►
From YouTube: Role of Blockchain in Vaccine Management
Description
A virtual meetup hosted by Hyperledger Hyderabad. Sid Chakravarthy, Founder at StaTwig is going to join us and take us through his journey of starting StaTwig, share his learnings of working with a multitude of national and international agencies, and emphasize on the importance of using Blockchain to make this workflow seamless and transparent.
More about the event is at: https://www.meetup.com/Hyperledger-Hyderabad/events/274781649/
----
Hyperledger – Open Source Blockchain Technologies
Hyperledger is an open source community focused on developing a suite of stable frameworks, tools and libraries for enterprise-grade blockchain deployments.
It serves as a neutral home for various distributed ledger frameworks including Hyperledger Besu, Fabric, Sawtooth, Indy, as well as tools like Hyperledger Avalon, Cactus and libraries like Hyperledger Aries, Ursa. Learn more about Hyperledger projects: https://www.hyperledger.org/use
Case Studies: https://www.hyperledger.org/learn/case-studies
Training & Certification: https://www.hyperledger.org/learn/training
Tutorials: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/tutorials
Webinars: https://www.hyperledger.org/learn/webinars
Events: https://www.hyperledger.org/events
Vendor Directory: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/vendor-directory
Subscribe to the Hyperledger Newsletter: https://www.hyperledger.org/newsletter
Follow-us on Twitter @Hyperledger
Learn about Hyperledger Membership: https://www.hyperledger.org/about/join
#Hyperledger #HyperledgerMeetups #Blockchain
B
B
Although
we
have
to
do
this
online
now,
but
otherwise
we
would
have
been
meeting
somewhere
and
sharing
sharing
this
in
a
more
personal
environment
but
yeah.
Nevertheless,
it's
exciting
to
see
so
many
people
interested
in
the
session,
especially
because
of
what's
happening.
I
think
there's
a
lot
a
lot
of
relevance
in
terms
of
what
we're
doing
in
this
space
and
what's
happening
with
kobe
19
and
cover
19
vaccines.
So
I'm
quite
excited
about
this
session.
B
B
What
was
the
difficulties
that
we
faced
during
our
journey
and
so
that
give
that
will
not
only
set
some
stage,
but
also
for
anyone
in
the
group
who
wants
to
start
their
own
business
in
this
space,
particularly
from
a
hydropod
point
of
view,
that
would
probably
be
useful.
Then
I
will
jump
into
vaccines.
The
topic
of
the
day
give
you
my
perspective
on
so
we've
been
spending.
B
B
So
that
is
the
reason
that
why
we
had
a
lot
of
fractions,
so
I
will
share
some
of
those
insights
around
vaccines
and
how
that
all
that
became
quite
relevant
with
kobe
19
vaccines,
especially
right
now,
and
how
we
are
emerging
as
one
of
the
dominant
players
in
the
vaccine.
Distribution
technologies
right
now,
I'll
also
jump
into
what
our
solution
is,
how
it
ensures
both
quality
and
safety
of
vaccines,
and
then
we
can
from
there.
We
can.
B
We
can
take
questions
or
we
can,
if
you
want
me
to
go
in
a
particular
direction,
either
on
the
technology
side
or
on
the
more
on
the
business
side.
I
would
be
very
happy
to
do
so.
So
so
that's
the
agenda.
I
have
and
let's
start
right
away
right.
So,
as
I
said,
we
started
in
2000
kind
of
around
2000
end
of
2016
or
early
2017,
but
we
had
some
tremendous
traction
in
this
space,
not
not
just
due
to
the
kobe
19,
but
also
before
kobe
19.
B
B
We
there
were
a
lot
of
case
studies
written
on
some
of
our
pilots
by
uc
berkeley
and
several
other
organizations.
We've
been
covered
in
several
news
channels
and
had
a
very
good
journey
so
far
a
lot
of
ups
and
downs,
but
but
we
were
able
to
make
consistent
progress
in
this
space.
Even
so,
this
is
not
just
I'm
not
considering
the
kobe
19
and
how
it
has
accelerated
the
whole
yeah,
the
market
so
and
there
are,
and-
and
during
these
last
four
years
we
built
very
strong
partners,
channel
partners
and
organizational
partners.
B
So
this
few
few
locals
missing
here,
but
but
over
the
years
we
have
gained
a
lot
of
validation
from
multiple
organizations,
very
large
scale,
organizations
at
a
global
at
a
global
level,
and
so
this
is
kind
of
been
making
incremental
progress.
One
of
the
things
that
we
have
done
over
the
past
few
years
is
matured
along
with
the
technology,
because
many
of
you
might
know
that
blockchain
was
in
a
very
nascent
stage.
When
we
started
back
in
2017,
it
was
mostly
theoretical.
B
It
was
very
hard
to
prove
the
value
proposition
in
a
real
setup
in
the
practical
environment.
So
so
the
overall
evolution
of
the
technology
has
been
very
slow.
It's
mostly
been
on
paper,
but
nothing
in
the
real
world
right
so
and
we
kind
of
matured
as
the
technology
mature
and
we
like
migrated
from
from
early
pocs
to
large-scale
deployments.
B
So
this
has
been
our
journey,
so
it
started
with
me
moving
back
from
u.s,
I
was
working
in
the
bay
area
before
in
california,
so
I
was
working
for
the
area
companies
like
cisco
camp,
mostly
in
emerging
technology
space.
So
my
role
there
was
looking
at
new
technologies
understanding
how
those
would
create
impact
to
the
products
that
our
company
had
how
we
can
build
new
products
and
push
them
into
the
market
so
that
we
have
a
fair
advantage
over
competitors.
B
B
B
I
wanted
to
set
up
my
business
here
in
hyderabad,
primarily
because
from
I'm
from
hyderabad.
So
if
I
go
back,
I
would
have.
I
would
have
chosen
bangalore
or
some
other
place,
because
hyderabad
is
a
very
difficult
place
to
set
up
a
startup,
primarily
due
to
the
very
limited
capital
that
is
available
for
for
startups.
So
you
have
enough
resources,
you
have
engineers
and
you
can.
B
There
are
some
industries
where
you
can
find
clients,
but
one
of
the
most
essential
thing
for
a
startup
is
investment
and
hyderabad
is
a
very,
very
difficult
place
to
find
investments
and
and
the
and
the
startup
ecosystem
is
not
as
mature
as
the
other
cities
like
delhi
or
bangalore.
So
you
will
see
very
few.
B
If
not
any
I
mean
I
don't
see,
there's
a
any
unicorn
which
came
out
of
here,
primarily
due
to
the
restrictions
around
around
how
difficult
it
is
to
raise
capital.
So
if
I,
if
I
had
to
start
like
one
more
time,
I
would
I
would
probably
do
two
things
right.
So
one
is
so.
This
is
an
advice,
or
this
is
like
my
experience
from
from
my
perspective
to
other
entrepreneurs
in
the
community.
B
So
what
I
would
have
done
is
two
things
and
turn
it
in
two
different
ways.
One
is
probably
set
up
in
bank
bangalore,
which
is
the
closest
major
startup
hub,
or
still
have
a
base
here
in
hyderabad,
but
spend
a
lot
of
time
in
bangalore
and
delhi,
so
maybe
travel
there
at
least
two
days
a
week
to
meet
investors
develop.
B
B
B
So
what
I
did
is
spent
a
lot
of
time
meeting
industries,
traditional
industries
here,
understanding
what
their
problems
are
so
spent
a
lot
of
that
year.
Defining
my
problem
statement,
understanding
where
exactly
the
pain
points
are
and
understanding
what
a
customer
needs
so
so
came
up
with
a
solution
in
early
2017.
B
B
So
so
I
think
like
for
any
business
any
starter,
you
would
need
patience,
so
it
will
take
anywhere
between
three
to
four
years
for
you
to
get
maturity,
product
maturity
and
a
lot
of
iterations.
So
so
you
would
need
to
change
a
lot
of
things.
The
product
that
we
have
now
is
very
different
from
what
we
had
in
2000
early
2017.
B
B
B
Providing
the
the
classic
use
case
of
blockchain
right
provenance,
so
we
were
basically
capturing
the
data
in
terms
of
where
the
fish
originated,
who
captured
it,
and
it
was
a
very
successful
one
of
the
early
providence
projects.
There
was
one
another
company
which
was
doing
that
at
that
time
in
uk.
So
so
we
were.
B
B
Our
first
contract
annual
contract
came
in
2018
early
2018.,
so
we
had.
We
started
generating
revenue
from
like
late
2017,
because
even
2017
we
had
some
revenues
coming
in
from
the
pi
in
terms
of
pilots,
but
our
full
annual
contract
started
in
2018
so
which
was
a
good
year.
So
we
were
quite
excited.
B
B
It
was
run
by
startup
bootcamp,
very
popular
startup
accelerator,
quite
renowned
that
they
have
accelerators
all
over
the
world,
but
this
one
was
more
focused
around
insurance
industry
because
insurance
industry
after
bank
there
were
a
lot
of
use
cases
of
blockchain
in
banking
sector,
so
insurance
industry
was
also
very
keen
on
looking
at
the
technology
and
understanding
the
use
cases
there.
So
so
we
got
selected
to
that.
B
So
those
were
quite
quite
interesting,
so
I
spent
half
of
my
year
in
the
east
coast
and
then
half
of
my
the
rest
of
the
year
in
the
west
coast.
So
both
both
parts
of
the
country
and
we
got
we
got
so
we
got
our
first
funding
through
unicef
so
because
our
solution
was
quite
interesting,
we
did
some
pilots
in
the
vaccine
space
and
that
was
very
interesting
to
unicef.
B
So
unicef,
for
those
who
don't
know,
is
the
largest
distributor
of
vaccines
in
the
world,
so
unicef
distributes
nearly
4
billion
doses
of
vaccine
each
year.
So,
as
you
know,
unicef
is
an
organization
for
children,
you
an
organization,
and
so
so
their
focus
has
primarily
been
for
vaccines
for
children.
Also,
I
mean
vaccines
in
general,
were
not
people
call
19?
They
were
not
for
adults,
it
was
primarily
for
children
and
you
also
have
veterinary
vaccines,
which
is
more
catered
towards
what
you
call
animals
but
but
yeah.
So
those
were
the
two
categories.
B
B
Sorry,
we
didn't
lose
any
stake
in
the
company
for
that
investment,
so
yeah
that
kind
of
skyrocketed.
Our
like
journey,
pretty
quick,
because
unicef
then
introduced
us
to
a
lot
of
different
teams
all
around
the
world
in
middle
east
and
central
asia,
so
which
basically
helped
us
to
develop
our
product
in
2019
called
vaccine
ledger.
B
So
in
2000
last
year
itself,
we
had
this
product
called
vaccine
ledger,
which
was
successfully
deployed
in
multiple
countries,
was
used
for
tracking
vaccines
in
the
supply
chain,
and
we
also
received
support
from
gabi,
which
is
a
very
big
organization
in
the
vaccines
world
which
is
which
was
started
in
2000.
I
think
so.
B
It's
a
8
billion
dollar
fund
which
supports
immunization
projects
all
around
the
world
so
because,
because
our
focus
shifted
around
vaccines,
one
of
the
best
country
to
be
in
to
handle
this
business
was
in
india,
because
india
is
the
largest
producer
of
vaccines.
60
of
the
global
vaccines
are
manufactured
here,
so
it
made
sense
for
me
to
again
pack
my
bags
move
back
to
india
in
2019
and
just
start
working
focusing
more
on
unicef,
gabi
and
the.
B
So
2020
everyone
knows
how
it
happened
like
everyone
we
kind
of
slowed
down
as
well,
but
from
early
stages
we
started
to.
I
mean
everyone
around
us
also
started
to
notice
that
we
are
one
of
the
most
important
innovation
that
has
happened
in
the
vaccines
world
in
the
past
two
or
three
years.
So
suddenly
there
has
been
a
lot
of
interest
from
like
around.
B
I
would
say
from
april
april
may
this
year,
because
everyone
else
every
everything
else
before
was
focused
around
and
locked
downs,
and
things
like
that
only
and
from
april
and
may
that's
when
the
the
vaccine
buzz
started
and
everyone
started
to
realize.
Hey
I
mean
distribution
will
be,
will
be
a
big
challenge.
So
so
that's
when
we
started
to
see,
I
mean
we
found
like
a
lot
of
traction
in
this
in
the
in
the
in
this
space.
B
B
So
I
think
I
think
so
it's
it
needs
collective
efforts
if
someone
is
starting
start
looking
at
collaborations
in
this
space,
rather
than
trying
to
do
everything
on
your
own,
so
that
that's
that's
one
piece
of
I
think
suggestion
I
would
say
not
an
advice
but
suggestion
that
I
would
give
to
anyone
who
is
starting
at
this
point
in
their
in
their
business,
so
so
vaccines
right
what's
so
different
about
them.
So
why
did
we
sticks
vaccines,
not
and
not
any
other,
like
medicine,
for
example?
B
So
why
not
like
start
medicine,
so
vaccines
have
some
unique
capabilities
or
unique
characteristics,
which
makes
it
very
interesting.
So,
first
of
all
it's
a
biological
product
right,
it's
a
so
life
sciences.
Industry
is
split
into
two
verticals.
One
is
pharmaceutical
and
the
other
is
bad
by
technology.
B
So
vaccines
come
under
biotechnology,
so
these
are
biological
products
and
they
work
in
a
different
way
compared
to
a
regular
medicine,
so
irregular
medicine
is
or
antibiotics.
They
are
basically
designed
to
tackle
attack
the
disease
directly,
so
they
basically
go
and
like.
If
you
have
some
sort
of
infection,
so
they
will
start
working
on
that
virus.
That
is
creating
infection
directly
to
get
you
back
to
normal
as
well
as
possible
on
the
other.
When
it
comes
to
vaccines,
vaccines,
what
they
do
is
basically
enable
your
the
immune
system.
B
So
what
that
means
is
so
they
kind
of
introduce
a
foreign
antigen
into
your
into
into
your
body,
so
that
kind
of
starts
triggering
your
immune
system.
It
creates
antibodies
in
your
in
your
in
your
system,
so
that
will
fight
against
the
virus
or
bacteria
that
is,
that
is
caused
by
a
disease
like
copyrighted,
so
it
works
in
a
very
different
way.
It's
a
biological
product.
What
that
means
is
basically
it's
a.
It
has
an
expiry
date
which
is
much
lower
than
regular
medicines.
B
So
because
this
is
a
biological
product,
it
has
either
live
organisms
or
protein
elements
or
other
other
components
which
can
go
bad
very
quickly.
So
the
shelf
life
of
this
product
is
very
low
there's,
so
the
product
itself
has
something
called
apis.
So
these
are
not
software
apis,
so
these
are
active
pharmaceutical
ingredients.
B
What
it
basically
means
is
the
product
has
to
be
stored
and
transported
under
certain
temperature
ranges.
So
if
the
temperature
becomes
too
high,
the
product
gets
damaged.
So
so
an
interesting
point
which
I
didn't
know,
which
I
only
learned
when
I
was
working
in
this
field-
was
it's
not
just
high
temperatures
which
spoil
the
product.
It's
also
the
low
temperatures.
B
So
you
might
be
wondering
like
why
low
temperatures
right
so
so
in
some
countries,
let's
say
kazakhstan
and
other
areas,
this
the
temperature
drops
to
minus
20
degrees
centigrade,
or
so
it's
very
cold
in
most
of
the
siberia
and
that
particular
region.
So
so
what
happens?
Is
the
the
products
freeze
and
when
they
freeze
the
chemical
composition
of
the
product
changes
so
when
they,
when
you
increase
them,
so
it's
no
longer
no
longer
efficient.
So
that's
one
of
the
reasons,
so
both
low
temperatures
and
high
temperatures
causes
damage
to
the
backseats.
B
A
B
C
C
B
B
B
We
started
star
trek
just
just
to
make
it
something
interesting
to
so.
It's
just
an
interesting
name
so,
but
it
has
an
elements
of
statistics
and
like
quick
twig
is
like
a
new
branch
of
statistics,
so
kind
kind
of
originated
from
that.
But
beyond
that,
I
wouldn't
so
we
stopped
bothering
about
what
the
name
means.
So
it's
it's.
It's
just
an
another
name:
fancy
name
that
startups
we
found
as
a
startup.
B
Is
there
any
regulator
body
to
ensure
vaccines
and
transportation
properly
astronomers
and
are
the
vaccines
tested
upon
delivery?
Okay,
so
yeah,
that's
a
very
interesting
question.
So,
yes,
there
are
regulatory
bodies.
Let
me
talk
about
this
in
detail.
So
what
happens
this
slide?
Let
me
share
this
slide
right,
so
this
kind
of
gives
you
a
journey
of
the
product,
so
each
country
has
a
regulator.
B
So
in
every
country
there
is
a
regulator
who
regulates
distribution
and
manufacturing
of
of
all
pharmaceutical
products
and
biotechnology
products
so
which,
by
that
I
mean
all
life
sciences
product
so
with
vaccines.
Let
me
give
you
some
idea
of
how
the
vaccine
manufacturing
happens
right,
so
a
lot
of
ingredients
that
I
talked
about
apis,
so
they
might
get
manufactured
in
china.
So
china
is
the
largest
manufacturer
of
apis
active
pharmaceutical
ingredients.
B
D
B
These
products
involve
a
lot
of
pollution
to
be
to
be
really
honest,
so
so
you
have
to
comply
with
pollution
norm,
so
it's
in
europe
or
north
america
to
manufacture
these
products.
It's
very
expensive
right,
obviously,
because
there's
so
much
compliance
and
no
one
wants
you
to
create
these
products
next
to
your
next
to
your
town
and
then
dump
them
into
the
viewers
or
whatever.
So
for
for
obvious
reasons,
china
has
become
the
the
most
cheapest
and
is
a
dominant
player
in
the
in
the
international
market
to
create
these
products.
B
So
these
are
just
ingredients
right.
So
this
is
not
a
finished
product.
So
after
these
ingredients
are
created,
the
world's
biggest
manufacturer
in
terms
of
vaccines
is
india,
so
india
manufactures
close
to
60
percent
of
global
volume
of
vaccines.
So
that's
close
to
around,
I
think,
six
to
six
to
eight
billion
doses
each
year.
So
that's
how
much
india
manufactures
and
you
would
be
thinking
okay.
B
So
this
is
a
large
industry,
hundreds
of
companies-
it's
actually
not
so
there's
a
handful
of
companies
in
india
which
manufacture
these
these
volumes
so
to
speak,
and
interestingly,
hyderabad
is
the
biggest
hub
in
in
india
where
the
vaccines
are
manufactured.
So
if
you
go
to
on
the
orr,
if
you
take
a
ride
and
you
will
hit
a
place
called
genome
valley,
most
of
us
would
have
not
gone
there.
I
would
I
never
went
there
before
entering
this
industry.
B
So
so
it's
a
it's
a
area
where
you
will
find
all
the
backseat
companies
and
even
the
pharmaceutical
companies.
So
that's
where
these
vaccines
get
manufactured.
So
it's
we
are.
We
are
sitting
very
close
to
close
to
where
the
vaccines
get
manufactured.
So
that's
another
interesting
fact.
So
so
my
destination
icons
have
shifted,
so
so
the
the
icons
the
icons
should
be
on
china
and
india,
but
they
moved
a
little
bit
sorry
about
that.
B
So,
but
you
can
you
can
picture
that
so
ingredients
start
in
china
and
finish
good
starts,
gets
prepared
in
india
right
due
to
trade
work
between
china
and
india.
Now,
there's
there's
a
talks
that
there
will
be
more
ingredients
getting
manufactured
in
india,
but
I
don't
know
if
it's
good
or
bad
from
especially
from
a
pollution
perspective.
So
that's
something
that
government
should
take
care,
but
then
okay,
so
we
have
to
finish
good.
What
happens
then
right?
So
this
two
world
is
divided
into
two
countries:
rich
countries
and
poor
countries
right.
B
B
So
you
have
these
big
pharma
companies
who
whose
headquarters
are
in
europe
and
north
america,
but
they
get
some
of
the
manufacturing
done
from
india,
so
they
so
the
products
go
to
europe,
the
way
they
put
the
label
on
them
and
then
they
sell
it
in
the
sell
it
to
the
rich
countries.
Then
there
is
the
other
side
of
the
world
which
is
which
is
lower
income
and
middle-income
countries.
This
is
most
of
the
north
america,
a
little
bit
of
south
america,
southeast
asia
and
also
india
comes
into
this
category.
B
India
is
interesting
when
it
comes
to
vaccine,
because
we
have
such
a
large
domestic
manufacturing,
so
we
can
buy
directly.
So
we
don't
have.
We
don't
go
through
another
agency,
but
for
the
rest
of
the
countries
we
procured
they
procured
through
unicef
and
gavi,
so
unicef
and
gabi,
basically
what
they
do
is,
so
they
basically
pull
this
all
countries
under
one
demand
and
they
buy
on
their
behalf.
So
that
way
they
get
the
best
price
compared
to
rich
countries.
B
So
so
the
vaccine
is
not
priced
equally
in
all
countries,
so
rich
countries
pay
more
anywhere
between
anywhere
between.
Let's
say
if
your
vaccine
costs
one
dollars
in
one
dollar
in
poor
country,
the
same
vaccine
will
cost
around
ten
dollars
in
in
a
rich
country.
So
so
they
pay
more
because
I
mean
obviously
they
have.
They
have
more
cash.
B
So
so
it's
not
a
problem.
So
so
that's
how
this
this
is
probably
like.
An
interesting
fact
that
you
might
not
know,
but
that's
how
the
world
is
divided
and
that's
going
to
be
very
important
when
it
comes
to
kobe
19
vaccines
right,
because
everyone
knows
there
is
a
research
going
on
these
news
about
new
vaccines
coming
out.
But
not
everyone
is
going
to
get
them
at
the
same
time
right.
So
you,
the
world,
is
divided
into
rich
and
poor,
so
the
rich
get
them
quicker.
B
They
already
paid
most
countries
already
paid
for
these
vaccines
in
advance,
so
they
get
them
early
and
the
other
countries
will
probably
get
there
sometime
end
of
next
year
or
maybe
in
2022.
You
don't
know.
So
that's
so
that's
the
world
that
we
live
in,
but
there
are
organizations
like
gabi
and
kovalev.
So
there
is
a
new
treaty
in
the
world.
That's
happening
called
covax
facility,
so
you
can
do
research
on
that.
B
But
what
is
what
it's
basically
doing
is
ensuring
that
there
is
a
fair
distribution
of
vaccines
like
so
that
people,
don't
countries
don't
fight
with
each
other
on
this,
but
overall,
its
vaccines
are
very
global.
It's
a
global
supply
chain,
quite
fragmented
and
complex.
So,
there's
a
lot
of
issues
around
visibility
and
transparency.
So
let
me
so
this
is
where
we
are
getting
into
the
problems
right.
B
So
this
is
where
we
are
getting
into
what's
the
problem
with
the
vaccine
supply
chain,
and
how
are
we
building
a
solution
to
like
solve
this
problem?
So
the
first
big
problem
is
visibility,
so
when
you
say
visibility,
what
does
that
mean?
So
we
don't
know
where
these
products
are
when
they
are
shipped
so
manufacturer,
creates
these
manufa
products
and
they
ship
them,
and
there
is
no
tracking
which
tracks
them
like
every
step
of
the
supply
chain
today.
B
So
because
these
vaccines
end
up
in
multiple
countries,
nearly
100
countries
right
more
than
100
countries.
Now
with
it's
very
hard
to
have
visibility
of
where
the
products
are,
what
condition
they're
in
and
all
that
stuff.
Then
there
is
a
lack
of
transparency.
Okay.
So
if
someone
is,
if
someone
is
getting
vaccines
through
back
door
or
you
like,
you
have
a
vaccine
selling
through
the
black
market
or
vaccines
getting
well
supposed
to
sell
in
india,
but
they
got
stolen
and
sold
in
africa
at
a
higher
price.
B
B
B
So
even
thermometer
is
a
sensor
because
it
senses
your
temperature
body
temperature,
but
it's
not
transmitting
that
data
somewhere
right.
So
it's
not
that
the
thermometer
is
not
sending
that
to
internet
and
some
algorithm
is
calculating
hey
how
your
temperature
is
increasing.
When
you
will
get
fever
and
all
that
interesting
things
are
not
happening,
so
that's
the
difference
between
an
actual
sensor
and
iot
and
if
you
are
already
guessing
that
solution
in
your
mind,
then
you
are
in
going
in
the
right
direction.
B
Then
you
have
other
products
like
expired
products,
and
now
you
might
think
okay,
what's
the
big
deal
about
expiry
product
right?
So
that's
one
of
the
major
outages
in
the
in
the
vaccine
space
because
they
all
the
governments
buy
them
in
bulk.
So
you
get
maybe
10
million
doses
of
vaccine
at
a
time
and
they
sit
in
the
warehouse
like
maybe
two
or
three
million
doses
gets
expired
after
a
while
people.
Don't
realize
that
so
you
take
your
child
to
a
hospital
you
may
check.
A
B
Is
quite
dangerous
because
it's
a
biological
product,
so
getting
getting
expired
vaccine
will
make
you
sick.
So
so,
when
it's
time
for
you
to
get
going,
19
vaccine
make
sure
that
you're
checking
the
expiry
date
of
the
not
the
on
the
label
of
the
product
and
then
this
counterfeit
product.
So,
okay,
so
you're
all
excited
it's
time
to
get
a
vaccine
kobe,
19
vaccine,
so
that
you
can
go
out,
go
to
movies,
go
to
restaurants.
B
B
How
would
you
control
fake
products
in
the
market
right
so
there
may
you
there
might
be
hospitals,
which
I
wouldn't
say,
hospitals,
but
I
mean
some
dodgy
places
where
you
they
say
hey.
We
got
the
vaccines,
but
they
might
be
just
just
water
or
maybe
even
found
something
harmful
right,
and
so
even
water
injected
is
not
not
a
good
idea.
So
so
you
have
to
be.
How
do
you?
How
do
you
ensure
that
this
these
are
not
happening?
Yeah,
so
so
so
these
are
some
of
the
big
challenges,
even
before
kobe
19
right.
B
So
even
before
copyrighting,
with
like
four
for
polio
vaccine
mmr
vaccine,
these
were
challenges,
but
with
kovite
19
we
heard
like
this
is.
This
is
crazy.
This
is
where
things
get
extremely
crazy
right,
because
earlier
vaccines
were
designed
for
children
and
it
took
10
years
for
us
to
vaccinate
all
the
children
in
india
to
eradicate
polio
vaccine.
B
B
So
together
they
basically
work
so
when
they
wax
when
pfizer
says
or
some
other
company
says
efficacy,
it
depends
on
whether
it's
a
one
shot
or
two
shots
of
waxing.
So
so
this
number
seven
billion
in
your
mind,
suddenly
doubles
right,
14
billion.
If
it's
two
vaccines
now
so
we
know
that
there
is
30
percent
of
the
vaccines
go
to
spoil,
go,
get
spoiled
in
the
supply
chain.
So
that
is
a
pretty
high
number,
but
that
is
the
reality.
B
So
so,
if
30
of
the
vaccines
are
getting
spoiled,
we
would
probably
need
somewhere
around
19
billion
doses
of
vaccine
that
needs
to
be
distributed
so
to
cover
the
losses
as
well,
so
so
you're
quickly,
the
numbers
add
up
and
you're.
Looking
at
a
very
expensive
distribution
challenge
and
19
billion
I
mean,
can
you
imagine
a
product
which
was
distributed
in
such
high
volumes?
Ever
I
mean
so
far
in
the
human
race?
We
have
never
done
it,
and
so
we
don't
so
this
there's
going
to
be
a
lot
of
challenges
here.
B
Not
not
food,
not
clothing,
not
not
even
the
basic
ones,
they're,
all
decentralized
that
you
can
put
you
can
get
anywhere
any
any
farmer
can
produce.
But
this
these
are
vaccines
which
have
to
be
procured
by
highly
specialized
manufacturing
units
and
have
to
be
so.
You
can't
just
get
a
vaccine
order
it
on
amazon
and
get
it
and
give
it
to
you
yourself
right.
So
you
need
someone,
a
healthcare
worker
delivering
that
vaccine
to
you.
Now
we
probably
don't
have
enough
nurses
to
give
these
vaccines
to
everyone.
So
that's
another
challenge.
We
don't.
B
We
will
probably
we
probably
don't
have
enough
syringes
for,
like
imagine,
seven
billion
people,
so
two
shots,
you
need
14
billion
syringes
disposable
syringes.
I
don't
think
we
have
that
much
volume
anywhere
in
the
world
right
now.
So
there's
not
just
vaccines,
there's
a
lot
of
challenges
in
the
world
around
the
vaccine
distribution.
B
So
if
we
are
just
thinking
that
hey
the
vaccine
is
out-
and
we
are
going
to
get
them
next
month
or
early
next
year-
so
that's
very
far
from
reality
and
there's
also
a
lot
of
challenges
around
temperature
as
well,
because
our
regular
cold
chain,
warehouses
and
transportation
operate
in
two
to
eight
degrees
centigrade.
So
that
is
the
cold
chain
logistics
that
we
have,
but
the
some
of
the
new
vaccines
which
have
been
in
the
news
should
be
stored
at
a
very
low
temperature,
minus
20,
minus
70.
B
So
india
will
not
get
these
vaccines
because
we
don't
have
the
infrastructure
to
maintain
something
at
minus,
20
or
minus
70
degree
centigrade.
So
again,
a
big
problem
coming
coming
back
to
tech
right.
So,
where
you
all
your
innovative
minds,
can
see.
This
challenge
is
that
okay,
like
so
there's
so
many
challenges?
If
you
have
enough
data
around
giving
you
information
about,
what's
happening
with
the
vaccine,
where
they
are,
how
many
people
are
in
a
society?
How
many
have
received
vaccines?
B
When
should
you
ship
the
new
set
of
vaccines?
So
you
can
already
imagine
in
your
mind
the
advantages
that
you
get
from
data
right,
so
this
so
the
more
data
that
you
have,
the
better
job
that
you
can
do
at
immunizing
all
these
people,
so
so
the
challenges
here
is
so
I
mean
this.
Has
this
multiple
systems
today,
so
there's
some
manufacturers
use
some
sort
of
system,
then
there's
a
different
system
at
a
manufacturing
level
at
a
distributor
level.
B
B
They
have
no
eyes
on
where
the
product
is,
what
condition
it
is
in.
When
should
I
get
a
recall
when
should
I?
Where
are
the
products
getting
distributed,
so
they
have
absolutely
no
information
distributors
for
them.
Ensuring
the
product
is
in
good
quality
is
very
important.
Now
they
they
need
real-time
data
to
do
that.
So
that's
where
the
iotp
is,
and
even
the
real-time
data
records
on
blockchain
will
come
into
picture
so
and
they
have
a
very
complex
network.
So
it's
they
work
with.
B
It's
not
just
one
distributor,
there's
a
bunch
of
different
distributors
where
the
product
changes
hands.
So
that's
the
problem
and
in
the
last
minute,
the
program
teams
where
the
where
it's
getting
delivered
to
a
person.
So
these
guys
don't
have
so
I'm
saying
child
here,
because
that's
what
these
vaccines
are
used
for
other
other
than
kobe
19,
but
so
these
these
these
people
need
data
to
make
sure
that
the
vaccine
is
safe
right.
B
B
We
still
are
in
the
process
of
making
a
lot
of
iterations
adding
lot
of
new
modules,
but
this
year,
because
of
so
we
are,
we
are
in
three
countries
right
now,
but
we're
expecting
to
increase
to
21
25
countries
next
year,
so
25
countries
will
be
running
our
product
to
track
their
vaccines
and
and
we
basically
tracking
right
from
the
manufacturer,
all
the
way
to
the
distributor.
So
you
can
see
this
where
our
product
is
used.
B
We
have
a
both
web
app
and
a
mobile
app
which
work
with
each
other
capture
the
entire
supply
chain,
all
the
way
from
the
manufacturers
to
unicef
and
unicef
from
country
office
to
regional
office,
and
so
it
captures
data
at
every
point
in
the
supply
chain,
making
sure
that
the
the
product
is
both
good
quality
and
safe.
I
can
spend
more
time
here,
but
this
is
this
is
what
we're
doing
we're.
Also.
B
Yeah,
this
is
a
better
picture,
so
this
basically
from
the
manufacturer,
it
goes
to
like
an
airport
and
then
from
there
it
goes
to
another
airport.
Then
the
warehouse
and
this
process
keeps
repeating
right
from
that
country
warehouse.
It
goes
to
a
regional
warehouse
from
regional
warehouse
to
hospital
and
hospital
to
a
patient.
So
we
capture
data
at
every
one
point
in
the
supply
chain.
We
use
something
called
digital
ids
for
vaccines.
B
These
are
like
how
we
define
asset
in
hyperledger
right,
so
we
did
and
we
on
our
platform
we
basically
each
each
vaccine
gets,
is
defined
as
an
asset
has
its
own
unique
id,
and
so
that
way
you
can
track
the
product
into
it.
So
I
think
just
about
an
hour,
I
think
so.
I
would
like
to
wrap
up
here
by
saying
that,
okay,
we
we
need
some
of
your
the
bright
minds
here
in
the
in
the
group,
so
we
are
growing
very
quickly
this
year,
especially
because
of
coin
19.
B
B
Some
of
you
are
interested
to
join
us,
so
we
would
be
very
happy
to
get
you
on
board
you,
even
if
you
want
to
join
part-time
and
very
talented
one,
but
only
can
come
in
part,
and
we
would
be
happy
to
get
you
on
board
so
do
reach
out
to
me.
If
there
is
interest
we
need,
we
need
good
talent
to
basically
help
us
grow
this
year,
especially
now
we
are
in
the
right
place
at
the
right
time.
B
So
I
think
right
people
can
help
us
make
this
very
big
startup,
hopefully
unicorn
from
hyderabad
we're
still
rooting
for
hyderabad
and
so
so
yeah
thanks
so
much
guys.
It's
it's
been
a
wonderful
presenting
this.
I
would
now
take
any
questions
I'll
stop
here.
If
you,
if
you
want
to
steer
this
direction
in
a
particular
direction,
I
would
be
happy
to
do
so.
A
B
B
One
thing
which
is
not
regulated
is
the
api
manufacturing.
So
the
thing
that
happens
in
china
mostly
today
so
that
doesn't
come
under
regulations
today.
So
so
that's
unregulated.
Why
would
they
pay
more
unless
those
vaccines
are
insured
for
superior
quality?
Somehow
yeah?
It's
basically
demand
up.
You
know
so
abhinav's
question
is,
I
don't
know
if
others
can
see
questions,
can
they.
A
B
A
D
B
Yeah,
so
there's
a
lot
of
things
up,
you
know
it's.
Basically,
it
accounts
to
a
lot
of
different
costs
and
also
the
way
the
volumes.
So
so
let
me
give
a
very
simple
answer:
it's
usually
not
that
simple,
but
it
at
least
gives
you
a
good
picture
right.
So
come
compare
india
with
uk,
so
india
has
1.3
billion
people
right.
Uk
has-
probably
I
don't
know,
40
40
million
or
some
something
of
that
sort
right.
So
you
have
this
high
volume
so
and
then,
on
the.
B
On
the
other
hand,
you
have
this
low
volume
right
now.
The
amount
of
money
you
make
at
a
even
at
a
lower
price
in
india
is
probably
going
to
be
the
same
as
the
amount
of
money
that
you
make
in
uk
selling
at
a
higher
price.
So
I'm
just
giving
I
mean
I'm
simplifying
this
by
a
lot,
there's
a
lot,
a
lot
of
other
factors,
but
this
is
like
the
way
it
works
and
and
the
ability
to
pay
is
also
different.
B
A
D
For
sure
yeah,
I'm
manoj
and
I'm
working
as
a
blockchain
lead
commander
in
one
of
the
startup
in
hyderabad.
So
I
have
a
question
like
sid.
This
tracking
and
everything
which
you
have
given
for
the
vaccination
which
you
your
company
is
working
on
is
still
the
vaccine
coming
and
a
patient
or
the
individual
being
vaccinated.
Am
I
right.
B
D
B
A
D
So
I'll
just
put
a
background
like
right
now
in
covet
19
case
in
our
in
our
society.
Some
people
say
that
they
have
they
got
tested
and
they
got
negative
in
covet.
It
might
be
due
to
mutual
understanding
we
we
might
accept
them,
but
some
random
person
coming
in.
We
can't
accept
his
cover
result
without
without
seeing
a
proof
right.
So
for
that
yes,.
B
B
Yeah
yeah,
so
there's
a.
Let
me
give
some
more
more
information
on
that
right.
So
what
happens
after
vaccinate
vaccination?
So
let's
say
government
runs
this
vaccine
program.
So
what
happens
after
that?
So
most
likely
everyone
is
going
to
get
an
app
on
the
mobile
phone
which
would
track
the
status
of
the
person's
vaccination,
whether
he
has
received
he
or
she
has
a
received
vaccine
or
not.
C
B
C
My
myself,
I'm
a
icb
consultant
working
for
tech
mahindra,
and
I
like
did
my
blockchain
from
nptel.
Also
I
had
a
certification
from
all
that.
Just
just
want
to
understand.
Like
you,
you
we
discussed
about
the
post
vaccination
right,
do
we
have
any
tracking
of
like
how
it
is
working
and
how
many
had
how
many
high
stacking
the
vaccine
and
what
are
the
like
effects
of
effects
of
the
vaccine
for
after
yeah
a
lot
of
years?
B
So
going
back
to
your
question
right,
there's
two
answers,
one
from
a
government
of
india
perspective.
What
they're
going
to
do
is
still
to
the
same,
so
I
can't
talk
from
that
perspective.
What
I
can
talk
from
as
a
solution
provider
and
a
technology
provider
perspective,
so
there
is
yes,
definitely
need,
because
these
vaccines
are
getting
manufactured
so
quickly.
There's
it
usually
takes
a
long
time
to
get
a
vaccine
out
into
the
market,
but
these,
like
this,
is
at
an
accelerated
speed.
B
C
B
D
A
A
B
A
B
B
Yeah
as
a
developer
as
a
technology,
so
as
a
startup
guy,
I
would
be
very
excited
to
offer
something
in
that
space,
but
I
would
also
be
cautious
because
of
regulations
so
as
soon
as
you
are
hitting
patient
information.
So
if
a
patient
is
sharing
here,
I
have
this
problem
that
problem.
I
took
this
vaccine,
so
that
is
the
patient
data,
so
that
becomes
a
medical
history
of
the
product
and
it
comes
under
very
strict
regulations.
B
B
A
A
B
Okay
and
it's
very
expensive
as
well,
so
these
regulations
so
that
the
time
you
get
licenses
and
proper
certifications
to
handle
patient
information,
so
you
would
need
a
lot
of
funding
from
a
startup
perspective.
So
if
you
are
a
startup,
you
would
be
raising
at
least
a
million
two
million
dollars
to
develop
this
application.
So
it's
not
going
to
be
that
easy.
C
B
C
D
Yeah,
so
can
you
like
tell
us
more
about,
like
is
blockchain?
Do
you
think,
is
it
a
practical
solution
to
solve
this
problem
versus?
Why
not?
We
can
have
a
third
party
which
is
like
monitoring
all
this
data
and
and
is
responsible
for
its
correctness
and
also
like?
Is
it
cost
the
patient
or
and
is?
Is
the
industry
willing
to
move
forward
with
blockchain
based
solutions?
I
mean,
is
the
timing
right
or
like?
B
Okay,
so
I
miss
the
first
part
of
the
question
I
can
answer
the
second
one:
can
you
repeat
the
first
part
of
the
question
after
this
answer?
Okay,
so
in
terms
of
industry
readiness,
the
industries
which
are
highly
regulated
pharmaceutical
industry
aerospace
industry,
so
they
are
ready
to
deploy
blockchain
based
solutions
and
the
other
industries
for
them,
it's
still
very
far
away.
So
so
it
depends
on
which
industry
you
are
in
because
of
regulations.
Some
some
industries
are
moving
ahead
quicker
than
other
industries.
B
D
So
basically
I
I
was
reading
a
white
paper
on
my
chain,
so
it's
basically
you
you're
trying
to
democratize
the
process
of
verifying
the
logistics
of
vaccine
delivery.
I
guess
so
why
not
you?
You
expose
your
apis
and
become
a
third
party
who
collects
data
across
all
the
partners
in
the
supply
chain,
and
you,
you
become
the
authority
to
do.
Make
sure
that
that
I
mean
you
become
the
you.
D
B
Yeah
there's
different
models
thanks
for
that
question,
so
there's
different
models
that
and
different
directions
we
could
take.
We
have
not
ruled
out
anything
as
of
now,
as
I
said,
there's
no
other
player
in
the
vaccine,
space
like
who's
actually
working
with
unicef
and
kavi
like
we
are
doing
right
now,
so
so
this
space
is
like
there
are
very
few
players
involved,
and
so
it's
very
hard
to
have
this
community
effect,
where
you
just
create
a
api
layer
and
leave
it
for
someone
to
develop
it.
B
B
Internet,
so
what
I
was
saying
is
I
mean
we
don't
have?
We
don't
have
a
fixed
model
in
terms
of
how
we
are
going
so
since
there
are
very
few
players
in
the
vaccine
supply
chain
space,
so
we
had
to
develop
our
own
applications
and
mature
this
market.
So
if
there
are
no
more
more
companies
entering
this
space,
then
we
I
mean
that
model
can
be
successful
where
we
just
expose
apis
and
they
these
companies
start
developing
applications.
D
B
Idea
absolutely
so.
Regulation
regulation
basically
relies
on
auditing.
So
then
basically
need
transparency
in
this
in
the
supply
chain
and
they
need
auditable
records
of
of
all
the
transactions
that
are
happening.
So
that's
why
blockchain
is
a
good
fit
for
them,
because
it
provides
both
immutable
records
of
these
transactions
and
it
also
that
kind
of
enables
transparency
in
the
whole
supply
chain.
So
for
them
for
regulators,
it's
a
good
system,
because
now
they
their.
B
B
C
B
So
if
you
take
blockchain
for
supply
chain
or
blockchain
for
pharmaceutical
supply
chain,
there
are
plenty
of
players.
One
good
reference
is
middle
ager
project
in
the
us,
which
is
quite
popular,
very
mature.
It
has
done
pilots
with
a
bunch
of
different
pharmaceutical
companies,
but
still
earliest
I
mean
most
of
them
are
in
the
pilot
stage.
So
one
of
the
most
difficult
things
with
blockchain
use
cases
is
very
hard
to
implement,
especially
in
large
in
the
industry
setup
right.
B
B
B
But
we
are
also
looking
at
other
integrations
aws
yeah,
so
we
are
right
now
supported
both
on
both
the
aws
and
azure
for
different
integrations.
We
have
different,
so
we
create
plugins
so
where
our
plugin
sits
on
there
on
the
platform
can
pull
data
from
the
from
the
third
party
and
feed
it
into
the
system,
or
vice
versa,
from
our
transactional
data
can
go
into
sap
as
well.
B
B
C
A
B
Mean,
oh
okay,
iot
guys,
as
I
said,
right,
sensors
are
key
in
supply
chain
or
any
other
industry.
So
now
how
you
to
use
that
data
is
becoming
quite
interesting.
So
let's
it's
probably
would
need
a
separate
session
on
that.
But
how
about
how
I
would
summarize
that
is.
This
is
there's
a
lot
of
scope
for
innovation
in
that
space.
So
if
some
of
you
are
going
to
work
on
that,
please
do
one
of
the
things
that
you
have
to
ensure
is
the
low
cost
low
cost
model
for
supply
chains?
B
B
B
C
A
Okay,
cool.
As
a
closing
note,
I
have
one
question:
sid
yeah,
so
you
know
the
opportunity
for
this
kind
of
a
solution
is
definitely
massive
and
it
is
also
very
relevant
at
the
current
point
of
time
right,
but
what
would
be
the
biggest
risk
for
your
startup
right
now
like
as
in
what
I
mean
is
that
you
know
what's
stopping
a
pharmaceutical
company
like
know
what
is
to
you
know,
enter
into
this
space
and
build
their
own
solution.
Yeah.
B
B
C
C
So
he
texted
me
on
facebook.
He
asked
like.
I
would
like
to
know
what
this
company,
or
this
platform,
is
doing
from
the
lens
of
an
investor.
So
you've
already
talked
about
investors,
so
he
already
have
texted
me
like
he
want
to
see
this
platform.
You
want
to
understand
this
platform
from
a
lens
of
an
investor.
That's
what
he
exactly
texted
me.
So
what
should
I
reply?
Okay,.
B
C
And-
and
I
also
I,
I
also
belong
from
a
technical
background,
so
yeah
somebody
srinivas
have
asked
this
question
and
many
people
were
asking
about
the
infrastructure
of
blockchain
and
srinivas
have
asked
like
what
is
the
tech
stack
so
being
developer,
and
most
of
us
are
like
from
tech.
Background
are
interested
in
this
thing.
B
B
C
B
C
C
B
C
C
A
Thanks
a
lot
sid
for
joining
us
and
taking
us
through
your
journey,
this
is
very
informative
and
very
insightful
for
us.
Maybe
we
can
soon
follow
up
with
a
second
session
where
you
take
us
through
some
of
the
technical
details,
and
you
know,
share
your
insights
on
how
you
put
in
some
sort
of
design
thinking
to
come
up
with
this
framework,
and
maybe
we
can
even
organize
a
workshop
in
the
future
if
that
works.
For
you.