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A
All
right,
this
is
part
one
of
two
mechanical
advantages:
counting
tensions
and
estimating
system
efficiencies.
This
is
going
to
be
a
quick
talk
about
counting
tensions
in
a
mechanical
advantage
system
or
an
MA
for
some.
This
technique
is
used
when
first
learning
mechanical
advantage
system,
so
they
can
see
how
the
weight
and
percentages
are
distributed
throughout
the
system,
for
others
used
for
determining
the
mechanical
advantage
of
more
complicated
radio
systems
like
Spanish
burdens
and
for
others.
A
This
is
just
going
to
be
a
quick
review.
This
is
kind
of
presuming
that
you
know
a
little
bit
about
mechanical
advantages,
so
this
is
kind
of
bring
things
into
the
forefront
here
before
we
start
talking
about
some
of
the
procedures
so
from
left
to
right
we're
going
to
go
through
this.
This
graph
is
going
to
show
the
behavior
and
dynamics
of
various
mechanical
data
systems.
This
shows
the
course
requirements
and
distance
a
pool
required
to
move
a
load,
one
foot
so
on
the
bottom.
A
Here
you
can
kind
of
see
how
we
have
the
one
slip
marker
for
each
one
of
these
systems
and
we
have
a
1
2
1,
a
2
2
1,
a
3
2
1
z
drag
and
then
obviously
we
have
a
5
to
1
complex.
So
we're
looking
at
a
simple
one-to-one
you'll
see
that
some
people
will
count
mechanical
advantages
of
simple
system.
So
it's
pretty
easy
to
do.
You
just
can
kind
of
count.
How
many
lines
are
supporting
your
load.
A
Remember
at
the
top
here,
and
we
pull
our
rope
out
where
that
end
of
the
rope
connects
to
will
help
us
determine
a
simple
1
rope
system,
mechanical
advantages.
So
if
the
Rope
starts
at
the
loop
right,
we're
going
to
have
an
odd
system
which
we
see
right
here
are
1
2
1.
We
also
see
that
on
our
3
1
5
2
1,
if
the
Rope
actually
starts
at
the
Anchor
Denner
mechanical
advantage
is
going
to
end
up
being.
Even
so,
let's
walk
our
way
through
this
real
quick,
so
I'm
not
far
left.
A
Here
we
have
a
wonder
1
system,
so
we
have
the
load.
The
Rope
starts
at
the
load
comes
up
through
a
progressive
capture
and
then
it's
pulled
down.
So
the
direction
of
force
is
going
to
be
down
in
a
1
to
1.
We're
not
really
getting
a
mechanical
advantage
will
actually
learn
that
we
get
less
than
1
to
1
when
we're
looking
at
efficiencies
because
of
the
friction
in
the
pulley.
But
for
our
purposes
right
now,
all
we
have
to
do
to
move
this
load.
1
foot
is
pull
one
foot
here.
A
So
if
this
load
is
200
pounds
we're
going
to
have
to
theoretically
put
200
pounds
of
force
on
this
to
move
it
so
the
force
that
we're
hauling
as
a
hauler
is
going
to
be
equal
to
what
that
load
is.
When
we're
talking
theoretical
little
systems
and
to
be
able
to
move
it
1
foot,
we
only
have
to
pull
one
foot.
We
look
at
a
two-to-one
system.
Theoretically,
this
is
going
to
cut
the
weight
of
the
load
in
half.
A
Although
now
we
have
to
pull
two
feet
to
be
able
to
move
that
load,
one
foot,
so
just
like
anything
in
physics,
what
you
have
to
increase
the
distance
of
we're
talking
levers
right.
The
longer
that
lever,
the
bigger
the
MA
is
going
to
bit
get
as
long
as
we're
pulling
on
the
end
of
the
lever,
so
in
this
case
in
rope,
we're
going
to
have
to
pull
greater
distances
to
be
able
to
get
that
mechanical
advantage.
A
So
for
us
we're
going
to
have
to
pull
2
feet
to
move
this
load,
one
foot,
but
theoretically
it's
going
to
cut
our
weight
in
half
so
with
a
200
pound
load,
we're
roughly
going
to
have
to
be
pulling
100
pounds.
The
other
100
pounds
is
going
to
be
on
this
anchor
when
we're
looking
at
our
3
2
1
right,
we
can
see
if
there's
three
ropes
that
are
supporting
our
load
down
here.
A
This
actually
kind
of
creates
our
new
load
here
whenever
we
put
a
drag
system
in
there
so
from
here
we
got
one
line,
two
lines,
three
lines,
so
we
know
it's
a
three
to
one
and
we'll
be
counting
the
Simpsons
here
in
a
little
bit,
but
on
the
three
to
one.
We
know
that
we're
going
to
have
to
pull
three
feet
to
move
that
load,
one
foot
and
the
advantage
of
that
is
we're
theoretically
cutting
that
loads
weight
down
by
one
third.
A
So
what
we're
pulling
is
one
third
and
then
the
other
two-thirds
is
going
to
be
on
the
anchor
here
now.
This
is
a
five
to
one.
So
this
is
one
of
the
reasons
that
a
lot
of
people
get
into
counting
tensions,
because
once
we
get
into
complex
mechanical
advantages,
we
can't
count
the
lines
any
longer.
So
what
we
have
here
is
a
five
to
one
and
we'll
talk
about
how
to
count
tensions
to
get
that,
but
on
a
five
to
one,
we're
going
to
have
to
pull
five
feet
of
rope
to
move
that
load.
A
One
foot,
the
good
part
about
that
is
the
theoretical
force
that
we're
going
to
have
to
apply
is
basically
one-fifth
of
what
that
load
is
right.
Quick
overview
got
to
go
over
this.
This
presentation
assumes
that
the
reader
has
basic
understanding
of
mechanical
advantage.
Rope
systems
will
be
counting
tensions
within
a
mechanical
advantage
system
to
determine
the
theoretical
mechanical
advantage.
Theoretical
mechanical
advantage
assumes
that
we
live
in
a
church
in
this
world,
which
we
all
know
is
not
correct,
so
friction
acquired
within
a
pulley
and
or
oppressor
is
ignored.
A
When
we're
counting
tensions,
there
are
sometimes
easy
ways
to
find
MMA
at
a
simple
or
compound
halt
system.
You
may
count
the
line
supporting
the
load
of
a
simple
system
or
breakdown
a
compound
mechanical
advantage
into
its
individual,
simple
mas
and
then
multiply
them
together
and
we'll
see
those
here
in
a
couple
slides.
A
The
problem
arises
when
we
look
at
a
traditional,
complex
Hall
system
and
some
of
the
spanish
burton
variants
concepts
so
remember
we're
always
going
to
start
counting
tension
from
the
whole
line,
which
is
where
your
hands
are
going
to
grab
that
rope
to
start
pulling
and
we're
going
to
work
our
way
back
through
the
system
and
end
at
the
road.
The
number
that
we
hit
on
at
the
load
is
what
that
mechanical
advantage
is
going
to
be
it's
just
a
ratio
between
what
our
input
is
and
our
output.
A
A
Toys
are
a
wholesome
force
multiplier,
so
the
pulley
wheels
here
that
are
moving
pulleys
would
add
to
the
mechanical
advantage
and
that
a
stationary
or
standing
pulley,
which
is
usually
at
an
anchor,
doesn't
do
anything
to
our
ma,
which
is
correct,
but
no
matter
regardless
of
where
that
pulley
is
a
is
always
going
to
magnify
force
and
we're
going
to
see
that
in
when
we
count
tensions,
and
then
we
count
efficiencies.
So
it's
kind
of
a
quick
cheat.
A
We
can
always
look
at
whatever
pool
you
have
majority
of
all
pulleys
have
this
something
talking
about
what
it's
rated
at
on
the
front,
so
whether
this
is
30
kilo
Newtons
and
the
point
that
we
have
here
or
it's
thirty,
six
kilonewtons
or
forty
kilo
Newtons
whatever
that
number
is
you're,
always
going
to
see
it
with
half
that
number
in
and
half
that
number
out.
So
we're
talking
about
thirty
kilo
means
here.
A
So
fifteen
goes
into
this
pulley,
then
fifteen
has
got
to
come
out
and
what
we're
going
to
have
is
thirty,
in
this
case
right
here
at
the
apex
of
it.
So
in
our
cases
we'll
be
counting
tension,
so
we'll
have
one
tension
coming
in
will
always
have
one
tension
coming
out
and
then
we're
going
to
have
two
tensions
up
here.
So
we
just
simply
add
these
two
numbers
which
in
our
case
is
accounting.
A
Tension
will
be
one
on
one,
but
as
we
get
into
larger
numbers,
we
may
have
a
three
goes
in
three
comes
out
and
then
we're
going
to
have
six
at
the
top.
So
these
numbers
will
get
added
together
to
see
what
this
number
is.
It's
going
to
be
sitting
on
your
pressing
or
potentially
your
anchor,
so
remember,
Newton's,
third
law.
A
When
we're
doing
this
DMA
is
the
final
number
is
going
to
be
at
the
note,
the
load
and
don't
ignore
the
anchor
number
and
we'll
see
in
some
cases
the
tensions
that
are
on
the
anchor
or
greater
than
the
tensions
were
actually
hauling
all
right.
So
this
get
started
as
my
counting
tension
so,
like
we
said
before,
bro
is
going
to
start
on
the
whole
line
and
we're
always
going
to
start
with
the
one.
A
A
If
one
comes
in,
one
has
to
come
out
and
that's
going
to
leave
us
two
up
here
at
the
apex,
so
just
like
we
talked
about
before
with
the
fifteen
and
fifteen
equals
thirty,
so
we're
using
one
tension
now.
So
we're
using
tension.
So
if
one
comes
in,
one
has
to
come
out
and
two
is
left
here
at
the
apex
of
that
one
comes
down,
one
comes
down
and
one
terminates
at
the
load.
So
we
know
we
have
a
wonder
one.
A
So
now
we're
going
to
move
on
to
another
one
so,
like
I,
said
before
we're
always
starting
at
the
hollow
line,
we're
starting
to
green
one.
So
we
start
hauling
with
one
tension.
That's
one
comes
in.
We
know
that
one
has
to
I'm
out
and
at
the
apex
we
add
those
numbers
together.
We
know
we
have
a
tube
and
we
know
we
have
a
teat
one
mechanical
advantage,
but
that
one
continues
up,
and
so
one
tension
is
here.
A
So
when
we
think
about
a
two
to
one
and
we
cut
that
weight
in
half
the
anchor
has
one
tension.
We
have
that
other
tension.
So
no
matter
what
that
load
is.
If
it's
a
hundred
pounds,
we
got
1550,
it's
200
pounds.
We
got
100
100,
so
one
comes
in
one
comes
out.
Two
is
left
with
the
load.
We
always
count
the
number
that
is
terminate
to
the
load.
So
we
know
it's
a
two
to
one
now.
A
This
is
basically
it
looks
very
similar
to
this
next
one
except
we
come
back
up
to
anchor
and
do
a
change
of
direction,
so
this
is
actually
going
to
be
a
two
to
one
with
the
change
of
direction.
This
adds
a
little
bit
of
confusion
on
people
when
they're
first
learner
mechanical
advantages,
because
it's
like
oh
well,
we
just
added
this
or
is
it
a
three
to
one?
Is
it?
What
is
it
so
you'll
see
it's
actually
the
same
thing
so
as
we
start
off
with
a
one,
because
this
is
our
whole
line.
A
If
one
comes
in,
one
has
to
come
out
and
we
have
to
add
our
anchor.
We
continue
on.
One
comes
down.
One
comes
out,
one
comes
in,
one
has
to
come
out
and
we
have
to
at
our
load,
which
means
it's
a
two
to
one
and
then
this
one
comes
up
here
and
turn
and
terminates
so
because
we
put
a
change
of
direction
in
and
we're
pulling
against
our
anchor.
Although
we
have
a
two
to
one
down
here,
we
actually
have
three
tensions
up
here
at
our
anchor.
A
So
if
we
wanted
to
think
what
that
really
means-
let's
say
our
load
was
200
pounds,
so
we
know
that
we're
inputting
100
pounds
here.
So
if
we
input
a
hundred
pounds,
we
know
that
we
have
to
have
100
pounds
coming
out,
and
that
means
we
have
200
pounds
right
here.
So
100
comes
down,
100
comes
down,
100
goes
in,
100
has
to
come
out,
which
means
we
have
200
down
here,
which
is
accurate
and
then
that
other
100
comes
up
here.
A
So
when
we
add
those
together,
we
actually
have
300
pounds
of
force
on
our
anchor
yet
we're
hauling
200
pounds
and
it's
because
of
that
last
change
of
direction
or
redirect.
That
is
adding
that
extra
weight
to
our
anchor
all
right
getting
into
some
more
complicated
systems.
So
we're
going
to
start
here
at
our
Hall
line,
we're
pulling
with
the
anchor
and
you'll
see
when
we
pull
with
the
anchor
that
our
anchor
weight
is
typically
not
going
to
be
exceeding
what
our
weight
is
down
here.
A
So
with
a
wonder
with
the
starting
off
with
one
tension,
we
have
one
that
comes
down,
so
we
work
our
way.
One
comes
in
one
has
to
come
out,
and
now
we
have
to
that
too.
That's
at
that
apex
of
that
pulley
is
actually
going
to
sit
on
that
rope
graph,
so
whether
that's
a
key
block
or
whether
that's
a
press
like
a
two,
is
just
going
to
sit
there.
A
A
Two
is
sitting
on
the
Anchor
Point
one
comes
down
and
as
one
comes
down,
we
meet
the
rope
grab,
which
is
a
plus
sign,
so
1
plus
2
is
going
to
be
3,
so
we
have
3
tensions
from
this
point
of
the
rope.
So
if
one
tension
in
here
we
have
two
tensions
here.
When
these
meet,
we
have
three
tensions
to
go
to
or
low
telling
us
that
we
have
a
three
to
one,
and
this
is
a
ZJ
configuration
so
continuing
with
that.
A
We
basically
put
the
change
of
direction
and
over
here,
so
let's
figure
this
one
out
once
starts
so
one
comes
in
one
comes
out.
We
have
to
add
our
anchor.
The
1
continues
down
if
one
comes
in
one
comes
out
and
we
have
two
sitting
on
our
prusik
as
one
comes
in
one
comes
out,
and
we
have
another
two
tensions
on
our
anchor
that
one
continues
down.
One
continues
down,
it
meets
our
rope
graph,
which
has
two
sitting
on
it.
So
one
plus
two
is
three,
so
we
still
have
a
three
two
one.
A
It
just
has
a
change
of
direction,
but
where
we
can
see
here
is
because
we're
pulling
against
the
anchor,
we
actually
have
an
extra
tension
on
our
anchor
so
we're
putting
more
force
on
our
anchor
than
what
we
actually
have
on
our
load.
The
last
one
here
is
going
to
be
a
Spanish
burden,
so
this
is
one
of
the
complex
variants
that
we
are
talking
about
before
you're
going
to
see
this
sometimes
and
some
mountaineering
configurations,
you
can
use
a
court
of
light.
You
can
use
a
sling
different
things
to
put
in
as
this
rope.
A
So
the
red
rope,
the
red
color,
signifies
another
rope
and
the
yellow
is
our
main
line.
So
once
again,
we're
going
to
start
here
on
our
tensions.
Just
so
you
know
right
here.
This
signifies
that
our
whole
rope
length
is
run
out,
and
this
is
the
terminal
part
of
the
rope.
So
there's
not
enough
that
we
can
build
a
ma
system
off
of
so
we
add
the
second
portion
on
start
with
a
1
on
our
whole
line.
A
So
if
one
comes
in,
one
has
to
come
out
and
we're
left
with
two
on
this
project,
and
this
one
is
actually
terminates
here.
So
this
could
be
nothing
but
a
figure,
eight
knot
or
a
clove
hitch
or
anything
like
this.
So
one
comes
in
one
comes
out,
and
one
terminates
here,
so
we
just
have
one
sitting
on
that
to
go
back
up
to
our
to
which
is
being
pulled
so
to
comes
in
to
comes
out.
A
Moving
on
the
first
one,
we're
going
to
hit
is
on
the
left,
so
we
broke
out
these
two
pulleys.
Typically,
what
you're
going
to
find
in
a
five
to
one
simple,
mechanical
advantages.
This
is
going
to
be
a
double
pulley,
so
we
kind
of
broke
it
out,
so
we
can
count
on
it
a
little
bit
easier.
So
each
one
of
these
is
one
separate
sieve.
That's
in
a
double
pulley,
so
once
again
Hall
line.
A
We
know
that
we
are
pulling
with
our
anchors,
so
we
know
that
that
force
on
our
anchor
isn't
going
to
be
magnified
like
it
is
when
we're
pulling
against
it.
So
we
start
with
one
tension.
One
tension
comes
in,
one,
tension
comes
out
and
two
is
left
on
one
of
these
sheets.
As
one
comes
up,
one
comes
out
and
the
first
two
is
left
on
our
anchor
point.
One
comes
in
our
second
chief
of
our
double
pulley
one
comes
out
and
we're
left
with
another
two
which
equals
four.
A
So
four
is
sitting
on
that
prusik
or
a
rope
grab
of
your
choice.
There
one
comes
in
one
comes
out,
two
is
left,
so
that
means
we
have
a
four
total
on
our
anchor
that
one
continues
down
meets
up
with
our
rope
grab.
That
is
one
plus
four,
which
means
we
have
five
tensions.
So
that
is
a
five
to
one
simple
mechanical
advantage
and,
like
we
said
before,
that's
a
double
pulley.
Now
we're
going
to
look
at
another
five
to
one.
This
is
a
five
to
one
complex
which
we
use
quite
a
bit.
A
Once
again,
we
are
pulling
against
the
anchor.
So
we
know
what
to
expect
a
higher
number
up
here.
So
when
we
start
there,
we
start
with
one.
One
comes
in
one
comes
out:
two
is
left
here,
so
two
is
sitting
on
that
prusik
right
now,
one
comes
down.
One
comes
out
two
sitting
on
this
pressing
one
comes
up,
meets
the
two
that's
sitting
on
that
press
'ok,
and
we
have
three
in
this
segment
of
our
rope.
A
A
Now
we're
going
to
go
to
a
5
to
1,
crevasse
and
people
call
it
a
5
to
1
Spanish
Burton
by
utilizing
second
line
five
to
one
crevasse
is
what
it
typically
goes
by
not
too
uncommon
and
a
lot
of
mountaineering
techniques,
especially
when
you're,
just
using
that
mechanical
advantage
to
help
a
climber
get
through
a
crux
or
something
like
that.
So
we
start
with
our
one
on
our
haul
line.
So
here's
our
haul
line,
so
one
comes
in
one-
has
to
come
out
and
we
are
left
with
two
the
sitting
into
the
force
here.
A
So,
while
we're
pulling
that
that
two
comes
in
and
two
comes
out,
so
that
two
terminates
up
here-
and
we
are
left
with
four
sitting
right
here-
that
is
because
1
+
1
equal
to
coming
in
coming
out
equals
4.
So
4
is
sitting
there
on
that
press
'ok.
Now,
when
we
go
back
to
our
original
system
here
that
one
that
came
out,
one
goes
in
one
comes
out:
we
have
two
there
which
is
going
to
leave
us
with
four
at
the
anchor
one
in
one
out.
A
A
Alright,
getting
even
more
awkward,
we
have
a
7
to
1
Spanish
burden
here
looks
pretty
complicated
when
you
look
at
it.
Basically,
what
we
have
here
is
2
terminating
points,
so
we
have
a.
If
you
can
imagine,
we
have
potentially
a
clove
hitch.
The
ghosts
are
here
or
we
technically
say
we
have
a
short
piece
of
1/4,
let
that
locks
off.
So
this
is
tied
off
and
this
is
tied
off
and
this
is
tied
off
and
this
goes
through
as
our
haul
line.
A
This
is
one
large
piece
of
rope
that
terminates
right
here,
so
we
set
this
up
start
it
with
one,
because
this
is
our
haul
line,
so
one's
going
to
come
in
one
is
going
to
come
out
and
we
have
two
sitting
right
here
that
one
continues
down
and
terminates
right
here.
So
now
we
have
that
that
comes
in
and
2
comes
out,
so
note
that
we
don't
have
pulleys
here,
but
we
have
carabiners,
which
also
are
going
to
magnify
that
force.
A
So
we
treat
them
just
like
their
pulleys,
so
2
comes
in
2
comes
out,
and
now
we
have
4
sitting
there
to
put
students
forward.
That's
going
to
be
sitting
on
that
pressing
that
2
comes
down
and
it
term
because
these
are
acting
independently
of
each
other.
One
plus
two
is
equal.
Three,
so
three
is
going
to
be
sitting
on.
A
rope
grab
come
back
up
to
where
four
was.
A
If
four
comes
in
four
has
to
come
out
and
we
have
a
total
of
eight
on
our
anchor
that
four
is
going
to
be
coming
on
down
that
four
meets
with
the
three
and
we
have
seven.
So
that's
a
seven
to
one
spanish
burton
configuration
and
we
have
eight
tensions
on
our
anchor
oddly
enough
because
we're
pulling
against
it
when
we
come
over
here,
you're
going
to
see
this
is
a
compound.
A
So
if
we
break
it
down,
we
can
see
that
this
looks
just
like
a
three
to
one
and
we're
usually
pulling
so
forget
that
these
two
pulleys
are
here,
that's
a
three
to
one.
But
if
we
look
at
it,
we
actually
have
another
three
to
one
pulling
on
top
of
a
three
to
one.
So
we
can
break
this
into
two
systems.
We
know
if
we
have
two.
A
simple
mechanical
advantage
is
working
together
and
like
that,
that's
a
compound,
so
we
have
a
three
to
one
point
on
the
three
to
one.
A
So
we
know
it's
a
nine
to
one
but
to
double
check
our
work,
we're
going
to
start
at
the
whole
line
and
we're
going
to
see
that
we
have
one
tension
coming
in
here.
So
one
tension
comes
in,
one
tension
has
to
come
out
and
we
have
to
sitting
right
here
in
the
prusik.
As
one
comes
in
one
comes
out,
we
have
two
on
this
anchor
spot.
One
continues
down
meets
up
with
the
two
and
we
have
three
at
this
portion
right
here.
A
So
if
three
comes
in
three
has
to
come
out
and
we
have
a
total
of
six
sitting
here
on
this
press
ik.
So
three
and
three
is
going
to
be
six.
As
that
three
comes
out,
three
comes
in
three
comes
out.
We
have
a
six
on
our
anchor.
So
when
we
have
these
two
together
we
have
eight
tensions
there
that
three
continues
down
and
that
three
meets
with
our
six
and
gives
us
a
nine
to
one
compound.
A
Lastly,
we're
just
going
to
talk
about
piggybacking,
so
this
is
pretty
common
tear.
This
is
a
four
to
one
five
to
one
system:
that's
the
Phantom
Paul
kit.
You
can
see
an
Aztec
version
of
that
with
a
little
bit
bigger
diameter.
That
you'll
see
some
teams
using
and
in
the
end,
what
happens
is
we
have
one
main
line
that
is
here
and
terminates
right
here
and
then
we
just
take
our
separate
system,
that's
already
pre-configured
into
a
mechanical
advantage,
and
we
attach
that
on
to
our
main
line.
A
So
no
matter
what
we
recognize
that
this
is
just
a
one-to-one,
so
this
isn't
adding
any
kind
of
a
mechanical
advantage
to
us
whatsoever.
So
when
we
add
our,
in
this
case
three
to
one
mechanical
advantage
on
two
that
will
go
through
but
realize
you
can
put
a
four
to
one
five
to
one,
you
see
a
lot
of
different
systems
for
confined
space
or
for
simple
mountain
whole
kits
so
start
with
our
hollow
line.
That's
one
one!
Tension
comes
in
one
tension
comes
out
that
two
is
sitting
on
that
prusik
one
comes
in.
A
A
If
this
was
a
four
to
one
coming
down,
we're
just
going
to
have
a
four
to
one
or
a
five
to
one,
depending
on
what
you
have,
we
just
have
to
remember
as
we're
pulling
that
we're
going
to
get
slack
in
this
whole
area.
Whatever
is
beyond
where
rope
grab
is
we're
going
to
get
slack
so
before
we
can
actually
reset
our
piggyback
system?
A
So
that
is
the
end
of
counting
tensions,
part
one.
What
we're
going
to
do
is
build
on
that
for
our
second
podcast
or
video
cast
and
show
how
we
can
use
that
same
technique
of
moving
our
way
through
our
system,
but
this
time
we're
going
to
actually
be
looking
at
what
the
actual
efficiencies
are
of
various
pulleys
and
various
devices
that
we
may
be
use
in
our
system.
Thanks.