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Description
Fundamentals of applied geophysics: Discussion on physical properties and a 7 step framework for applied geophysics
September 9, 2016
Slides available at: https://github.com/ubcgif/eosc350website/raw/master/assets/0_PhysicalProperties/b_Intro_to_applied_geophysics.pdf
A
Also
introductory
so
last
time
was
certain
introductory
lecture.
We
talked
a
little
bit
about
what
the
structure
of
the
course
is,
and
hopefully,
you've
got
a
good
idea
of
maybe
how
that's
all
going
to
transpire
as
I
said.
There's
a
lot
of
things
happening
on
in
this
course.
You
kind
of
need
to
use
that
schedule
to
keep
everything
going.
What
I'd
like
to
do
today
is
to
do
another
introductory,
but
one
that
I
think
kind
of
puts
a
lot
of
things
in
perspective,
so
we
can
kind
of
build
on
a
lot
of
this
material.
A
A
So
here's
the
first
one
I
exploded
ordinance
there
actually
are,
even
in
Canada,
quite
a
few
old,
proving
grounds
that
need
to
be
fixed
up.
This
is
an
active
source
with
region,
but
when
the
Canadian
and
military
or
any
military
training
people
they've
gotta,
you
know
get
them
out
onto
some
kind
of
a
proving
ground
and
you'll
provide
them
with
you
know
whatever
tanks
and
munitions
to
have
right.
A
So
you're
all
going
to
be
trying
to
find
these
guys
and
get
insight.
Actually
it's
are
you
here
or
in
in
Montana,
and
it
was
all
coming
back
and
so
you're
looking
for
this
kind
of
stuff,
but
it's
just
all
grass
right.
You
have
no
way
of
of
seeing
anything
and
the
thought
of
just
digging
randomly
or
completely
is
completely
out
of
the
question.
A
So
we're
gonna
come
back
to
that.
Here's
another
one,
that's
very
germane
to
Canada
this
is
the
contacts
might
go
into
basically
Saskatchewan,
especially
they
got
underground
a
large
amount
of
calcium
salts.
These
things
are
about
a
kilometer
beneath
the
surface
and
they
just
mined
names
of
huge
mines
and
they're,
always
contending
with
their
greatest
nemesis,
which
is
water.
It's
your
father,
underground
and
you've
got
all
of
these
later
earth.
Above
you,
some
Ahmed
Carter
foot.
You've
also
got
places
that
there's
a
lot
of
water.
A
A
A
You
know
what
heck
is
this
thing
right?
So
that's
kind
of
what
you're
up
against
as
far
as
trying
to
get
some
idea
about,
but
what
the
nature
of
the
problem
you
just
can't
see
so
well,
if
you
meaning
water
course
from
this,
we
kind
of
alluded
to
it
yesterday.
So
here's
the
geologic
map-
and
there
are
certain
things
that
are
happening.
You've
got
some
outcrops
here
well
coming
in
here,
very
distinct,
rocks
here
too,
and
what
you,
what
you'd
actually
like
to
do,
is
to
sort
of
figure
out.
A
So
here's
a
characteristic
plot
that
you
can
see
a
lot
of
it's
it's
kind
of
a
thread
that
you
can
always
attach
any
of
our
particular
surveys.
To
because
Jim
physics
works
like
this.
We
first
of
all
have
to
have
some
kind
of
a
source
meet.
We
energy
that
we're
going
to
put
into
the
ground.
So
that's
the
person,
so
we
get
source,
puts
energy
into
the
ground
and
that
energy
propagates
through
the
subsurface
and
how
it
propagates
circulates
depends
upon
these
physical
properties
that
are
inside
the
earth.
A
A
So
that's
our
that's.
Our
ticket
get
rich
source
puts
in
Turkey
and
how
that
energy
propagates
through
time
depends
upon
the
physical
property
is
never
going
to
measure
from
the
body
of
geophysics.
The
sources
are,
can
be
really
widely
varying
it
they
could
be
on
the
ground.
What
sometimes
could
just
be
carrying
you
know
something
that's
on
the
ground,
maybe
laying
out
some
blues.
A
That's
what's
happening
in
this
plot
here.
Actually
this
was
in
in
British
Columbia
tailings
pond.
We
were
looking
to
try
to
see.
We
could
find
something
about
where
the
paintings
were
and
you've
got
transmitter.
That's
you
know
it's
on
somebody
he's
waistline
and
so
he's
basically
taking
data
source
on
track.
You
could
also
have
something:
that's
flying:
here's
a
helicopter
and
here's
a
transmitter
in
this
in
this
bird
here,
so
we
could
have
something
there
or
we
could
actually
have
sources
Union
in
the
ground,
as
we
would
in
that
experiment.
Potential.
A
A
Electrical
permittivity
tells
us
about
polarization
of
material
and
elastic
moduli
dependence
telling
us
above
how
elastic
waves,
coffee,
here's
a
bunch
of
different
physical
properties,
and
these
are
different
physical
properties
and
geologists,
and
used
to
describe
your
blocks
right.
You
get
rocky,
but
hardness,
texture
color,
so
those
I
mean
that's
a
very
valid
way
of
describing
something,
but
your
businesses
have
an
entirely
different
suite
of
things
that
they
use
to
describe
things,
and
then
what
you're
going
to
see
is
that
you
know
by
combining
up
to
you
a
lot
of
descriptions
with
a
physical
description.
A
You
can
actually
stretch
can
help
understand
your
geological
problem
that
you're
trying
to
work
inanity
the
surveys
and
the
data
they
can
also
mean
on
the
ground.
So,
in
this
case,
here's
the
here's
recorder,
so
there's
a
transmitter-
the
receiver.
In
the
case
of
this
helicopter,
we've
got
also
receivers
that
are
in
here
and
actually
there's
another
receiver,
that's
being
pulled
up
on
here.
It's
measuring
everything
is
a
source
interacting
with
the
earth
and
then
some
data
that
are.
A
So
white
is
to
physiques
work
like
this,
and
how
is
it
that
we've
come
to
kind
of
used?
Your
physic
stick
to
characterize
bodies
and-
and
the
ideas
is
basically,
this-
we've
got
a
whole
bunch
of
different
physical
properties
and
what
physical
property
was
with
Gary
right.
So,
if
I
knew
all
your
all
the
physical
properties
of
you
and
distribution
I
know
it
would
be
like
a
fingerprint
right
and
I
say:
okay.
Well,
there's
there's
Erica
right.
A
So
that's
that
that's
kind
of
the
goal,
so
you
our
idea,
is
that
everything
I
mean
whether
it
is
this
podium
table
chair
everything
has
got
some
distribution
of
those
physical
properties.
If
we
didn't
find
that,
then
we've
got
a
fingerprint
and
we
can
identify
what's
there.
So
that's
that's
our
goal.
A
So
now,
let's
think
about
that
and
we'll
go
back
to
a
couple
of
bums
that
we
did
so
this
is
unexploded
ordnance.
Do
you
remember
what
they
were?
They
were
every
round,
y'all
dirty
they're
bombs,
they're
made
out
of
of
steel
and
they
are
could
be
iron
and
the
physical
properties
are
associated
with
that
this
electrical
conductivity
and
magnetic
susceptibility.
So
iron,
you
can
become
like
him.
You
come
magnetized,
so
magnificent
building,
it's
a
metal,
so
it
could
conduct
electricity
pretty
easily.
So
those
so
our
ideas
here,
like
we
all,
got
a
UXO
problem.
A
The
very
first
thing
we
think
about
is
like
okay,
what's
the
diagnostic
physical
properties
and
in
this
case
we've
come
up
with
these
two,
so
that's
the
that's
the
first
important
step,
because
that's
then
going
to
guide
us
through.
You
know
where
we
might
go
from
there,
but
it's
always
to
try
to
find
which
physical
properties
are
going
to
be
diagnostic.
A
When
we
talk
about
water
in
that
potash
mine,
why
there's
an
interesting
substance?
Because
if
you
take
very
pure
water,
it's
actually
very
resistant,
it
does
not
conduct
electricity
very
easily,
but
if
you
put
in
a
little
bit
of
salts
or
metals
into
that
water,
it
can
become
very
conductive
and
in
this
podcast
mine,
since
you've
got
salts,
so
you've
got
potassium
chloride.
I
you
get
a
little
bit
of
dissolved
salt
and
something
you've
got
a
liquid,
that's
very
highly
conductive
and
then
not
for
that
minerals.
Example.
A
We've
got
a
whole
host
of
things
that
could
describe
minerals
so
very
often
they're
magnetically
susceptible,
so
pretty
anybody
who's
for
anybody
who
has
done
a
magnetic
earth,
a
minerals,
deposit
expiration.
If
you've
been
looking
for
minerals,
undoubtedly
you're
the
dining
magnetic
survey,
the
mineral
deposit
could
be
electrically
conductive
chargeable.
A
A
So
one
of
the
ways
of
trying
to
find
this
is
to
go
out
with
an
instrument.
This
is
called
a
magnetometer,
and
this
is
it's
called
an
analog
instrument,
and
that's
because
it
it
basically
gives
you
sound
information
depending
upon
what
the
strength
of
the
signal
doesn't
actually
give.
You
numbers
right
when
you
take
this
instrument
here
and
now,
you're
you're
trying
to
find
these
UXOs-
and
you
know
these
guys
are
not
so
big
right.
A
So
you
kind
of
need
to
do
a
constant
sweep
over
the
whole
region
and
then
you're
gonna
be
hearing
a
tone
either
here
and
at
some
point
the
tongue
becomes
very
loud
and
you
get
up.
This
could
be
something
there
Nick
in
your
back
pocket.
You
stick
in
a
fly
and
you
mark
that
plot.
That's
where
there's
potentially
aux.
Oh,
that's!
Okay!
Look
at
the
end
of
the
day.
A
A
That's
what
this
is.
So
this
is
a
map
of
the
magnetic
data
that
was
acquired
through
this
digital
instrumentation,
and
you
can
see
the
information
content
on
that
right.
It's
it's
basically
kind
of
this
yellowish
green
in
the
background.
But
then
you
got
all
of
these.
No
red
blue
things
right
well
in
the
next
week
or
two
you'll
know.
When
you
see
these
you're
gonna
see
one
of
those
and
you're
gonna
say:
oh
yeah,
there's
a
dipole
there's
a
magnetic
dipole.
A
So
that's
that's
kind
of
how
things
work
right.
So
we
we've
got
a
problem,
unexploded
ordnance,
what's
the
physical
property
magnetic?
What
kind
of
survey
do
we
need?
Well
something
that
measures
magnetic
field
and
we
go
out?
We
collect
those
data
plot
them
up.
You
can
do
some
processing
and
arrive
at
some
conclusions
about
where
things
might
be
and
then
go
ahead
and
pick
them
up.
So
that
is
essentially
the
way
that
we'll
think
about
all
the
different
geophysical,
experiments
and
surveys.
As
we
go
along
here.
A
Perhaps
an
interesting
anecdote
to
that.
So
this
is
again
up
in
the
limestone
nails
and
you
can
see
how
challenging
this
terrain
would
be
right.
There's
there's
rocks
you
know.
You
definitely
need
to
have
some
kind
of
digit
told
data
over
here.
That's
going
to
help
you
figure
out,
go
because
otherwise
that
was
just
you
know.
It
would
be
prohibitive.
You
just
we'd
be
able
to
be
played
in
that
area.
A
So
you
find
that
then
you
pick
it
up
and
you
got
a
mortar
out
there.
Any
76-millimeter,
dudes
I'm
sure
you
can
see
that
very
easily,
but
there's
something
there,
but
just
because
you
find
something
magnetic
doesn't
actually
mean
it's
looking
for
it's
a
old
kokanee
beer
can
right.
So
maybe
that
it's
got
a
magnetic
signature,
yeah
good
geophysics
doesn't
actually
distinguish
it
found
something
it
was
magnetic
right.
It
could've
been
a
bomb.
There
been
something
else.
A
It's
a
piece
of
writing
for
Franklin
and
it's
a
little
bit
of
iron
and
this
stuff
is
hugely
magnetic.
This
is
also
sometimes
called
shrapnel,
and
that's
actually
the
stuff
that
you
know
if
you
ever
get
caught
near
a
bomb.
That's
the
stuff
that
really
gets
you,
because
it
just
sort
of
exposed
it's
flying
through
the
air.
It's
twirling
around
can
just
sever.
You
know,
take
your
part
of
your
wrist
or
anything,
and
those
things
are
really
terrible.
A
But
in
this
particular
case
we
didn't
care
about
those
we'd
be
happy
to
leave
all
of
that
stuff
in
the
ground.
So
you
can
see
that
the
problem
might
be
you'll,
be
more
complicated.
In
one
case
you
could
you
can
find
all
the
magnetic
stuff.
Some
of
that
is
really
important.
You
need
to
dig
it
up,
but
you'd
also
want
to
distinguish
or
discriminate
against
things
that
you
can
meet
in
the
ground
and
stuff
that
you
need
to
dig
up.
A
If
you
come
back
to
the
potash
mine's,
they
say
these
things
are
really
absolutely
incredible,
so
this
is
all
a
kilometer
underground.
There
is
I
believe
in
Saskatchewan,
something
in
the
order
of
20,000
kilometers
of
these
mines
category
and
they
have
just
great
big
fleets
of
trucks
under
there
they're
just
going
back
and
forth
here
and
they're,
just
you
know,
pulling
out
huge
amounts
of
a
result.
What
they're
interested
in
is
where
the
water
is,
and
so
there's
a
survey
that
can
be
done.
A
So
this
is
logistically
a
little
extra
challenging,
because
now
you've
got
to
put
your
sources
and
receivers
on
the
ceiling.
It's
called
the
back
and
you've
got
to
do
the
experiment
up
there
and
then
you
do.
You
know
you
plot
the
data,
so
this
data
and
it's
kind
of
going
up
after
your
perspective.
What
you're
interested
in
is
where
the
the
blue
is-
and
you
can
see
right
here.
This
is
this
blue-
is
coming
really
close
to
the
ceiling.
A
That's
a
meter
away,
and
fact
it
was
some
water
data
seeking,
but
again,
if
you're,
just
looking
at
the
ceiling,
it's
like,
okay,
it
kind
of
all
looks
the
same.
So
you
need
to
have
some
way
of
looking
in
depth
and
trying
to
see
what's
happening,
laterally
here,
so
that
you
can
make
some
decisions
about
okay,
I'm,
not
worried
about
here,
I'm
worried
about
here
and.
A
A
Yes,
okay
anyway,
it's
used
a
lot
in
geotechnical
work
and
also
in
civil
engineering
and
what
you're
seeing
here
this
is
the
section
this
is
horizontal
in
here,
and
this
is
kind
of
depth
again
we're
kind
of
looking
out,
and
you
can
see
that
there's
this
there's
this
immature,
there's
a
reflection,
that's
coming
you
and
that
reflection
is
coming
from
a
region
of
Scott
where
there's
water
up
in
there.
So
different
reason,
I
put
that
out.
Instead,
you
know.
A
So
we
come
back
to
our
minerals
exploration,
I'm,
showing
you
a
couple
of
these
before,
but
here's
here's
again
a
mineral
exploration
problem
and
we've
got
entranced.
Well,
we
the
earth
is
going
to
be
the
transmitter
in
this
case.
We're
gonna
measure
some
stuff
out
here.
Measure
total
field
anomaly
and
what
we
really
like
to
be
able
to
do
is
to
take
this
image
here.
But
this
is
just
a
plan
view
map.
A
So
it
tells
you
a
lot
about
what
might
be
changing
horizontally,
but
there's
no
way
of
looking
at
this
and
extrapolating
to
depth,
and
this
is
the
big
thing
that
geophysics
can
do.
That
complements
what
the
geology
has
a
very
difficult
time
doing
and
that
is
seeing
in
the
third
dimension.
So
in
this
particular
case
here
we've
got
these
data.
We
do
this
processing
inversion
and
we
actually
come
out
with
this
three-dimensional
image
of.
What's
there.
A
This
image
has
got
geologic
structure
to
it
and
can
be
extremely
valuable
for
the
point
of
view
of
understanding
what
we've
got
so
I
mentioned
the
word
inversion
a
couple
of
times.
I
just
want
to
just
talk
a
little
bit
about
it.
You'll
see
it
a
little
bit
of
this
course
not
as
much
as
I'd
like
because
a
lot
of
time,
but
it
is
the
way
in
which
we
try
to
process
virtually
all
of
our
different
kinds
of
tuples.
A
A
A
So
that's
the
essence
see
the
idea
is
that
we're
going
to
represent
the
earth
mathematically
in
some
sense
it's
often
in
3d,
but
sometimes
it
could
be
2d
or
maybe
even
one
day
we're
going
to
have
hot
stand.
Physical
properties
in
each
of
the
cells
adjust
them
so
that
we
fit
the
data
and,
whatever
a
priori,
make
sure
yeah.
A
A
Yeah
so
they'll
I
mean
what
what's
it.
What's
the
cat's
yeah
right?
It's
it's
got
a
transmitter
on
one
side,
so
there's
a
source.
It's
got
a
receiver
right
and
then
you're
measuring
data
right.
That
has
gone
all
the
way
through
your
ear.
Stop
and
that's
those
are
numbers
right
and
then
they
keep
turning
this
thing
around
and
then
you
get
more
numbers
right.
So,
in
the
end,
every
time
you've
done
this
you've
got
you've
got
a
source.
You've
got
your
thing
that
you're
trying
to
image
that
and
you've
got
a
receiver.
A
But
in
order
to
get
that
you
know
they
have
to
divide
your
head
up
into
a
whole
bunch
of
little
pixels,
and
in
this
case
you
know
you
want
to
make
those
pixels
you're,
pretty
small
right,
you
like
much
much
less
than
a
centimeter
and
then,
if
you
thought
about
okay,
how
many
pixels
do
you
need
to
kind
of
image
your
head?
You
know,
maybe
you've
got
a
hundred
pixels
this
way.
A
So
when
you
have
an
emergent
result,
then
you
get
to
turbulence
so
there'll
be
numbers
that
have
shown
the
end
product
of
all.
This
is
that
you
have
this
big
cube
of
values
and
you're,
going
to
image
that
somehow
and
visualize
that,
and
you
can
say
well,
everything
is
less
than
a
certain
value
is
going
to
be
totally
transparent
and
everything
above
that
it's
got
a
different
color,
and
so
you
might
end
up
with
pictures
and
when
you
come
back
to
this
magnetic
field
data,
that's
that's
sort
of
that's
how
that
picture
was
obtained.
A
We
did
the
it
took.
The
earth
made
a
whole
bunch
of
cells
solve
that
optimization
problem
at
a
threshold
value,
didn't
isosurface
and
get
up
something
like
this
and
for
the
point
of
view
of
interacting
with
geologists
about
this,
they
actually
don't
need
to
know
any
of
that.
Other
detail,
but
they're
really
interested
in.
Is
this
guy
in
fact,
there's
two
things
that
are
important
to
communicate
between
the
geophysicist
and
a
geologist
or
an
engineer
whatever,
and
that
is
okay.
What
physical
property
are
you
talking
about,
and
how
does
it
relate
to
your
particular
problem?
A
A
Everything
that
we
do
and,
of
course,
when
we
have
a
problem,
is
going
to
kind
of
be
tied
to
this.
So
this
is
this
is
what
we
are.
The
first
thing
is
called
the
setup,
and
this
is
actually
important
to
really
be
critical
of
what
it
is
that
you
ask
me,
because
here
you
have
to
define
what
is
the
question
to
the
answer
that
may
seem
odd.
That
I
said
you
have
to
think
about
this,
but
you
know
very
often
people
are
confronted.
They've
got
some
kind
of
a
problem.
A
You
know,
okay,
my
dam
is
weak.
You
just
said
something
happening
right,
so
I've
got
a
problem
money,
so
I
want
this
poem
small.
But
in
fact
that's
not
that's
not
the
level
of
question
that
it
is
really
very
useful.
You
have
to
be
much
more
detailed
about
okay.
What
is
the
piece
of
information
where
pieces
of
information
which,
if
I
had
that,
would
really
help
me
answer
my
father.
So
that
means
that
you
need
to
be
kind
of
critical
about
exactly.
What
is
the
question
that
you
really
want
Astrid?
A
So
if
somebody
asked
us
that
question
you've
got
a
lot
better
chance
to
help
solve
it
all?
Okay,
so
that's
the
setup
to
think
very
carefully
about
what
your
problem
is
and
then
the
next
critical
point
is
okay
of
those
important
parts
of
the
problem.
How
are
they
associated
with
diagnostic
physical
properties?
So,
just
the
same
as
that,
uxo
was
yeah.
We
have
decided
to
okay,
there's
some
properties
that
are
so
clear
that
your
challenge
for
any
engineering
or
geologic
problem
is
to
take
the
thing
that
you
are
interested
in.
A
A
So
that's
crucial
once
you
got
to
here,
you
know
what
the
question
is,
and
you
know
what
the
physical
properties
are.
Now
it's
getting
pretty
easy
to
kind
of
get
good
to
go
because
once
we
know
that
physical
properties,
then
that
tells
us
what
survey
we're
going
to
use
and
once
you
know
what
survey,
then
you
can
do
some
survey
design
and
decide
how
you
know
how
many
gave
you
you
want
to
choir
and
where
you
want
to
choir,
then
you
do
the
data
collection
and
the
processing
of
those
data,
some
kind
of
an
interpretation.
A
Here's
where
I
need.
So
we
take
the
magnetic
data.
We
do
some
processing
get
some
inversion
resolve
out.
We
interpret
that
in
terms
of
your
mineral
deposit
or
whatever,
and
then
an
important
part
of
this
is
the
synthesis.
Where
did
not
take
the
output
of
what
you've
got
and
decide?
Okay?
How
does
it
actually
connected
up
with
the
initial
problem
that
you
want
to
have
answers,
so
you
get
a
tying
a
thing.
A
A
A
That's
not
before
it's
the
ability
to
pass
courteously,
and
then
there
is
this
thing
called
a
charge
of
Dotel
talk
just
a
moment,
but
if
we
look
at
this,
the
mineral
deposit
that
that
we're
really
interested
in
which
is
copper
and
zinc,
it's
got
a
moderate
conductivity
and
it's
got
a
high
charge
ability.
So
that's
kind
of
the
fingerprint
of
this
right.
That's
what
we're
that's!
A
What
we're
looking
we're
looking
for
places
in
the
earth
that
kind
of
have
an
intermediate
conductivity,
but
really
high
charge
ability
if
we're
gonna,
find
that
it
has
to
be
distinct
from
the
rocks
around
the
outside.
So
this
is
this
is
an
important
aspect
of
geophysics
and
that
we
can
only
we
can
only
find
something
if
that
something
is
very
different
from
its
host
material.
A
If
we
look
at
the
host
volcanic
s--,
we
see
that
their
conductivity
is
actually
pretty
low
and
their
charge
ability
is
low.
That's
your
first
and
if
you
look
at
the
adjacent
shales,
I
hope
that,
oh
those
those
shells
are
actually
very
high
conductivity,
but
they
have
a
low
charge
ability.
So
you
got
any
other
table
here
and
that's
kind
of
your
fingerprint
thanks.
A
So
the
that
we're
looking
for
is
this
one.
In
here
water
conductivity,
high
charge
built
okay,
so
connectivity
it'll
be
towards
the
end
of
this
course.
What
we're
going
to
look
at
something
called
the
DBC
resistivity
survey,
which
is
EC,
stands
for
direct
current
and
the
experiment
is
one
in
which
we
take
a
generator,
and
we
put
one
current
positive,
current
electrode
here
and
a
negative
current
electrode
here.
A
Yeah,
so
you've
got
this
kind
of
distortion
on
those
charges
actually
give
rise
to
voltages
that
we
would
measure
up
here.
So
that's
the
experiments
very
simple
right:
take
a
generator
pump
to
card
left
roads
in
the
ground,
take
a
voltmeter
measure,
a
voltage
and
then
you've
got
some
data
that
you
can
plot
in
variety
form.
This
is
this
is
something
called
a
pseudo
section
in
Burton
come
back
to
these
things.
A
But
it's
pretty
hard
in
looking
at
that
to
tell
very
much
about
you
know
the
actual
structure
of
what's
in
there.
So
go
back
to
the
examples
really
so
here's
here's
the
region.
So
it's
about
4
kilometers
in
this
direction
and
about
two
and
a
half
kilometers
here.
So
it's
it's
pretty
big
size
and
then
there's
ten
lines
of
data
that
we
required.
A
So
what
we
have
we've
got,
you
know
ten
lines
of
data
and
every
time
we
change
where
the
current
is,
we
get
a
different
image
so
again
something's
happening
but
honestly
trying
to
unravel
what's
happening
inside
the
earth.
From
these
images
kind
of
drive,
you
bonkers,
so
there's
only
one
earth,
so
there's
only
one
earth
out
there,
but
you
just
got
all
of
these
kind
of
different
images
about
what
the
earth
is,
but
the
data
are
so
after
we
do
the
inversion
and
no
cell
phones
are
texting
or
anything.
Please.
Okay,.
A
A
We
can
now
view
this,
so
what
we're
doing
is
taking
is
cute
and
we're
slicing
through
it.
So
we're
going
south
to
north,
and
you
can
see
there's
this
red
part-
that's
coming
up
in
here
whoo,
so
there's
something
big
happening
there
and
now
we're
going
to
just
view
it
from
the
top
down
and
you
notice,
there's
big
big
red
thing.
That's
going
up
there.
A
A
So
that's
the
good
news.
The
bad
news
is
that
that's
the
big
conductor
and
it's
really
not
of
any
particular
use
from
the
point
of
view
of
the
mineral
deposit.
So
it's
told
us
some
information,
but
not
quite
close
on
the
memory
talked
about
chargeability
in
a
DC
resistivity
experiment
we
put
in
a
current
source.
That
looks
like
this.
A
If
the
earth
is
chargeable,
what
happens
is
that
the
bulging
tips
you
measure
it
immediately
Rises
and
they
continue
survive
and
then,
if
you
turn
that
Curt
off
it
falls
and
then
it
kind
of
decays
but
what's
happening
here,
is
that
the
earth
is
actually
acting
like
a
capacitor.
So
as
current
is
going
through,
charges
are
being
built
up
and
when
you
turn
the
current
off
those
charges.
A
Okay,
so
we
can
actually
measure
that
and
that
exactly
that's
exactly
what
a
a
chargeability
or
sometimes
called
IP
experiment
looks
like,
and
we
can
measure
those
things
as
we
do:
the
DC
visa,
City
experiment,
here's
you're,
sort
of
saying
types
of
pseudo
sections.
Yes,
again,
they're
not
very
informative,
just
by
themselves,
but
if
you
go
ahead
and
you
invert
them
in
the
same
way
that
we
did
the
GCB
stivity,
this
is
what
you
get.
So
this
is
now
the
and
chargeability
model,
and
you
can
see
it's
got
a
couple
of
big
major
regions.
A
A
A
We're
going
to
need
to
know,
have
the
mathematics,
physics,
computing,
science,
geology,
engineering,
everybody's
kind
of
got
to
be
able
to
communicate,
but
that
communication
from
most
of
our
purposes
really
requires
that
we
understand
things
in
terms
of
physical
properties
and
images
and
as
we
kind
of
work
through
this
course,
where
we're
going
to
be
kind
of
working
in
teams-
and
you
can
see
that
it'll
be
there
in
this
ability
to
to
communicate.
But
our
tools
are
always
here
and
then
we're
also
going
to
put
everything
within
the
context
of
our
seven
step
process.
A
So
your
task
for
the
weekend,
since
the
rest
of
your
courses
are
just
kind
of
lolly
dog
evasion.
No
just
you
want
to
kind
of
fill
in
the
gap
right,
look
at
a
front-end
load.
This
course
I
keep
people
like
this
right,
because
most
courses
start
off.
You
know
kind
of
easy,
easy,
easy
and
then,
as
you
get
as
you
approach,
December
right,
it's
like.
Oh,
my
god,
we've
got
all
that
stuff
booze,
it's
a
massive
amount
of
projects
and
stuff
and
then
kind
of
piled
up
in
this
kind
of
it's
like
a
tsunami.
A
A
Special,
it's
called
a
ship
physical
journey
around
Ireland,
it's
a
great
paper,
it's
a
great
paper.
For
many
reasons.
It's
got
the
application
I
believe
it's
like
seven
different
types
of
geophysical
surveys.
There's
this
guy,
that's
going
around
Ireland
he's
looking
at
one
place,
he's
looking
for
peat
moss
and
the
other
case
he's
looking
for
the
till
layer
in
the
center
of
Dublin.
A
In
another
case,
he's
working
for
mineral
deposit
and
Medicaid's
he's
looking
for
karst
cavity,
different
problems
that
I
think
you
relate
to
and
it's
all
kind
of
going
around
and
what
he
does
is
kind
of
show
you
an
example
of
how
geophysics
would
work
in
in
each
of
these
cases.
So
it's
not
really
in-depth
stuff
is
kind
of
once
over
lightly,
but
there's
all
these
examples
for
geophysics.
A
A
What
you're
fighting
to
do
this
is
that
there's
a
whole
host
of
words
and
you
have
no
idea
what's
going
on
like
it's
just
there's
all
kinds
of
things
that
you
do
not.
You
would
not
have
ever
seen
before
and
I
really
don't
expect
you
to
understand
everything
this
time
around,
but
you
will
be
able
to
get
enough
so
that
you'll
be
able
to
do
this
seven
step
procedure
and
then
in
the
teams.
A
Not
only
does
this
introduce
a
lot
of
the
background
and
the
fraud
and
the
jargon
that's
required
in
this
course
we're
going
to
use
this
as
a
hook
throughout
the
entire
course,
so
that
each
of
the
case
histories
that's
presented
here
when
we
ever
we
do
a
survey
is
actually
going
to
be
redone
and
then
at
the
end
of
the
and
I
think
this
is
one.
My
favorite
times
is
that
on
the
second
to
last
lecture,
we
actually
go
through
this
thing
again
and
it's
amazing
as
to
how
much
everybody
has
learned
during
that
time.
A
So
we
use
it
as
a
barometer.
We
do
it
right
in
the
very
first
and
we
do
it
right
at
the
end
and
then,
by
the
time
you
see
it
at
the
end
you
say
hi
and
that's
so
easy.
Of
course
we
do
that
right
and
that's
a
real
good
sign
and
you
can
what's
it.
Okay,
yeah
actually
different,
something,
so
we're
going
to
do
that.
A
There's
also
a
quiz.
It's
not
a
very
big
quiz.
It's
dead
little
multiple-choice
questions,
but
it's
again
just
to
kind
of
get
you
going
with
the
jargon
and
with
how
do
you,
physics,
work
so
just
sort
of
really
high
level
kind
of
non
technical
stuff,
but
you
could
read
the
foundations
in
the
GPG
and
then
you'll
do
the
quiz
on
Monday
yourselves.
So
there's
a
little.
A
You
have
ten
questions
and
you're
also
going
to
do
the
10
questions
as
a
team.
This
will
be
part
of
your
team
and
of
course
well
it's
it's.
It's
kind
of
interesting,
it's
a
bit
rewarding
too,
because
it's
all
done
as
the
scratch
and
win,
and
so
as
a
team,
okay,
you're
going
to
get
four
points.
If
you
scratch
the
correct
answer
on
your
first
rocket,
if
you
miss
the
first
drive,
get
it
on
second
try
and
get
two
points
for
your
a
scheme.
You
can
compete
to.
You
know
best
team.