,
not
really
important
right
now.
So
here's
what
we
do
the
check.
N
So
we
check
if
the
op
code
is
relational,
so
if
you
have
a
less
than
or
greater
than
or
if
it's
an
e0,
because
if,
if
you
need
to
do
greater
or
equal,
we
don't
have
greater
or
equal
in
the
VM,
so
we
need
to
do
is
zero
less
than
right
so
and
similarly
for
less
than
or
equal.
So
if
it's
one
of
these,
we
basically
take
the
the
condition
which
is
here,
we
transform
it
into
an
DL
expression,
difference,
logic,
expression
and
basically
call
this
over.
N
So
we
have
this
check
here,
which
will
take
all
the
constraints
and
we'll
call
this
little
DL
solver.
That
I
mentioned,
which-
and
this
is
the
check
we
call
this
over
and
if
the
server
says
unsucked,
then
we
say
this
branch
is
unreachable.
Why?
On
Sat,
because
if
the
branches,
if
the
branch
conditions
are
unsatisfiable
together,
it
means
that
the
solver
will
say
unsatisfiable
right,
and
this
means
that
that
part
is
not
reachable
because
there's
something
in
in
the
middle.
That
is
not
allowing.
That
will
not
make
the
code
the
code.
N
The
code
path
is
basically
going
to
be
inconsistent
and
what
the
silver
looks
like
is.
N
N
This
is
still
building
the
graph
and
then
Here
We
Run
The,
the
single,
the
single
Source,
where
this
path
algorithm,
which
is
the
first
part
of
the
solver
which
is
basically
yeah,
it's
a
very
basic
graph
algorithm.
Then
we
did
a
negative
cycle
detection
and
that's
really
all
the
solver
does.
This
is
and
20
lines
of
code.
It's
really
simple
and
yeah.
It's
a
it's
a
logic
that
I
really
like,
because
it
can
do
a
lot
of
things
while
being
very,
very
simple.
N
The
last
thing
that
I
want
to
show
is
how
to
use
this,
so
here
I
have
this
contract
unreachable.
That
has
a
bunch
of
functions,
and
that
is
like
some
unreachable
branches.
In
each
of
these
functions,
all
we
need
to
do
to
test.
That
is
really
just
this.
We
call
the
same
run
function
from
the
library
from
the
symbolic
symbolic
execution
Library,
with
the
runtime
code
from
the
contract.
N
O
O
N
Yeah,
so
here
you'll
see
that
this
is
the
complicated
case
with
all
the
solidity
high
level
functions
and
it's
not
the
best
way
to
report
the
things,
but
it
reports.
It
emits
an
event
that
says
unreachable
Branch
with
the
pc255
I.
Don't
really
know
why
it's
repeated,
maybe
there's
a
bug,
but
it's
gonna
do
for
now
yeah.
So
the
last
thing
that
I
want
to
show
is
this
tiny
example?
N
So
it's
this
is
the
same
as
I
showed
in
solidity
just
like
in
written
quickly
in
yule,
and
this
is
the
bytecode
that
it
generates.
Well,
that
I
wrote
manually,
and
so
we
can
quickly.
N
N
N
And
we
do
the
like
a
conditional
jump
where
the
false
Branch
stops,
so
we
don't
care
about
the
first
Branch.
All
we
do
is
just
so
we're
going
to
pop
we're
gonna
pop
this
first
two
arguments
right
because
of
the
jump,
but
because
we
go
into
a
branch.
This
condition
must
be
true
for
the
rest
of
execution
right.
N
N
Lesson
10
will
stay
in
our
set
of
constraints,
so
we
keep
going
in
tag.
One
jump,
Dash
dupe
we
duplicate
X.
Again
we
push
50.
N
We
do
an
LT
now
and
which
consumes
the
ax,
and
this
becomes
top
of
the
stack.
Just
a
symbolic
expression
like
y
equals
excellent
less
than
fifth
lesson.
X
we
push
14,
and
then
we
jump
two
and
then
at
this
point,
when
we
see
the
jump
we're
going
to
ask
the
solver,
is
it
possible
that
this
new
condition
50
as
an
X,
is
consistent
with
what
we
already
have
access
in
10?
And
it's
always
going
to
say
that's
not
possible,
and
at
this
point
here
precisely
at
this
jump,
I.
N
That's
where
we
basically
stop
and
say
this
Branch
here
is:
is
the
true
Branch
like
where
you're
jumping
next
is
unsatisfiable,
so
you
can
actually
remove
that
entire
Branch
right
but
yeah.
So
there's
a
lot
of
code
behind
that
there's
a
lot
of
helpers.
The
main
intuition
was
basically
this
algorithm
of
just
like
run
an
interpreter.
Carrying
about
a
few
kills,
not
caring
about
other
up
codes
and
yeah
I'm
happy
to
take
questions.
Q
Super
cool
talk:
this
is
wild.
You
can
do
this
in
solidity.
I'm
wondering
about
overflow,
though,
because
your
researching
at
the
beginning
was
that
that
one
example
you
showed
was
impossible,
but
it
is
very
possible
in
the
presence
of
overflow,
no.
N
Q
N
N
Yeah
it's
on
my
GitHub.
If
you
could
change
the
channel
back,
I
can
move
the
slides.
R
N
S
N
Yeah,
so
this
encoding
uses
this
encoding
basically
chooses.
We
chose
a
difference
logic,
because
the
solver
is
very
simple,
so
we
could
write
in
solidity
right,
so
the
link
coding
is
tailored
to
become
systems
of
inequalities
that
look
like
the
constraints
that
a
DL
server
would
take.
But
where
is
it
now.
N
So
if
you
wanna,
if
you
actually
want
to
encode,
add
mold
div
all
these
kind
of
things,
you
will
need
more
complicated
constraints
like
linear
combinations,
where
is
it
Harry
yeah
you'll
need
linear
combinations
like
this,
for
example,
and
more
complicated
constraints
and
you'll
need
like
a
Simplex
or
integer
linear
programming
thing
or
even
in
no
linear
and
silver
defending,
and
these
things
are
a
lot
more
complicated.
So
Simplex
is
well
it's
it's
an
exponential
algorithm
that
kinda
happens
to
run
mostly
in
polynomial
time
these
days,
but
in
the
linear
nonlinear.
N
G
B
A
A
B
There
you
go
so
we
start
with
the
with
the
first
of
the
lightning
talks
will
introduce
us
on
the
feature
of
web
free.
T
Hello,
yeah,
hello,
everybody.
My
name
is
Chicho
I'm,
the
founder
of
Easter
storage.
Today
we're
going
to
present
our
talk
on
the
future
of
Lottery
Paving,
the
way
to
the
fully
Android
and
fully
decentral
as
well.
So
what
is
the
current
status
of
the
central
as
well?
So
we
have
a
decentralized
access
protocol
like
ipfs,
and
we
also
have
a
mature
P2P
Network
layer
and
which
we
are
able
to
retrieve
the
data,
and
we
also
have
the
incentivized
storage
layer
that
helps
to
keep
the
data
consistency.
T
However,
there
are
still
great
limitation
of
current
decentralized
Storage
Solutions.
First,
those
storage
solution
has
a
great
limits
on
the
semantics
in
many
Workforce
static
files,
which
means
that
it's
very
inefficient
to
update
and
delete
those
existing
files,
even
just
a
single
bias.
That
is
changed
and
further.
There's
no
way
to
compose
this
data
in
a
centralized,
a
decentralized
way.
So
sometimes
we
have
to
rely
on
centralized
server.
T
Oops
oops,
it's
not
working
oops,
so
so,
with
these
problems,
we
are
projecting
what
the
features
that
we
need
in
the
future
about
three.
First,
we
need
a
Rich
Storage
semantics
in
a
decentralized
storage
which
can
support
great
update,
deletes
blobs
for
very
large
large
amount,
potentially
petabytes
further.
T
And
lastly,
we
need
to
have
a
nil
access
port
code
that
is
able
to
render
those
Dynamic
data
from
front
end
to
the
blockchain
and
storage
without
any
centralized
identity.
T
So
what's
the
solution,
thanks
to
the
latest
development
of
the
ethernet
Technologies,
we
believe
that
we
are
now
at
a
position
that
we
can
achieve
these
goals
in
the
near
future.
First
of
all,
we
have
data
availability,
disability
thanks
to
Thanksgiving,
which
greatly
increased
the
data
upload
speed,
using
Advanced,
cryptography,
Primitives
and
second,
is
that
we
are
able
to
build
external
data
retention
Network
so
that
we
only
store
corresponding
metadata
on
ethereum
and
be
able
to
store
large
amount
of
data
in
this
layer.
T
2
Network
and
we
just
periodically
submit
the
proof
of
storage
into
the
ethernet.
So
it
tells
that
everybody
can
check
the
actual
data.
The
latest
data
is
keep
in
the
network
with
high
replication
and,
lastly,
we
also
developed
a
website
access
protocol
which
is
able
to
decentralizedly
access
those
web
objects
caused
by
smart
contracts.
T
So
this
is
a
website
access
protocol,
which
is
defined
by
erc4804,
which
is
a
way
to
render
rapid
objects
hosted
by
smart
Contra
is
very
similar
to
http,
so
that
you
can
inherit
all
the
good
benefits
of
HTTP.
While
we
are
able
to
identify
a
resource
that
hosts
by
smart
culture
and
further
access,
the
underlying
storage
layer
that
we
built
and
the
user
storage
is
a
layer,
2
solutions
that
aims
to
scale
ethereum
storage
rather
than
computation-
and
so
here
is
a
quick
comparison
of
what
is?
T
Storage
can
do
versus
biocoin
already
and
the
default
storage
solutions
of
ethereum
and
with
this
infrastructure
we
believe
that
we
are
able
to
enable
a
lot
of
new
applications.
For
example,
just
the
website
hosting
like
uni
swap
curve
or
dynamic
nft,
which
we
are
able
to
change
the
presentation
of
image
dynamically
and
we'll
also
be
able
to
build
decentralized
social
networks
such
as
essential,
Twitter,
Media
or
even
decentralized
Dropbox.
T
So
here
I
will
give
a
demo.
Let
me
see
okay,
this
is
my
Firefox
browser
that
supports
the
3vml.
So
now,
let's
have
a
battery
URL
that
we
register
a
UNS
standpoint
channel
the
smart
contract
that
holds
our
front
end.
So
all
the
images
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
now
hosting
by
the
smart
contract
returned
by
this
website
access
protocol.
So
there
are
also
a
couple
of
interesting
examples,
for
example,
decisions
Dropbox.
T
So
this
is
also
a
whole
digital
return
on
a
smart
contract.
Another
small
culture
and
we
can
see
I-
can
see
them
all
the
list,
like
all
the
print
files
have
been
uploaded
before
and
in
order
to
upload
a
new
file.
What
I
should
do
is
just
check
the
file,
and
then
it
will
ask
me
to
sign
a
transaction
via
metamask.
T
So
during
the
whole
procedure,
you
don't
need
to
require
any
additional
tube,
such
as
CLI,
and
once
the
transaction
is
confirmed,
the
network
I
can
access
the
file
also
via
web3
access
particle
has
been
uploaded,
so
we
are
able
to
access
so
still
Gateway,
but
we
can
still
using
website
access
protocol
and,
of
course,
bonding
balance
is
also
updated
according
to
it
thanks
to
Smart
contract.
T
T
So
there
are
a
lot
of
more
details
of
our
technology
that
are
built,
so
we
have
after
party
in
this
afternoon
and
in
nearby
Hilton
Hotel
and
350
Camp
I'm
happy
to
answer
any
questions.
Sure.
U
T
Yeah
actually
I
talked
to
Swan
people
a
few
days
ago,
so
Swan
actually
has
a
similar
architecture
as
ffs,
which
is
using
content
addressing
to
basically
a
locating
a
file
and
also
it
has
a
way
to
basically
call
Dynamic
hash
to
able
to
locate
the
latest
version
of
file,
but
at
the
same
time,
right
now,
I,
don't
think
it
has
the
programmability
with
the
Smart
Launcher,
which
is
able
to
modify
and
able
to
compose
all
the
data
purely
on
chain
and
there's
something
we
really
want
to
enable
and
second
is
that
or
who
the
design
is
using
easier.
T
B
B
V
Okay,
let's
start
so
hi
everyone,
my
name
is
milosh,
and
this
is
my
friend
cookie.
We
are
both
part
of
pretty
to
seven.
That's
an
r
d
Collective
and
our
goal
is
to
stay
up
to
date
with
web3
Technologies
So.
Today
we're
going
to
talk
about
that
and
to
go
there.
V
We
can
start
with
the
challenges
that
we
ran
into
during
the
last
couple
of
years,
while
researching
and
building
in
web
tree
just
a
second
okay,
so
the
first
one
many
times
we
would
go
deep
into
specific
ecosystems
so
that
we
would
miss
all
the
innovations
that
would
happen
in
the
other
ecosystems.
V
Secondly,
even
though
when
we
would
like
to
enter
new
ecosystems,
we
didn't
know
where
to
start,
we
didn't
know
what
is
the
current
state
of
the
tech
or
there
or
where
to
watch
where
to
find
useful,
informations
and
finally,
somewhat
different
situation
is
when
we
would
go
deep
into
specific
technology.
V
V
However,
in
the
meantime,
the
initial
technology
would
experience
some
changes
and
it
would
become
somewhat
revolutionary,
but
we
weren't
watching
at
it
anymore
and
we
would
miss
the
opportunity
to
innovate
and
to
utilize
the
fact
that
they
were
over
there
before
it
was
popular
together.
I'll
just
add
one
more
thing
that
you
can
go
on
the
link
on
the
Twitter.
You
can
check
over
there,
the
current
Alpha
version
and
in
two
weeks
we're
gonna
come
up
with
a
new
one.
Yes,.
W
R
X
R
So
we
measure
like
how
how
well
adopted
it
is
like,
if
you
think
about
stuff.
Oh,
we
have
a
huge
team
of
developers
inside
our
team,
so
we
see
out
their
experience.
It's
our
subjective
opinion,
but
that's
why
we
want
the
community
to
come
in
and
a
challenge
those
opinions
and
to
see
like
really
okay,
if
we
all
band
together,
okay,
let's
really
see
what
is
good
there
and
what's
something
that
we
might
want
to
skip.
B
T
B
Y
A
B
Z
Z
Oops:
okay,
if
you
ever
built
a
dab
or
have
ever
considered
building
a
Dev
one
of
the
first
questions
that
comes
to
mind
is
probably:
where
do
you
find
the
data,
and
let
me
show
you
an
example
that
component
Finance
has
been
working
on
so
they're,
trying
to
build
this
predicted
model
to
for
people
to
look
at
different
assets
like
if
in
this
case
and
how
the
yield
will
be
in
the
future,
and
in
order
to
do
that,
they
need
a
lot
of
historical
data.
Z
Historical
data
on
interest
rate
on
total
deposit
from
different
lending
protocols
across
different
Networks,
and
this
is
a
small
example
to
illustrate
where
you
might
go
to
find
all
these
data
today.
As
you
can
see,
there
are
many
different
data
sources
that
you
need
to
hit
to,
depending
on
which
lending
protocol
you
you
want
to
pull
data
from
if
you're
lucky,
there's
a
subgraph
that
you
can
already
use
that
has
all
that
data.
Z
So
the
point
I
wanted
to
make
here
is
that
web3
data
space
is
very
fragmented.
There
are
dozens
and
dozens
of
different
data
source
that
focus
on
different
parts
of
data
or
different
kind
of
data.
If
you're
working
with
raw
data,
it
takes
a
lot
of
effort
to
aggregate
transform
them
into
something
that
you
can
use.
For
example,
TBR
Revenue.
Those
all
require
a
lot
of
work.
Historical
data
is
often
difficult
to
find.
You
probably
need
an
archive
node
and
those
are
often
difficult
to
access.
Z
So
this
is
actually
a
problem
that
mazari
has
run
into
when
we
first
got
into
the
unchain
space,
where
a
big
data
provider
we're
trying
to
get
a
lot
of
data,
and
it
was
difficult
for
us
to
find
those.
So
we
decided
to
collaborate
with
the
graph
to
work
on
standardizing
subgraphs
so
that
we
solve
this
problem
for
everyone
in
the
space.
Z
Sorry,
okay,
specifically,
the
way
that
we
we
standardize.
These
subgraphs
is
that
we
would
look
at
all
of
the
protocols
in
a
specific
category,
say
lending
protocols,
and
we
pick
out
all
of
the
commonalities
and
differences
among
these
protocols
and
see
and
come
up
with
the
unified
data
model
that
would
apply
to
all
of
these.
And
then
we
transformed
that
into
a
common
subgraph
schema
in
which
we
built
all
of
our
subgraphs
against.
So
for
each
of
the
lending
protocols
we
integrate.
Z
We
use
that
standardized
schema
so
that
you
can
use
the
same
query.
You
can
use
the
same
data
adapter
to
fetch
all
of
that
data,
and
now,
instead
of
going
to
all
of
these
different
data
sources,
to
fetch
that
that
data,
you
just
need
to
hit
one
single
decentralized
data
source,
that's
the
graph
and
you'll
be
able
to
find
all
of
the
data
you
need,
including
the
historical
ones.
Z
So
here's
an
example
product
or
here's
actually
a
product
that
mazari
has
built
on
top
of
all
of
the
standardized
subgraph
that
we
have
built.
As
you
can
see
here,
we're
showing
there's
a
lot
more
metrics
that
we're
showing
that
we
are.
We
have
integrated.
Is
it's
not
in
this
in
this
slide,
but
you
can
check
it
out
using
the
URL
there.
Z
So,
to
give
you
a
sense
of
where
we
are
today
on
on
the
subgraph
standardization
work,
we
have
index
data
from
60
different
protocols
across
20
different
networks
surfacing
over
500,
unique
metrics
across
all
of
the
different
protocol
types,
and
we
have
indexed
over
a
billion
data
points
that
you
can
use
in
your
Dev
directly,
so
that
you
don't
have
to
do
that
work
and
the
way
that
we
are
seeing
kind
of
how
the
future
will
evolve
is
that
today,
you're
spending
a
lot
of
effort
on
kind
of
the
data
Plumbing
on
the
data
aggregation
part
and
very
little
on
the
application
logic,
but
with
the
subgraph
that
we
have
built.
Z
You
know
it's
already
done
for
you.
You
can
just
use
that,
so
you
can
focus
more
on
your
application
logic
as
adaptive
developer.
Z
Z
If
you're
a
Dap,
Builder
or
data
scientist
data
analyst,
we
highly
encourage
you
to
check
out
our
data,
see
you
know
how
you
can
use
them
and
provide
us
with
feedback
if
you
work
with
a
protocol
team,
where
are
we're
more
than
happy
to
integrate
your
protocol
into
our
standard,
so
feel
free
to
reach
out
to
me
after
the
talk
and
if
you're
a
subgraph
developer
or
a
Ras
developer,
that's
that
interested
in
in
this
data
space
feel
free
to
scan
that
QR
code
there.
Z
AA
Z
So
all
of
our
subgraph
source
code
is
open
source,
There,
Was
You
know
the
GitHub
repo
we
showed.
So
we
we
describe
all
of
the
methodology
of
our
kind
of
you
know
the
computation
for
for
Matrix
in
detail
in
the
repo
and
of
course
you
can
go
into
the
the
source
code
to
look
at
exactly
how
different
numbers
are
integrated
and
the
graph
is
also
working
on
something
called
verifiable
queries
that
will
put
that
trust
into
the
data
that
it
indexes.
Q
B
You
thanks
Vincent.
Thank
you
very
much.
B
Okay,
our
next
lightning
truck
will
be
with
Evan
Sopo
about
a
headline:
a
contract
API,
an
arrow
API
library
for
GBM,
so
go
ahead.
Y
Yeah,
here's
the
URL,
it's
called
headlong,
so
it's
just
an
encoding
Library
it.
It
doesn't
do
anything
else.
Really.
It's
just
hyper
focused
it's
used
by
Dune,
Unstoppable
domains.
Y
So
I
figured
that
I
wanted
to
make
a
general
Solution.
That's
like
low
level
high
performance
that
people
can
just
build
stuff
on.
So
here's
some
just
rough
benchmarks
for
my
laptop
it
can
do
like
partial
decoding
of
call
data
for
ABI.
So
that's
like
the
measured
nanoseconds
over
there,
so
it
works
with
bytes
instead
of
strings.
So
it's
a
lot
faster
than
some
other
tools.
Y
This
is
just
sort
of
the
general
design
philosophy
around
it
and
let's
see
and
yeah
Java,
so
it
is
compatible
with
Android
and
kotlin
and
it's
like,
if
you're,
using
it
on
like
a
web
server
using
decoding
large
amounts
of
data.
This
is
useful
for
something
like
that.
The
other
type
of
user
I
have
is
like
people
are
trying
to
work
with,
like
an
array
of
structs
inside
a
struct
and
like
other
tools,
aren't
working
for
them.
Y
So,
like
mine,
can
decode
any
arbitrary
function,
signature
or
data
that
matches
any
function.
Signature,
let's
see
so
here's
the
API
for
like
the
rlp
stuff.
This
is
different
because
uses
an
iterator
pattern
and
it
decodes
on
demand
instead
of
eagerly
and
then
yeah.
All
these
objects
just
sort
of
point
at
at
a
byte
buffer,
and
you
can
decode
directly
from
the
byte
buffer
on
demand,
and
so
it
saves
some
time
there
and
then
here's
like
the
ABI
stuff.
Y
Y
Y
So
just
here's
some
details
on
you
know
how
I
got
the
performance
benefits
from
you
know,
using
byte,
buffer
and
pre-calculating
things
and
holding
on
to
them
for
like
multiple
encodings
and
decodings
yeah
and
there's
some
denial
of
service
protection
for
if
you're
decoding,
like
untrusted
data,
that
wants
to
allocate
like
a
huge
array,
it'll
throw
an
exception.
Y
Instead
of
like
allocating
a
gigabyte
of
memory,
and
it's
just
some
implementation
details,
we
could
probably
skip
that
and
yeah
future
work
might
involve
doing
like
more
partial
decodes
like
querying
like
nested
tuples,
so
like
going
to
a
specific
index
and
then,
if
that's
a
tuple,
go
ahead
and
index,
and
that
and
just
pick
out
the
thing
you
want
to
decode
and
just
ignore
everything
else.
Y
Y
So,
like
I
wrote
a
command
line
interface
that
can
encode
arguments
as
rlp
and
uses
a
lot
less
bytes,
because
you
don't
have
an
offset
and
all
this
zero
padding
and
stuff
like
that.
Y
So
and
then
you
can
try
that
out.
If
you
want
headlong
CLI
is
like
the
command
line
interface
and
see
what
else
yeah
faster,
simpler
software,
Legos,
I
kind
of
just
want.
People
to
you
know,
be
able
to
build
modular
stuff
just
so
that
you're
not
like
weighted
down
by
all
these
dependencies
and
like
complex
Frameworks,
where
you
have
to
read
all
this
documentation
and
just
build
something
to
last.
Y
Y
AB
Y
I'll,
do
an
analytics
start
using
it
for
like
ingesting
large
amounts
of
data,
so
they
can
put
it
into
databases
and,
like
query
it
so
like.
If
you
have
a
lot
of
historical
data
lying
around,
do
you
want
to
decode
like
huge
amounts
of
it
and
gain
insights
from
data
and
stuff?
Otherwise,
it's
just
designed
to
work
in
every
possible
case.
Nested
arrays,
nested,
tuples,
tubular,
arrays,
drugs
and
stuff.
Y
Oh
and
there's
no
code
generation,
so
it's
all
just
very
traditional
that
way:
okay
anymore.
A
A
AC
AC
AC
And
during
the
last
two
years,
I've
been
contributing
to
the
Sunderland
so
foreign
engineer
in
the
platform
team
and
today
I'm
going
to
talk
about
using
ipvs
to
create
the
metaverse.
So
let's
first
talk
about
what
the
meters
is
and
well
it's
a
social
network
where
you
interact
with
friends,
people
that
you
meet
there
in
a
three-dimensional
way
and
also
there
you
have
a
digital
identity
which
is
customers.
Custom
is
custom
for
you
and
it's
your
the
way
that
people
recognize.
AC
Is
you
what
distinguished
the
central
from
other
metaverses
is
that
the
users
are
the
ones
who
owns
the
platform
right?
So
how
do
we
do
that?
Well,
the
world
is
divided
into
parcels
and
each
parcel
has
an
owner
and
is
the
owner
who
decides
what
to
show
on
on
the
world.
They
could
chose
to
set
up
anything,
for
example,
for
a
casino
for
a
bar
or
even
a
music
festival.
AC
And
how
we
do
that
we
have
deployed
Contracting
in
ethereum
to
check
the
ownership
of
those
lands
on
the
worlds
and
to
check
the
ownership.
We
use
the
graph
in
the
back-end
services.
AC
We
also
have
nft
collections
as
well,
where
the
wearables
creators
can
mint
a
collection
and
then
sell
them
in
the
marketplace,
and
then
you,
as
a
user,
you
can
choose
those
wearables,
buy
them
and
then
set
up
your
your
avatar
and
that's
where
we
store
them
in
the
user's
profiles
and
we,
you
can
also
have
a
name
in
the
Sandra
and
that's
like
the
identity
that
you
own
right.
So
what
happened
with
that?
AC
There
are
a
lot
of
files
and
it's
a
it's
too
many
assets
to
store
scenes
and
free
models
and
well
some
pictures.
So
we
need
to
store
them
in
in
somewhere
and
we
have
to
do
that.
The
centralized
right.
So
what
we
have
are
the
centralized
servers
which
store
all
the
data
that
the
client
needs
to
to
run
right.
AC
The
community
owns
the
the
servers,
which
means
that
there
is
a
the
decent
run,
Dio,
which
is
the
responsible
of
approving
the
list
of
servers
that
that
are
in
the
Dao,
so
they
they
have
to
synchronize
between
them,
because
we
have
all
the
content
replicated
on
each
of
them,
so
the
client
can
connect
to
any
of
them
and
we'll
get
the
same
information
right.
AC
AC
This
works
okay,
but
we
wanted
to
go
a
little
bit
further
and
test
two
things.
The
first
thing
is
that,
as
you
may
assume,
we
have
lots
of
data
and
we
have
like
the
only
historical
data
like
all
the
changes
that
have
happened
on
a
scene
and
also
the
way
that
the
files
are
regulated
together.
AC
Well,
let's
first
talk
about
the
historical
data.
What
happens?
For
example,
this
is
the
Genesis
Plaza
for
the
sundran,
which
was
away
in
2020,
and
there
was
a
change
in
2021.
So
the
servers
need
to
retrieve
the
content,
the
latest
content.
They
don't
need
to
serve
the.
How
was
the
central
two
years
before
right,
but
we
want
to
store
that
data
as
a
backup
and
for,
for
example,
if
you
want
to
run
the
world
how
it
looked
a
year
before.
AC
So,
if
you
run
a
full
node,
which
means
that
you
have
all
the
historical
data,
all
you
need
to
do
is
enlarge
your
disk
and
everything
will
work.
Okay.
The
only
thing
is
that
you
will
need
two
terabytes
of
of
disk,
but
if
you
want
to
run
a
light
note,
then
we
you
can
enable
the
garage
collection,
which
is
a
mechanism
that
deletes
all
the
all
the
files
from
the
entities
that
were
written
by
new
ones,
right,
okay,
but
what
happens?
AC
If
all
servers
then
enable
garage
collection,
then
we
may
lose
those
data
and
we
don't
want
that.
So
our
idea
was
to
set
up
a
node,
an
ebfs
node
connected
to
a
server
who
which
listens
all
the
network
and
listens
all
the
changes
and
stores
well
pins
to
ibps
all
the
files
that
are
synchronized.
So
first
we
uploaded
all
the
all
the
files
and
now
and
then
we
set
up
the
server
to
listen
all
the
changes
and
automatically
pins
the
new
files.
AC
The
other
thing
is
the
files
replication
which
we,
what
is
that?
Well,
the
way
that
we
share
those
files
between
the
servers.
We
are
doing
it
by
HTTP
request
and
it's
a
full
match,
topology
right,
because
every
node
is
talking
to
every
other
node
and
our
idea
was
well
what
what
happens
if
we
use
ipvs
and
we
leverage
that
so
we
don't
have
to
care
about
synchronizing
files.
AC
We
only
have
to
care
about
the
evaluations
that
we
need
to
do
to
the
blockchain
and
the
entities
and
the
way
that
we
need
to
retrieve
those
files,
but
we
con.
We
only
would
need
to
know
the
hashes
that
we
need
to
pin
and
then
all
of
that
part
themselves.
So
that's
our
idea
on
on
a
trial
to
to
make
this
something
different
and
test
if
we
can
Leverage
The
ipvs
to
work
that
that's
all.
Thank
you.
G
AC
AC
AC
Well,
the
way
that
now
is
each
of
the
servers
has
an
owner,
it's
their
responsibility
to
deny
list
some
entities
or
files
or
the
thing
that
they
need
to
moderate.
So
we
I
we
are.
We
are
not
taking
care
of
the
moderation
ourselves,
we're
letting
the
owners
of
the
Catalyst
do
themselves.
We
we
only
provide
the
mechanisms
for
them
to
to
remove
to
remove
those
files
and
don't
serve
them.
H
T
A
A
AE
Okay,
everyone
now
you
can
hear
me
perfect,
all
right,
so
I'm,
evil
and
I'm,
the
founder
and
CEO
of
Empire
wallet
and
I'm,
going
to
tell
you
about
the
future
of
ethereum,
wallets
and
ethereum
ux
and
two
technologies
are
at
the
core
of
this
and
that's
a
smart
contract
wallets
kind
of
also
known
as
account
obstructions
and
MPC
otherwise
known
as
smooth
patch
computation
and
sometimes
referred
to
as
threshold
signatures.
In
this
case,
so
the
question
is:
can
self-custody
be
the
future
for
the
next
billion
users?
AE
How
can
we
onboard
the
next
billion
users
and
there
is
a
big
myth
in
the
space
that
most
people
are
not
ready
for
self-custody,
but
the
actual
reality
is
that
most
self-custodial
wallets
are
not
ready
for
the
users,
not
the
other
way.
Around
and
I'm
guessing
can
I
get
a
show
of
hands
who
saw
the
account
obstruction
panel
yesterday
with
vitalik
cool
yeah.
AE
We
call
this
multisigs
and
wire
multi-6
kind
of
a
silver
bullet.
So,
first
of
all,
by
having
multiple
Keys
or
you,
you
can
think
of
it
as
multiple
shards
of
a
single
private
key,
but
it's
actually
multiple
Keys.
AE
You
can
actually
onboard
users
without
making
them
write
down
a
seed
and
without
worrying
that
they
would
lose
access
to
their
account.
So,
basically,
a
simple
example
would
be
to
have
a
key
on
your
laptop
or
and
on
your
phone.
You
can
also
recover
your
account
with
methods
like
social
recovery,
not
Argent
pioneered,
but
there's
also
other
ways
of
recovery.
You
can
also
generally
do
multi-factor
authentication,
which
is
way
more
secure
and
prevents
you
from
malware
and,
of
course,
you
have
resistance
to
hacks
and
compromised
keys.
AE
For
example,
we
have
malware
on
one
of
the
devices.
You
will
not
be
that
vulnerable,
so
there
are
two
ways
to
achieve
a
multicycle
on
an
evm
chain.
One
of
them
is
smart
contract
wallets,
and
a
lot
of
you
have
heard
about
account
obstructions
and
account
obstructions
are
basically
a
way
to
pave
the
way
forward
for
smart
contract
wallets,
but
I
prefer
to
call
this
like
smart,
smart
contract.
AE
Wallets
I
prefer
to
call
all
these
Technologies
smart
contract
wallets
or
smart
wallets
for
short,
and
this
is
basically
where
each
account
is
a
smart
contract
which
allows
for
any
custom
execution
logic,
including
multi-6,
of
course,
and
then
MPC
refers
to
multi-party
computation
and
in
the
context
of
wallets.
It
means
that
it
allows
you
to
have
like
threshold
signatures,
so
you
can
sign
by
the
signature,
could
be
by
multiple
parties
or
you
can
do
N,
Out
of
them.
So
like
two
out
of
three
and
let's
start
by
boosting
some
myths
about
smart
wallets.
AE
So
one
of
them
is
that
smart
wallets
cannot
sign
messages
and
I'm
sure
that
many
of
you
have
heard
that.
But
the
reality
is
that
smartwatch
can
sign.
Messages
are
just
fine.
You
just
need
a
bit
of
custom
Logic
for
verification,
which
is
the
ip1271,
then
another
one
is
that
smart,
wallets
and
I've
heard
that
in
the
past
that
they
produce
different
address
for
each
chain.
So
it's
kind
of
tough
to
use.
AE
But
that's
not
really
true,
because
you
have
create
two
now
and
you
can
create
account
counter
factually
at
the
same
address
on
all
evm
chains.
Again
it
was
mentioned
in
the
panel
and
then
the
other
one
is
the
gas
overhead
gas
overhead
still
exists,
but
it's
got
on
a
lot
less
in
the
last
years
again,
thanks
to
thanks
to
proxies
minimal
proxies
and
thanks
to
counter
factual
deployment.
AE
So,
unlike
NPC,
smart
worlds
can
do
many
more
things
than
just
multi-6.
They
can
do
time
logs.
They
can
do
spending
limits
again,
something
that
was
fantastically
covered
on
the
panel,
and
this
also
allows
for
Recovery
mechanisms
like
social
recovery
and,
for
example,
seedless
onboarding,
like
we
have
on
our
buyer
wallet
just
with
an
email
and
a
password
while
not
compromising
the
non-custodial
nature
of
the
wallet.
It's
also
mutable,
which
means
that
you
can
change.
AE
AE
And
of
course
you
can
batch
transactions.
So
do
multiple
things
in
in
one
transaction
again.
A
fantastic
example
from
Argent
was
the
nft
shopping
cart,
but
a
simple
example
would
be
on
uni
swap
when
you
have
an
approval.
The
approval
would
get
batched
together
with
with
the
transaction,
so
I
wouldn't
have
to
do
it
separately
and
there
are
more
exotic
use
cases
like,
for
example,
a
custom
cryptography
like
enabling
the
nist
curve,
which
would
allow
using
iOS
Biometrics
and
web
authentication,
and
there
are.
AE
There
are
of
course,
some
drawbacks
of
smart
wallets
and
some
adoption
challenges.
Like
we
have
gas
overhead,
as
mentioned
as
mentioned
previously,
it's
not
so
much
as
people
think
you
just
have
around
one
to
two
thousand
gas
per
transaction
and
around
40
000
gas
for
deployment,
which
is
added
to
your
first
transaction.
But
the
main
challenge
is
dub
adoption.
So
a
lot
of
Dubs
either
block
smart
contracts
intentionally
because
they
believe
that
that's
not
a
wallet
and
it's
some
sort
of
automation.
AE
That's
basically
what
nft
means
and
the
other
thing
is
many
dabs,
just
don't
Implement
smart
contract
signing,
but
this
is
quite
easy
to
fix.
So
when
would
you
want
to
use
MPC
wallets?
So
one
of
the
benefits
of
MPC
wallets
is
off
chain
recovery
which
is
cheaper
and
easier,
but
not
as
flexible.
Then.
The
other
thing
is
they're,
truly
cross
chains,
so
there's
no
dependence
on
Smart
contracts.
So,
for
example,
you
can
support
Bitcoin
or
you
can
support
basically
any
chain
that
uses
elliptical
signatures.
AE
But
then
the
main
problem,
I
think,
is
the
immutable
authentication
rules
which
basically
means
that
when
you
create
like,
for
example,
two
out
of
three
multisig,
you
cannot
just
swap
out
one
of
the
signers.
You
cannot
make
it
like
two
out
of
four
or
you
cannot
make
it
like
a
three
out
of
four.
It's
just
immutable
once
you
create
it,
that's
it
which
also
creates
some
problems
with
recovery
right.
So
you
can
recover
the
account
once,
but
then
you
can
change
one
of
the
keys
so
like.
AE
If
you
lost
the
key,
then
it's
kind
of
bad
and
it's
also
limited
to
multi-6.
You
don't
have
time
logs
so
that
a
lot
that
limits
you
a
lot
as
well,
there's
no
gas
obstructions,
but
that's
not
in
the
slide,
because
it's
more
of
a
benefit
of
smart
contract
wallets
and
finally,
the
also
a
very
big
thing.
You
cannot
use
it
with
a
hardware
wallet,
at
least
not
before
those
Hardware
wallets
element-
that,
of
course
you
can
argue
that
you
can
pull
requests
to
those
Hardware
wallets.
AE
But
at
the
moment
you
can't
and
as
a
conclusion
I
would
say
that
smart
contracts
and
account
obstructions
are
the
way
to
go.
Does
the
future
proof
way
of
doing
accounts
on
ethereum
and
on
other
evm
chains
on
layer
tools
and
Etc,
but
mood
Parts
computation
can
be
fantastic
for,
like
some
temporary
use
cases
before
dubs
kind
of
get
their
stuff
together,
but
yeah?
Definitely
smart
contract
wallets
are
way
better
for
the
future.
So
that's
it
I
would
encourage
you
I
guess
we
don't
have
time
for
questions
right.
AE
Do
we
we
have
time
for
questions
amazing,
any
questions.
Yep.
AF
Sorry
so
one
of
the
critiques
for
the
smart
contract
wallets
right
now
is
that
in
the
end,
you
still
need
a
wallet
with
a
private
key
to
manage
it,
yeah
yeah,
both
in
towels
and
multi-6.
So
how
do
I
mean
any
any
ideas
of
how
of
how
to
overcome
it?.
AE
AE
Just
the
great
thing
about
smart
contract
wallets
is
that
you
can
manage
it
and
you
can
make
it
work
not
like
as
a
single
private
queue,
which
is
like
the
source
of
our
authentication
and
like
the
one
true
point
of
authentication,
but
you
can
have
multiple
of
those
Secrets
like
a
regular
like,
like
you,
have
one,
for
example,
on
Google
or
on
Facebook,
or
on
regular,
like
human
friendly
authentication
scheme.
So
it
is
a
private
key,
but
you
shouldn't
think
of
it
as
a
private
key,
because
eoa
wallets
in
there.
AE
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AG
AH
AG
AG
AI
AI
AI
Hold
on
good
afternoon,
and
thank
you
for
coming
to
this
talk,
I'm
Chang
from
I'm,
talking,
labs
and
I'm.
Talking
is
an
uncaster
one
based
in
Singapore
and
today,
I'm
gonna
talk
about
the
topic,
which
is
called
Postman
Diwali
foreign.
AI
AI
So,
let's
take
some
time
to
look
at
where
we
are
now
and
look
back
at
the
past
in
the
past.
I
would
like
to
go
through
some
number
and
some
observation
from
what
we
have
right
now.
So
here
is
the
adoption
map
of
the
Eastern
of
the
ethereum
users.
So
we
can
see,
many
users
are
distributed
in
North,
America,
Europe,
Asia
and
everywhere,
but
and
this
user
are
reading
are
crypto
users.
AI
So
how
do
I
Define
crypto
users,
naturally,
because
not
everyone
use
the
crypto
body
but
I
think
most
of
the
people
right
now
they
just
use
the
decentralized
exchange
like
Finance,
like
FTS,
is
changed.
So
how
do
we
I
mean
turn
this
kind
of
situation
so
make
more
people
to
get
into
the
crypto
Valley?
That
is
the
the
core
idea
of
this
topic.
So
for
now
there
are
over
221
million
people
have
quick
cryptocurrency
right
now.
This
number
might
not
be
accurate
just
for
reference.
AI
So
one
day,
if
you
want
to
introduce
the
crypto
wallet
to
your
parents,
your
friend
or
even
your
teacher,
how
do
you
do
that?
Can
you
help
them
to
say
a
crypto
worry
in
two
minutes,
five
minutes
or
even
in
10
minutes,
I.
Think
the
answer
for
now
property
is
no,
it's
really
hard
for
them
to
know
what
is
crypto,
because
the
learning
curve
is
pretty
high
foreign.
AI
So
here
are
the
challenges
we
are
facing
every
day.
If
you
are
working
as
well,
what
is
company,
then
you,
you
will
receive
the
feedbacks
like
this
every
day.
So
people
don't
know
what
is
the
crypto?
What
is
the
the
sea
phrase
and
also
they
don't
know
how
to
speed
up
the
transition
when
their
transaction
is
get
stuck.
AI
AI
AI
Is
a
important
entry
point
of
our
website
users
yeah,
so
we
need
to
fix
it
so
how
to
fix
it.
So
let's
recap
it
again.
So
if
you
want
to
rebuild
a
wallet,
then
we
need
when
we
need
to
know
what
the
future,
what
it
looks
like.
So
this
is
a
very
I
mean
very
good
question,
because
if
you
think
about
a
smart
contract
developer
in
2018
or
2019
at
that
moment,
because
they
didn't
sense
or
they
didn't
know,
there
is
a
kind
of
attack
called
ndv
attack.
AI
So
when
you,
when
you
design
a
smart
contract
at
late
time,
eventually,
you
will
you're
really
hard
to
defend
MVD
anyv
attack.
So
that's
why
we
need
to
know
what
is
the
future
and
we
need
to
know
how
to
design
the
world,
and
so
this
is
a
reason.
This
topic
called
possible,
merge
wallet.
AI
So
let's
look
at
the
future
yeah
end
game.
The
concept
of
the
endgame
is
proposed
by
vitalica
in
2021.
Actually,
it's
a
the
goal
is
to
scale
in
the
ethereum
for
many
users,
so
we
can
come.
We
can
unbox
more
users
to
the
ethereum
ecosystem
for
the
ink
and
is
in
in
the
article
that,
with
Harker
mentioned,
it
is
private
into
a
lower
solution,
Centric
low
map.
What
does
that
mean?
AI
It
means
we
can
we
today
we
have
already
seen
lots
of
their
two
solutions
coming
up
just
like
star
net
Aztec,
uptron
or
optimism.
So
since,
if
the
layer
2
is
the
future,
that
means
we
need
to
have
more
data
space
for
the
lower
up.
So
how
do
we
have
more
data
on
the
raw
up?
So
here
are
two
ways
we
can
do
that
so
first,
we
need
to
have
more
a
lot,
get
more
larger
block
and
the
block
need
to
be
verified
very
easily
for
the
line
client.
AI
If
we
can
do
so,
then
we
can
have
a
large
block,
and
that
is
what
then
charting
doing
and
another
approach
to
to
do.
This
is
how
do
we
make
the
data
smaller?
If
we
can
make
each
load
of
transition
smaller,
then
it
could
fit.
We
Intuit
a
bigger
block.
Then
that
means
we
can
get
a
lot
of
I
mean
transaction,
get
into
the
block.
AI
AI
So
when
the
internet
was
formed,
the
bandwidth
is
a
synchronized
resource
and
it
is
very
expensive
not
and
everyone
can
afford
to
the
internet
with
the
cost
decreasing.
Then
we
can
see
many
of
many
applications
start
to
going
on
the
internet.
So
if
you,
if
it
was
in
1998,
you
probably
don't
think
about
what
is
YouTube,
what
is
Netflix,
but
if
you
are
in
2020
or
into
2020-22,
then
you
you
won't,
you
might
think
Netflix.
It
makes
sense.
We
can
have
more
online
video.
AI
AI
Here,
I
want
to
give
you
a
very
brief
short
summary,
so
first,
it's
really
hard
for
the
general
users
to
know
what
is
crypto.
What
is
easier
and
think
about
it.
If
you
want
to
teach
your
parents
to
self-aware
it,
the
first
thing.
The
first
thing
is:
they
need
to
write
up
the
difference.
So
what
is
difference
yeah
it's
difficult
to
understand
and
then
next
they
need
to.
If
they
want
to
send
some
token,
then
they
need
to
have
some
easily.
AI
So
this
is
another
thing
that
quite
quite
challenging
for
them
because
they
they
said
what
this
cannot
change,
make
a
trans
transfer
if,
unless
I
got
some
easers
and
the
second
thing
is
the
user
experience
is
pretty
bad
now,
because
I
think
because
the
learning
curve
is
is
pretty
high,
so
most
of
the
users
don't
know
how
to
I
mean
run
the
body
like
how
do
I
interact
with
the
device.
If
there
is
a
new
application,
how
do
I
access
the
application?
AI
They
need
to
learn
it
from
the
video
or
some
kind,
or
they
really,
or
it's
really
hard
for
them
to
know
how
to
do
that
and
third,
just
like
I
mentioned
for
now.
We
have
already
have
some
users,
but
most
of
the
user,
not
crypto
user.
They
are
just
general
users
and
because
all
of
these
challenges
they
are,
they
are
just
stayed
with
the
centralized
exchange.
AI
How
do
we
I
mean
try
to
try
to
get
them
into
the
ecosystem,
so
we
need
to
have
a
layer
2,
ready
Wally,
which
is
designed
for
the
future.
I
think
this
is
a
very
big
fin,
because
in
Defcon
we
see
the
merge
is
already
finished,
so
the
layer
2
is
if
the
layer
2
is
the
feature.
So
we
need
to
start
thinking
about
what
is
the
future,
what
it
look
like,
so
finally,
it's
a
requirement.
AI
We
think
ideal
what
it
should
have
yeah
again,
if
you
are
working
at
the
water
company,
this
is
really
overwhelming.
Every
day
you
always
receive
a
user's
feedback,
complaining
their
token
was
stolen
or
they
just
make
they
just
approved
to
some
fake
contract.
So
how
do
we
avoid
that
avoid
it,
and
even
though
they
are
more
important,
important
question
is:
how
do
we
make
sure
the
user's
assets
is
safe
and
how
do
we
have
learned
to
manage
their
key?
AI
AI
Here
are
two
solutions:
one
one
is
MVC,
any
other
is
a
a
abstract
account.
I
think
the
abstract
account
is
a
very
popular
topic
during
the
the
account
talk
every
day,
so
you
might
probably
might
heard
about
it,
but
for
MPC
who
is
NPC
MPC
actually
is
a
multi-party
computation
so
think
about
this
example.
AI
If
you
want
to
generate
a
random
number,
you
can
ask
if
you
want
to
channel
random
some
versus
three
people,
you
can
ask
each
one
to
to
for
a
lumber,
and
then
we
can
sum
it
up
to
get
the
result.
AI
Let's
take
another
example:
if
we
can
take
the
signature
as
a
result,
we
can
ask
each
party
to
contribute
part
of
its
secret
numbers
as
the
input
and
then
we
can
get
the
signature.
So
this
is
a
kind
of
some
more
mass
or
match
Magic.
We
do.
We
do
not
need
to
have
a
private
key,
but
we
can
generate
the
validate
signature,
so
the
input
is
not
related
to
the
private
key.
AI
So
you
don't
need
to
worry
about
once
your
device
got
lost
because
there
is
no
privacy
store
in
the
device,
but
but
eventually
the
signature
will
be
generated.
The
way
it
operates
is
pretty
similar
to
multi-seek.
Think
about
that.
If
a
user
needs
to
request
a
transaction,
you
need
to
have
another
another
party
to
come
to
co-work
to
generate
the
signature.
So
this
is
really
like
the
artistic
Majestic
Way
to
to
send
a
transaction.
So
this
is
a
very
important
feature
for
the
NPC
wallet.
AI
And
the
mpc1
looks
like
an
eoa
with
an
invisible
private
key
besides,
it
could
be
designed
with
the
threshold
settings,
for
example
like
two
of
three,
so,
for
example,
if
we,
if
this
is
a
threshold
signature,
then
we
can.
If
we
want
to
send
the
transaction,
then
the
device
need
to
co-work
with
another
device
which
is
online
together
to
generate
the
signature,
but
also
this
is
the
the
weakness
of
the
MPC
it
needs.
It
needs
the
help
of
another
online
devices
to
working
together.
AI
But
if
you
think
about
that,
for
this
secret,
which
distribute
to
different
devices,
it
could
be
stored
in
some,
it
could
dedicate
to
some
decentralized
centralized
service.
So,
for
example,
if
we,
if
the,
if
the
service
helps
to
store
this
secret,
then
the
service
could
help
the
user
to
identify
the
the
transaction
is
valid
or
not,
because
one
day,
if
the
user
wants
to
interact
with
the
app
or
some
device
application,
once
this
party
finds
the
device
is
fake
or
it's
a
scam,
then
it
can.
AI
AI
And
another
part
for
the
NPC
is
it
could
support
multi-chan
because,
as
I
mentioned,
the
mpc1,
it
looks
like
an
eoa
with
a
invisible
body
key.
So
all
of
the.
If
this
this
is
a
wallet
and
they
are
all
go
with
this
invisible
type
of
key
for
so
for
mpc1
it
could
support
BTC
Bitcoin.
It
often
can
support
the
E7,
and
all
of
the
public
chain
is
layer
if
layer
signature
is
NPC
friendly.
AI
So
this
is
a
source
perfect,
but
for
the
mpcc
solution,
just
just
like
what
I
mentioned,
it
requires
having
an
online
Computing
unit
to
code
work
with.
AI
Okay,
so
yeah
these
are
accounts
in
Instagram.
We
have
these
two
two
types
of
account:
one
is
eoa
and
the
other
is
a
small
country
account.
So
I
just
talked
about
the
eoa
over
the
NPC
solution.
So
how
about
we
talk
about
the
control
account
yeah.
So
this
is
the
abstract
account
wallet,
so
it's
a
kind
of
a
smart
contract
volume.
So
the
nice
thing
lets
the
smart
contract
is.
It
is
a
festival.
AI
You
can
call
anything
into
a
smart
contract,
so
you
can
have
a
customized
lure,
so
you
can
Define
your
dual
into
this
smart
contract
with
the
AAA
wallet.
There
is
a
entry
entry
point
with
two
faces:
verification
and
execution,
because
in
current
issue
and
transactions
are
verified
by
ecda
signature
with
balance
and
the
nunch
check
and
then
execute
the
transfer
of
all
the
core
function.
AI
AI
If
we
can
customize
each
kind
of
verification
dual
so
that
means
we
can
Define
any
kind
of
signature
that
in
the
smart
contract
like
POS,
like
as
you
know
or
like
eddsa,
so
we
can
have
all
kinds
of
signal.
Signature,
verification
rule
are
building
into
the
smart
contract
and
also,
if
we
think
this
is
not
safe,
we
can
make
it
as
a
multi-signature
wallet.
So
that
means
you
can
control
that
what
it
could
be
controlled
by
five
people,
but
only
three
people
approved.
AI
Then
the
transaction
can
be
execute
and
then
the
other
Advantage
is.
It
could
be
designed
to
verify
of
trend
signing
messages.
So
this
is
pretty
important
because
if
you
think
about
the
Meta,
Meta
transaction
or
yeah,
if
you
think
about
a
meta
transaction
or
some
gaming
app
because
the
users
don't
know
how
to
get
the
easers.
AI
AI
Okay
to
me,
the
most
important
and
interesting
thing
for
abstract
account
is:
we
can
abstract
account
from
the
signer,
a
Founder
eoa,
so
that
means
we
can
have
a
signer
and
we
can
have
an
account,
but
the
account
doesn't
equal
to
sign.
So
this
is
a
very
important
feature,
because,
one
day,
if
we
want
to
design
a
kind
of
application
like
did
or
so
Bank
token,
the
account
could
be
fixed
and
it
could
we
can
have
the
same
address,
but
we
can
have
a
different
signer
to
control.
This
account.
AI
So
here
is
a
summarize
of
the
some
part
of
features
of
the
NPC
world
and
the
abstract,
a
wallet.
AI
So
for
MPC,
it's
developing
in
2018
and
then
for
now
there
are
many
Protocols
are
used,
so
you
can
use
any
kind
of
this
to
design
your
NPC
body
for
AAA.
Recently
there
are
some
EIP
like
2938
and
the
23
30
statement
yeah.
So
if
you,
if
you
are
interested
in
then
you
can
try
to
read
it
and
the
address
Alice
is
actually
is
a
hierarchical
threshold
signatures
protocol,
which
is
designed
by
me
and
my
colleague.
AI
AI
Okay,
so
this
compare
some
of
the
important
feature
with
the
NPC
and
the
a
wallet
so
for
NPC
and
and
a
both
of
them
are
could
run
in
multi-stick
way.
So
that
means
we
can
have
automatic
multi-signature
operation
to,
but
for
AA,
because
the
account
and
the
sign
up
could
be
different.
So
that
means
the
account
could
be
changed
in
the
future.
So
this
is
pre
not
account.
The
designer
could
be
changed
this.
AI
This
is
a
typo
okay,
but
for
MPC,
because
the
private
key
is
equal
to
account
and
the
signer.
So
yeah
this
is
not
possible,
but
for
MPC
and
the
AA
Wireless,
because
they
they
all
could
be
designed
with
a
social
recovery
so
yeah,
so
both
of
them
work
with
that
and
for
NPC
and
the
air
Wireless.
All
of
them
can
support
risk
control.
AI
Just
like
what
I
mentioned
NPC
one
is
you
can
if
you
dedicate
your
sequencia
to
another
centralized
service,
then
this
centralized
service
could
help
you
to
filter
those
malicious
operations
from
your
users,
but
for
AA,
because
this
is
a
smart
control
wireless,
so
you
can
Define
any
kind
of
lure
into
the
smart
contract
like
you
can
set
the
daily
withdrawal
limit
or
you
can
have
some
Wireless
edges,
but
for
NPC,
because
this
is
a
it's
more
like
a
private
key
solution,
so
it
could
support
multi-chan,
but
for
the
A1
it's
because
it
runs
on
the
smart
contract.
AI
So
that
means
if
the
public
chain
does
not
have
a
smart
contract
or
things
or
or
it's
not
even
comfortable,
then
it
cannot
be
support
multichat
and
for
MPC,
because
this
is
not
the
smart
contract,
so
it
could
not
doing
some
meta
transaction
so
yeah
for
AAA.
It
can
take
advantage
of
the
meta
transaction,
but
for
D5
friendly
I
think
this
is
a
very,
very
important
Point
here.
AI
So
a
sounds
like
a
pretty
cool
thing,
but
if
you
try
to
look
at
all
of
the
smart
contract
developed
right
now,
not
every
smart
contract
supports
Smart
Control
body.
AI
So
let's
mean
only
the
eoa
can
control
or
can
interact
with
the
smart
contract
and
also
another
thing
is
most
people
do
not
support
EIP
2071,
it's
an
interface
for
the
Smart
Control
Wally
yeah.
So
this
is
I
think
this
is
the
advantage
of
MPC
Wally.
So
from
this
table
we
can
see
the
pro
the
post
and
the
cons
of
this
kind
of
these
two
Solutions.
AI
AI
So
you
can
have
a
wallet
like
that.
If
you
consider
this
is
the
future
value,
then
we
can
have
a
have
a
signer
here
and
we
can
have
account
into
the
Smart
Control
body
and
also
because
of
the
feature
of
NPC
and
the
AAA
for
MPC.
It
could
be
long
in
of
chain,
but
for
AAA
it
could
be
it
or
because
all
of
the
operations
are
on
a
smart
contract,
so
it
should
be
Unchained.
AI
So
there
are
two
different
features,
but
I
think
you
can
take
a
advantage
of
this
kind
of
two
solutions
and
third,
because
just
like
I
mentioned
NPC
need
another
party
to
be
online
to
help
to
co-work
to
generate
a
signature,
so
it
should
be
synchronized,
but
for
it,
but
for
AAA
it
could
be
a
synchronized,
but
this
is
not
really
friendly
for
multi-6.
What
is
signature
Wally
because
for
money
signology,
when
you
send
a
request,
you
need
to
have
another
party
to
sign
a
transaction.
AI
So
there
is
a
lot
of
delay
so
at
the
last
I
think.
If
we
can
combine
these
two
kind
of
solution,
this
is
a
benefit
we
can
design
a
future
world
for
this
kind
of
application
like
for
payment,
because
for
payment
you
need
to
have
a
very
user-friendly
wallet
so
and
for
did
you
need
to
have
a
account
have
a
address
which
is
a
sent
as
an
account
yeah.
So
we
can
do
a
lot
of
things
if
we
can
combine
these
two
kinds
of
solution.
So
thank
you.
This
is
my
talk.
A
A
AG
AG
AG
AJ
Hello,
my
name
is
arcader
kukarkin
and
welcome
to
my
very
humbly
named
talk
about
decentralization
at
the
internet
archive.
So
a
couple,
quick
caveats.
This
is
not
strictly
official
use
of
the
archive,
it's
sort
of
my
own
accessories.
This
was
submitted
as
a
30-minute.
Talk
turned
into
lightning
talk
and
now
is
25
minutes
somehow.
So
it's
going
to
be
a
little
weird,
but
that's
okay
and
thirdly,
it
does
not
contain
ethereum.
Currently
this
may
change,
hopefully,
as
an
outcome
of
this
session,
we'll
see.
AJ
Okay,
let's
get
started
so
why
decentralize
the
archive
from
a
spiritual
or
ideological
perspective?
So
since
you
hear
your
property
know
what
the
archive
is,
but
just
as
a
quick
recap,
probably
best
known
feature
is
a
Wayback
machine
which
has
been
archiving
The
known
web
since
1996.
it
has
trillions
of
captures
any
given
URL,
you
can
punch
in
and
travel
back
in
time.
Quite
far
of
course,
that's
not
all
oops
okay,
so
we
have
thousands
and
thousands
of
other
collections,
everything
from
books
to
film
to
wax
cylinders
and
vinyl.
AJ
We
digitize
it
ourselves,
we
partner
with
other
institutions
to
preserve
their
Collections
and
so
on.
It's
a
lot
of
stuff,
yeah,
okay-
and
we
are
also
perhaps
known
for
our
beautiful
headquarters,
which
is
here
seen
in
its
previous
Incarnation
as
a
literal,
Church
and
inside,
is
our
own
Terracotta
Army,
which,
by
the
way,
is
I,
think
the
best
employee
perk.
Ever
after
three
years
you
get
a
half
size
statue
of
yourself
made
and
it's
placed
somewhat
creepily
on
the
side
of
the
the
Great
Hall
and
within
the
ver.
AJ
AJ
So
you
know,
we've
got
four
walls,
we've
got
a
riff,
we've
got
our
Hardware
serving
you.
You
know
your
Grateful
Dead
live
set
from
1972
or
the
White
House
homepage
from
the
90s,
and
that
is
how
we
accomplish
our
mission
of
universal
access
to
all
knowledge
right,
well,
I
think,
actually,
for
a
long
time.
This
has
been
true.
It
might
be
somewhat
true.
Today,
but
before
I
try
to
answer
this
question,
I
just
want
to
play
this
clip
off
our
founder
from
the
very
very
beginning.
AJ
And
he's
basically
talking
about
his
thinking
in
starting
the
archive
which,
at
that
time
was
just
a
web
repository
and
I,
want
you
to
take
two
things
away
from
this.
Clip
first
is
that
this
is
really
a
web
native
organization.
AJ
We
do
have
all
this
other
content
and
we
value
it
very
much,
but
the
web
has
largely
eaten
the
world
at
this
point,
so
it
is
in
our
DNA
to
essentially
be
a
the
missing
memory
layer
of
the
web
and
up
to
this
point,
the
best
way
to
accomplish
that
was
put
a
bunch
of
stuff
in
servers
in
a
you
know,
box,
and
the
second
thing
is
that
underlying
our
Top
Line
Mission
off
universal
access
to
all
knowledge,
is
this
technological
imperative
to
periodically
assess
the
tools
that
are
now
newly
available,
whether
they
can
help
us
further
that
Top
Line
and
apply
them
accordingly,
so
I
think
for
the
first
time
since
our
founding,
we
actually
have
something.
AJ
That's
not
just
you
know,
better
servers,
bigger
hard
drives
better
scanning
equipment.
We
have
a
possibility
of
potentially
fixing
this
problem
in
a
way
that
is
universal
and
not
just
embodied
in
our
service,
okay,
so
to
zoom
back
in
a
little
bit.
Why
decentralizer
archive
from
a
practical
perspective?
Well,
one
is
physical
location
risk.
So
this
is
a
map
of
seismic
risk
zones
in
the
Bay
Area
and
the
little
logos
there
correspond
to
our
facilities
and
that's
not
great
we're
actually
building
a
new
data
center
in
British
Columbia.
AJ
AJ
Secondly,
political
location
risk
so
we're
addressing
this
a
little
bit
with
the
Canadian
expansion,
but,
as
you
can
see
on
this
map,
this
is
essentially
a
sort
of
a
weighted
index
of
the
democratic
quality
of
various
countries
and
we're
not
doing
great
at
it,
and
it's
really
trending
downward.
So
this
is
a
real
problem
for
us,
because
we
have
a
lot
of
stuff
that
people
want
silenced
and
clearly
we
have
pretty
significant
Network
bottlenecks.
So
this
is
the
user
sign.
AJ
Ups
over
time
you
can
see
there
was
16
in
1996,
that's
very
cute,
and
during
the
pandemic
it
just
went
crazy
and
has
never
let
really
let
up
so
in
practice.
This
means
our
bandwidth
is
just
totally
cooked,
we're
putting
fiber
in
as
fast
as
you
know.
The
city
authorities
will
allow
us-
and
it's
really
just
not
enough-
so
you
might
ask
why
not
just
put
all
your
stuff
on
S3
and
use
cloudfronts
and
you
know
not
worry
about
any
of
this
stuff.
So
there
are
multiple
reasons.
AJ
Some
of
them
are
also
ideological,
but
they're
also
practical
ones
like
cost,
so
our
modeled
cost
and
actually
kind
of
real
cost
is
around
650
bucks
per
terabyte
to
store
forever,
which
in
the
model
means
100
plus
years
on
S3,
that's
about
160
bucks
per
year,
so
that
multiplied
by
forever.
That's
not
a
very
nice
number
with
filecoin,
which
is
sort
of
pre-saging,
but
we'll
get
into
a
little
bit
later.
AJ
The
costs
are
vanishingly
low
and
might
in
fact
be
negative
for
us,
because
there's
a
network
subsidy
for
culturally
valuable
data,
how
sustainable
that
is
we'll
we'll
find
out
storage
is
another
decentralized
storage
network,
they're
sort
of
a
little
bit
more
here
and
now
thinking
so
they're
competing
with
S3,
and
they
have
a
slightly
better
cost.
AJ
There's
also
our
weave,
which
you
might
be
familiar
with
as
the
forever
storage
solution,
and
it
is
expensive,
it
is
quite
pricey
compared
to
our
model
and
I'm
a
little
bit
unconvinced
about
their
data
availability
model
for
stuff.
That's
unimportant
until
it
is
right
so
things
that
are
sitting
idle
for
a
very
long
time
and
then
because
of
a
political
moment
or
something
like
that,
they
suddenly
become
relevant.
AJ
AJ
Aside
from
all
the
you
know,
dealing
with
negatives
they're,
also
positive
new
opportunities,
with
decentralized
storage
and
decentralized
networks
in
general,
like
content,
addressing
which
a
lot
of
them
support,
which,
for
example,
can
allow
for
transparent
link
preservation
right
now,
when
a
link
breaks,
we
may
have
a
backup
copy.
If
it's
on
Wikipedia,
we
have
a
bot
that
will
go
in
and
edit
the
broken
links
and
the
citations
with
our
backups
or
maybe,
if
you're,
an
Enthusiast
you'll
be
using
our
extension,
but
for
the
most
part,
an
HTTP
link
when
it
breaks
it.
AJ
It
just
breaks
and
of
course
there
is
web
3
forward
compatibility
as
a
nice
bonus
when
the
stuff
is
in
a
decentralized
network
and
it's
content
addressable,
you
can
reference
it
using.
You
know:
standard
ipfs,
libraries
that
I'm
sure
you're
familiar
with
and
so
on,
and
so
on.
AJ
So
I'm
going
to
quickly
jump
into
a
couple
of
things
that
we've
we
have
working
today
as
steps
in
this
direction
and
then
maybe
come
back
to
the
musings
about
how
a
actual
decentralized
internet
archive
might
look
like
okay,
so
the
first
one
is
the
simpler
one,
and
this
mostly
addresses
the
bandwidth
concerns
and
it's
streaming
media
from
Storage,
and
if
you'd
like
to
try
this
yourself,
you
can
do
it.
We
don't
currently
have
a
real
front
end.
AJ
So
you'll
need
to
grab
this
little
bookmarklet
from
the
presentation
and
just
add
it
to
your
toolbar
and
you
will
be
able
to
follow
my
example
all
right.
So
here
we
have
a
video
from
from
NASA
and
we
have
a
whole
collection
of
their
their
videos
and
in
the
metadata
here
you
see
some.
You
know
internal
identifiers,
this
archival
identifier,
Ark
and
then
this
storage
string.
AJ
So
any
archive
item
that
you
see
this
string
on
is
actually
mirrored
on
storage,
so
you
can
just
hit
this
bookmarklet
and
hopefully
we
do
not
get
demo
fail
here
due
to
network
issues.
No,
it's
working
great.
So
here
is
a
pretty
big
video.
You
know
full
resolution
MP4
four
gigs.
I
AJ
And
so
as
as,
oh
actually
yeah
that
loaded,
that's
that's
fantastic!
So
here
we
have
some
wacky
astronaut
things
and
it's,
as
you
see
on
the
right
here,
it's
being
served
from
almost
3000
nodes
worldwide.
The
way
storage
works
is
sort
of
like
an
incentivized
Victorian
swarm,
it's
not
quite
the
same,
but
it's
the
the
basic
principle
applies
the
use,
Erasure
coding
and
basically
pick
88
of
the
fastest
nodes.
To
give
you
a
nice,
robust
stream
without
relying
on
something
like
cloudfront
or
expensive
Edge.
Caching.
AJ
So
what
do
we
need
for
this?
To
actually
be
useful
to
y'all
is
well.
One
is
obviously
an
actual
front
end
and
that's
that's
assigned
to
me.
AJ
We
need
browser
support,
because
in
this
case
it
was
sort
of
cheating
a
little
bit,
because
I
was
actually
using
an
HTTP
Terminator,
where
my
browser
was
talking
to
a
storage
service.
That
was
then
talking
to
all
these
thousands
of
nodes.
It's
actually
an
https
connection
to
the
nodes.
AJ
So
all
you
need
to
make
this
work
in
the
browser
in
a
truly
peer-to-peer
fashion
is
self-signed
certificate
support
in
a
particular
context,
so
if
you're
was
Brave
or
opera
or
in
other
browser
that
wants
to
make
a
play
in
the
space,
please
talk
to
me
and
lastly,
as
with
many
decentralized
systems
their
systems
today,
there
is
actually
centralized
point
of
failure,
which
is
the
metadata
that
essentially
tells
you
where
to
find
all
the
pieces
of
the
file.
AJ
So
we're
currently
using
a
storage,
hosted
what
they
call
satellite
metadata,
Service
we'll
probably
be
running
one
of
our
own
soon,
but
the
real
solution
is,
of
course,
not
to
have
the
single
point
of
failure,
so
that
is
on
the
to-do
list.
AJ
So
the
canonical
format
for
web
archives
is
called
work
and
it's
in
IRB
standard
that
the
the
archive
has
developed
back
in
the
2000s
and
it's
basically
just
a
dump
off
web
of
HTTP
traffic
between
your
browser
and
a
given
server
and
the
the
actual
file
structure
is
basically
a
tarball
or
concatenated
dumps
all
these
different
crawls,
and
this
is
how
the
entirety
of
the
Wayback
machine
works.
AJ
It's
just
a
bunch
of
these
giant
files
that
are
HTTP
dumps
and
some
index
data
that
tells
you
what
offset
in
the
file
to
read
and
out
comes
the
web
page.
So,
let's
see
all
right
so
I'm
going
to
go
back
to
the
demo
here.
So
here's
an
example
of
such
a
work
file
and
it
doesn't
look
like
much
here
because
this
is
sort
of
internal
use.
AJ
If
you
open
this
up
in
a
different
front,
end
you'll
actually
see
the
web
pages,
but
this
is
kind
of
what's
you
know
how
the
sausage
is
made
internally,
just
these
files
and
we
have
again
in
the
metadata
fields
we
have
these
identifiers
I
did
very
CID
and
com
p,
and
these
are
identifiers
within
the
file
coin
Network,
so
we've
been
storing
a
lot
of
these
web
crawls.
AJ
This
particular
data
set
is
our
inauguration,
pre-integration,
crawl,
so
every
U.S
presidential
election
we
capture
the
entirety
of
the
dot
gov
domain
and
Associated
things
before
and
after
the
administration
change
to
see.
You
know
how
how
the
politics
reflect
in
the
reality
of
the
government
web,
so
we're
using
these
data
sets
as
as
a
test
bed,
because
it
is
in
public
interest
and
it
is
also
not
copyright
encumbered
as
a
U.S
government
data
generally
is
so
we
can
pull
up
oops.
AJ
Actually,
this
one
just
grab
this
identifier
here
and
go
to
a
filecoin
network,
indexer
So,
to
avoid
demo
fail.
I've
actually
pre-filled
this
so
I'm
not
going
to
breathe
on
it,
so
it
doesn't
fall
over.
So
here's
here's
that
content
ID
and
it's
founded
a
couple
of
Piers
where
we
stored
it.
So
we
can
map
this
peer
ID
to
a
minor
ID
here.
AJ
AJ
All
right
fantastic!
So
here
we
are
retrieving
the
kind
of
bulk
package
from
the
bioco
network.
AJ
So
so
at
the
moment
we're
sort
of
treating
this
as
just
a
dumb
blob,
so
it's
it's
being
stored
on
file
coin
as
essentially
another
copy.
We
have
a
couple
of
internal
copies
and
this
is
a
a
third
sort
of
Cold
Storage
thing,
but
things
can
get
a
lot
more
interesting,
so
we
can
take
a
look
at
some
other
tools
in
this
space.
Okay.
AJ
It
looks
a
little
weird
of
this
resolution,
but
here
we
have
a
capture
of
the
Defcon
dot
org
site
and
this
Tool
it's
it's
not
an
internet
archive
tool,
but
it's
it's
sort
of
Affiliated,
and
here
we
have
made
a
capture
of
the
site
and
we
can
store
it
on
ipfs
and
filecoin
through
web3
storage.
AJ
All
right
and
now
this
bundle
is
a
static,
self-hosted
application
that
provides
a
view
into
this
web
archive
the
same
way
that
you
would
get
on
the
Wayback
Mission,
but
there's
no
server
right.
This
is
just
loaded
for
my
ipfs
and
it
has
all
the
nice
archiving
stuff
built
right
in
you.
Have
this
time
stamp.
You
could
travel
back
in
time.
If
I
had
earlier
copies,
you
can
have
the
links
reference
and
so
on.
So
the
the
next
steps
in
the
file
coin.
AJ
Work
for
us
are
to
try
to
make
our
captures
structured
and
compatible
with
something
like
this.
So
you
don't
actually
need
our
servers
to
interact
with
this
data.
AJ
So
all
right
and
beyond
that
step,
there
are
a
few
things
we
need
to
actually
make
this
work
for
real,
so
one
is
actually
encryption
and
ACLS.
You
might
think
of
sort
of
public
good
information
sets
such
as
our
collections
as
being
essentially
open,
and
that's
generally
true,
but
because
we
capture
from
the
open
web
and
some
of
our
collections
do
come
from
sources
where
just
so
much
stuff
goes
in
that
it's
very
hard
to
do.
Diligence
at
ingestion
time.
AJ
There
are
opportunities
when,
where
things
do
require
a
certain
degree
of
Access
Control
in
in
case
of
legal
action
or
something
like
that
and
there's
also
kind
of
a
broad
concern
about
data
mining
of
these
sets.
So
we
we
seek
to
primarily
support
users
and
good
faith
researchers,
but
there
is
a
broad
spectrum
of
use
cases
that
go
from
kind
of
white
to
gray
to
Black
and
the
most
important
okay,
two
most
important
things
is
indexing
and
metadata.
So
right
now
we're
able
to
store
this
bulk
data
fairly.
AJ
Well,
we've
spent
about
a
year
on
this,
and
it
seems
like
kind
of
a
simple
thing,
but
at
the
end
of
the
day
it
it
it.
It
turns
out
not
to
be,
but
the
thing
that
we
don't
have
a
solution
for
right
now
is
the
index
because
we
have,
as
I
mentioned
trillions
of
captures
in
the
Wayback
machine.
We
have
billions
of
other
objects
and
you
can't
put
that
stuff
on
chain
right
and
you.
It
has
to
be
discoverable
somehow
so
I'm
very
open
to
suggestions
from
the
audience.
AJ
After
my
talk
on
how
we
can
attack
this
and
the
second
most
important
thing
is
scale,
so
we
have
hundreds
of
petabytes
in
our
collections
at
the
moment
and
that's
a
lot
of
data
I.
Think
most
folks
here
who
are
work
in
on
chain
things,
you're,
probably
dealing
with
things
that
are
at
most
a
few
megabytes
right.
It's
it's
really
not
that
much
data
that
we're
used
to
dealing
with
in
the
the
blockchain
world
and
we've
got
tons
and
tons
and
tons.
AJ
So
that's
something
that
the
file
coin
team
has
been
very
supportive
of,
but
we
are
just
getting
started
all
right
and
I.
Think
that's
it
I!
Guess
the
question
I
leave
you
with
that
goes
back
to
the
beginning!
Is:
can
can
the
web
have
a
memory,
not
just
web
3,
which
is
already
somewhat
set
up
for
that,
but
all
the
web
content,
because
we
we
value
culture.
That
is
not
just
this
narrow
domain
that
we
inhabit.
We
value
all
culture
right.
So
how
do
we
preserve
that
for
forever?
Thank
you.
D
So
when
you're
archiving
the
web,
very
often
web
servers
differentiate
what
content
they
serve
depending
on
the
IP
address,
from
which
you
ask,
and
it
seems
to
me
that
there's
an
opportunity
for
decentralization
here
as
well,
so
that
your
crawlers,
actually,
you
know
pick
from
which
region
they
download
the
who
I've
already.
How
are
you
dealing
with
this
problem
now.
AJ
AJ
There
is
a
organization
called
archive
team,
which
is
basically
a
volunteer
group
that
runs
crawlers,
that
receive
these
tasks,
and
there
is
also
academic
research
in
this,
where
different
archiving
organizations
would
enter
into
sort
of
Consortium
where
they
would
synchronize
their
crawls
from
different
regions,
but
I
agree
that
those
are
not
super
scalable
Solutions,
so
I
think
that
my
short
answer
is
yes,.
AJ
So,
unfortunately,
we
are
required
to
comply
with
that
to
continue
existing
as
an
organization.
So
we
have
a
legal
team
that
processes
them
and
if
they
are,
they
have
merits
and
are
made
in
good
faith.
We
will
generally
block
the
item
from
being
served.
AG
A
A
AG
AG
AG
W
Hello,
welcome
to
my
talk
thanks
to
come
thanks
for
coming.
Welcome
to
my
talk,
balkanize
Learn
to
Earn,
okay.
So,
let's
start
with
some
Universal
truths
that
we
can
hopefully
all
agree
on
number
one.
Some
countries
are
poorer
than
others
and
frankly,
some
countries
are
probably
just
poor.
Often
we
call
them
developing
countries
number
two.
W
Although
markets
have
been
doing
not
that
great
lately,
I
think
some
of
you
might
still
have
made
some
money
number
three,
some
people
or,
if
we're
being
honest,
actually
most
people,
especially
in
these
developing
countries,
they're
lacking
awareness
of
this
whole
web
free
space,
but
at
the
same
time
we
need
more
web
free
literacy
and
we
actually
need
more
web
free
Developers.
W
So
now
let
me
actually
introduce
myself
hello,
GM,
buenos
dias.
This
is
me
hello.
My
name
is
Dennis
or
Dennis,
which
God
I
was
born
in
1998
in
former
Yugoslavia.
Today's
Bosnia
I
moved
to
Germany
in
92..
W
At
the
beginning
of
the
war
lived
there
most
of
my
life
and
then
2014
I
actually
moved
to
Switzerland
for
a
PhD
I
studied
industrial
engineering
had
like
a
focus
on
energy
economics
worked
a
bit
and
then
did
this
PhD
at
eth
Zurich.
We
have
a
focus
on
machine
learning.
Eth
Zurich
is
like
the
Technical
University
in
Switzerland.
It's
not
affiliated
with
ethereum
or
the
ethereum
foundation.
W
I
then
worked
as
a
data.
Scientist
last
stop
was
at
eBay
left
that
position
at
the
end
of
last
year
and
yeah
I'm
now
with
this
little
project
that
goes
under
the
name,
enot.io
and
I'm,
also
a
partner
at
very
early
Ventures,
like
an
early
stage,
Venture
fund
I've
been
involved
in
this
crypto
space
for
a
few
years
now.
This
is
my
second
def
con.
First
one
was
in
Prague
I.
W
Did
this
weird
thing
in
2018,
where
we
built
like
a
Bitcoin
client
in
Python
from
scratch
and
I'm,
a
quite
regular
user
of
Dune
analytics
for
all
sorts
of
like
on-chain
data
analytics
these
things,
together
with
my
background,
will
become
somewhat
relevant
to
the
actual
design
or
architecture
of
the
program?
Okay.
Now,
let's
dive
into
some
local
truths,
Bosnia
the
place
that
I'm
from
it's
probably
safe
to
say
that
it
was
hardest
hit
during
the
wars
in
the
90s.
It's
still
ethnically
quite
divided.
Youth
unemployment
rates
are
quite
High.
W
Think
until
recently
the
numbers
were
around
like
60
65
percent.
They
claim
they're
lower.
Now,
if
the
numbers
are
true,
then
I
think
it's
mostly
because
people
are
emigrating
to
the
West
and
at
the
same
time
the
GDP
per
capita
is
around
5K
US
Dollars,
like
400
USD
per
month,
would
that
would
translate
into
400
USD
per
month
average
salary,
which
is
not
that
much?
Interestingly,
if
you
look
at
it
on
like
purchasing
power
parity
basis,
it's
a
factor
3x
higher.
That
basically
just
means
that
life.
There
is
quite
cheap
students.
W
There
usually
have
a
strong
theoretical
basis.
They
often
lack
opportunities
for
a
practical
experience
and
when
they
get
practical
experience,
they
often
end
up
choosing
like
a
weird
text
deck
or
some
outdated
Technologies.
That's
kind
of
a
little
bit
of
my
opinion,
though.
Okay,
now,
let's
look
into
some.
Hopefully,
generalizable
Solutions
I
am
of
the
opinion
that,
with
guidance,
incentives
and
arbitraging,
this
purchasing
power
parity.
You
can
achieve
quite
a
big
impact
both
for
these
people,
but
also
for
our
whole
industry.
W
What
does
that
mean
guiding
basically
telling
people
what
they
need
to
learn
and
how
they
acquire
these
skills,
then
incentivizing
by
mapping
this
learning?
W
This
is
the
Learn
to
Earn
component
mapping,
the
learning
to
some
monthly
income
and
then
the
purchasing
power
parity
Arbitrage,
which
basically
means
funneling
money
from
a
place
where
a
beer
costs
seven
euros
to
a
place
where
a
beer
is
one
Euro
doesn't
mean
the
people
have
to
spend
it
on
beer,
but
it's
just
my
personal
Big
Mac
index
and
I
think
through
that
you
can
achieve
quite
quite
High
leverage,
good
type
of
Leverage.
W
W
They
have
a
background
in
computer
science
or
physics,
either
final
year,
students
or
graduates
they
receive
150
Euros
per
US
dollar
per
month
per
student
they're
supposed
to
learn.
Like
a
machine
learning
track
blockchain
training
as
well,
the
learning
is
outsourced
I'm,
not
doing
that
myself.
I
think
I'm
lacking
the
patience
for
that,
but
the
projects
are
in-house
I'm,
making
sure
that
they
learned
what
they
were
supposed
to
learn.
The
expected
duration
is
like
9
to
12
months,
currently
they're
about
to
enter
the
third
month
for
more
information.
W
W
They
did
some
Java,
maybe
some
JavaScript,
some
front-end
development
that
then
transition
into
python,
mastering
the
libraries
that
are
essential
for
data
science
and
machine
learning,
numpy
pandas,
then,
first
level
we're
actually
doing
machine
learning
and
because
every
data,
scientists
or
machine
learning
engineer
ends
up
spending
quite
a
lot
of
time
with
SQL
I
make
them
use
Dune
analytics
to
actually
work
with
real-world
data,
which
is
quite
useful
for
me
as
well,
because
I
don't
have
to
yeah
host
any
fake
data
and
then
eventually,
in
the
next
modules
or
levels,
the
students
will
be
interacting
with
the
web
free
python,
Library
I'll
make
them
do
what
I
had
to
do
like
re-implement
Bitcoin
from
scratch
in
Python,
and
then
eventually
we'll
be
going
into
smart
contract
development.
W
Okay,
what's
next
cover
this
well
a
minor
point,
it
would
be
nice
if
we
got
like
some
more
crypto
native
remittance.
Currently
it's
still
revolute
transferwise,
but
there's
just
no
local
economy
for
the
students
to
to
do
anything
with
usdc
AFR
or
whatever
big
question
is:
what
is
this
becoming?
W
Will
this
be
an
education
Point
C,
or
will
there
be
like
income
sharing
agreements
at
some
point
to
to
fund
next
Generations
all
open
questions,
but
the
most
important
thing
and
that's
kind
of
why
I'm
here
is
to
spread
the
word
and
make
people
that
are
interested
are
in
a
similar
position,
copy
pasta,
not
just
code,
but
maybe
even
this
type
of
setup,
where
you
can
guide
and
incentivize
and
support
people
in
other
places
and
hopefully
push
them
into
yeah.
W
P
W
Yeah,
that's
a
good
question.
I
my
deliberate
Choice
was
initially
to
just
do
it
myself,
don't
do
any
outside
funding.
Next
steps
might
be
to
talk
with
some
of
the
organizations
that
are
here.
You
know
give
it
for
talent.
Protocol
I've
already
spoken
with
a
few
of
them.
Maybe
that's
like
the
leanest
or
easiest
way,
I
guess
any
investor
funded
approach
yeah
might
be
related
to
just
investing
in
in
talent.
That
eventually
would
work
for
you
Germany
Switzerland.
They
both
have
like
this
apprenticeship
culture,
which
essentially
is
like
you.
W
You
got
young
people
and
you're
paying
them
to
to
become
actually
productive
workers.
So
I
could
imagine
something
like
this
working
now.
This
would
be
very
tight
to
a
company
if
we
get
this
income
sharing
thing
I
mean
I
like
to
think
about
these
ideas,
but
I
think
that's
still
a
philosophical
conversations,
but.
A
AG
AK
AG
AK
So
first
Welcome
to
My
Country
I'm,
the
first
female
nft
artist
from
Colombia,
so
I'm
super
happy
seeing
you
here
drinking
water.
You
know
dancing
a
lot.
I
know
there
are
like
a
few
girls,
but
if
you
want
I
can
introduce
it
to
my
friends,
and
today
is
Friday
I
know
many
people
like
are
hungover
like
me,
but
let's
get
it
started
so
since
I
was
a
little
child.
I
have
been
like
super
super
curious
about
life,
about
everything
and
and
like
my
Manifesto
talked
about
it.
AK
When
you
are
connected
to
your
soul,
you
can
shine
brighter
and
we
are
all
we
are
all
connected
by
one
single
trace.
So
that's
my
that's
my
Manifesto
and
that's
me
and
when
you
paint
in
one
single
trace
it's
because
life
is
a
funeral
and
you
don't
know
like
how
much
time
you
will
be
here
on
Earth
and
when
I
painted
one
blind
single
trace.
Just
like
start
drawing
and
then
you
just
finish
and
you
are
like
this
is
horrible.
This
is
amazing,
I
like
it
or
I
love
it.
AK
So
for
me,
that's
live.
You
know
you
need
to
be
passionate
about
what
you
do
and
just
Express
all
yourself.
You
know,
of
course,
I'm
a
bit
terrible
with
guys,
because
I
express
all
my
feelings
are
there
first
time
and
they
feel
afraid,
but
it's
okay
man
if
they
will
likely,
they
will
like
how
I
am
you
know
so
I
started
painting
in
my
in
my
in
el
paper
and
I
studied
civil
engineering,
because
my
dad
has
a
company,
but
guess
what
happened.
AK
I
didn't
continue
with
the
company
and
I
started,
just
like
yeah
with
my
dream.
So
at
that
time,
I
didn't
have
money
for
buying
an
iPad,
so
I
just
started
painting
on
a
paper
I
scan
it
I
use
an
app
that
is
called
in
my
phone,
that
is
called
Pig
collage
and
then
I
just
send
them
in
a
jpd
and
guess
what
like,
when
I
I
started
selling
for
15
when
I
arrived,
like
100
people
were
asking
me
like:
hey
give
me
a
certificate
of
authenticity
like
this
is
really
expensive.
AK
They
was
not
information
in
Spanish
like
like
nothing
and
like
few
information
in
English.
So
my
when
I
speak
and
I
gave
this
conference
to
people
like
be
curious.
You
know
like
life,
is
that
so
this
is
me
and
like
one
week
ago,
Bloomberg
I
appear
in
the
Bloomberg
list
of
the
500,
more
influential
people
in
Latin,
America
and
I
love
that
not
because
oh
I'm
in
Bloomberg
list.
No
because
I
say
people
look
at
me,
I'm
an
artist
I,
don't
I!
AK
Don't
use
like
you
know,
like
formal
clothes,
to
be
here,
I'm,
just
like
connected
to
your
soul,
I,
inspire
people
and
that's
why
I'm
in
that
list.
Also
one
of
my
nfts
went
with
Jeff
Bezos
to
the
space
I
make
the
nft
of
the
woman
football
championship.
I'm
a
global
Ambassador
I
wasn't
Times
Square
and
I'm
going
to
be
in
nft
London
speaking.
If
you
are
going
there,
I
will
be
there.
AK
AK
So
again
my
Manifesto.
If
you
are
connected
to
your
soul,
you
can
shine
brighter
and
my
invitation
to
you
is
just
be
you
just
shine
with
your
soul.
Just
know
who
you
are
and
that's
the
path.
That's
the
way
again.
My
first
please
again
take
a
picture.
That's
the
the
message
I
want
to
spread
in
the
world
and
also
also
loved
blockchain
technology.
You
know.
AK
AK
Can
you
change
it?
No,
so
I
enter
into
this
world
because
I
realized
that
art
reflects
what
happened
in
society.
That's
the
phrase
you
need
to
say
to
the
people
when
they
ask
you
why
the
is
an
nft
I,
don't
understand
that
and
you
say:
I
reflect
what
happened
in
society,
babies.
So
then
I
start
telling
about
the
like
the
history
of
Art
and
in
this
period
of
time
in
the
Middle
Ages
they
like.
AK
If
you
see
they,
there's
like
a
lot
of
religious
like
religious,
religious,
yeah,
religious
art,
and
it's
because
at
that
time
the
church
want
money
and
you
know
how
they
ask
people
to
get
them
money
with
paints.
It's
if
you
don't
do
this,
you
you
will
go
to.
You
won't
go
to
heaven.
So
give
me
money,
give
me
money
and
voila.
They
use
art
to
teach
people,
then
in
the
Renaissance.
AK
AK
I'm
inspired.
Sorry
like
now,
the
center
of
the
universe
wasn't
God
was
a
human
being,
so
they
start
studying
Anatomy.
You
know,
then,
at
this
period
of
time,
impressionism
they
created
tube
of
oil.
So
now
the
artists
have
their
tube
of
oils.
They
can
go
like
like
out
of
their
like
houses
and
they
can
paint.
So
if
you
go
to
Music
Museum
in
Paris,
what
you
will
see
a
lot
of
Landscapes
again,
my
face
I
reflects
what's
happening
in
society
and
then
under
our
whole
Country
Museum
and
in
the
50s
USA.
AK
You
know
so
he
was
like.
Okay,
I
want
to
be
a
billionaire.
You
know
how
he
was
on
the
world
and
you
have
two
options:
to
sell
one
art
piece
for
like
millions
of
dollars
or
sell
this.
The
like
copies
of
the
same
like
like
super
cheap,
so
he
did
that
like
once
you
miss
him.
Art
reflects
what
happened
in
society
and
then
voila
and
nft.
AK
What
is
happening
now
technology
and
you
know
that
you're
a
crypto
people
like
most
of
you.
So
when
you
mix
art
and
Technology.
What
do
you
have
digital
art?
You
know,
but
when
you
make
little
art
and
blockchain
Technology
what
you
have
nfts
voila,
that's
what's
happening
right
now,
so
that
you,
my
like
my
invite
for
you,
the
crypto
people
is,
please
teach
nfts
in
like
in
the
history
of
Art
and
people
will
like.
AK
Oh,
my
gosh
yeah
like
now
I
understand
this
because
many
crypto
people
explain
like
it's
a
non-fungible
token
who's
like
what
is
that,
like
even
I,
don't
understand
that
you
know
it's
always,
as
you
know,
like
color
kinds
and
then
what
happened
like
pandemic
has
started.
Everyone
lived
pandemic.
So
so
what
happened?
Everyone
made
like
some
parties,
so
everyone
live
like
like
the
necessity
of
Technology
before
technology
was
only
like
a
tool.
AK
So
what's
the
difference
between
this
and
this,
this
wasn't
Chris
is
in
Dubai.
Nothing!
Just
a
way
to
show
the
art
and
what
is
happening
again.
I
reflects
what's
happening
in
society.
Technology
we're
using
TVs,
voila
and
hockney.
Hockney
is
a
really
famous
digital
artist.
He
needs
to
print
their
like
his
digital
artwork.
In
order
his
artwork
had
a
value
now,
look
at
me:
I
have
a
screens
I,
don't
print.
Anything
like
my
certificate
about
authenticity
is
is
on
the
blockchain
and
that's
amazing.
AK
That's
like
you
know,
people
tell
me
hey
Peter,
give
me
physical
and
things
like
no
baby.
Rv
Flex
will
happen
in
society.
I
won't
pinch,
you
anything
really
like
I,
don't
like
it
to
do
it
and
like
social
networks
are
anything
but
social
nfts.
Allow
us
to
unite
and
bring
our
community
closer
together
through
everything.
So
it's
like
you
never
think
that
you
will
like
be
friends
of
these
kind
of
people.
You
know,
but
you
have
a
broad
day
of
these
monkeys
and
now
you're
like
I,
have
a
poor
name.
AK
I
have
a
poor
nap,
so
that
happened.
So
anonymity
is
not
a
JPG.
It's
not
even
a
work
of
art
is
a
key
that
opens
a
door.
It's
a
key
that
opens
like
anything
you
want
and
like
really
like
social
media
is
not
so
like
it's
not
social.
You
know,
but
nfds
give
you
that
you
can
like
communicate.
You
can
connect
with
anyone.
If
you
write
to
I,
don't
know
you're
I,
don't
know.
AK
Richard,
Branson
and
Richard
Branson
would
like
will
never
answer
to
you,
but
you
have
an
NFD
that
which
are
like
the
same
Community.
You
have
more
like
possibilities.
He
will
answer
you,
so
this
is
an
example.
This
is
one
of
my
art
collectors
who
was
like
super
happy
with
the
Steve
Aoki.
Oh
my
gosh,
my
time
is
over
I
I
need
to
finish.
AK
A
A
AG
AG
M
Fun,
oh
good
afternoon,
everyone
is
my
great
honor
to
be
here
to
introduce
building
either
in
community
together
in
China
my
partner
Holly.
For
some
reason
he
can't
be
here
also
and
we'll
play
his
video,
hey.
AL
AM
AL
AL
AL
For
Tech
night
the
issues
and
discuss
the
topic
of
blockchain
on
Twitter
space
ECM,
the
Rich-
they
have
Rich
products
like
website
podcast
newsletter,
and
they
also
have
many
education
products
they
will
launch
new
websites
down
named
is
gift
get
point
china.
They
are
mainly
promote
Bitcoin
events
and
updates
newsletters
for
community
and
have
more
people
to
get
into
the
interviewing
rebase.
Then
there
is
take
the
blockchain
topic
events
and
the
technical
workshops.
AL
The
universities,
students
to
help
them
study
blockchain
and
this
planet
this
planet
we.
AM
AL
Organized
offline
events
and
I'm
also
leading
a
supporting
from
this
planet.
This
protein
will
give
help
and
guidance
to
help
more
people
and
Community
to
participants
in
building
ethereum.
AL
M
We
are
designed
for
developers
to
use
web
into
blockchain
Dev
development
where
they
can
learn
Define
projects.
Our
version
is
that
we
hope
we
could
not
only
give
Junior
developers
feasible
and
easy
to
use
blockchain
type
learning
roadmap,
but
also
present
Advanced
developer,
with
the
planned
4
to
communicate
to
communication
and
cooperation.
M
Organization,
our
core
members
are
driving
by
entries
and
paging
yeah.
You
can
see.
We
have
gained
more
more
than
three
thousand
stars
in
our
GitHub
and
two
thousand
subscribers
in
our
YouTube
yeah.
Welcome
follow
our
Twitter
too
yeah.
Our
community
has
three
parents
yeah,
that's
the
most
important
part
is
our
GitHub
yeah.
We
have
a
basic
tasks
and
project
task.
Basic
text
is
tell
you
how
to
use
the
website
a
web
3.js
users.js
hard
ahead
like
chain
link,
graph,
ipfs
and
other
layer,
2
Solutions.
M
M
M
M
There
are
many
tests
waiting
for
for
you
to
finish
what
can't
you
join
us
yeah.
This
is
our
defined
learning
roadmap
yeah.
We
follow
the
finance
logic,
trending
low
derivative
yeah
to
help
a
new
developer
to
learn
and
Define
yeah
trading.
We
have
a
dong
song
called
analysis
and
white
paper
analysis
on
uni,
so
I
have
rewind
V2
V3
curve.
We
we
want
V2
and
load
like
every
compound
liquidity.
Ola
derivative,
like
synthetical
wide
earn
Perpetual
protocol
yeah.
M
Another
interesting
feature
of
our
community
is
that
our
dog
governments
yeah,
who
wanted
to
join
us
Masters,
submit
a
PR
yeah
in
the
early
times,
one
time
and
then
now
it's
three
times
now
yeah
or
give
a
shiny
meeting
technology
meeting
in
our
community
yeah.
Then
you
can
join
our
developer
group
yeah
with
more
and
more
developers.
Join.
We
add
a
limit
with
the
selling
of
120
people
developer
developer
group
has
the
limit,
but
we
also
build
a
communication
group.
M
Well
welcome
our
developers,
who
want
to
learn
blockchain
yeah
and
the
last
one
is
that
with
more
and
more
excel
in
the
developers
in
our
community
and
many
people
want
to
send
a
advertisement
in
our
community,
so
we
added
the
rule,
you
must
give
generation.
Then
you
can
post
the
right
advertisement.
Yeah
our
founder
are
stored
on
the
Genesis
safely
to
controlled
by
five
current
contributors
of
our
community
yeah.
As
a
core
contributor
Master
proposed
to
distribute
the
fund.
The
record
is
in
the
dlip
project
yeah.
This
is
our
sponsor
yeah.
M
We
are
not
perfect
organization,
so
our
founder
are
from
either
in
Foundation
Grant
and
the
critical
Grant.
Also
there
are
many
Chinese
famous
organizations
donate
donated
us
yeah
and
thanks
again
here.
M
So
if
you
are
interested
in
our
project
feel
free
to
join
us.
This
is
a
QR
code,
yeah
yeah.
You
can
connect
me
and
how
you
and
that's
all
right.
Thank
you.
A
AG
AG
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
A
AG
AB
AG
AG
AH
Okay,
wait:
don't
start
the
timer
yet
so
my
slides
are
up.
How
do
I
make
it
start?
Okay,
while
it
loads
up,
hey
everybody,
my
name
is
Camila
Ramos.
This
talk
is
super
important
and
amazing
to
me,
because
one
I'm
Colombian
I
was
born
in
Bogota.
My
family
is
Colombian.
We
can
go
through
a
whole
journey
of
what
this
means
to
me
to
be
back
in
my
home
country.
AH
Talking
to
you
guys,
but
the
one
request
I
have
is:
can
someone
take
cute
pictures
of
me
so
I
can
send
it
to
my
mom
and
tell
her
that
I
spoke
in
Colombia.
Thank
you,
okay
cool!
So
today
we're
gonna
speedrun
this,
because
there's
so
much
to
talk
about
and
I
only
have
11
minutes.
So
we're
gonna
talk
about
machismo,
inflation,
remittance
scaling
ethereum
for
widespread
adoption
in
Latin
America.
What
does
it
mean
from
a
technical
level?
What
does
it
mean
on
a
cultural
level
and
how
do
we
get
there?
AH
So,
let's
start
with
where
we
are
today,
I
had
to
pull
this
out
from
back
when
I
worked
in
product
at
Sony.
We
had
this
grid
that
helped
us
understand
a
product
that
we
were
building.
AH
It's
why
we've
kind
of
devolved
to
crypto
dick
Buds
and
a
thousand
percent
apis,
because,
like
we're,
trying
really
hard
to
find
a
use
case
for
it,
and
we
just
can't
seem
to
find
something
that
we
can
solve,
and
this
doesn't
go
without
saying,
like
obviously
I
deeply
respect.
Everyone
working
in
the
space,
I
I
know
we're
all
working
towards
getting
to
this
point,
but
this
is
just
the
reality
of
where
we
are
now.
How
do
we
get
to
this
quadrant?
AH
Where
we're
solving
a
big
problem
for
a
lot
of
people,
my
answer
is
super
simple
and
I
actually
wrote
a
blog
post
about
this.
That
I'll
link
at
the
end,
where
you
can
see
all
of
the
sources
cited
but
solve
real
problems,
and
that
sounds
very
like
straightforward
and
duh.
But
how
do
we
actually
get
there
like?
AH
How
do
we
find
communities
that
have
problems
that
we
can
solve
and
we
can
take
crypto
for
what
it
is
at
the
very
base
level,
which
is
new
infrastructure
for
a
payment
system
and
enable
Innovative
use
case
that
will
actually
drive
adoption
and
the
place
that
I'm
going
with
this?
Is
we
have
to
go
where
there's
necessity
in
the
global
West
in
Europe
and
North
America?
We
don't
have
much
of
a
necessity,
we're
relatively
doing
pretty
well
right.
We
all
have
access
to
Banks.
We
all
can
get.
AH
You
know
access
to
all
the
different
financial
services
that
we
want,
and
even
for
those
who
might
not
necessarily
have
access.
We
have
a
wide
breadth
of
different
Neo
bank
and
non-bank
applications
that
let
people
still
access
these
Financial
Services.
Now,
besides
going
to
where
there's
a
problem,
we
also
need
to
address
on
the
technical
level
what
needs
to
be
solved
which
is
scalability
and
more
secure
applications.
AH
In
the
last,
what
six
months
a
year
there's
been
like
billions
of
dollars
worth
of
hacks,
and
the
truth
is
that
when
you're
dealing
with
a
community
like
Latin
America,
which
I'm
going
to
make
the
case
for
for
why,
we
should
turn
our
attention
and
capital
to
Latin
America,
specifically
you're
dealing
with
a
community.
That's
a
lot
more
price
sensitive
than
the
West
right.
They
have
an
average
monthly
income
of
500
a
month.
You
can't
afford
to
lose
even
a
hundred
dollars
in
a
hack.
AH
You
can't
even
afford
at
this
point
to
spend
ten
dollars
on
a
gas
transaction.
It's
just
not
realistic.
That's
like
two
lunches
right,
so
I'm
gonna
make
the
case
for
Latin
America,
real,
quick,
so
consumers
in
Latin,
America,
actually
I
think
are
the
best
place
to
start
because
they
already
exhibit
behaviors
that
make
them
really
ripe
for
adoption
of
crypto
and
those
are
mobile.
First,
digital
payments:
if
you
guys
live
in
Latin
America,
if
you
live
in
Colombia,
you
know
that
a
lot
of
financial
services
are
mobile.
AH
If
you
guys
are
from
Latin
America
and
you
live
in
the
United,
States
or
Europe,
you
know
it's
not
uncommon
for
you
to
send
money
back
home
and
it's
done
via
remittance
growing
political
and
socioeconomic
instability
and
social
pressure.
So
we're
going
to
talk
about
all
of
these
in
the
next
seven
minutes,
so
I'm
not
going
to
read
all
these,
but
just
so
you
guys
can
kind
of
maybe
take
a
picture.
Take
a
mental
screenshot.
This
is
what
the
numbers
looks
like
for
adoption
of
online
Neo
bank
and
non-bank.
AH
So,
basically,
a
vast
majority
of
people
in
this
survey
that
was
created
by
rapid,
which
is
all
linked
at
the
end,
Source
decided
a
lot
of
people
are
already
operating
outside
of
the
bounce
90
plus
percent
of
Mexicans
Brazilians
87
of
Colombians
84
of
argentinians
regularly
use
applications
such
as
PayPal
molo
and
medical
Bible,
heavy
Reliance
on
remittance.
So
again,
this
is
back
to
the
cross-border
thing
and,
according
to
data
from
the
World
Bank
remittance
flows
to
Latin
America
and
the
Caribbean
reached
131
billion
dollars.
AH
This
is
something
that
crypto
is
such
a
good
use
case
for
right,
like
there's,
lower
fees,
there's
higher
security,
it's
faster
operational
speed.
So
this
is
just
a
perfect
example
where
it's
like.
How
do
we
build
a
system
for
people
who
are
already
transacting
and
already
exhibiting
this
Behavior,
but
can
use
what
is
offered
by
crypto
to
kind
of
unseat
the
kings
that
have
of
like
remittance,
for
example,
where
you're
standing
in
a
long
line
you're
paying
10
for
a
transaction
you're
paying
five
percent?
AH
It
takes
like
seven
business
days
for
the
money
to
get
there
and
then
a
really
interesting
thing
that
I
found
in
this
world
Bank
data
is
that
romance
flows
actually
account
for
more
than
a
quarter
of
GDP
in
Honduras
and
El
Salvador.
So
a
quarter
of
the
whole
country's
GDP
comes
from
cross-border
payments,
okay
and
then
let's
talk
about
social
pressures
and
the
first
one
in
this
term,
which
is
machismo
now
I
didn't
have
time
to
go
into
a
full
analysis
about
this,
because
this
presentation
is
so
short.
AH
But
if
you
look
at
these
countries-
and
you
take
a
look
at
Colombia-
all
the
Latin
American
countries
up
here-
you
see,
oh
man,
the
key
got
cut
out,
but
green
means
women
and
and
blue
means
men.
So
if
you
compare
it
to
European
countries,
women
are
actually
holding
and
transacting
in
crypto
at
a
much
higher
rate
than
women
in
Europe
and
in
some
cases,
they're
really
close
to
the
rate
of
men
in
Europe.
So
what
does
this
mean?
AH
What
does
this
tell
me
crypto
in
Latin
America,
you
know
if
you
guys
are
Latin
American,
there's
this
culture
of
machismo,
which
is
like
super
rampant
and
for
maybe
Americans
who
don't
know
what
it
means.
It's
basically
patriarchy,
but
with
like
a
Latin,
America
Flair
to
it,
where
it's
like
you're
not
allowed
to
work.
You
need
to
ask
me
for
money.
You
need
to
stay
home.
AH
You
know
you
need
to
like
be
subject
to
what
I
want
and
that
takes
form
in
a
lot
of
different
ways
which
we
won't
get
into,
but
I
encourage
you
guys
to
look
at
research.
But
what
is
the
signal
to
me?
It
signals
that
crypto
is
offering
a
new
way
for
women
to
transact
and
and
operate
within
Financial
Freedom,
while
still
operating
within
the
bounds
of
what's
socially
acceptable.
So
what
does
that
mean?
So
what
that
means?
Is
you
can
say?
Oh
well,
why
don't
they
just
go
open?
AH
AH
So
what
does
this
mean
right
like
this
means
when
you
go
to
a
place
that
has
region
specific
problems
and
you
solve
hyper
local?
You
can
actually
drive
use
and
Innovation
and
grow
into
like
this.
This
is
a
great
example,
so
like
an
entire
financial
service
and
then
we'll
talk
about
one
more
pix
pay
in
Brazil
is
Brazil's
dominant
digital
payments
up
with
over
60
million
users
and
they
transact
over
a
million
dollars.
No
that's
a
billion
dollars
in
monthly
transactions.
AH
Pigspace
started
not
too
long
ago.
It's
the
number
one
payment
system
in
Brazil
right
now,
another
example
of
like
when
you
solve
hyper
local.
When
you
go
to
where
the
problems
are.
When
you
solve
solutions
for
people
who
actually
are
facing
real
problems,
you
can
actually
see
exponential
growth,
rather
than
kind
of
focusing
on
this
like
place
where
we
are
in
that
weird
quadrant
that
I
posted
earlier
now
scalability.
Now,
let's
get
into
the
what
technically
needs
to
change
so
that
we
can
actually
get
there.
AH
So
this
is
an
introduction
to
fuel
Labs
I'm,
the
head
of
developer
relations
there
and
why
I'm
really
excited
about
Fuel
and
one
of
the
main
reasons
why
I
joined
fuels
for
my
specific
Mission
and
Ethos
of
scaling,
ethereum
and
Latin
America.
So
what
needs
to
change
scalability
right
right
now?
We
just
can't
handle
the
throughput.
If
we
wanted
to
do
something
like
Mercado,
Pago
or
pixelate.
It's
just
ethereum
cannot
handle
it
at
this
point.
So
we
need
to
scale
that.
How
do
we
address
that?
So
fuel
Labs
is
building
fuel.
AH
It's
like
a
layer
two
but
better
on
ethereum,
and
we
have
parallel
transaction
execution
because
of
our
a
different
execution
model.
So
we
have
our
own
VM
called
the
fuel
VM
that
allows
us
to
do
a
lot
of
cool
things
like
paralyzed
transactions,
which
just
automatically
gives
you
more
throughput
because,
instead
of
having
to
do
one
transaction
at
a
time,
you
can
do
many
transactions
at
a
time
and
right
away,
you're
already
getting
hired
through,
but
right
off
the
bat
without
sacrificing,
without
sacrificing
decentralization.
AH
So
a
lot
of
chains
like
Solana
and
stuff
they
can
do
really
high
throughput
but
they're
sacrificing
decentralization.
What
does
that
mean
exactly?
You
can't
run
a
full
node
at
home.
You
on
consumer
Hardware
can
go
spin
up
a
full
note
and
validate
the
chain
yourself.
That
is
the
core
ethos
of
blockchain.
If
you
can't
run
a
full
note
and
have
control
over
your
money,
then
we
might
as
well
just
like
all
go
back
to
using
PayPal
or
the
bank.
AH
We
talked
about
this
okay,
more
secure
applications.
So
again,
when
we're
talking
about
a
price
sensitive
population
with
an
average
income,
we
can't
risk
hacks.
We
can't
risk
this
type
of
level
security.
If
we
actually
want
these
people
to
use
it
now,
another
cool
thing
about
fuel
is
we
have
our
own
programming
language
called
sway,
which
is
a
rest
based
DSL,
which
means
it's
a
programming
language
created
specifically
for
blockchain
development.
AH
Now,
what
does
that
mean
that
you
can
create
a
compiler
that
is
very
tailored
to
very
specific
needs,
and
one
of
them
is
have
you
who's
heard
of
a
re-entrant,
debug
re-entricity
hacks
right?
It's
like
we're
in
a
very
simple
case,
it's
kind
of
where
there's
like
a
line
to
release
some
funds
and
then,
after
you,
like
flip
a
Boolean
to
say
true
Money's,
been
released
so
that
you
don't
do
it
again.
AH
Some
programmers
in
some
instances
there
has
been
a
bug
here
where
someone
can
go
into
your
contract
and
basically
drain
it
and
get
the
money
over
and
over
and
over
before,
reaching
that
line
in
the
execution
of
the
code
where
it
flips
some
flag
to
to
stop
doing
it.
So
now,
fuel
sway,
our
compiler
has
built
into
the
compiler
to
say,
hey
on
line
47,
you
have
a
re-entracy
vulnerability
and
it
will
not
allow
you
to
build
and
deploy
the
contract
until
you
address
it.
AH
Another
thing
this
way
compiler
forces
developers
to
handle
all
possible
cases
using
enum
variants.
Basically,
what
that
means
is,
if
you've
ever
written
a
program
to
say
you
know,
let's
just
say
if
the
number
is
above
zero,
do
something.
If
it's
you
know
below
zero,
do
something.
This
way.
Compiler
will
tell
you,
hey
you've,
only
written
code
to
handle
the
true
case
or
you've
only
written
code
to
handle
this
case.
You
forgot
to
write
code
for
this
case
and
again
it
won't.
Let
you
build
the
contract,
it
won't.
AH
Let
you
deploy
the
contract
until
you
address
that,
so
the
powerful
thing
about
this
is
like
you
can
never
have
kind
of
an
accidental,
like
oops
forgot
to
handle
that
edge
case.
Okay,
we're
almost
done
finally,
namespace
storage.
So
if
you've
ever
been
in
contracts
and
solidity,
you
know
you
might
have
accidentally
touched
storage
without
knowing
it
and
that
could
have
some
unintended
consequences.
AH
AH
A
AG
A
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AG
Wow
undressed
well
done
so
this
was
our
last
talk
of
today.
Does
anyone
have
a
question
for
Andres.