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From YouTube: DISC Mexico City: Morning
Description
Dr. Doug Oldenburg presents "Geophysical Electromagnetics: Fundamentals and Applications" in Mexico City. (part 1)
A
B
A
A
place
that
was
somewhat
similar
to
2006
I
was
here
in
2012,
with
an
s
e-g,
Distinguished
Lecture,
but
I
I
kind
of
forgot
every
book
surroundings,
and
then
we
walked
in
here
and
I
thought.
Oh
I've
taught
him
to
building
like
this.
Nick
worry
about
that.
I
realized.
This
is
the
same
auditorium.
This
is
really
nice.
This
is
probably
the
nicest
auditorium
that
we've
seen
worldwide,
as
always.
A
Also
it's
a
great
pleasure
to
have
everybody
here
this
morning
at
perhaps
all-day
football.
So
this
is
the
escg
discourses
stands
for
distinguished
instructor
trip
works
and
is
on
electromagnetics
we're
trying
to
kind
of
convey
understanding
of
electromagnetics
with
the
foundations
and
applications
before
I
start
there's
two
people
that
I
really
want
to
thank
reticle
on
my
part,
because
without
the
work
of
the
people
here,
it's
just
not
about
me
happening
Oscar.
A
Thank
You
Oscar,
the
other
person,
is
Carlos.
Vargas
Carlos
has
been
instrumental
in
having
a
group
in
Colombia
be
involved
in
this.
We're
actually
live
streaming.
This
to
Colombia
today,
there's
been
I,
think
98
people
that
have
registered
in
from
other
incredibly
enthusiastic,
and
it's
often
because
you're
not
able
to
bring
the
disc
to
officers.
That's
a
logistic.
A
A
We
present
things
if
we
know
a
little
bit
the
background,
so
I'm
just
wondering
if
we
could
just
quickly
start.
You
don't
want
to
spend
much
time
in
this
quickly
start
to
go
around
the
room,
and
people
could
just
tell
me
what
you
are.
Whether
you're,
a
student,
professional
you're
working
with
a
company
worked
what.
B
F
C
G
C
D
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
There's
some
factors
that
are
important
in
addition
to
being
able
to
solve
these
problems,
and
what
is
that
you
need
to
know
the
dissertation
and
data,
and
what
we're
seeing
today
is
that
the
new
systems
are
providing
a
large
amount
of
data
with
unprecedented
quality.
Here's
big
scale
data
over
California
or
a
water
issue,
I
need
to
work
sites
all
over
Australia
and
offshore
problems
of
hydrocarbon,
deep
risky.
These
are
all
large
amounts
of
data
and
high-quality,
and
that
allows
you
to
do
something
unique
outliving.
A
The
third
thing
that
has
transpired
is
that
we're
now
how
many
open
source
resources,
so
that
allows
people
to
share
software,
to
collaborate
to
cast
to
do
interactive
computing
and,
importantly,
there's
a
lot
of
open
source
software
that
is
becoming
a
little
one.
I'll
talk
about,
which
has
been
you
can
see.
You
know
just
paid
by
many
others
is
something
called
Symphony
most
of
the
work
that
I've
shown
you
today
as
basis,
and
then
we
have
things
like
get
out
to
allow
us
to
the
last
days.
A
And
the
question
is
okay:
well,
what
if
no
clocks
Wi-Fi
are
not
people
just
using
less
metadata
in
every
circumstance,
to
solve
problems
up
here?
Some
of
the
road
blocks
it
in
general,
the
gia
scientists,
maybe
don't
realize
the
role
that
recommend
reading
second
playing
again,
maybe
they
don't
understand
the
technique
they.
A
The
jargon
is
confusing
in
terminologies
confuse,
even
as
young
people
are
talking
about,
oh
well,
the
real
part
of
the
day,
the
imaginary
part
of
the
data
parent
disrepair.
So
it
doesn't
really
it's
not
intuitive.
It's
not
that
seismic,
where
you
can
see
waves
going
down
and
bouncing
off
the
something
back.
So
let
me
edit
is
complicated
time
and
everything
this
word
is
like
okay,
what's
the
connection
between
my
problem
and.
A
A
In
the
air
or
ground
need
just
what
I
would
expect
for
resolution,
so
those
are
all
kind
of
practical
problems.
You
have
two
questions
that
you
have
to
address
and
the
other
day,
which
is
also
I,
think
about
practitioners.
We
world,
you
know
the
problem,
then
you
want
to
know
or
is
there
somebody
else?
We
have
that
same
problem
and
was
able
to
use
that
command
successful.
They
did
and
if
you
stop
confidence
that
yeah.
A
So
these
are
the
roadblocks
and
then
the
question
is
okay.
What
what
are
we
going
to
try
to
do
today
and
business?
Basically,
what
I'd
like
to
do?
I,
just
I,
don't
get
rid
of
that
so
that,
by
the
end
of
the
day,
I
hope
that
most
of
these
things
a
little
longer
be
any
kind
of
a
roadblock
to
people
here
and
that
they'll
have
an
idea
of
how
we
should
go
and
use
EMS
office.
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
We're
going
to
do
some
exploration
and
visualization
through
interactive
apps,
so
we'll
be
talking
more
about
them
through
the
gate
of
widgets
small
competing
software
programs
that
allow
you
to
ask
questions
and
to
get
some
answers
and
I'll
talk
to
you
about
our
open
source.
Resorts
p.m.
Jesus
taught
that
has
most
of
the
technical
material.
B
A
Are
at
which
university
you
know
you
actually
have
in
a
group
of
people
and
in
a
community
that
you
can
work
with
it.
You
can
ask
questions
that
you
can
share
and
by
doing
that,
promote
your
own
education
is
about
solve
problems
that
are
really
important
and
we're,
because
community
working
is,
growth
is
far
more
effective
than
always
disappears,
and
we
want
to
capture
case
histories.
We
want
to
find
out
what
people
are
working
here.
A
A
A
So
technically
it
has
a
lot
of
information,
perhaps
most
basic
you
pop,
but
it
is
difficult
to
really
assimilate
and
understand.
What's
going
on
and
that's
the
purpose
of
this
resource
here,
which
is
basically
to
take
a
book
like
this
and
apply
its
background
information,
and
it
also
has
case
histories-
we're
going
to
be
going
through
any
case
history
today
and.
A
What
we
call
a
seventh
step
and
for
people
here,
if
you
were
to
talk
about
your
problem,
that
you
would
put
that
into
this
seven
step,
because
the
first
step
is
to
really
articulate
the
question.
What
is
the
pavement
really
walk
to
applicants
and
what
information
do
I
know
and
the
second
is
okay,
what
physical
properties
are
relevant
to
that
and
what
survey
should
I
use?
A
B
A
A
A
A
And
waiting
apps
well
I
can
show
you
this.
So
there's
Maxwell's
equations
there,
two
of
them
and
there's
a
lot
of
information
in
there,
but
it
doesn't
really
resonate.
You
need
to
do
something
with
them
and
if
you
can
somehow
convert
back
into
an
image,
so
here's
an
example
of
just
an
electric
dipole
bearing
in
the
whole
space
and
if
you're,
able
to
see
the
fields
and
plot
up,
but
responses
would
be
and
to.
A
A
A
Starts
high
frequencies
and
then
induce
polarization
and
talk
about
the
future
excellent,
it's
a
very
ambitious
schedule,
but
still
there's
a
broad
variety
of
backgrounds
here.
So
we
hope
there's
something
that
is
abuse
everybody
and
for
those
people
who
are
really
expert
in
this,
not
sure
that
actually
have
too
much
more
of
it.
I
can
tell
deeper,
for
instance,
but
I
think.
C
B
A
A
A
A
A
This
is
a
two
day
event:
Wow,
the
first
day
is
actually
sponsored
by
the
SDG,
the
second
game
tomorrow,
disk
lab
is
going
to
be
sponsored
by
the
chief
physical
version
so
today
and
what
we
want
to
do
there
is
we
want
to
talk
to
you.
We
want
to
capture
the
problems
that
you're
working
on
and
we're
going
to
ask
you
to
get
short
thoughts
for
those
who
are
a
few
minutes
about.
Okay,
what's
the
problem
that
so
we
can
capture
that
and
share
it
on
the
web.
The
truth
even
very.
A
In
doing
that,
as
we've
been
going
around
the
world
now
in
each
place
of
a
second
day,
people
would
talk
about.
I
got
this
kind
of
problem
that
kind
of
problem
and
we
put
that
onto
the
web
and
that
allows
people
anywhere
to
look
at
Oh
Mexico.
Oh
yeah,
here's
some
of
the
problems
that
they're
really
worth
mr.
another.
You
know
a
lot
stopped
on
geothermal
energy.
Are
you
going
to
India?
We
both
we
went
to
Europe
them
Jenna
there.
A
They
just
we're
not
particularly
interested
in
minerals
or
higher
Gardens,
but
they
were
really
interested
in
solution.
I've
go
to
ordinances,
waste,
dark
things.
Groundwater
issues
to
different
countries
have
different
focuses
of
what
they're
really
so,
as
we
go
around
the
world
for
capturing
these
and
we're
moving
it
tomorrow,
we
can
get
people
to
purchase.
A
And
the
other
is
that
were
continually
inviting
people
to
interact
and
to
contribute,
so
the
Lindsay
send
out
how
to
connect
up
to
slack
channel.
That's
a
way
that
we
can
get
you
together
and
ask
questions
even
for
what's
going
off
today.
If
you
want
to
reduce
that
or
provide
some,
it's
just
a
way
of
communicating
that
yourself
to
be
very
classic.
Okay,
people
have
signed
on
to
spot.
C
A
A
It
is
to
pass
current
through
something,
so
this
is
a
scale.
It's
seven
orders
of
magnitude.
The
resistivity
is
in
the
unit
called
old
meters,
very
small
resistivities
connected
with
masks,
sulfides
or
granite.
So
it's
easy
to
pass
through
very
large.
Resistivities
are
two
metamorphic
rocks.
Don't
slash
long-term
across
those.
Do
not
pass
electricity
is
the
most
of
the
things
that
Bourbons
are
involved
well
in
this
high
departments
are
sort
of
it
here.
B
A
Doesn't
have
an
exact
resistivity
expand
over
many
quarters,
the
reciprocal
of
resistivity
is
conductivity,
so
it
tells
how
easy
it
is,
and
so
the
numbers
are
in
here
and
they
will
be
either
in
their
unit
as
Siemens
per
meter,
sometimes
millisiemens
as
geophysicist
left
magnetics.
We
doesn't
flip
back
and
forth.
We'll
talk
about
Reese's
Tiffani
young
Lisa
stimulated
the
rocker.
We
talk
about
conductivity
at
the
drop,
and
sometimes
we
just
almost
need
to
do
the
same
sentence
which
just
takes
them
and
you
didn't
used
to,
but.
A
A
A
A
The
jacket
is,
no
survey
actually
looks
like
text
any
visible.
Certain
can
be
put
in
this
one.
You
got
source
puts
the
energy
into
the
ground,
there's
physical
properties,
and
that
energy
is
something
that's
propagated
back
up
and
we
measure
the
best
day
through
your
source
just
for
property.
Today,.
A
B
A
A
Let's
just
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
surveys,
so,
first
of
all,
there's
the
sources
well
different
resources.
Can
we
imagine
a
graphical
source
routine,
the
wire
generator,
that's
groundless
works,
but
then
having
adopted
source.
So
here
nothing
is
touching
round.
It's
just
a
wire
that
sort
of
seemed
to
be
inductive
or.
B
A
A
C
A
D
A
To
learn
continent
and
begin
for
my
components
could
be
X,
Y
or
Z
an
implication
in
the
air
on
the
ground.
So
again,
my
first
rate
is
that
there's
a
lot
of
potential
here
for
opportunities
of
different
kinds
of
date
and
we
loved
about
the
three
problems
that
we
talked
about.
One
of
the
things
that
we
noticed
is
that
the
electrical
conductivity
is
diagnostic,
the
water,
so
the
minerals,
for
instance,
there's
a
lot
of
minerals
are
highly
conducting
or
very
consistent
background.
A
Unexploded
ordnance-
these
are
steel,
so
their
conductors
water
conductivity
is
a
very
important
factor
to
the
meaning.
So
we
could
imagine
that
our
surveys
are
considering
some
kind
of
source
we're
just
looking
for
electrical
giving
at
this
point
and
we're
going
to
try
to
connect
that
so
with
that
that
I'm
going
to
now
go
to
EC
resistivity.
This
is
finally
oldest
techniques,
the
probably
most
familiar
to
people,
but
I
could
present
it
in
a
different
way,
where
the
emphasis
is
going
to
be
actually
on
understanding
how
these
eesti
survey
is
connected
with
electrical
charges.
A
A
A
A
Secondly,
it
depends
upon
many
factors,
so
here's
a
rock
there's
a
penny
stay
up
and
you
can
notice
quite
a
few
different
things.
It's
got
a
different
texture
here,
there's
all
sheet
something
different
coming
in
here
than
there
is
on
these
sides
here.
So
the
the
resistivity
of
this
rock
is
going
to
identify,
there's
no
a
type
of
rock.
It
is
whether
it's
a
sedimentary
rock
worth
and
market
rock,
and
then
its
porosity
did
put
some
holes
in
here
and
how
those
words
are
connected
and
and
what
the
fluid
is
inside.
A
How
much
fluid
is
there
and
also
what
they
metallic
nature
of
the
saw,
the
bakery
or
since
I
mean
Emily,
so
you
kind
of
get
the
idea
of
that
yeah.
Even
if
somebody
tells
you
the
resistivity,
but
there's
actually
a
lot
of
things
that
are
going
to
go
into
that
that
are
going
to
impact
popular.
That
number.
A
A
So
here's
the
basic
experiment
so
in
this
particular
case
it
resembles
the
a
mineral
deposit
there's
a
central
core
here
that
is
very
conductive
sitting.
There's
a
resistive
talk
or
gossin
here,
there's
a
background.
Resistivity
here,
that's
dualism
over
so
the
overburden
is
a
bit
conducted,
this
regions,
but
or
100
meters,
and
this
is
much
more
photography.
Okay,
so
that's.
A
A
A
So
let's
go
back
to
Maxwell's
equations
and
we're
in
steady
state.
That's
why
it
says
DC
direct
current
that
use
changing
in
time,
so
that
everything
that
has
time
dependence
here
goes
to
zero.
So
the
equations
reduce
down
to
something
that
looks
well
this,
so
we
can
get
it.
The
electric
field
is
the
gradient
potential.
We
have
Ohm's
law,
put
it
together
in
this
equation
here,
which
is
probably
one
of
the
most
important
and
famous
equations
yeah
Wow
certainty
of
physical
electromagnetics.
This
is,
and
this
equation
is
also
used
in
groundwater
flow.
A
Let's
do
this
to
medicine,
so
you
know
you'll
see
this
equation
everywhere.
Here
were
using
for
DC's
without
a
uniform
space.
So
now
imagine
just
a
butter
half
space
plunk,
a
current
in
into
that
that
there's
actually
a
solution
for
what
the
electric
potential
is
away
from
this
from
the
current
that
falls
is
this
kind
of
character,
so
the
voltage.
A
So
we
can
use
that
in
the
following
manner,
so
suppose
I
put
a
current
into
the
into
the
ground.
What
would
you
expect
is
that
there's
is
no
preferential
direction,
so
the
currents
lines
are
just
going
to
generate
and
the
electric
potential
is
going
to
be
infinite,
right,
perfectly
cooked
and
then
follow,
and
the
interesting
thing
about
this
is
that
if
I
was
able
to
measure
the
potential
in
any
place
that
suppose
here
that
I
could
actually
recover
what
the
resistivity
was.
A
That
the
resistivity
is
501
meters.
So
that's
exactly
what
this
block
was
and
I
can
get
it
up
from
stick
of
measurement.
So
can
the
heater
imitate
one
up
here?
Does
it
doesn't
matter?
So
that's
something
that's
really
kind
of
interesting
right,
because
you
you
do
something
and
you've
measured
one
number,
and
actually
you
can
kind
of
convert
that
number
to
something
that
you're
really
interested
in.
A
Okay,
quite
clean
that
experiment
and
every
experiment
that
we
do,
we
actually
need
to
have
two
electrodes
for
the
currents,
putting
it
up
to
positive
and
negative,
and
that's
what
happens
here.
It's
now
I
put
a
positive
current
in
here
to
make
it
in
here
you
can
see
how
the
current
lines
are
not
flowing
and
the
electric
potential
that
comes
from
that
looks
something
like
that,
since
God.
A
Because
everything
is
linear
use,
superposition
I
could
actually
calculate
what
my
electric
potential
difference
would
be
between
any
two
other
points.
So
here's
here's,
the
general
Xterra
for
a
DC
serving
I'm,
also
very
almost-
can
have
two
electrodes
for
the
current
aims
going
to
be
positive,
the
victim
and
then
for
my
voltmeter
from
a
potential
meter.
I
also
have
a
positive
negative,
and
all
of
these
are
just
needing
a
distances
between
the
various
electrodes,
so
I'm
good.
All
that
I
get
that
my
measured
potential
should
be
equal
to
something
like
this.
B
A
A
A
A
If
I
take
that
value
and
plug
it
into
this
formula.
Now
my
parents
acidity
is
226.
So
it's
not
a
hundred
which
is
equal
to
that.
It's
not
500,
but
you
see
that
it's
equal
to
some
combination
of
which
is
I,
think
perhaps
intuitive
sort
of
sound
like
something
or
region,
and
you
end
up
with
a
mixer
that
we
haven't
had
to
allow
you
to
work
with
that.
So
you
can
play
around.
A
You
can
have
different
layer,
thicknesses
resistivities
and
get
a
sense
for
what
the
apparent
resistivity
would
be
different
for
different
configurations,
I'm
free
to
use
that
little
talk
more
about
how
to
actually
use
those
apps
to
float
them.
These
are
great
because
they
allow
them
to.
You
know,
ask
questions
and
to
gain
insight
into.
A
For
electric
rates,
different
configurations
of
the
electrodes
have
different
names,
so
this
is
called
a
winner
and
it's
got
currents
that
are
out
like
this.
The
potentials
in
here
with
all
of
these
guys
being
the
same
distance
or
even
have
a
sharper
shader
bang,
which
is
basically
same
as
this
except
the
voltage
generator.
So
the
it's
just
the
configuration
of
the
electrons
that
give
rise
to
different
different
things.
A
So,
let's
just
take
a
look
at
that,
so,
first
of
all,
let's
suppose
that
we've
got
same
situation
as
before.
But
now
our
current
electrodes
are
just
really
close.
There's
is
different
between
them
and
now,
because
everything
is
posted,
encourage
your
kind
of
going.
You
know
inside
that
stock
layer,
and
so
what
we
see
is
the
apparent
resistivity
of
100
ohms,
just
a
little
over
100
meters.
So
it's
barely
an
hour
graph
up
here
in
a
graph,
then.
A
If
we
made
it
astounding
or
a
little
bit
bigger
now,
you
can
see
there's
more
current
reading
it
here.
A
pair
of
resistivity
is
now
135
meters,
so
let's
increase
and
or
it's
now
240,
so
you
can
see
what
is
sounding
the
farther
away.
My
electrodes
are
the
currents
more
currents
going
underneath
throughout
and
the
larger.
A
There's
a
couple
of
things
that
are
important
here:
the
idea
with
the
soundings
I'm
just
going
to
progressively
decrease
the
length
I'm
just
going
to
see
farther
see
to
create
your
death.
Another
thing
that
is
important
is
that
to
really
get
out
of
modulus
top
part
of
the
curve
here,
where
it's
500
on
meters.
Just
I
need
to
have
me
that's
very
long,
so
maybe
to
have
large
length
scales
on
your
radio,
CD
that'll.
A
A
So
the
idea
there
is
that
we're
going
to
take
our
measurements
to
data
we're
going
to
put
it
into
a
box
here,
we're
going
to
process
them
and
give
rise
to
something.
That's
got
to
the
exit
and
the
pieces
to
it.
Now,
it's
kind
of
interesting
most
of
my
life
I've
spent
on
looking
on
this
box
here
on
the
inner
part.
That's.
B
D
A
In
1d,
for
instance,
we
start
off
with
a
number
of
of
layers
of
different
different
resistivities
but
I'm
alone,
and
then
we
adjust
the
values
so
that
we
fit
the
data
and
have
something
that's
geological,
we'll
do
that
in
2d,
which
case
about
the
cells
are
somewhat
nervous
and
we're
doing
in
3d,
where
things
are
just
too.
So
it's
not
going
to
matter.
Everything
is
kind
of
hit
by
the
same
formalism,
and
the
idea
is
that
by
the
time
you
take
the
data
put
in
some
background
knowledge
of
what
we're
looking
for.
A
B
A
Case
was
smooth
inversion,
so
kind
of
smears
out
that
battery,
but
you
get
the
right,
be
sensitivity
at
the
channel
depth
and
get
for
like
resistivity
much
so
now.
We've
converted
it
to
something
spoon.
I
want
to
go
back
now
to
this
DC
resistivity
problem
for
confined
money.
So
the
idea
here
is
that
I
showed
you.
We
have
a
current
that
was
going
through,
like
this
and
I
said,
there's
charge
loops
that
are
built
up,
okay,
so
where?
Where
does
that
come
from
when
charges
as
with
this
slide
was
supposed
to
go
straight?
A
Continual
current
this
this
going
through
here
so
whatever
current
exists
on
here,
is
also
going
to
be
going
in
there.
So
the
current
densities
on
both
sides
are
the
same.
That
means
that
if
one
is
on
this
side
and
tubes
on
this
side,
since
the
currents
are
the
same
but
remember,
Ohm's
law
old
law
said
that.
A
A
Electric
field
is
going
to
change
discontinuously
and
what's
the
only
way
in
which
we
can
get
an
electric
field
to
change
is
to
introduce
some
kind
of
charge.
So
when
you
were
in
first
year,
physics,
you've
calculated
what
the
electric
field
would
be
from
a
sheet
of
charge.
Undoubtedly
you
did
that
and
here
in
India.
So
if
we
have
a
a
positive
charge
on
this
battery,
that
gives
rise
to
an
electric
field
points
over
this
direction,
and
so
that
means
the
electric
field
is
discontinuous
and
that
there's
a
charge
build-up
that
is
going
on
and.
A
Charges
a
lot
today
and
they
form
a
fundamental
basis
of
everything
we
do,
and
the
idea
here
is
that
you
can
see
this
we've
got
a
current
to
go
through
current
is
continuous.
Current
is
equal
to
secant
times
e
Sigma
changes.
That
means
the
electric
field
has.
This
must
be
discontinuous.
The
only
way
that
can
happen
is
that
there's
a
charger
so
as
well.
So
here
stop
here's
some
example.
So
now,
let's
put
up
a
turn
out.
B
A
If
we
look
at
the
difference
between
the
what
we
call
the
primary
current
primary
currents
are
without
that
and
these
total
currents
we
subtract
them
and
we
end
up
with
these
a
secondary
currents.
So
secondary
currents
are
the
difference
between
what
you
see
and
what
the
currents
would
be
without
the
option-
and
you
see
look
here,
you
see
the
kind
of
dipolar,
so
these
are
the
secondary
currents
that
exists.
A
The
quantity
of
importance
here,
I
will
pop
by
the
charges
on
that
sphere.
So,
as
the
current
goes
in
there's
a
negative
charge,
that's
built
on
this
side,
there's
the
possibility.
Those
charges
give
rise
to
secondary
potentials
that
are
here.
This
is
our
signal.
This
is
the
guy
that
we're
also
going
to
try
to
observe.
A
B
A
A
A
If
I
go
up
to
the
two
sides,
so
if
I'm
sitting
out
here
that
measure,
the
potential
I
actually
measure
a
potential
which
one
I
put
in
calculate
parents
acidity
is
502,
so
I
measure
the
resistivity,
that's
actually
larger
than
the
background,
and
it's
a
kind
of
question
of
how
that
that
that
can
occur.
So
we're
going
to
explore
that
a
bit
later.
But
at
this
point
what
we
see
is
if
we
had
a
fixed
current
up
here
and
we
measured
the.
A
A
A
Before
so,
if
I
have
a
very
small
array,
so
let's
suppose
I've
got
something,
looks
like
this
against
my
current
electrode.
Here's
my
potential
blank
codes
and
now,
if
I'm
going
to
move
this
across,
then
I'm
only
sound
like
what
I'm,
what's
actually
very
close
to
my
electrodes,
so
I'm,
not
even
I'm,
not
even
getting
down
to
you
know,
Lindsey
or
your
deters
is
the
city
with
background.
Just
my.
D
A
A
If
I
keep
that
same
serving
I
just
expand
it
so
I
make
it
bigger
between
each
of
the
electrodes
now
I'm
going
to
see
deeper
and
now,
if
I
profile,
that
does
that
come
through
then
no
problem
seeing
deed
or
anybody
else's
right.
So
it's
high
here,
it's
very
low
gear,
300
meters,
so
the
conductive
sphere,
which
is
sitting
down
here,
is
really.
A
If
you
put
these
things
together,
the
idea
of
a
sounding
is
just
preferentially
looks
deeper
and
profiling
which
moves
across
laterally.
Then
we
have
a
complication,
a
survey
that
looks
in
two
dimensions,
so
we're
going
to
both
expand
and
translate,
and
to
do
that,
there's
a
whole
bunch
of
surveys.
Job
means
that
you
use
there's.
B
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
I
calculate
the
voltage
and
I'm
going
to
have
an
apparent
resistivity,
that's
associated
that
so,
okay,
well
I,
just
might
call
this
stuff
on
piece
of
paper.
So
what
am
I
doing?
I'm
just
going
to
have
make
two
planks
I'm
going
to
take
a
line,
draw
that
45
degrees,
45
degrees
and
then
I'm
gonna.
Put
that
point.
A
D
A
To
show
you
some
examples
of
the
data
link
here
is
say:
a
conductive
block
in
a
uniform
a
space
and
that's
what
we're
going
to
twenty
five.
So
we're
going
to
do
with
these
TVs
is
giving
the
experiment
over
top
and
plot
the
data
data
plots
on
Thursday
is
the
student
section.
So
that's
her.
That's
our
student
section
and
the
question
is
okay.
What
information
could
get
from
that
and
should
I
interpret
this
depth
here.
F
A
Is
su
no
depth
is
just
related
to
the
an
spacing
a
system,
and
if
you
look
at
that,
go
it's
not
so
bad,
especially
if
you
have
a
block
might
have
some
wings
on
it.
Maybe
I
should
throw
them
in
here.
If
you
went
and
did
that
a
bit
successful
her
the
situations
before
representative
we've
got
a
block
that
we
also
have
a
lot
of
this
kind
of
geologic
knowings,
that's
sitting
there
and
what
does
that
do
dat
pseudo
section?
So
here's
how
my
gaiter
well
that's
a
picture
of
the
data.
A
Death,
so
we've
got
two
conductors
in
here
and
go
ahead
and
go
to
DC,
be
stupid
servant.
Here's
here's
my
scooter,
section,
here's
my
plot,
my
data.
It's
really
tempting
to
drill
on
a
high
value.
That's
what
happens
baby
too
often
just
drill
on
this
high
value,
but
if
you
did
that
you'd
be
going
right
through
here,
you
miss
both
of
these
two
companies.
A
So
that's
a
problem
and
the
other
thing
the
important
point
I
want
to
make
here
is
never
make
a
geologic
interpretation
on
the
basis
of
plotting
of
the
beta
and
suicides,
but
when
we
need
to
we
need
to
invert
the
data
so
we're
going
to
do
the
same
thing.
We've
got
our
data
and
we're
going
to
invert
it
and
see
what
we
get
in
this
case.
It's
going
to
be
a
two
dimensional
model,
so
we're
going
to
take,
take
it
earth
to
make
a
whole
bunch
of
cylinders
and
evaluate
those.
A
So
now,
if
we
go
ahead-
and
we
look
at
this
very
prism-
so
here
is
the
resistivity-
here's,
our
guess,
our
students
opportunity,
if
we
invert
these
data
here-
this
is
what
we
return.
This
is
actually
pretty
good
right.
We've
got.
You
know
a
conductor
block
sitting
here
at
the
same
space,
properly
Center
I
said
above
the
right
yeah.
It's
smooth.
It's
not
it's,
not
sharp,
but
that's
because
of
the
averting
process.
We've
asked
for
a
smooth
inversion
and.
A
B
A
That
is
just
geologic
noise,
but
maybe
it
is
something
in
princeton:
we've
been
able
to
extract
now.
So
that's
the
power
of
conversion
and
here's
our
jet
model.
It
was
these
two
conductors
here
with
Steve
intersection.
We
invert
it
this
and
okay
be
there
in
about
the
right
location.
They
don't
extend
as
deep,
because
you
survey
just
didn't,
have
that
kind
of
information,
but
you
do
have
high
quality
information
of
existence
and
location.
A
Well,
the
world
is
3d
and
there's
a
lot
of
things
that
are
here
for
our
target.
Ok,
what's
the
size,
what's
the
shape,
what's
the
gap?
What's
the
background,
Huntington,
very
bold,
isn't
here's
your
host
maybe
got
some
our
Murphy.
Now
things
are
complicated.
So
now
there's
questions
like
okay.
Where
do
I
we're
gonna
put
my
dirty
electrodes
should.
A
A
A
So
I
want
to
decide
if
Kiki
taking
a
particular
measurement
is
going
to
do
me
any
good
and
in
order
to
climate
quantify
that
I
want
to
try
something
some
geometric
rate
up
and
man
I'm
going
to
change
a
parameter.
Maybe
it's
the
resistivity
of
this
plot,
maybe
it's
a
boundary
whatever
so
I'm
going
to
change
that.
A
If
I
change
that
bit,
how
much
do
I
change
the
data
and
that
ratio,
the
change,
negated
by
the
change
its
me,
something
called
the
sensitivity
if
that
number
is
large,
it
is
good
right
because
now,
right,
I
know
that
my
feet
are
highly
sensitive
to
this
parameter,
which
means
that
in
the
inverse
problem,
I
should
be
able
to
get
that
rounded
off.
That's
good!
That's
the
essence
of
what
you
want
most
times.
When
people
talk
about
sensitivity,
they
kind
of
lump
all
of
that
stuff
together.
A
I
want
to
do
that,
because
it's
much
more,
it's
much
more
beneficial
to
actually
take
this
concept
of
sensitivity
and
break
it
up
into
two
parts.
The
first
part
is
you
need
to
excite
the
target
you
need
some.
How
do
we
have
a
transmitter
source
that
excites
the
30
and
in
the
second
has
to
do
with
okay,
which
game
do
I
want
to
have?
That
means
it's
going
to
be
close,
so
it
helps
very
much
to
break
those
two
things.
Yeah.
A
C
A
So
what
about
the
measurements?
Well,
the
measurements
and
some
cases
that
you
miss
are
kind
of
almost
a
two
of
it
right,
because
we're
going
to
measure
the
potentials
that
are
associated
with
these
charges
so
that
basically
we
want
to
be
as
close
as
possible,
which,
if
we're
confinement,
surface
we're
up
here.
A
But
if
we
had
a
normal,
then
it'd
be
really
nice
to
put
plenty
of
potential
measurement
yeah
so
going
to
log
here
you
can
see
that
we
be
sensitive
to
the
needs,
different
different
charges,
and
this
would
be
a
recent
we
could
measurements
to
take.
And
if
we
convert
those
to
apparent
resistivities
that
we
could
up
something.
A
A
A
The
other
thing
that's
really
important
is
the
conductivity
so
then
played
that
we
just
talked
about
could
be
a
conductor,
the
lady
or
could
be
resistant.
So
what
does
that
do
for
the
point
of
view
of
excitation
excitation
target
if
we
have
a
conductive
plate,
so
in
that
case
you
can
see
that
there's
currents
that
are
kind
of
being
channeled
in
if
here's,
the
charros
there's
these
negative
charges
here
positive
charges
here
so
you're
you're
doing
okay
I
mean
here
you
are
in
some
sensing.
A
Thank
you,
but
little
bit
happens
to
be
changing
into
a
resistor.
So
now
I
make
this
a
resistant
plate.
Now
the
currents
have
to
go
around
it
so
sailing
through.
You
have
to
go
around
so
there's
large
distortions
in
the
current,
and
in
order
to
do
that,
you
need
to
have
lots
of
charges.
They're
built
up,
here's
my
strength
of
the
charges,
they're
like
a
factor
of
five
more
than
s.
A
A
D
A
A
We've
come
back
to
ask
questions
of
survey
design
and
the
first
is
okay.
What's
your
objective,
you
have
a
later
girth,
so
this
one
D,
your
assignment,
that's
good
to
go,
maybe
just
stand
in
one
place
and
just
progressively
will
see
deeper.
Okay,
if
it's
to
the
e,
then
that
is
all
also
it's
still
okay,
because
now
you
can
do
a
survey.
You
do
a
perpendicular
to
that
to
watching
strike
and
acquire
both
kind
of
sounding
and
profiling
data
interval.
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
You've
got
some
background
points
and
generally,
it
also
needs
to
be
have
a
percentage
be
significant
in
percentage
manner,
for
whatever
your
primary
is
and
I've
done
a
lot
of
time.
Actually
this
is
a.
This
is
a
really
important
point
when
you
come
to
do
inversion,
because
one
of
the
things
with
inversion
is
you
need
to
assign
uncertainties
in
the
data
and
for
many
data
sets
DC
resistivity
in
particular,
a
percentage
error
is
appropriate
as
well
as
maybe
of
the
floor
and
the.
A
A
C
G
A
A
Well,
it's
a
bitter
realization
problem.
Here's
the
geologic
block
at
this
point.
It
doesn't
really
much
matter
what
these
colors
are
all
different
geologic
units.
The
a
couple
of
things
that
are
important
is
that
there's
something
called
a
breakaway
shale.
It's
this
guy
here,
he'll
turn
out
to
be
quite
an
octave,
we're
actually
looking
for
something
called
the
mountain,
though
the
horizon
as
a
mineralized.
So
that's
its
purple
part
right
here
and.
A
Other
volcanic
that
are
in
here
so
we've
got
a
variety
of
shale,
still
stones,
counties
and
remember
if
I
were
to
be
at
this
point.
Our
question
is,
as
far
as
can
a
conductive
unit,
which
could
be
a
potential
target
within
the
siltstones
be
identified
with
tcj.
So,
basically
we're
trying
to
find
a
conductor
target.
D
A
A
Conductivity
and
so
we're
expecting
that
the
thing
that
we're
looking
for
this
mountain
Novica
rising
as
a
high
conductivity,
it's
buried
in
soul
stones,
so
we
should
be
able
to
see
it
as
something
that's
a
bit
higher
productivity
chakra
the
fly
in
the
ointment
here.
The
problem
is
that
there's
another
unit.
It's
called
this
great
with
shader
that
has
a
very
high
positive
okay.
So,
from
a
geologic
perspective,
we've
got
a
mineralized
body,
it's
sort
of
surrounded
by
something
that
it's
best
conductive.
There's
some
really
resistant
volcanic
sup
there,
but
there's
also
another
molecule.
A
A
Lines
and
there's
ten
lines
of
data
that
are
acquired
and
each
of
them
then
gives
rise
to
you
know
it's
a
little
dated
back
or
pseudo
section
right
so
along
here.
We
would
have
a
pseudo
section
of
this,
so
the
date
are
going
to
be
acquired
in
a
whole
dipole
right.
So
let's
take
one
currently
that
grew
from
way
out
here
and
we
go
ahead.
A
C
A
A
A
B
A
Really
conductive
Lewis
resistant
and
the
animation
I'm
going
to
show
you
is
going
to
be
slicing
through
this
guy
from
prop
to
back
and
then
we're
come
back
again
and
then
we'll
slice
it
from
talk
to
Bob
sort
of
in
class
sections
and
then
it's
going
to
rotate
around,
but
as
it
rotates
around
the
eye,
sister
value
is
going
to
get
progressively
higher
so
that
the
end
of
the
day.
The
only
thing
that
Brenda
see
is
the
most
that.
B
A
Any
ideas,
so
that's
the
final,
that's
the
final
image
that
is
the
most
conductive
unit.
There
you
see
there's
a
couple
of
other
and
we
fought
back
in
the
car
scale
expected.
So
what
we
done
here,
we've
taken
ten
well,
we've
taken
twenty
pseudo
sections
data
we've
put
them
into
an
inverse
over.
We've
got
out
a
3d
conductivity,
and
we
now
have
something
here
that
looks
a
lot
more
like.
F
A
A
This
image
is
actually
that's
provided
with
water
to
the
logic
information.
There
is
some
business,
the
the
unit
that
we
might
be
after,
but
this
point
of
DC
resistivity
has
not
been
totally
diagnostic.
There's
not
enough
information
in
there
to
go
and
be
have
fair
bit
of
confidence
that
this
is
going
to
be
a
mineralized
zone
and.
A
We're
going
to
come
back
to
this
later.
This
is
a
confessed.
It's
going
to
be
the
very
cozy
things
because
it
turns
out
that
electrical
conductivity
is
not,
as
they
said,
the
thing
that
you
want
you.
These
rocks
are
also
chargeable,
so
there's
an
IP
response,
that's
associated
with
them
and
it's
the
rocks
that
are
both
highly
curved,
highly
conductive
and
chargeable
to
constitute
the
mineralized
soil.
So
we
can't
come
back
to
that
particular
problem,
but
we
will
do
that
at
the
end
of
the.
B
A
D
A
So
we've
been
kind
of
emphasizing,
but
we've
included
all
of
those
all
those
case
histories
in
the
in
the
slides
that
you
and
I'm,
not
you're,
not
gonna
have
time
to
go
through
all
of
these
cases.
I'm
just
gonna
tell
him
basically
what
this
guy
does
and
then
okay
sisters
there
I
mean
it
is
the
kind
of
thing
that
if
there
was
some
one
of
the
case
histories
that
we
don't
discuss
today,
but
people
are
interested.
We
could
do
that
too
wrong.
B
A
C
A
B
A
There's,
if
you
go
to
Korea,
for
instance,
we
have
a
scientist
from
3m
visiting
UBC
and
he
said
it's
a
very
much
concern
there
because
there's
like
17,000
dams
and
they're,
not
all
huge,
but
you
know
they
could
be
20
meters
or
50
meters
or
100
meters
across
and
a
lot
of
these
are
just
earth
fill
tabs.
They
are,
you
know
something
are
starting
to
leak,
and
so
we
need
to
monitor
them
and
techniques
for
monitoring
could
include
DC
resistivity.
A
A
I've
mentioned
a
couple
times
effective
background.
Resistivity
I
want
to
explore
that
just
a
little
bit
more.
So
here's
here's
the
example.
We
did
so
well
at
rec.
So
500-meter
two
scoops,
it's
got
here,
but
it
occurs
that
gets
deflected
right.
So
if
uestion
now
is
like
what
happens,
if
my
cake
is
that
little
resistant
layer,
ok.
B
A
D
C
E
A
Right
so
the
currents
going
to
have
a
very
difficult
time
getting
through
something
it's
really
resistant
right.
So
that's
exactly
what's
gonna
happen.
So
now,
I
put
this
layer
in
here.
Okay
and
while
my
currents
go
up
here,
so
I've
got
this
conductive
spirit.
In
there
I
come
along
I've
got
an
apparent
resistivity
of
1,600
meters.
I
was
looking
for
something
that
was
less
than
five.
So
it's
now
just
that
existent
layer
in
there
means
that
you're
right,
I'm
shield,
I
do
I,
don't
I,
don't
see,
there's
not
correct
air
coming
through.
Here.
A
Of
this
resistant
layer,
I
take
that
still
in
your
night
of
your
moment
and
I
get
the
same
apparent
resistivity.
So
this
is.
This
is
like
this
is
a
really
really
important
point
for
the
DC
resistivity
I
can
take
a
very
thin
layer
to
be
very
thin
and
as
long
as
it's
resistive,
not
that
can
completely
prevent
any
kind
of
penetration.
A
A
Right,
okay,
so
if
it's
very
conductive
now
this
is
what
I'm
gonna.
So
now
everything
just
gets
channeled
into
this
conductor.
So
I
don't
give
you
a
zero
training
area
just
because
that
we
can
conduct
a
short
circuit,
proxy
backup,
and
now
my
Perry's
has
given
these
40
centimeters,
but
that
immunity
is
just
the
reflections
going
to
have
us
conducted
there.
Take
the
sphere
I'll.
Do
the
ball?
Think
I
still
got
47
dollars,
so
this
is.
This
is
a
good
place
to
leave
it's
right
because
I've
got
then
I've
got
a
problem
here.
A
I've
got
I've
got
a
mineral
park.
I've
got
something
else:
they're
looking
for
I've
got
a
resistive
layer
on
top
I'm,
not
gonna,
see
it
for
the
DC
survey,
so
I
got
to
do
something
else
and
that's
something
else
of
course,
is
going
to
be
our
adoptive
sources
and
so
we're
gonna
grate
for
coffee
about
duty,
implements
of
darkness
or.
C
A
A
A
Once
you
think
about
the
charges,
then
you
could
really
help
to
understand
about
the
excitation
and
also
where
you're
going
to
tip
to
measure
so
I
think
there's
there's
a
real
benefit
in
an
understanding
that
comes
about
there.
We
also
saw
in
that
last
example
that
if
you
had
a
resistive
layer
of
the
top
that
really
destroyed
your
ability
to
see
think
that
the
DC
needs
to
be.
But
now
we
want
to
do
is
to
show
how
we
get
over,
that
using.
A
First
of
all,
so
it's
a
motivation
so
I
suppose
you've
got
a
region.
That's
you
know,
hundred
kilometers
on
the
side
and
you're
going
to
do
a
pretty
challenging.
We
have
this
example.
Let
me
show
it
before
also
there's
other
things,
areas
that
are
just
hard
to
adapt
correct,
or
maybe
you
got
a
rugged
terrain,
so
you
really
is
really
charging
for
that.
To
use
these
Oh.
A
What
I
want
to
do
is
to
break
things
down
again.
My
my
approach
to
these
things
is
all:
let's
make
it
as
simple
as
possible,
get
a
foundation
and
then
maybe
get
another
memory
chip
and
put
the
two
foundations
together,
and
you
can
understand
things
more.
So
what
we're
going
to
do
is
to
look
at
the
various
laws
first
and
then
we'll
put
together
and
then
look
at
as
just
simple
things
like
inspirited
whole
Virginians,
Earth
and
understand.
A
But
here's
the
basic
experiment-
we've
got,
let's
say
a
toad
transmitter.
So
here's
a
transmitter,
that's
credit
without
energy,
so
the
trip
scanner
puts
out
a
time-varying
magnetic
field
that
time
varying
magnetic
field
is
going
to
induce
currents
in
this
conductive
body
and
those
currents
are
going
to
generate
magnetic
fields
that
could
be
measured
at
a
receiver.
So
that's
the
basic
principles,
but
all
I
do
is
to
kind
of
go
through
each
of
those
step
by
steps
to
the
chimp.
It
really
thorough
understanding.
A
A
That's
about
the
Maxwell's
equations
now
I
could
have
term
here.
That
is
the
time
variation
of
magnetic
field.
If
expect
well
combination,
as
so
got
this
extra
term,
we
need
to
include
it,
and
what
does
that
mean?
So
this
says
the
time
change
of
a
magnetic
flocks
is
actually
going
to
introduce
an
electric
field.
So
here's
your
swords
and
that's
going
to
give
rise
to
an
electric
field
that
curl
operator.
B
A
A
A
A
So
if
I
have
a
current
that's
going
along,
then
it's
going
to
generate
a
circular
magnetic
field,
and
that's
where
everybody
is
is
used
to
write
if
I
have
a
current
as
in
wire,
and
then
you
describe
the
magnetic
field
with
this
right-hand
rule,
but
never
point
the
thumb
in
the
direction
of
the
current,
the
circularity
of
that
feel
so
here's
the
expression
for
that
feel
from
just
a
constant
curve.
If
I
take
that
wire
and
I
fold
it
in
on
itself,
so
I
make
a
loop,
then
I
get
a
magnetic
field.
A
A
A
A
C
A
So
that
was
half
there's,
not
a
go
to
Faraday's
law.
That
says
this
time.
Variation
of
the
magnetic
flux
gives
rise
to
an
electric
field,
that's
better
curl
and
there's
also
a
minus
sign
in
here.
That
last
sounds
very
important.
It
comes
from
a
guy
by
the
name
of
glance,
and
it
helps
us
determine
which
way
the
currents
are
going
to
be
flowing.
B
A
As
well,
okay,
so
if
this
brother
is
a
conductor,
okay,
you
are
right,
then
you're
gonna,
you're
gonna,
have
there's
going
to
be
a
current,
that's
going
in
you
and
the
direction
of
that
current
is
so.
First
of
all,
the
currents
would
be
circular
and
the
direction
of
that
current
is
going
to
be
determined
by
this
monitor.
C
A
A
B
A
A
The
induced
EMF
for
the
induced
voltage
in
this
circuit
is
governed
by
the
time
rate
of
change
of
this
magnetic
flux
accordingly,
so
the
procedure,
it's
violence,
the
primary
key
in
this
case,
since
nothing
is,
will
be
that's
equal,
0
I
have
everybody
have
a
circuit
looks
like
this:
the
voltage
system,
dr.
AB,
there's
going
to
be
occurring
whenever
there
is
ok.
B
A
Now
those
lives
of
flux,
they're,
they're,
stronger
magnets,
closer,
so
there's
more
flux,
root,
2,
pi
e
is
increasing,
but
when
I
look
at
the
rate
of
change
in
them
put
the
minus
sign,
so
the
voltage
is
as
decreases
is
negative.
So
it's
over
yes,
but
there's
still
a
correct
you're,
not
in
a
circuit
had
the
light
bulb
is
good
if
I
go
the
other
way
now,
I
pull
it
back
and
there's
another
change
in
the
magnetic
locks,
and
so
the
voltage
is
in
here
is
now
positive
to
the
current.
A
B
A
A
A
The
flux
follows
the
same
matter,
but
the
time
rate
of
change
is
just
an
impulse.
It's
like
the
Delta
function
and
the
moment
that
I
turn
that
current
off.
Then
there
is
a
current
that's
going
to
be
induced
in
this
loop
here.
So
that's
our
sanitary
grade
and
then
that
is
just
going
to
decay
away,
so
the
current
flowing
through
that
circuit,
but
there's
resistance
so
just
to
case
away
0.
A
B
quantity
that
people
are
usually
referred
to
is
something
called
the
response
function
and
for
the
time
I
mean
it's
really
simple.
The
the
current
as
it's
going
around
so
its
first
introduced
in
this
secondary
in
the
target,
has
an
initial
attitude
and
magnet
decays
away
with
a
time
cost
of
tau,
where
tau
is
equal
to
this
ratio
of
Aloha
our
ellis
these
other.
A
So
if
I
look
to
see
to
characterize
how
those
currents
are
decaying
in
my
target
body,
I
see
that
order
if
I
thought
the
response
function
as
a
function
of
time
that
it
would
just
be
linear
and
have
different
slopes
depending
upon
whether
I've
got
a
small
or
a
large
time
constant.
So
here's
what
my
response
option
looks
like
for
a
time
domain
response.
It's
very
simple:
it's
just
an
exponential
decay.
A
What
happens
if
I
have
a
harmonic
signal?
So
now
it's
awesome
to
know
it's
the
same
physics,
so
things
shouldn't
really
change
and
they
they
don't
very
much
this
the
thing
that's
complicated
with
the
harmonics
a
con.
So
let's
look
here
at
the
at
the
states
of
the
red
is
the
primary.
So
that's
what's
in
the
outer
loop,
so
it's
just
that's
just
a
harmonic
signal
is
going
this
way.
A
So
what's
the
both
the
currents,
it's
going
to
be
induced
in
Esmeralda
right,
so
she's
here
just
got
currents,
but
there's
always
this
Chi
is
always
changing.
Its
primary
flux
is
always
changing
right.
So
if
you
can't
catch
up
like
a
nice
exponential
decay,
but
the
only
thing
that
can
happen
because
the
primary
field
is
going
at
a
particular
frequency,
the
currents
all
stop.
We
go
at
a
particular
frequency,
IV
choice,
right
so
how
it
has
to
operate
as
cosine,
Omega
T.
A
A
Frequency,
it's
got
different
out
into
and
notice
that
there's
a
shift
here,
new
face.
Okay,
that's
all
that
happens,
but
we
can
take
this
green
curve
here
and
yeah.
We
could
represent
that
as
the
sum
of
two
things
we
could
represent
it
as
something
that
was
in
phase
with
this
primary
so
starting
up
here.
A
So
this
would
be
the
part
that's
in
phase
and
here's
the
part
that
is
it
so
I've
got
I've
got
some
things
going
like
this
okay,
so
now
I
could
have
okay,
so
I've
got
something's
going
like
this.
It's
really
right
now,
I've
got
you
know
coming
like
that,
okay,
so
it's
and
then
I
could
also
have
somebody's
going
that
this
and
then
be
something
that's
kind
of
out
of
things
with
its
right.
So
I
sum
these
two
guys
together
and
I
get
this
green
curve.
So.
A
The
green
curve
secondary
currents
that
are
in
that
Lu
is
that
I
can
represent
them
as
part.
That's
in
phase
part,
that's
of
phase
with
my
partners.
Okay,
so
that's
good!
We
cannot
you
do
that
mathematically,
so
I
can
take
my
secondary
signal.
Current.
It's
got
some
attitude
and
it's
not
need
like
cosine
will
be
the
key
and
academic
patient
exciting,
but
there's
an
expansion
for
this
I
can
write
cosine
given
screeching
angles
in
this
particular
form
here
at
one
level
cast
upon
coastline,
any
other
words
depends
upon
sine.
So
that's
the
issue.
A
Or
sometimes
we
call
the
reader
doesn't
know
same
two
different
words.
Exactly
the
same
thing,
that's
my
own
thing.
I've
got
this
part
right
here
is
once
this
is
a
sign,
so
it's
90
degrees
out
of
phase
with
it
cosa
and
so
I
call
it.
The
other
phase,
part
I
called
the
quadrature
I
called
the
imaginary.
A
These
things
here
are
probably
the
greatest
source
of
confusion
for
anybody
who
is
in
electromagnetics
to
talk
to
a
geologist
or
somebody
else,
who's,
not
even
if
even
seismologists
right,
but
when,
when
the
control
source
qiyam
came
about,
look
for
uranium
I
was
at
one
of
the
initial
s
CT
conventions
when
this
was
kind
of
coming
out
of
the
box.
There's
all
these
seismologists
know
that
Spencer
talked
about
it
mats
very
day.
Didn't
give
me
a
break
right,
but
if
there's
a
there's,
a
historical
reason
why
these
all
kind
of
make
sense.
A
But
from
the
point
of
view
of
understanding,
you
just
have
to
remember
that
they
all
mean
the
same
thing
honestly,
sometimes
in
the
same
sentence
worth
paragraph
I'll
use
all
three
of
these
just
interchangeably
you
just
it's
just
like
resistivity
and
conductivity,
just
get
so
used
to
them.
Hear
people
talk
out
of
facepuncher,
imaginary,
all
the
same.
A
B
A
So
we
can
plot
what
this
is.
What
this
is
going
to
be
like
we
could
plot
the
real
part
and
the
imaginary
part
as
a
function
of
induction
them.
So
that's
what
we're
going
to
do
here
so
when
the
induction
number
is
small.
Okay,
we
get
these
values
here.
So
the
dashed
line
is
the
out
of
phase
or
the
quadrature
or
the
event,
and
the
solid
line
is
the
real
as
I
change.
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
So
that's
the
magnetic
flux
density
and
you
can
do
that
with
fluxgate
magnetometer
or
we
can
measure
D
bdg
with
the
coil.
So
again,
if
I
have
a
coil
and
I've
got
a
time
varying
magnetic
field,
that's
going
through
that's
going
to
generate
a
voltage
in
that
coil
and
that'll
be
my
response.
So
most
of
the
airborne
instruments
are
actually
DB
DT
log
of
ground-based
instruments,
some
DB
DT
70.
A
A
Again
and
the
coupling
comes
into
play
so
remember
as
as
we're
talking
about
so
here's,
let's
suppose
here's
our
transmitter
and
here's
think
about
these
two
objects
here
as
being
our
target
of
loops
right.
So
if
I
have
a
target
glutens
and
sitting
right
here,
then
I'm
really
perfectly
coupled
the
magnetic
flocks
from
this
is
coming
right
down
through
here,
and
so
my
integral
of
B
over
that
area
is
really
high,
so
I've
got
perfect.
A
Company
I
also
been
a
good
coupling
if
I'm
like
yes,
so
long
as
my
magnetic
flux
is
coming
in
perpendicular
to
the
coil,
but
nobody
survived
up
here.
I
don't
have
cuff
link,
I've
got
a
coil,
but
my
magnetic
flux
is
just
coming
parallel
to
the
quest,
so
there's
nothing
crossing
called
null
coupler
so,
depending
upon
the
orientation
of
your
transmitter
to
the
target
you
have
either
good
coupling
or
not.
The
other
thing
is
that
we
have
currents
in
the
target.
A
So
it's
all
good,
there's
currents
going
in
as
well
as
making
clocks
coming
out
here,
depending
on
which
way
I
am.
As
far
as
I've
been
caught.
I've
said
1:
yes,
I
got
a
perfect
coupling.
If
I
might
yes,
I
got
nothing
okay,
so
there's
the
coupling
happens,
two
ways
from
the
transmitter
to
the
target
and
in
the
other
way,
if
this
is,
if
that's
the
target
current
and
that's
your
receiver,
there's
the
same
thing
so
there's
two
cards.
A
If
you
look
at
any
work
on
electromagnetics,
this
is
probably
one
of
the
formulas
that
you're
going
to
see
and
that's
the
ratio
if
you
have
an
airborne
system
of
the
seminary
field
to
the
primary
field,
so
that
is
actually
what's
major
when
I
first
looked
at
that
I
thought
wow,
that's
really
confusing!
It's
a
lot
like
a
lot
of
stuff
going
on.
However,
with
what
we
have
now
from
an
intuitive
point
of
view,
we
can
actually
take
it.
We
could
almost
write
that
down
just
write
it
from
scratch,
actually
how
that
works.
A
A
B
A
Is
going
to
be
the
coupling
between
this
coil
and
that
clip,
and
we
could
relate
that
by
this
quantity?
Am
I
was
so
scripted
want.
That
depends
only
on
job.
Remember
coupling
is
coupling
is
just
geometry,
so
here's
a
formula
for
the
coupling
that
gives
you
now
have
currents
in
here,
so
they're
the
source
and
here's
numbers
either.
So
I
now
have
another
coupling
m23,
so
this
is
getting
an
energy
for
the
transmitter
to
the
target
from
the
target
back
to
here.
A
If
I
look
at
what's
going
on
here,
I've
got
a
transmitter,
it's
getting
out
of
primary
state
law
and
that
could
also
be
measured
at
my
receiver
loop.
So
there's
a
coupling
here
and
watch
okay,
let's
put
all
that
together.
So
here's
AG
s,
/
HP,
so
HS,
my
secondary
feeling,
they're
gonna
measure.
Well,
exactly
I
got
it
go
this
down
here
and
want
to
get
up
there,
two
three:
that's
what
this
is:
I
want
to
and
I
love
in
the
primary
well,
but
look
at
the
primary
I'm
just
going
from
here
to
here.
B
A
You
see
this
stuff
in
here
is
just
to
do
with
the
copper,
but
now
I've
forgotten
about
me.
I've
got
a
response
function
in
here.
Give
my
target
body.
Okay,
I've
got
a
response
function.
So
if
there
was
this
in
phase
out
of
phase
parts,
I
need
to
count
for
that
response.
Part!
That's
what
this
guy
is
here.
Here's
the
response
function,
let's
target!
A
A
A
A
A
Yep
yep
now
I'll
call
it
right.
So
fine,
my
coils
here
magnetic
field
is
parallel
to
that.
So
there's
no
flux,
there's
no
flux
coming
in
here!
So
that's
my
it's.
My
serial
crossing
now
I
come
like
this
trans
me
to
this
side.
Receiver.
That's
time
now,
we've
come
to
your
situation,
probably
feels
like
this,
but
the
magnetic
field
is
going
down.
So
that's
awesome
and
now
I
get
a
negative.
Now
I
come
over
like
this.
So
here's
my
transmitter,
here's
my
receiver!
A
Why's
that
but
I
mean
there's
no
common,
not
be,
but
a
different
reason
right.
So
now
the
magnetic
field
of
my
transmitter
is
coming
in.
You
know
perpendicular
to
to
you,
so
there's
no
flux
coming
through
you.
So
now,
there's
no
currents
before
there
was
zero
cross
and
there's
lots
of
currents
in
you
now
there's
zero
crossing,
because
there's
no
crime
that
come
over
on
this
side
now
they're,
both
okay,
so
that
gives
it
tells
you
why
there's
this
shape.
So
all
of
that
shape.
That's
just
that's
just
copy!
A
B
A
If
you
actually
understand
this
line,
you
actually
understand
a
lot
about
fundamental
principles,
because
you
can
sketch
up
which
way
the
currents
are
going
in
and
target
which
way
the
fields
are
going.
There's
a
lot,
that's
involved
in
and
now
you're
now
interested
in.
Okay.
What's
the
deal,
the
imaginary
parts
in
this
case
is
yours?
What's
function,
you
see
them
they're
equal
if
I
change
this
to
have
a
lower
frequency
or
law
reduction
number
so.
A
A
Okay,
so
the
shape
is
more
or
less
just
due
to
geometry:
the
ratio
of
the
real
and
the
imaginary
part
is
change
in
the
abduction
number.
So
that's
all
we
got
l
upon
okay
notice.
What
that
it's
time
to
me,
what
happens
in
the
time
of
geometry?
Is
the
same
so
if
I'm
going
to
measure
something
at
a
particular
time,
Channel
I'm
going
to
expect
exactly
the
same
shape.
That's
all
changing,
but
my
response
much
you
remember-
was
this
exponential.
B
A
A
Okay,
so
whatever
wouldn't
work
well,
we
know
something
about
basics
of
the
introduction.
We've
got
response
function
with
the
frequency
time
into
a
coupling
and
data
for
frequency,
entire
basis
and
also
the
circuit
model.
It
seems
like
okay,
that
seems
like
not
such
a
bad
idea.
The
question
is:
is
that
applicable
to
a
geological
target?
A
So
let's
state
has
tested
so
we're
going
to
a
numerical
simulation
actually
contain.
A
sphere
looks
like
this
is
conductive
to
the
Siemens
per
meter,
30
meters
in
radius,
and
we
have
a
transmitter.
That's
spinning
right
above
that
sphere
and
ever
going
to
look
at
the
response
and
receiver.
That's
eight
meters
away.
A
A
A
A
It's
open-source
software
it's
available
through
here
and
Mencius
pin
would
be
golden,
and
this
there's
two
papers.
One
is
five
copy
of
all
the
others
Lindsey
with,
respectively
yeah
and
this
it's
a
it's
a
celebrating
symmetric
code.
So
it
can
work
if
anything
in
which
you
have
so
every
called
symmetry.
This
code
is
being
available
and
what
that
allows
you
why
it
allows
you
to
do
thee.
The
sphere
is
that
if
I
have
a
transmitter,
that's
directly.
C
H
A
Imports
so
now,
if
your
spherical
that
I've
got
transmitter
loop
here,
that's
circular,
then
we
can
make
everything
completely
symmetric
and
we
actually
solve
this
kind
of
3d
problem
to
find
out
where
the
currents
are,
and
so
this
is
a
really
valuable
piece
of
software.
That's
used
at
the
heart
of
a
lot
of
these
apps.
A
So
we're
actually
getting
in
pretty
good
shape,
with
we're
kind
of
understanding
the
problem,
but
there's
something
that
we
haven't
really
talked
about
yet,
and
that
is
getting
the
energy
from
the
transmitter
depth
target
and
and
back
so
now.
The
question
is:
how
do
you
make
a
theater
feels
and
fluxes
behave
in
a
conductive
background
and
for
anybody
who's
doing
the
magnet
to
lurex?
This
is
your
bit
of
your
bread
and
butter.
If
you
like.
A
A
A
A
Okay,
that
reduces
to
this
one
here
which
has
real
and
imaginary
what
we're
most
interested
in.
So
that
would
take
this
way
to
return.
We
put
it
in
here
and
we
get
actually
the
thing
I
neglected
to
mention
is
that
we're
not
what
we're
now
going
to
do
is
assume
that
we
have
plane
waves
coming
in,
so
what
we
mean
by
a
plane
wave.
It
means
a
way
we
has
got
a
constant
phase
of
amplitude
at
each
point
on
the
plane.
So
we
can
imagine
how
we
could
do
that
suppose.
A
B
B
A
The
direction
of
the
current
and
then
everything
is
just
going
to
propagate
down,
so
there
is
a
magnetic
tool,
Erick
app.
That
would
happen.
It
actually
does
this
plane
wave
solution.
So
here
now
we've
got
H
in
this
way.
He
in
this
way-
and
then
it
propagates
down
like
that
in
those
conditions
when
we
have
this
quasi
static,
the
result
is
that
the
magnetic
field
at
a
point
gets
five
initial
aptitude
and
it's
not
teachers.
A
There's
this
term
here
which
describes
the
phase.
So
it's
a
propagating
wave.
It's
got
things
and
it's
this
term
which
has
got
an
attenuation.
Those
e
to
the
minus
alpha
plus
a
this
term
here
and
if
we
plot,
as
god,
immaculate
cage,
looks
like
this.
So
this
is
dead
in
this
direction,
and
this
is
captive
so
I'm
at
the
service.
It
hasn't
happened.
A
What
and
then,
by
the
time
now
wave
this
decayed
to
one
upon
even
static.
We
say:
oh
that's,
what's
called
the
skin
death
Delta,
so
this
is
an
important
quantity
in
the
frequency
domain
yeah.
It's
called
the
skin
de
it's
given
by
this
equation
here,
or
we
could
write
it
in
terms
of
conductivity
and
so
that
determines
how
far
a
wave
can
propagate
into
the
earth
before
it.
Decays.
A
What
happens
in
the
time
domain
so
in
the
time
domain?
Our
equations
look
like
this
from
our
perspective,
there's
two
representations.
The
first
is
that
we
want
to
look
at
what
happens
if
you're
at
a
particular
position
in
space
and
what
happens
with
Toxocara,
let's
suppose,
let's
suppose,
I
I'm
a
source
here
and
and
turn
off
instantly
and
now
there's
going
to
be
a
propagation
of
electromagnetic
energy
into
the
video
initially.
A
Up
as
Meireles
doesn't
do
anything,
there's
there's
not
at
any
time
if
we're
looking
at
what
happens
at
your
position
as
a
function
of
time.
This
is
what
we
see
nothing
happens
and
then
the
attitude
of
magnetic
field
increases
the
time
in
this
case,
0.02
milliseconds
reaches
a
peak
and
then,
after
that,
it
just
kicks
so
for
any
person
sitting
in
the
in
the
room.
The
moment.
A
A
If
you're
an
observer
citizen,
the
other
thing
we
can
do
is,
after
a
particular
time,
I
could
just
take
a
snapshot
of
what
the
magnetic
field
looks
like,
and
it
would
actually
look
like
this.
So
now
this
is
death.
This
is
the
attitude,
and
this
is
at
a
particular
time,
there's
a
peak
here
at
a
particular
death.
Okay,
this
thing
the
peak
is
at
a
particular
time.
The
peak
is
that
particular
death.
A
So
if
you're
and
generally
young
people
will
talk
about
Oh
a
particular
time,
the
particular
conductivity
the
way
it
is
diffused
into
the
earth,
this
amount-
okay,
that's
a
good
thing.
You
can
see
that,
that's
only
you
know,
it
tells
you
some
information,
but
it
certainly
doesn't
tell
you
so
you
can
see
that
you
know
there's
magnetic
fields
before
and
after,
but
the
propagation
of
this
peak
as
a
function
of
time.
We
just
tell
you
kind
of
how
that
energy
is
diffusing.
A
A
A
So
here's
stuff-
here's
an
example:
let's
go
to
the
time
to
Maine
first
actually,
this
is
this
has
been
kind
of
interesting
for,
for
me,
especially,
is
decide.
Okay,
good,
put
together
a
course
on
electromagnetics
and
then
what's
the
simplest
way
that
things
can
be
explained
so
that
it
just
makes
the
whole
process
yes,
sir,
and
it
became
well,
it
became
given
it
to
me,
but
especially
after
a
talk
that
I
had
with
the
GPR
expert
Peter
Anand.
A
If
anybody
knows
that
he
was
saying,
you
know,
he's
trying
to
teach
electric
magnetics
and
as
always,
he
could
never
do
it
successfully
easily.
It
working
in
the
frequency
domain
says
the
the
easiest
way
to
do.
It
is
in
the
timing,
and
that
is
100%
true
as
far
as
final
answer,
so
what
I'm
going
to
do?
A
lot
is
we'll
talk
about
time
domain
that
sets
out
the
physical
intuition
and
then
we
can
go
to
frequency
domain
and
see
so
here's
where
we
are.
A
So,
let's
suppose,
we've
got
our
our
sphere
here
dr.,
and
it's
got
this
really
resistant
background
when
we
return
that
system
off
and
we
get
currents
that
are
on
the
outside
of
this
of
this
body.
So
that's
kind
of
interesting
we're
exciting
the
body
because,
where
your
current
stars,
where
your
excitation
is
there's
actually
a
couple
of
things
that
are.
B
D
A
A
Remember
I
talked
about
diffusion.
Distance
depends
upon
the
time
with
the
conductivity.
So
at
this
time,
which
is
very
early,
this
material
here
is
very
conductive,
so
the
energy
has
only
had
a
chance
to
diffuse
into
here.
A
certain
distance
or
if
you
were
you're
caught,
was
in
high
frequency,
which
is
essentially
the
same.
So
that's
it
just
simply
hasn't
had
time
to
get
inventive.
A
A
So
now,
let's,
let's
change
things.
So,
let's
now
put
in
a
background
and
conductivity.
So
instead
of
10
to
minus
8
meter,
just
Siemens
per
meter,
which
is
sort
of
free
space,
let's
increase
it
to
10,
minus
2
seems
greedy,
okay.
So
now,
what's
what's
going
to
happen,
every
we're
talking
about
energy
lost.
So
what's
going
to
happen,
if
I
increase
the
background
conductivity
to
ten
to
the
minus
two
seems.
A
C
A
Right,
so
it's
not
conductive
enough
diffusion
distance
of
primary
field
through
here
is
still
so
I
think
we
just
gotta
give
it
happen,
make
it,
but
now,
if
I
hate
grease
it
more
now
we
come
to
what
C.
So
you
can
see
that
okay
here
it
is
a
conductor,
so
I
got
primary
here's
my
currents
that
are
induced
in
the
earth.
We're
still
stop
getting
through.
I
can
see.
I
can
see
the
sphere
bit,
but
if
I
increase
it
more
now,
I've
just
got
currents
that
are
right.
A
So
everything
is
in
accordance
with
you
know,
diffusion
distance
rules
and
kind
of
see
what's
what's
happening
in
free
space.
It
looks
like
that
increase
background,
but
it's
still
still
resistant
now,
I
make
it.
This
is
what
you
consider
to
be
a
conductive
background,
you're
going
to
be
shielding
yourself
from
here
with
a
lot
of
current,
so
just
you
and
then,
if
it
makes
it
really
conductive
in
here
good.
A
A
Okay,
here's
my
system
in
the
background,
basically
for
each
space,
here's
my
current
density
now
I
increase
the
productivity
here
same
thing.
Thanks
to
this
dude,
okay,
the
-2
Siemens
per
meter
still
get
pretty
much
the
same
increase
it
two
point:
one
seems
per
meter
now:
I
have
currents
that
are
induced
here,
still
see
something
there
increasing
more
they're
all.
A
A
A
A
The
one
a
Sabha.
This
is
the
use
of
airborne
time
to
mania
to
get
a
better
conductivity
model
so
that
you
can
actually
help
with
seismic
Corrections
Corrections
for
your
SATs
okay.
This
comes
from
Soddy
there's
a
frequency
domain
experiment.
Looking
for
salinization
of
water
system,
the
problem
also.
B
A
Same
technique,
frequency
deviate
from
landslides,
so
these
are.
These
are
inductive
sources.
Type
of
thing
is
an
inductive
sources,
frequency
domain.
They
may
have
grounded
sources,
so
there's
a
tectonic
problems
and
then
a
fiber
carbon
deep
risky
and
methane
hydrates,
probably
can't
get
through
all
of
these
the
day.
But
people
are
interested
become
flip
through
them
and
talk
more
about
that
140th
journal
so
for
natural
sources
magnetic
lyrics,
so
there's
geothermal
energy
and
yeah
awesome
iceland
and
then.
A
A
A
A
Okay,
so
what's
our
motivation
again,
these
these
guys
here
large
there
has
to
be
recovered.
Chillin
follows
rugged
terrain
we're
going
to
go
through
basic
the
basic
setup,
so
here
again,
if
you've
got
chicken
seems
like
you've,
always
had
a
lot
of
questions.
Okay,
so
the
first
is
okay.
Wilson
target
is
that
service
yep,
1b,
2b,
okay,
transcoder
do
I
want
to
use
service,
air
justice,
sighs.
D
A
With
a
couple
of
eight
right,
how
do
I
excite
that
that
target,
which
feels
don't
want
to
measure
what
instrument
I
mean
where
to
plug
the
data?
All
these
things?
What's
the
death
of
investigation,
there's
just
a
ton
of
questions,
and
you
actually
have
to
answer
all
of
those
if
you're
going
to
do
the
serious
survey.
A
B
A
Bit
about
the
transmitter,
so
if
we've
got
large
areas
or
rugged
terrain
and
ideally
we
want
to
do
an
airborne
survey,
so
that
could
be
the
frequency
domain
system
this
result
or
it
could
be
a
time
domain
system
like
this
time,
that's
sort
of
method
of
choice.
These
guys
coming
more
popular.
If
we
have
a
really
deep
target
and
I've
got
a
example
here,
so
you
got
some
deep
targets,
then
we
need
to.
A
B
A
A
A
And
you're,
looking
to
see
what's
down,
looks
pretty
much
like
disciple,
and
here
was
expression
that
we
have
reliable
and
the
important
thing
was
the
magnetic
moment.
So
that's
the
current
time
see
area,
but
the
other
thing
that
you
could
do
is
wrap
a
couple
of
coils
around.
So
we
move
it
around
quite
tax
members.
A
A
A
Before
I
can't
measure,
D,
B
or
DV
DT
and
that
procedure
in
the
time
domain,
the
advantage
of
Time
Bandits
that
you're
measuring
in
the
off
time
so
here
is
typical.
Transmitters
might
be
something
like
a
skycap
system,
so
this
is
a
loop.
It's
about
30
meters
in
and
the
receiver
is
actually
spinning
right
up
here,
so
it
could
be
sitting
there
in
this
previous
and
some
of
the
other
total
systems
are
receivers
sitting
in
the
middle
here,
so
those
are
receivers.
A
The
other
thing
is
that
the
receiver
could
also
be
airborne.
Here's
an
example
that
I
showed
you
before:
here's
the
large
time
domain
system.
There's
some
loop
up
here,
a
couple
of
commerce
on
site
and
the
receiver
is
actually
a
total
field.
Magnetometer
that's
being
towed
across
here,
so
here's
so
the
transmitters
on
the
ground
receivers
in
here
all
possible
combinations
were.
A
B
A
C
B
A
F
A
A
So
those
here
are
your
options.
The
main
thing
is
it's
very
often
that
you
want
to
make
sure
that
the
transmitter
and
receiver
coil
are
at
a
known
distance
and
fixed
geometry
with
respect
to
each
other,
and
here
was
that
Ian
of
31
that
operates
just
on
a
loop
and
you
carry
it
across
and
you
just
measure
the
secondary.
A
A
A
But
I'm
going
to
step
you
through
now
is
the
sequence
of
images
that
take
a
look
at
what
the
currents
are
doing
in
here
and
we're
going
to
work
with,
what's
called
a
vertical
magnetic
dipole
and
where
that
comes
from.
Is
that
transmitter
spring
via
a
move
right?
It's
a
loop
of
current
a
loop
of
current
gets
rise.
Me
I
can
make
any
feel,
that's
just
like
a
magnetic
dipole
and
the
orientation
is
going
to
be
such
that
the
loop
is
parallel
to
the
Earth's
surface
or
the
vertical
kinetic
dipole
is
so
that's
where
we're.
B
A
Surface
and
our
questions
is
okay,
where's,
the
currents,
how
strong
are
they
what's
the
effect
economy
and
what
everything
feels
they're
going
to
use
this
again.
This
is
not
a
map
that
you
can
so
here's
a
three-dimensional
model
there.
It
is.
We
can
view
either
in
plan
view
or
we
can
do
it
in
cross-sections.
So
what
we're
going
to
see
is
yeah
and
then
here's
our
source
and
our
house
space
is
going
to
be
a
hundred
meters.
A
So
here's
what
one
of
the
currents
look
like
so
I've
got.
This
I've
got
this
this
guy
up
here,
so
here's
the
transmitter
so
I
got
current
going
in
here
and
now
what
I,
what
the
currents
going
to
look
like
in
your
tongue?
Gonna
curls
going
here.
They
turn
them
off.
That's
gonna
induce
current
in
the
earth.
Okay.
How
are
they
going
to
travel?
A
A
A
A
D
A
Was
trying
to
find
some
way
of
okay?
How
do
I
understand
what
my
magnetic
fields
should
look
like
from
these
induced
current?
He
came
up
with
the
idea
of
small
rings,
so
these
were
basically
bringing
some
current
that
kind
of
diffused
downward
and
outward
along
a
trajectory.
That
was
something
dad.
What
this
does
is
kind
of
encapsulated,
that
one
point
that
is
I
should
mention
here
you
see
these
kind
of
blue
and
yellow
of
colors.
A
A
A
So
those
those
are
the
important
points,
currents
diffuse
downwards
and
upwards,
so
each
transmitter
has
got
a
footprint
so
by
looking
up
where
the
currents
are
at
a
particular
time.
That's
that's
your
information
about
understanding.
What's
the
maximum
resolution
that
you
get
is
going
to
be
controlled
by
the
earliest
time
so
you're
early,
your
smallest
diffusion
distance
is
given
at
the
earliest
time,
and
you
saw
that
the
currents
are
concentrated
near
the
surface.
That
tells
you
something
about
your
maximum
resolution.
Your
latest
time
tells
you
something
about
how
deep
you
can
possibly
see.
A
B
A
H
A
First
of
all,
going
to
make
it
a
resistive
mix
of
this
guy
coming
in
here,
it's
gonna
make
him
resistant
so
instead
of
our
elevators
going
to
make
it.
So
what
do
you
expect
is
going
to
happen
if
I
make
put
a
resistive
layer
since
I
should
get
an
X
Y
go
ahead,
somebody
so
I'm
going
to
put
a
resistive
layer
how?
How
is
that
going?
G
A
G
A
So
here's
what
happens
if
I
have
a
conductive
layer,
so
most
of
the
currents
are
actually
in
that
conductive
layer
and
if
I
make
it
really
conductive
yeah
my
currents,
don't
even
get
all
the
way
through
that
conductive
layer,
they're
just
attenuated.
So
exactly
to
see
you
can
give
me
you're
now
getting
to
the
point
where
okay,
this
stuff
is
almost
into
it.
I
have
a
resistor
I'm,
not
going
to
see
anything.
The
fields
are
gonna
propagating
right
through
an
attenuated
and
there's
a
consequence
of
that.
A
A
A
The
dashed
line
is
response
with
the
layer,
and
you
can
see
it
just
doesn't
change
very
much
from
just
the
half
space,
so
that
tells
you
that
if
you're
doing
a
time
domain
system
over
a
region,
that's
got
a
resistor.
This
is
where
you're
not
going
to
see
them
on
the
internet.
If
you
make
that
conductive
layer
channel
meters,
you've
got
a
very
large
difference
here
in
that
response
and
to
make
it
really
conductive.
A
In
general,
but
worth
going
to
look
for
a
3d
object,
so
here's
here's,
not
a
sphere,
and
what
we're
going
to
see
in
this
map
is
where
they're
flying
this
time
to
make
system
over
this
region.
So
the
sphere
is:
this:
is
a
plan
B
map?
That's
each
that's
north.
Our
spirit
separator
right
here
and
these
dots
are
the
locations
at
which
we
have
the
sounding
at
very
early
times
where
the
waves
have
not
really
diffused,
and
we
basically
just
see
this
background.
D
B
A
A
A
Some
general
time
domain
systems,
here's
the
Skycam
system.
It's
got
a
transmitter
that
looks
like
this.
It's
got.
Two
modes
of
operation
wants
a
high
moment.
What's
a
real
moment
so
high
moment,
you
remember:
we
need
to
see
deep,
the
problem
with
high
moment
where
you
have
a
big
ker
in
the
loop,
but
you
try
to
crank
it
off
you
can't
you
can't
do
that,
there's
a
lot
of
back
EMF
in
there
and
you
just
can't
turn
this
thing
off
fast
enough.
So
get
a
high
moment
system.
Then
you.
C
A
Record
a
very
early
in
time,
in
this
case-
maybe
forty,
seven
microseconds.
So
then
they
have
a
lower
moment
system
that
you
can
get
earlier,
so
that
problem
in
particular.
That
means
that
you
can
get
better
resolution
right
near
the
surface.
So
this
low
moment
system
is
really
good
for
your
memory
surface
material
at
a
higher
moment
for
a
deeper
notice
that
there's
a
waveform,
that's
going
in
initially
so
here
you're
here
to
wait
for,
go,
dim
and
then
goes
off
and
around-
and
here
we
go.
A
Let
me
crank
it
up
more,
so
different
kinds
of
waveforms,
it's
very
important
to
know
exactly
what
is
input
waveform
is
and
also
what
the
cutoff
is
and
what
the
kind
of
channels
are
which
your
injuries
I
noticed
that
different
system
tears
that
we
encounter
system.
Here's
the
input
current
that
looks
like
this.
It's
got
a
much
shallower
route
and
it's
got
a
very
different
way
for
there's.
Nothing
really
fundamentally
different
about
these
guys,
but
the
details
are
really
important
if
you're
going
to
analyze
the
data
and
invert
them.
A
A
A
C
A
It
coming
from
yeah
it's
problem,
yeah
here,
where's
where's,
the
water
coming
from
that's
an
important
question.
The
second
is:
if
I
have
another
well
over
here
and
I'm
drawn
down
here,
it
is
that
going
to
be
drawn
with
the
same
source
or
these
two
wells
connect
I
mean
those
are
job
G
product,
so
gia
physics
has
a
role
to
play
in
that
and
the
way
it's
going
to
do
it
is
to
take
the
electromagnetic.
A
Then
you
can
take
that
and
put
it
into
a
mod
flow
or
some
algorithm
to
calculate
where
the
water
and
then
that
can
actually
tell
us
also
geophysics,
is
sort
of
kind
of
like
an
intermediary
there.
That
provides
important
information,
but
it's
self
solve
the
problem.
So
here's
here's
what
we're
up
against
so
we've
got
basically
plays
at
the
bottom
and
then
you've
got
these
channels
that
are
in
sides,
and
these
channels
are
filled
with
your
place.
Do
a
little
sad
stuff
like
that
act,
imported
they're,
they're,
pretty
resistant,
so
nice,
but
you're.
A
E
B
A
Are
really
so
we've
got,
you
know,
claims
out
here
that
are
maybe
one
to
kennel
meters
and
we've
got
these
upper
reaches
channels
of
maybe
6000
meters,
so
basically
using
the
EMU
physique
to
try
to
find
the
bottom
of
these
channels
so
right
up
against.
So
that's
a
good
use
right,
you're
trying
to
find
basically
a
resistor
over
a
conductor
and
try
to
find
the
surface
of
that
conductor
is
kind
of
like
a
well-tuned
problem.
A
So
the
system
you're
going
to
use
is
that
Skycam
system,
which
I
just
talked
about
both
the
high
moment,
are
used
and
the
data
area
like
this,
so
the
blue
lines
or
the
lines
where
the
day
could
work
collected
and
it
so
they
have
to
be
removed
because
of
cultural
noise.
But
your
flag
with
your
regionally
pocket,
and
you
now
take
these,
but
you
still
have
a
lot
of
data
salvations
to
people.
A
So
each
sounding
that
that
you
have
is
going
to
be
inverted.
There
is
still
like
just
about
ten
thousand
soundings
and
you
each
one
of
them
was
inverted
in
terms
of
just
one
to
one
dimension,
but
it
was
done
kind
of
like
a
quasi
3d
environment
so
that,
if
I'm
in
a
virgin
here,
I'm
not
totally
to
forced
what's
happening.
Esmeralda.
A
Connected
provide
make
sure
that
that's
too
much
variation,
so
it's
called
quasi
static
and
the
bottom
line
was
that
after
doing
that
inversion,
then
you
get
essentially
a
three.
He
reads:
a
stivity
model
and
if
you
did
it
depth
a
slice
of
that
back
five
meters
of
sea
level,
you
see
that
the
reason
skating
so
the
reds
and
the
Purple's
are
very
resistant.
So
there's
regions
in
here
that
are
really
quite
resistant
and
there's
booths
here
that
are
not
remember.
I
said
what
we're
really
interested
in
was
the
depth
to
the
top
of
the
claim.
A
So
that's
what
this
here
so
here's
the
depth
to
the
top
of
the
Paleo
Jean.
So
this
is
mean
elevation
above
sea
level,
so
the
blue
is
really
deep
and
the
grant
is
so.
You
can
see
the
fins
these
channels
that
are
going
through
here
go
back.
There
was
about
after
looking
at
this.
They
kind
of
came
up
with
welders
turn
about
20
of
these
valley
type
of
structures,
and
that
was
so
they're
able
to
confuse
that
to
kind
of
make
a
a
geologic.
A
And
the
next
step
was
to
take
the
results
from
the
inversion
where
you
have
your
conductivity
or
resistivity,
basically
between
16
and
10,
and
to
use
formal
information
to
try
to
make
a
bit
of
a
proxy
between
mythology
and
electrical
resistivity
and
that
actually
allowed
them
to
generate
a
3d
hydro.
To
multiply
okay.
So.
A
A
Here
to
see
my
drive
up
here
so
where
is
it
coming
in?
It's
sort
of
coming
in
from
a
longer
Alex
appears
where
that
dog
here
it's
coming
from
there
and
maybe
they're
almost
touch
me.
This
is
the
kind
of
thing
that
is
really
really
useful
to
people
right,
because
now
we
can
start
to
make
predictions.
They
can
look
to
see.
You
know
if
I
draw
stuff
out
here
pump
stuff
in
there.
Where
is
it
all
going
to
go
and
geophysics?
In
this
case
it
plays
really
so
I
think
that's
it.
That's
separately,.