►
From YouTube: Hyperledger Seattle Meetup - September 25, 2019
Description
Hyperledger Seattle Meetup welcomes David Houlding of Microsoft to discuss Using Blockchain to Drive Business Value for an Enterprise Consortium.
More about this meetup can be found at:
https://www.meetup.com/Hyperledger-Seattle-Chapter/events/260430071/
----
Hyperledger – Open Source Blockchain Technologies
Hyperledger is an open source community focused on developing a suite of stable frameworks, tools and libraries for enterprise-grade blockchain deployments.
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A
Very
much
look
forward
to
getting
into
some
of
the
deeper
you
know
where
the
rubber
meets
the
road,
where
the
real
opportunity
is
where
the
real
use
cases
are.
I'll
speak
both
from
perspective
of
my
role
at
Microsoft,
where
I
do
what
we
call
healthcare
partner,
enablement,
so
a
partner
to
us
provide
solution,
services
or
both
to
customers.
I
happen
to
focus
100%
in
health
care,
covering
provider,
side
payers,
pharmaceutical
life
sciences
worldwide.
A
But
you
know
we
we
do
all
industries
essentially,
so
blockchain
is
one
of
the
things
that
runs
in
the
crowd,
but
alongside
AI,
that's
one
of
the
interesting
things
about
blockchain.
It's,
it's
not!
You
know
low
people
when
they
first
look
at
it.
They
think
of
it.
As
blockchain
is
a
new
solution.
That's
gonna
replace
other
stuff
right
and
actually,
in
most
cases,
it's
going
to
coexist
with
enterprise
systems.
It's
going
to
take
the
role
of
a
b2b
middleware
and
it
coexists
with
a
lot
of
infrastructure.
A
You
got
message
queues
on
the
front
end
to
batch
transactions
onto
blocks.
You've
got
databases
on
the
back
end
to
facilitate
rapid
search
and
discovery
of
information
on
the
shared
ledger,
etc.
So
an
AI
which
can
run
on
top
of
that
there's
some
very
interesting
stuff
at
the
intersection
of
blockchain
and
AI.
I
won't
have
the
ability
to
go
deep
into
that
today,
but
I
do
a
lot
of
sort
of
research
and
speaking
on
that
particular
topic.
So,
if
you're
interested
in
that,
we
can
always
chat
afterwards,
let's
go
forward.
A
So
the
way
we
look
at
blockchain
is
really
three
facets.
We've
got
the
crypto
currencies
and
crypto
tokens,
you
guys
know
about
Bitcoin
and
aetherium,
and
all
that
good
stuff.
We
know
about
icos
and
fund
raising
what
I'm
really
gonna
focus
on
here
is
the
third
facet,
which
is
enterprise,
use
cases
and
values
so
an
enterprise.
You
know
why
would
businesses
use
blockchain
to
collaborate
and
what
are
the
values
that
they
seek
like?
How
does
blockchain
add
value
over
the
way
they
do
things
today
in
healthcare
we
have
a
lot
of
faxing
still
going
on.
A
We
have
a
lot
of
emailing
and
just
phone
calling
and
even
even
the
you
know,
health
information
exchanges
are
sort
of
older
sort
of
central
hub
and
spoke
architectures
that
delay
their
hard
cost.
They
add
single
points
of
failure
and
blockchain
can
add
value
in
those
kinds
of
circumstances.
So
there's
a
lot
of
cases
where
you
have
concerta,
think
of
so
blockchain,
first
and
foremost,
move
at
an
idea
come
to
us
about
blockchain.
One
of
the
first
things
we
ask
is:
what
is
the
consortium?
A
What
is
the
network
of
organisations
it's
going
to
collaborate
with
blockchain
and
if,
if
the
first
thing
it
comes
out
as
well
as
just
one
organization
we're
going
to
use
blockchain
internally,
usually
that's
not
a
good
use.
I
mean
there
are
corner
cases
where
you
may
have
a
very
large
company.
That
has
lots
of
sort
of
divisions
and
they
have
a
lot
of
siloing
and
lack
of
exchange
of
data,
and
maybe
a
blockchain
can
help
in
that
case.
A
But
most
often
the
litmus
test
for
blockchain
is
what
is
the
consortium
and
then
what
is
the
use
case?
And
what
is
the
business
value?
That's
going
to
drive
that
consortium
to
want
to
transact
using
blockchain
right,
not
because
it's
cool,
not
because
it's
new,
not
because
it's
disruptive,
but
because
it's
going
to
reduce
cost
you're
in
healthcare
because
it's
going
to
improve
the
patient
outcomes
or
it's
going
to
improve
engagement
of
patients,
compliance
with
treatment
plans
or
it's
going
to
improve
their
experience.
So
those
are
the
kinds
of
business
values.
A
I'm
gonna
try
to
keep
this
as
general
Enterprise
focused
across
industry
as
possible.
But
forgive
me
if
I
give
a
few
healthcare
examples.
That's
where
I
do
most
of
my
work
and
we
all
know
about
the
inefficiencies
and
healthcare
and
opportunity
for
innovation.
But
we
really
look
at
blockchain
as
as
a
set
of
layers,
so
maybe
of
zero.
We
know
today
there's
a
lot
of
data
in
silos.
A
Right
we've
got
a
sort
of
mindset
of,
let
me
collect
as
much
data
as
I
can
and
hold
it
in
my
silo,
because
that's
a
stickiness,
that's
how
my
business
differentiates
at
cetera
and
and
really
the
opportunity
with
with
blockchain
and
layer.
One
is
blockchain
can
really
enable
the
secure
targeted
sharing
of
some
of
that
data,
where
it
makes
business
sense.
So
blockchain
is
not
going
to
replace
databases.
Databases
will
continue
to
exist.
Silos
will
continue
to
exist.
There's
reasons
that
some
of
that
data
is
siloed.
A
If
some
of
that
data
is
differentiating,
it's
super
sensitive,
it's
sensitive,
intellectual
property,
it's
what
we
call
PII
or
personally
identifiable
information
or
it's
PHR,
protected
healthcare
information.
But
a
lot
of
the
data
in
those
silos
is
not
different.
Shedding
and
companies
spend
a
lot
of
money
to
maintain
that
data
independently.
So,
for
example,
anybody
has
changed
phone
numbers
recently
or
changed
addresses
recently.
You
know
you've
gotta,
get
it
like
hundreds
of
websites
and
update
all
that
information.
It
takes
a
long
time
and
there's
a
lot
of
websites.
A
You
never
get
to
you
right
and
that
results
a
lot
of
inefficiencies,
people
trying
to
marry
with
the
wrong
address,
etc,
and
one
of
the
biggest
problems
is.
We
all
know.
Health
care
is
really
expensive
right.
One
of
the
things
that
drives
up
the
cost
of
health
care
is
you've
got
all
of
your.
Your
patient
data's
around
in
all
of
these
silos
and
guess
what
every
single
healthcare
organization
you
visit
has
to
maintain
that
information
independently.
A
It's
not
that
they
have
to
store
it,
because
storage
is
cheap,
it's
that
they
have
to
maintain
it.
They
have
to
collect
it,
they
have
to
update
it.
They
have
to
manage
it,
secure
to
make
prevent
breaches
or
let
that
all
adds
costs.
It
adds
n
times
the
cost.
What,
if
that
common
data
that
isn't
differentiating,
could
be
on
blockchain
and
could
be
maintained
at
one
times
the
cost?
So
if
there's
an
updated
ripples
across
the
consortium
near-real-time,
you
would
cut
cost
and
you
would
also
cut
out
inconsistencies
in
that
common
data
across
the
consortium.
A
Those
inconsistencies
today
result
in
a
lot
of
friction
so
in
health
care.
If
the
payer
has
different
information
from
the
provider
and
a
claim
is
sent
oftentimes,
that
claim
will
be
denied
it'll
bounce
because
the
data's
doesn't
match
up
right
and
when
a
claim,
bounces
people
don't
get
paid
and
humans
have
to
fix
that,
and
so
there's
a
lot
of
extra
cost.
A
lot
of
extra
delay,
a
lot
of
extra
friction
and
and
so
forth.
A
So
that's
the
opportunity
and
layer
one
now
layer
two
is
is
blockchain
is
not
just
a
vehicle
for
exchanging
data,
it
can
actually
automate.
We
know
about
smart
contracts
right.
Smart
contracts
is
a
lot
of
different
flavors,
but
solidity
is
one
of
the
more
common
smart
contract
languages
and
we
know
that
civility
is
incomplete.
So
you
can
essentially
do
all
kinds
of
business
logic
on
you
know:
smart
contracts,
I
think
of
think
of
you
know
in
layer
one.
A
What
we've
got
is
we've
got:
blockchain
is
as
b2b
middleware
sitting
in
the
middle
of
this
consortium
and
data
is
being
exchanged,
but
all
of
the
computer,
all
of
the
execution,
is
on
the
periphery.
It's
in
the
enterprise
systems
that
are
connecting
to
the
blockchain.
What
smart
contracts
give
us
the
ability
to
do
in
layer
two
is:
do
some
of
that
executable
code
on
the
actual
blockchain.
A
So,
for
example,
a
lot
of
times,
if
say
a
claim,
needs
to
be
processed
the
logic
that
processes
like
80
percent
of
claims
is
quite
straightforward
and
simple:
there's
always
corner
cases
that
are
really
complex
and
need
to
be
processed
in
enterprise
systems,
but
in
other
cases
the
logic
is
fairly
straightforward
for
80
percent
of
the
claims.
If
you
can
process
them
right
on
a
blockchain
and
not
depend
on
the
leaf
node,
which
is
by
the
way,
a
single
point
of
failure,
you
can
get
much
faster
response.
A
You
can
you
can
decentralize
the
compute,
so
more
efficiency,
you
eliminate
that
that
single
point
of
failure
etc.
So
that's
the
opportunity
with
smart
contracts.
Layer
3
is
cryptocurrencies
and
tokens,
and
so
I
said
at
the
outset
that
the
three
facets:
I
wasn't
gonna
focus
on
cryptocurrencies
and
tokens,
but
it
turns
out
there's
actually
an
intersection
between
crypto
currencies
and
crypto
tokens
and
enterprise.
Blockchain
I'll
give
you
an
example.
A
One
of
the
things
that
healthcare
that
he
seeks
to
do
is
engage
patients
right
so
that
they
are
willing
to
give
consent
or
opt
into
sharing
the
data
for
things
like
clinical
research
and
they
like
patients
to
comply
with
their
treatment
plans.
If
the
doctor
says
please
take
this
medicine,
do
this?
Do
that
and
the
better
they
comply,
usually
the
better
the
outcome
for
the
patient
generally,
the
compliance
is
not
very
good
with
medications
or
treatment
plans
and
oftentimes
patients.
A
Won't
opt-in
or
participate
they're,
just
not
interested
what
if
we
could
use
crypto
currencies
and
tokens
to
incentivize
patients
to
comply
with
their
treatment
plan,
incentivize
them
to
participate
in
clinical
research
and
reward
them
with
crypto
currencies
and
crypto
tokens
things.
They
can
then
redeem
for
value,
there's
a
fantastic
opportunity
to
incent
collaboration
to
incent
sharing
in
these
across
these
enterprise
consortium,
with
with
blockchain
nuts
layer,
3
now,
layer,
4,
artificial
intelligence
and
machine
learning,
there's
fantastic
opportunities
at
the
intersection
of
AI
and
blockchain.
A
This
way
is
blockchain
is
a
rather
AI
and
machine
learning.
We
know
there's
super
data
hungry
right
and
one
of
the
key
things
that
stunts
a
lot
of
AI
initiatives
is
a
lack
of
available
data
and
the
reason
is
they're
drawing
that
data
out
of
one
organization
out
of
one
silo
and
there's
a
limit
to
how
much
data
they
have
I
mean
if
you're
talking
about
training
events,
models
or
specialized
models,
you
might
need
hundreds
of
thousands
or
millions
of
records
right
and
you
run
out,
especially
if
you're
doing
a
specialized
model.
A
So
the
opportunity
with
blockchain
is
what,
if
you
could
incentivize
the
sharing
and
collaboration
across
the
consortium.
All
of
a
sudden,
you
can
draw
data
from
across
the
consortium.
You
can
get
provenance
information
of
data
across
the
consortium.
You
could
collaborate
on
share
models,
right,
sure,
shared
models,
you
you
might
even
be
able
to
pass
those
models
around
in
each
organization,
so
each
organization,
trains,
those
models
incrementally
right,
because
sometimes
the
impediment
is
each
organization
in
the
consortium
can't
actually
physically
show
the
data
they
haven't,
got
the
consent
to
do
that.
A
But
if
you
pass
them
a
model
and
say
just
try
and
train
this
shared
model
on
that
data
and
then
pass
it
on
to
the
next
organization,
you
can
end
up
with
a
shared
model
without
actually
sharing
the
raw
data,
so
collaboration
on
shared
models
on
testing
AI.
How
do
we
trust
AI
if
you
come
up
with
a
new
model
in
AI
for
diagnosing
patients
or
helping
radiologists
or
others
diagnose
patient
conditions?
How
do
you
trust
it?
Well,
you
have
to
test
it.
A
You
have
to
validate
the
test
results
if
you
do
that
as
one
organization
alone,
it's
going
to
take
you
a
certain
amount
of
time
of
testing
and
resources
right.
But
what,
if
you
could
collaborate
across
the
consortium
and
and
test
that
collaboratively?
You
could
learn
to
trust
that
model
a
lot
faster
right
by
sharing
test
results
by
sharing
validations
of
test
results.
A
A
So
blockchain
I'm
not
going
to
dwell
too
long
here,
because
you
guys
a
lot
of
us
Oh
hands.
You
know
you
know
blockchain
well,
but
it's
a
chain
of
blocks
right.
We
got
three
blocks
shown
here.
Each
block
there's
a
hash
code.
The
hash
code
is
a
hash
of
the
data
on
that
block,
plus
the
previous
hash
code.
This
blockchain
there's
a
chain
right,
and
the
thing
that
makes
blockchain
special
is
that
it
becomes
impractical
to
modify
that
data.
So
it's
got
this
property
of
immutability.
You
might
have
heard
it.
A
You
know
the
fact
that
there's
the
hash
codes
that
chained
hash
codes,
plus
the
decentralization,
really
mitigates
any
risk
of
collusion
and
and
modifications.
So
when
you
can
learn
to
count
on
the
immutability
of
the
blockchain,
that
introduces
some
really
interesting
new
capabilities
to
build
trust
across
the
organization
across
the
consortium
and
each
of
the
organizations
in
it.
So
the
blockchain
network
is
is
made
up
of
these
blockchain
nodes.
A
There's
no
central
node,
there's
it's
decentralized
right,
but
you've
got
these
nodes
and
each
one
sits
on
top
of
a
copy
of
the
shared
ledger
and
when
an
e
block
is
added
to
the
the
shared
ledger,
it's
it's
replicates
across
the
whole
blockchain
network
right
so
they're,
all
the
mandator.
The
blockchain
node
is
to
maintain
the
consistency
and
validity
of
the
block
of
the
show
ledger,
and
so
when
something
is
added,
it
ripples
across.
So
they
all
have
a
consistent,
shared
ledger
and
that
that
makes
up
the
blockchain,
decentralized
Network.
A
So
I've
got
a
little
diagram
here.
I
kind
of
talked
about
this
earlier
I'm
showing
four
organizations
a
through
D,
so
think
of
these
as
enterprises
write
an
enterprise
consortium
and
the
green
blocks
inside
the
enterprise
systems.
So
in
health
care
on
a
provider
you
like
a
clinic
or
a
hospital
they'll,
have
an
electronic
health
record
system
or
a
radiology
or
a
lab
system
on
the
healthcare
payer
might
have
a
system
to
maintain
member
membership.
Eligibility
do
claims
adjudication,
etc.
A
But
these
enterprise
systems
can
connect
to
the
blockchain
given
a
specific
use
case
and
specific
value
business
value,
and
they
could
do
secure,
targeted
sharing
of
data
right
and
so
think
of
blockchain,
as
as
as
this
b2b
middleware
I.
Think
of
it
as
a
a
data
superhighway
and
the
blockchain
nodes
are
the
on
ramps
and
off
ramps.
A
So
for
organizations
see
that
note
is
they're
on
ramp
and
off
ramp
to
that
blockchain
superhighway,
and
so
it
enables
them
to
add
information
to
the
shared
ledger
and
review
information
and
the
shared
ledger
that
was
added
by
other
elements
of
the
consortium
and
and
drive
business
value
through
that
the
most
of
what
we're
seeing
for
blockchain
in
the
enterprise
is
private
consortium
use.
What
that
means
is
organizations
a
through
D
are
well-known
and
highly
trusted
across
that
consortium.
Then
there's
no
sort
of
anonymity,
like
you,
would
find
in
a
public
blockchain.
A
Most
enterprises,
certainly
in
healthcare,
are
highly
regulated
industries
like
financial
services,
they're
opting
for
private
consortium
blockchain,
because
you
have
regulations,
data
protection,
laws,
etc
that
require
only
authorized
access
to
data,
so,
for
example,
HIPAA
and
healthcare
requires
only
authorized
access
to
healthcare
data
or
pH
I,
protected
healthcare
information,
and
so
they
can't
just
put
that
on
a
public
blockchain
where
anybody
and
any
part
of
the
world
can
access
it
right.
That's
one
of
the
reasons
they're
gravitating
to
private
blockchains.
A
So
that's
the
blockchain
in
the
enterprise
consortium,
not
not
rocket.
Science,
then
think
about
the
deployment
of
a
blockchain
knows
right
like
where
do
they
run
and
blockchain
is
kind
of
a
foundational
platforms,
so
those
nodes
can
run
in
a
lot
of
different
places.
It's
going
to
have
a
heterogeneous
deployment
architecture.
Some
of
those
nodes
might
run
on
Prem
or
on-premise,
like
in
your
DMZ
of
your
organized
right.
A
Some
of
them
might
run
in
the
cloud.
Certainly
they
can
run
in
Microsoft
Azure,
but
pretty
much
any
cloud
will
run
a
blockchain
node
and
you
know
in
a
given
sizeable
blockchain
network.
You
know,
there'll
be
a
mix
of
those,
so
some
might
be
on
Prem,
some
and
cloud
ones
that
are
in
crowd
will
be
in
different
clouds.
But
in
this
diagram
you
can
kind
of
see
how
blockchain
is
really
synergistic.
With
the
enterprise
systems
again,
enterprise
systems
connecting
to
the
blockchain
blockchain
is
not
replacing
those
enterprise
systems
and
then
blockchain
is
also
synergistic.
A
With
a
lot
of
different
types
of
infrastructure,
we've
got
message
queues
here
on
the
front
end.
When
you're
putting
transactions
into
blocks,
you
know
you're
going
to
have
a
message
queue
to
batch
those
transactions.
Up
generally,
you
don't
put
one
transaction
per
block,
because
the
block
throughput
rate
in
in
blockchain
ends
up
being
a
constraint
on
performance.
It's
it's
pretty
common
to
have
a
blockchain
throughput
of
I
mean
so
a
block
throughput
of
like
a
hundred
to
maybe
a
thousand
blocks
per
second
maximum.
You
can
put
at
the
end
of
a
blockchain.
A
There
are
corner
cases
to
that,
but
generally
that's
in
the
right
ballpark.
The
problem
is,
is
if
you're
talking
to
enterprise
IT,
you
know
there
used
to
like
millions
of
transactions
a
second
in
two
databases
right.
So
how
do
you
get
up
to
millions
of
transactions?
A
second?
What
you
do
is
you
batch
transactions?
So
you
you
take
a
thousand
transactions
and
put
that
on
one
block
that
way
you
you
amp
amp
up
the
transaction
throughput
there's
a
trade-off
in
latency
there,
but
that's
how
message
queues
are
synergistic
with
blockchain.
A
Then
you've
got
the
Philadelphia
a
lot
of
people,
bang
the
drum
of
blockchain
is
decentralized,
so
it's
very
reliable,
there's,
no
single
point
of
failure,
and
that
is
true.
So
if
you
take
out
a
note
of
a
blockchain,
the
blockchain,
the
remaining
nodes
will
keep
running
when
the
node
you
took
out
comes
back
up,
it'll
bring
its
share,
glad
you're
up
to
speed.
So
it's
very
resilient
in
that
way.
Unless
you
take
down
the
entire
blockchain
network,
some
part
of
it
will
still
run
the
thing
about.
A
Blockchain
is
there's
nothing
special
about
blockchain
that
protects
the
reliability
of
a
particular
blockchain
node.
So
if
I'm,
an
enterprise
and
I'm
accessing
the
blockchain
superhighway
and
I'm
connecting
my
enterprise
systems
to
a
particular
blockchain
node
and
that
node
goes
down,
you've
cut
off
my
access
to
that
blockchain
network.
So
your
chain
doesn't
assert
reliability
for
any
particular
blockchain
notice.
A
Just
saying
the
network
as
a
whole
is
resilient
because
there's
no
single
point
of
failure,
but
if
you
are
saying
healthcare
or
whatever
industry-
and
you
have
a
use
case,
it's
moving
into
production
and
it
becomes
mission-critical
for
you
like.
If
you
get
cut
off
from
this
blockchain
Network,
you
will
stop
doing
business
or
patients.
Lives
will
be
at
stake.
A
You've
got
to
be
thinking
about
how
do
I
protect
the
availability
of
my
blockchain
own,
so
you
you
can
use
well
known
and
well
established
and
proven
tools
like
having
redundant
nodes
across
availability
zones
and
having
load
balancing
automated
failover
and
using
backup
and
restore
and
business
continuity
and
disaster
recovery,
etc.
So
we
know
these
tools
and
we
just
need
to
apply
them.
Blockchain
is
not
something
special.
It
can
also
use
those
tools,
so
this
is
just
going
over
the
use
case
of
here.
A
We
have
like
a
situation
today
that
we
see
in
so
many
industries
where
we
have
organization
a
through
C
and
there's
a
silo
of
data
in
each
of
those
organizations,
and
within
that
silo
we
have
some
common
data
and
then
there's
some
private
data
and
the
common
data
generally
is
not
differentiating
right.
Everybody
has
a
patients,
don't
go
to
you
just
because
you
have
the
like
I'm
not
going
to
go
to
a
clinic
just
because
they
have
my
address
right.
I
mean
let's
hehe,
just
give
it
to
any
of
them
right.
A
A
If
you
move
that
common
data,
not
the
private
data,
some
of
the
data
is
sensitive
and
it's
differentiating
and
they're
not
going
to
publish
it
anywhere,
but
the
common
data
that's
non
non,
differentiating
what,
if
you
put
that
on
the
blockchain
and
then,
if
any
one
of
those
organizations
updates
it,
it
immediately
ripples
across
the
whole
consortium
and
you
eliminate
that
redundant
maintenance
cost.
You
eliminate
inconsistency,
because
any
changes
replicate
near-real-time.
A
So
in
many
cases
I
think
blockchain
was
a
missing
cog
in
information
technology.
There's
these
all
these
organizations.
Whatever
industry,
you
pick,
these
organizations
have
advanced
IT
within
each
of
their
intranets
and
they're.
Collecting
a
lot
of
data.
What's
missing
is
the
ability
to
do
secure,
targeted
sharing
of
that
information
in
a
way
that
builds
trust
and
facilitates
automation
with
smart
contracts
and
so
forth?
A
We
often
when
we
talk
about
blockchain
at
the
end
is
inevitably
somebody
comes
up
and
says:
well,
that's
a
nice
use
case.
I
see
the
business
value,
but
why
not
do
it
with
database
or
whatever
technology
right,
and
this,
what's
particularly
interesting
to
me,
is
here
to
hear
how
Consortium
enterprises
respond
to
that
question
and
some
of
the
common
responses
I
get
are.
A
If
you
have
a
consortium
of
organizations,
and
you
need
to
share
some
data,
you
got
to
put
that
data
somewhere
right.
If
you
put
it
in
one
of
the
organization's,
there's
an
unfairness
problem
right,
all
the
other
organizations
think
well.
Why
should
I
pile
my
data
into
that
one,
what
if
they
run
with
it,
so
there's
a
fairness
problem
with
doing
that.
The
other
option
is:
let's
put
it
in
a
central,
a
new
central
organization
that
will
maintain
it.
Everybody
can
work
with
them
right
well.
Does
that
organization
really
exist?
What
are
they
charge?
A
What's
the
delay?
Are
there
a
single
point
of
failure
if
it's
a
new
entity,
you're
going
to
stand
up,
there's
a
huge
amount
of
extra
cost
there
right
to
establish
a
new
central
hub,
and
so
you
know
other
other
answers
to
this
question
are
if,
if
it
could
have
been
done
by
a
database,
why
hasn't
it
database
is
being
around
for
decades
right,
you
see
the
use
case,
you
see
the
business
value,
yet
it
hasn't
been
done.
Why
is
that
so?
Blockchain
has
some
unique
new
characteristics.
Immutability
is
one.
A
The
resilience
is
another
one:
the
pay
the
way
for
facilitating
the
secure,
targeted
sharing
of
data
where
it
makes
business
sense,
and
so
that,
where
it
makes
business
sense,
is
super
important
and
I.
Keep
hitting
that
because
we'll
be
strongly
discourages
enterprises
that
get
into
blockchain
that
understand
it.
They
drink
the
kool-aid.
They
get
excited
about
it.
Taking
the
approach
of
let's
put
a
bunch
of
data
on
blockchain
and
we'll
figure
out
later
how
to
use
it
right.
That's
that's
not
the
recommended
approach.
A
The
better
approach
we
found
through
a
lot
of
experience
is
define
the
use
case.
What
are
you
doing
with
blocks?
Are
you
sharing
healthcare
data?
Are
you
facilitating
credentialing
of
nurses
and
doctors,
or
whatever
your
use
case,
is
to
find
the
use
case
to
find
the
business
value?
Why
would
the
organization's
in
the
consortium
do
this
I'll
be
doing
it
to
reduce
cost
or
what
that's
super
important
to
get
the
buy-in
later
on?
A
But
then,
given
the
use
case,
what
is
the
minimum
that
sufficient
data
to
put
on
the
blockchain
and
when
I
say
minimum
but
sufficient?
Let's
really
feel
by
feel.
Why
do
we
need
this
field
on
the
blockchain?
If
you
don't
need
it
on
the
blockchain,
leave
it
in
the
enterprise
systems
right
so
very
frugal
minimal,
but
sufficient
approach,
I
knew
that
has
to
be
on.
Blockchain
goes
on
blockchain,
that's
for
several
reasons.
A
It's
for
performance
reasons,
and
it's
for
privacy,
security
and
compliance
reasons,
if
possible,
keep
the
personally
identifiable
information
off
of
the
blockchain
if
possible,
keep
the
protected
healthcare
information
off
of
the
blockchain.
Keep
your
sensitive
IP
off
of
the
blockchain,
so
think
of
blockchain.
Is
this
this
cog
in
the
big
machine?
A
If
I
say
don't
put
patient
posting
identifiable
information
on
the
blockchain,
you
might
say:
well,
how
can
it
be
useful,
you're
not
identifying
anything,
useful
right,
and
so
the
key
is,
you
can
use
so
sensitive
personally
identifiable
information
as
things
like
your
social
security
number,
your
date
of
birth,
your
contact,
information,
address
information,
location
information,
that's
the
kind
of
stuff.
You
generally
don't
want
that
one
to
put
on
blockchain
and
but
what
you
could
put
on
blockchain
is
an
opaque
identifier
for
that
patient.
A
A
long
alphanumeric
string
that
if
it
got,
breached
it's
useless
outside
of
that
blockchain
to
make
any
use
of
it.
You've
got
to
resolve
it
to
the
the
actual
personally
identifiable
information
can
live
in
the
enterprise
systems
on
the
periphery
of
the
blockchain,
so
collectively
the
big
machine,
comprising
of
the
enterprise
systems
plus
the
blockchain,
can
resolve
the
patient
personally
identifiable
information.
But
you
don't
need
to
put
all
of
that
information
on
the
blockchain
again.
Blockchain
is
a
one-carbon,
a
big
machine.
It's
not
the
the
only
place.
You
store
information.
You
have
question.
A
A
Excellent
points
all
right
how
many
people
are
familiar
with
decentralized
identity
or
self
sovereign
identity,
I
see
probably
about
half
so
really
interesting
points.
Thank
you
for
sharing
that,
and
so
absolutely,
while
it's
you
know
with
PII
maintained
by
the
actual
data
subject,
could
be
one
of
the
Federated
sort
of
storage
vaults.
A
Decentralized
identity
will
be
excellent
in
terms
of
empowering
the
data
subject
with
their
data,
and
it
will
be
a
great
tool
for
those
data
subjects
that
are
savvy
to
take
a
minimal
but
sufficient
approach
like
I'm.
Only
giving
the
information
to
you
that
I
need
to
give
to
you
and
no
more
but
I,
think
what
we're
gonna
see
is.
Patients
will
have
to
give
certain
data
to
get
certain
services
and
so
I,
don't
think
healthcare
in
the
near-term
and
there's
probably
regulatory
reasons
that
require
this.
They
weren't
service.
A
You,
unless
you
give
them
pretty
much
everything
you're
giving
them
on
the
form
today,
when
you
go
into
a
doctor,
you
have
to
fill
in
that
form,
demographic
information,
etc,
and
if
you
don't
give
that
to
them,
they'll
deny
you
treatment,
and
so
it's
not
going
to
be,
or
we
have
a
wallet
it's
secure
and
we
don't
have
any
more
leakage.
What
will
happen
is,
as
you
engage
services,
they
will
require
certain
data.
If
you
give
them
that
data,
you
will
get
this
service.
A
If
you
don't
give
them
that
data,
you
will
not
get
the
service,
and
once
you
give
them
that
data
that
data
will
go
into
the
database
right
just
like
it
is
today
and
so
yet
totally
agree.
Putting
the
data
subject
in
control
and
then
taking
a
minimal
but
sufficient
approach
is,
is
the
right
way
to
go.
B
A
Now
completely
agree,
and-
and
this
is
very
much
on
the
forefront
of
blockchain,
the
one
of
the
really
interesting
things
I
think
is
like
oftentimes
people
need
to
know
in
order
to
give
you
a
service,
they
need
to
know
you're
over
18
right.
So
what
do
they
do?
They
say:
what's
your
date
of
birth
and
really
they
don't
have
to
know
your
date
of
birth?
They
just
have
to
know
that
you're
over
18,
so
tools
like
homomorphic
encryption,
give
us
a
way
to
so
for
the
patient
to
just
prove
to
them.
A
You
know
cryptographically
that
they're
over
18
without
actually
telling
them
their
precise
day
month
and
year
of
birth,
which
is
it's
part
of
the
Golden
Triangle.
If
you
have
that
plus
Social
Security
plus,
you
know
other
things,
the
social
Social
Security
database
and
what
am
I
missing.
The
third
one
address
that's
a
golden
triangle,
and
if
you
have
that
you
could
be
someone
you
can,
you
can,
you
know,
steal
their
identity,
but
yeah
homomorphic
encryption
will
give
you
a
way
to
be
even
more
minimalist.
But
it's
it's
again.
It's
I'm
giving
you
a
balanced
response.
A
It's
not
a
panacea,
and
one
of
the
points
you
made
is
is
very
good.
Is
for
for
self
sovereign
identity
and
decentralized
identity
to
really
deliver
value.
The
data
subject
has
to
be
educated,
because
if
you
take
the
smartphone
example
where
you
downloaded
an
app-
and
it
says,
okay
I
need
all
these
permissions
either
you
accept
or
you
don't
get
the
app.
You
know.
People
just
click.
Yes
right
and
I
get
this
free
app
right.
A
A
We
talked
about
secure
targeting
of
our
targeted
sharing
of
business
data
where
it
makes
sense.
Transparency
is
another
one.
So,
if
think
of
anti-fraud,
that's
one
of
the
big
use
cases
for
blockchain
that
I,
don't
think,
gets
enough.
Discussion
is
with
fraud.
The
a
lot
of
types
of
fraud
can
be
boiled
down
to
three
attack
vectors,
either
for
jannat
modification
of
transactions,
fraudulent
deletion
of
transactions
or
fraudulent
creation
of
new
transactions
and
the
data
integrity.
A
The
immutability
of
blockchain
essentially
blocks
the
fraudulent
deletion
or
modification
of
transactions
where
the
transparency
of
blockchain
really
helps
is
if
somebody
creates
a
fraudulent
new
transaction
like
a
fictitious
new
transaction
for
fraud,
and
it's
put
on
blockchain
that
ripples
across
the
consortium
near-real-time.
So
the
probability
of
that
being
detected
is
much
higher
than
if
it
was
paid
in
some
siloed
database
that
any
three
people
had
access
to
and
they
were
colluding
to
hide
it
right.
So
so
transparency
is
another
big
strength
of
blockchain,
an
opportunity
to
drive
value,
especially
for
anti-fraud
decentralization
resilience.
A
We
talked
about
the
strength
of
the
availability
of
the
the
whole
network,
but
how
you
have
to
protect
your
individual
blockchain
node,
especially
as
the
enterprise
consortium
is
moving
towards
production
use
and
especially,
if
the
use
cases
mission-critical
anti-fraud,
we
had
so
identifying
use
cases.
It's
it's
all
about
the
network
of
organizations.
It's
obviously
an
IT
network
thing,
but
it's
also
a
business
Network
thing
blockchain,
first
and
foremost,
collaboration
around
shared
data
for
business
values,
improving
efficiency,
reducing
costs
is
a
big
business
value
driver.
We
see
often
improving
the
quality
of
data
in
healthcare.
A
There's
a
lot,
there's
a
big
quality
issue,
and
you
know
the
data
gets
in
and
it's
wrong.
It
can
hurt
your
healthcare
right.
I
mean
they
might
do
some
optimal
health
care.
If
you
don't
tell
them
about
a
certain
allergy
or
something
so
it
blockchain
can
really
improve
quality,
because
if
you
could
somehow
enter
that
information
once
and
up
review
it
anytime
update
at
any
time-
and
if
you
go
to
another,
your
health
care
facility,
it
it's
accessible,
you
don't
have
to
refill
out
the
forms
that
can
really
improve
quality.
A
It
can
improve
the
quality
of
service
and
you
know
the
outpatient
outcomes
so
enabling
collaboration
for
mutual
benefit,
of
course,
reducing
fraud,
improving
reliability
now
the
near
term
opportunities
with
blockchain,
because
a
lot
of
folks
say:
ok,
this
makes
sense.
But
where
do
I
get
started
so
you
got
to
have
the
use
case
right,
but
the
other
thing
to
think
about
is
what
is
the
existing
consortium
that
is
already
transacting,
albeit
with
an
antiquated
technology
like
in
healthcare.
A
We
still
have
a
lot
of
faxing
happening,
etc,
and
so,
if
you,
if
you
have
an
existing
network,
so
if
you
have
a
use
case
and
they're
doing
some
antiquated
technology,
that's
low-hanging
fruit
right,
you
can
drop
blockchain
in
there
and
say
this
is
the
value
you
will
get
with
blockchain
and
guess
what
you
don't
have
to
build
that
consortium
they
already
exist.
They
are
really
transact
with
each
other.
A
They
know
the
business
value
you're
just
putting
blockchain
in
places
some
antiquated
technology
and
driving
value
on
the
flip
side,
if
you
take
a
normal
new
use
case
and
there's
there's
a
lot
of
really
interesting,
fundamentally
new
use
cases,
and
then
you
have
to
go
and
convince
a
consortium
to
rally
around
that
use
case
to
buy-in.
Take
that
leap
of
faith.
Here's
blockchain
you've
never
used
it,
but
trust
us.
It's
going
to
deliver
this
value
and
you've
never
seen
this
value
but
trust
us
it's
going
to
happen.
That's
that's
a
tall
order
right.
A
It's
hard
to
do
that
and
the
time
horizon
to
realize
value
out
of
those
revolutionary
new
use.
Cases
is
probably
years
versus.
If
you
find
an
existing
network
and
existing
consortium
they're
not
using
blockchain,
you
can
bring
blockchain
to
add
value,
whether
it's
anti-fraud,
reducing
cost,
etc.
Improving
resilience.
There's
your
low-hanging
fruit.
If
you
prove
the
value
in
that
existing
consortium,
you've
then
got
a
foothold
to
grow
right
and
once
you've
proven
yourself.
You've
proven
the
business
value
with
one
use
case.
A
It's
really
easy
to
add
other
organizations
to
that
consortium,
so
you're
growing
in
terms
of
number
of
organizations
connecting
in
and
you
get
a
sort
of
network
effect
happening.
The
other
thing
is
relatively
easy.
Once
you've
got,
a
sort
of
critical
mass
in
your
consortium
is
add
new
use
cases
if
you
start
with
a
certain
use
case
and
prove
its
value.
It's
easy
to
add
more
use
cases.
A
So
these
are
some
of
the
use
cases
in
healthcare
that
we
see
we
provide
our
directory.
So
supply
chain
is
a
big
family
of
use.
Cases
in
healthcare.
We've
got
drug
supply
chains,
so
your
medications
right
from
the
pharmaceutical
company
through
the
distributor
to
the
dispensary
like
the
pharmacy-
and
you
know
even
the
you
know,
the
patients
or
the
family,
caregivers
or
the
pharmacists.
You
know
at
the
end
of
that
supply
chain.
A
We've
got
medical
devices
supply
chains
so,
whether
it's
a
pacemaker
or
whether
it's
a
infusion,
pump
or
an
MRI
machine.
You
know
those
have
a
supply
chain
to
and
they
have
a
lifetime
throughout
their
use
at
a
hospital,
and
some
of
them
get
resold
into
other
healthcare
facilities
and
they
end
up
having
multiple
life
cycles
and
so
tracking
those
devices
through
the
supply
chain
and
delivering
value
with
blockchain
is
a
fantastic
opportunity
and,
and
one
of
the
the
interesting
business
values
with
medical
devices
specifically,
is.
A
If
there's
a
recall
today,
the
recall
of
the
medical
device
can
actually
take
up
to
a
year,
and
if
you
have
a
faulty
medical
device
in
the
field
every
day
could
be
a
patient
life.
You
know
there
could
be
patients
dying.
So
if
you
could
shorten
that
down
and
if
there's
a
recall
identify
exactly
where
those
devices
are,
they
need
to
be
recalled
and
do
that
in
in
minutes
or
hours
or
even
a
day
something
less
than
a
year.
That's
fantastic
value
in
terms
of
improving
patient
lives.
A
The
other
interesting
supply
chain
use
case,
I
came
across
and
health
care
recently
is.
Is
biological
tissue
supply
chains
so,
if
you're
participating
in
clinical
trials
and
so
on,
and
you
give
a
bio
sample
of
some
kind,
there's
a
whole
chain
of
custody
thing
and
you
know
different
handlers,
transporters,
etc
and
tracking
that
through
the
supply
chain,
can
be
a
very
important
thing,
not
just
for
operational
efficiency,
but
also
the
integrity
of
results
and
often
with
supply
chain.
You
get
these
like
in
drug
supply
chains.
A
Sometimes
the
drugs
are
very
perishable,
like
vaccines
and
if
they're
not
kept
within
a
certain
temperature
range,
they're
not
safe
to
can
they're
not
safe
to
use
anymore,
or
they
can
be
benign
like
they.
They
could
be
inactive
if
they've
been
too
cold
or
too
hot.
So,
along
with
just
tracking
the
location
of
things
in
the
supply
chain.
Sometimes
you
get
this
tracking
of
environmental
factors
throughout
the
supply
chain.
So
what
was
the
temperature
at
each
point
in
the
trajectory
through
the
supply
chain?
Was
it
within
safe
bounds?
A
A
So
these
are
some
of
the
key
use
cases
in
healthcare,
but
you
can
see
here
on
the
columns.
We've
got
the
business
values,
is
it
reducing
cost
or
other
values?
That's
it's
a
really
good
exercise
to
go
through
this,
and
whatever
industry
you're
in.
If
you're
evaluating
like
a
handful
of
use
cases,
you
might
focus
on
what
are
the
business
values
really
chart
those
out
and
then
the
next
step
is
what
are
the
consortium?
What
are
the
existing
groups
of
organizations
that
are
doing
this?
A
Use
case
maybe
sends
block
chain,
or
do
you
have
to
build
a
new
consortium?
Sometimes
you
have
to
build,
but
you
need
to
level
set
your
your
one-way
needs
to
be
larger
right
if
you're,
a
start-up
and
you're
touting
a
totally
new
use
case,
you've
got
to
convince
people.
This
is
worth
doing.
That's
going
to
take
longer
if
it's
totally
new,
so
building
the
consortium,
the
buy-in,
the
trust.
A
A
The
very
bare
minimum
right
I
mean
it's
kind
of
debatable
whether
you
need
blockchain
with
un'ytu
but
have
a
Minimum
Viable
Product
like
a
prototype
of
watching
a
Minimum,
Viable
Network,
prove
it
out
quickly
in
a
pilot,
publish
a
use
case
study
on
the
use
case,
the
business
value.
What
did
you
pilot
get
the
attestation
of
the
organization's
the
end
users
of
the
blockchain
get
get
a
test
station
into
your
case?
A
Security
is
something
we
often
encounter.
You
know
often
block
chains
touted
as
a
sort
of
security,
silver
bullet
or
a
panacea
that
should
throw
up
a
red
red
flag.
If
you
get
that
like,
why
are
you
using
blockchain,
oh
well,
it's
secure
right.
Blockchain
has
certain
strengths.
In
security
we
talked
about
integrity
and
mutability.
We
talked
about
availability,
but
for
confidentiality,
there's
actually
a
fair
amount.
You
need
to
do
with
blockchain
to
mitigate
risk,
and
one
of
them
is
be
frugal
about
what
you
put
on.
A
Blockchain,
don't
put
everything
on
blockchain
put
money
on
blockchain
what
you
need
to
put
on
blockchain,
given
you
use
case
right,
so
that's
the
biggest
lever
you've
got
to
pull
the
other,
never
is
who's
connecting
to
the
blockchain
and
who's
going
to
see
that
information.
If
you
have
a
private
consortium
and
every
he's
well
known
and
highly
trusted
you're
mitigating
the
risk
of
unauthorized
access,
that's
a
way
to
mitigate
risk,
to
confidentiality.
Of
course,
there's
encryption.
There's
lots
of
different
kinds
of
encryption.
Encryption
is
good,
but
it's
not
a
silver
bullet
right.
Encryption
fails.
A
Why
does
it
fail?
Because
people
don't
maintain
their
keys
properly
right
and
they
write
passwords
down
on
sticky
notes
and
all
kinds
of
weird
one
who
file
things
right
so
caught
and
the
other
thing
is
blockchain
again
is
this
caught
in
this
big
central
machine
and
the
blockchain
hacks
that
have
happened?
They
don't
generally
reveal
at
least
today
no
sort
of
fundamental
flaw
and
blockchain
that
what
where
the
attacks
happen
is
that
the
at
the
edges
of
the
periphery
of
the
blockchain,
so
the
exchanges,
the
wallets
etc.
A
That's
where
the
attacks
often
happen
right,
if
you're
an
attacker
or
cyber
like
a
cyber
attacker.
If
you
can't
actually
attack
the
blockchain,
what
do
you
do?
You
attack
what
connects
to
the
blockchain
at
the
nodes,
the
enterprise
systems
etc?
Or
you
attack
the
end
user?
You
do
social
engineering,
you
get
them
to
give
up
their
keys
somehow.
So
it's
a
multi-layered
defense,
in-depth
approach.
Blockchain
is
not
a
panacea
for
security.
There's
other
stuff.
You
got
to
do
on
top
pay
attention
to
confidentiality,
the
other.
The
other
concept
in
security
is
a
concept
of
adequacy.
A
So
when
we're
connecting
an
organization
or
a
consortium
of
organizations
to
a
blockchain,
there's
this
notion
of
adequacy
and
security
around
the
construction,
because,
if
you're
an
individual
organization-
and
you
have
a
breach-
that's
on
you
right.
But
if
you
connect
to
a
blockchain
and
one
of
the
other
members
of
the
blockchain
consortium
has
a
breach,
that's
going
to
affect
them.
It's
going
to
affect
the
blockchain
it's
going
to
affect
the
whole
consortium
right.
A
So
you
want
to
make
sure
that,
if
you're
sharing
information
on
blockchain
that
the
organization's
connecting
and
accessing
that
information
first
have
a
right
to
know
and
need
to
know
a
business
need
to
know
and
then,
secondly,
that
they
are
going
to
have
adequate
security
to
protect
that
information,
because
remember
they're,
going
to
pull
that
information
off
the
blockchain
in
some
cases
to
read
it
to
put
in
their
own
enterprise
systems,
etc.
So,
there's
this
notion
of
adequacy
of
security
and
there's
actually
a
wonderful
opportunity
for
people
in
cyber
security
and
compliance
to
offer.
A
You
know
their
services
to
measure
the
security
and
compliance
across
the
consortium
make
those
results
available.
Those
audit
reports
and
security
risk
assessments
available
for
the
rest
of
the
consortium
to
see
so
it's
a
it's
a
trust-building
mechanism.
If
a
particular
organization
doesn't
pass
an
audit
or
is
found
to
be
lacking
in
security,
that's
an
opportunity
for
them
to
bolster
their
security,
to
bring
themselves
into
compliance
and
help
the
rest
of
the
consortium.
Understand
that
so
that
you
know
they
don't
become
the
weak
point.
The
breach
point
right.
So
this
is
this
is
key.
A
A
So
privacy
blockchain,
is
really
a
double-edged
sword.
Right
I
mean
there's
confidentiality
risks
when
you
put
that
data
on
blockchain,
because
it's
going
outside
of
your
internal
firewall,
another
reason
to
be
frugal
right,
but
there's
privacy
risk
that
there's
wonderful
opportunities
to
improve
privacy
and
the
gentleman
in
the
middle
layer
highlighted.
A
You
can
I
mean
that's
that's
a
common
use
case,
but
there's
a
variation
and
the
types
of
data
you
can
put
on
the
on
blockchain,
depending
on
the
use
case.
So
to
your
point
a
lot
of
times,
if
you
want
to
protect
the
integrity
of
data,
even
data
that
could
exist
off
of
the
blockchain
you'll,
just
put
a
hash
of
that
data
on
blockchain
and
the
hash
is
pretty
benign
if
it
gets
breached
right,
but
you
could
put
meditate
on
the
blockchain
right
and
and
CERN
healthcare,
one
of
the
issues
we
have.
A
We
talked
about
this
use
case
where
every
like
doctor
you
go
to,
you
have
to
fill
out
the
forms
again.
Well,
one
opportunity
is
to
put
metadata
on
the
blockchain.
So
if
you
get
a
one
doctor
and
you
get
to
x-ray,
it's
not
that
they're
going
to
put
the
x-ray
on
blockchain,
there's
performance
reasons
why
you
wouldn't
want
to
do
that.
A
There's,
privacy,
security,
compliance
reasons
you
wouldn't
want
to
put
the
actual
x-ray
on
blockchain,
but
you
could
put
some
metadata
on
the
blockchain
saying
you
know
an
x-ray
was
taken
for
this
patient,
not
a
social
security.
Number
identifying,
but
some
opaque
identifiers
that
somehow
can
be
resolved
in
that
consortium
to
a
patient.
An
x-ray
was
taken
at
this
patient
on
this
day
that
was
tor,
so
whatever
metadata,
and
then
you
go
to
another
provider,
another
doctor
at
some
point
in
the
future,
and
they
can
look
up
on
the
blockchain
like.
A
What
do
you
know
about
this
patient
right
and
they
can
see?
Oh
an
insurer
was
taken
on
this
day.
Is
this
sort
of
that's
interesting?
We
need
that
to
treat
this
patient,
let's
go
get
that
x-ray
right
and
so
also
there
could
be
a
pointer
in
that
metadata
saying
if
you
need
to
sexually
go
back
to
this
other
doctor,
and
there
could
be
a
hash
code
on
the
blockchain
as
well
to
your
point,
which
is
when
you
get
that
x-ray
check
its
integrity
against
this
hash
code
right
so
yeah,
absolutely.
B
A
Yeah,
so
hash
codes
are
a
powerful
tool
to
protect
the
integrity
of
data
both
on
and
off
the
blockchain.
But
blockchain
can
it's
really
like
a
blank
canvas
I
mean
you
can
put
lots
of
different
data
on
blockchain.
That's
really
like
a
chain
of
canvases
and,
and
so
one
of
the
things
you
need
to
decide
is
what
data
will
you
put
on
again
minimal
bits
sufficient
given
your
use
case
and
then
the
other
thing
you
need
to
decide
is
what
format
are
you
putting
it
on
the
blockchain?
Because
there's
you
know
is
it?
A
A
You
know
not
just
what
data
you're
putting
on
blockchain,
but
what
format
and
you
have
to
have
a
standard
format,
because
if
everybody
puts
data
in
different
formats
well,
it's
not
very
useful
for
the
network
can't
make
sense
of
what's
one
right:
okay,
so
compliance
we
haven't
talked
about
this
a
whole
lot,
but
we
did
talk
about
the
strategy
of
keeping
personally
identifiable
information.
Things
like
protected
health
care
information
or
sensitive
IP
off
of
the
blockchain.
There's
actually
compliance
reasons
for
this
as
well.
A
So
those
of
you
that
have
heard
about
gdpr,
you
know
those
rules
in
there
like
a
patient
or
a
data
subject,
has
the
right
to
be
forgotten.
So
if
they
pull
up
your
enterprise
and
say
I
want
you
to
delete
my
data,
you
can't
say:
oh
I'm,
sorry,
we
put
it
on
the
blockchain,
it's
immutable.
We
can't
delete
it
right.
A
That's
another
reason
to
keep
the
PII
off
of
the
blockchain,
keep
it
in
the
enterprise
systems
and
reference
them
from
the
blockchain,
so
using
a
take
meaningless
identifier
in
the
blockchain,
but
to
resolve
out
the
actual
PII,
that's
in
the
enterprise
systems
and
those
can
be
deleted,
and
so,
if
that
requests
to
be
forgotten,
comes
in,
they
can
delete
that
data
in
the
secure
enterprise
systems
is
essentially
D
identifies
what's
on
the
blockchain
and
you
can
comply.
The
other
thing
to
think
about
with
blockchain
is
every
time
somebody
stands
up
a
node.
A
The
data
is
going
to
move,
it's
going
to
be
tranced
copied
over
to
a
new
shared
ledger
under
the
new
node
right
and
sometimes
if
those
nodes
are
being
stood
up
across
jurisdictions.
Like
let's
say
a
blockchain
starts
in
Europe,
that's
so
it
starts
in
Germany
at
Germany's
super
strong
in
terms
of
data
protection
and
privacy,
but
maybe
the
organization
the
consortium
decides
hey,
let's
stand
up
a
node
in
the
US.
A
Well,
what's
going
to
happen,
is
all
the
data
on
that
blockchain
from
data
day,
one
in
that
shared
ledger
is
going
to
be
copied
to
the
US.
You
end
up
with
this
potential
data,
sovereignty
and
transporter
data
flow
type
issue
and
there's
adequacy.
Complications
like
is
the
security
of
the
target
country
adequate.
Now
this
was
the
whole
reason
for
safe
harbor
and
things
like
that
to
ensure
adequacy
of
security
across
restrictions.
But
again
you
can
mitigate
a
lot
of
this
risk
by
being
frugal
about
what
you
put
on
blockchain
keep
the
PII
off.
A
If
you
can
so
interoperability
and
integration.
We
talked
about
those
briefly,
but
you
know
in
short,
blockchain
coexist
with
enterprise
systems.
It
has
to
be
integrated.
Your
enterprise
systems
have
to
be
integrated
to
the
blockchain
where
it
makes
business
sense,
and
you
know
you
need
to
think
about
what
format
you
put
data
on
to
the
blockchain.
That's
that's
what
interoperability
is
but
again.
A
Think
of
blockchain
is
this
sort
of
cog
in
the
big
machine,
but
a
lot
of
times
the
blockchain
will
facilitate
the
discovery
of
data
like
the
metadata
example,
but
blockchain
must
have
to
be
used
to
actually
convey
the
data
so
once
organization,
the
second
Doctor
discovers
hey.
There's
this
x-ray
I
need
to
get
that
x-ray
that
doesn't
need
to
go
through
the
blockchain.
You
don't
want
it
to
go
through
the
blockchain,
it
can
go,
secure,
direct
peer-to-peer,
the
role
of
a
blockchain
is
facilitating
is
a
discovery
and
the
requests
to
have
questions.
A
A
Like
why
you
would
do
that,
why
you
would
do
it
on
chain
versus
off,
so
let's
say
yeah.
So
so,
let's
say
that
you're,
like
one
of
the
common
use
cases
in
healthcare,
is
pre-authorization.
So
let's
say
you're
gonna
go
for
an
expensive
medical
treatment.
You
want
to
make
sure
with
your
health
care
insurance
company
that
that's
going
to
be
paid.
If
you
do
it
not
discover
later.
Oh
sorry,
we're
not
going
to
cover
that.
So
you
do
what's
called
a
pre-authorization,
and
today
those
pre
authorizations
go
for
the
provider.
A
The
doctor
to
the
insurance
company
and
they're
transferred
back
there's
certain
formats
without
blockchain,
and
then,
if
you
introduce
blockchain,
you
know
those
connections
can
be
made
through
the
blockchain
and
the
data
can
be
exchanged
through
a
request
in
the
response.
But
you
know
sort
of
layer.
One
use
case
would
be
symbol:
preauth
request
on
the
blockchain
that
payer
picks
it
up
and
says:
okay
I
got
a
process
that
they
process
it
in
the
big
enterprise
system.
A
A
Let
me
let
me
let
me
elaborate,
so
that's
like
a
layer.
One
remember
I
showed
you
in
the
beginning:
that's
like
a
layer,
one
use
case
blockchain
just
conveying
the
data
and
they're
requesting
the
response,
but
if
you
find
that
like
and
I'm
it's
hypothetical
right,
but
let's
say
80%
of
authorizations
are
trivial
in
terms
of
logic
in
that
payer
system.
Okay,
there's
some
very
complex
ones,
and
you
can't
put
those
on
blockchain
it's
just
they
don't
want
to.
A
Maybe
it's
intellectual
property,
but
let's
say
80%
of
them
are
trivial
and
you
could
just
put
those
on
blockchain
and
when
you
put
smart
contracts
on
blockchain,
then
as
soon
as
the
provider
says
to
the
blockchain
I
here's
this
payoff.
If
that
node
has
that
smart
contract,
it
can
actually
run
it
right
then,
and
there
and
give
them
an
instant
answer
versus
if
they
send
the
request
on
blockchain
and
that
pays
offline
or
they're
backlogged
with
data
could
take
them
days
to
put
the
response
back
on
blockchain
versus.
A
If
it's
a
smart
contract,
it
happens
instantaneously
right
so
there's
speed.
Advantages
is
efficiency.
Advantages
there's
reliability,
advantages
because
you
no
longer
depend
on
that
single
point
of
failure
that
enterprise
system
on
the
other
side
of
the
blockchain
make
sense.
Okay,
so
so,
whatever
one
of
the
side
effects
are
being
minimal
but
sufficient
with
what
data
you
put
on
blockchain,
is
it
kind
of
limits?
A
What
kind
of
smart
contracts
you
can
do,
because
smart
contracts
can
only
work
with
the
data
that
they
see
on
the
blockchain
right,
so
smart
contract
kind
of
gets
triggered
by
a
certain
type
of
data
appearing
on
the
blockchain
like
it
sees
a
request
for
an
authorization
it
gets
triggered.
It
gets
invoked.
If
you
will
it's
looking
to
see
like
what
do
I
know
and
can
I
make
this
decision,
it
can
only
see
what's
on
the
blockchain
right.
A
So,
if
you're
being
very
frugal
about
what
you
put
on
blockchain
it
kind
of
limits,
the
kind
of
richness
of
smart
contracts
you
can
do,
but
through
time
as
blockchain
proves
itself
with
one
use
cases
more
use.
Cases
are
stacked.
On
top,
the
richness
of
data
on
the
blockchain
will
increase
the
scope
of
the
kinds
of
smart
contracts.
You
can
do
on
that,
blockchain
will
increase
and
you
know
it'll
take
off,
but
some
are
contracts.
A
A
Early
with
your
use
case
is
what
performance
do
I
need
and
transactions
per
second,
and
is
the
blockchain
up
to
that
right
like
if
I
need
millions
of
transactions
a
second,
it
may
not
be
the
best
use
case
for
a
blockchain
I
mean
you
could
do
batching
of
transactions
and
that
kind
of
thing,
but
there's
trade-offs
of
latency
versus
throughput,
so
think
about
performance
and
the
other
dimension
of
performance.
Is
you
don't
want
to
put
heavy
data
on
the
blockchain
like
in
in
healthcare?
A
We
have
genomic
data,
which
can
run
into
hundreds
of
gigabytes
per
patient.
We've
got
huge
images
like
high-resolution
cat
scans
or
MRIs,
and
you
don't
want
to
be
putting
that
kind
of
data
on
blockchain,
because
it's
even
you
know,
privacy,
compliance
and
security
issues
aside.
That
data
is
super
heavy
and
if
you
put
it
on
one
node
of
the
Block
in
the
shared
ledger,
it
needs
to
be
replicated
to
all
the
other
shared
Ledger's
right.
A
So
so
for
performance
reasons,
you
want
to
keep
that
heavy
data
off
and
think
about
throughput
early,
because
not
all
use
cases
lend
themselves
well
to
blockchain
in
general
blockchain
is
is,
is
good
at
use
cases
that
span
a
consortium
and
where
there's
fairly
lightweight
data
and
where
there's
fairly
stable
data,
because
one
of
the
things
we
didn't
talk
about
is,
if
I
put
data
on
the
blockchain
and
it
needs
to
be
changed.
How
do
I
do
that?
A
If
it's
immutable
right
well,
the
answer
is,
you
could
put
an
updated
record
on
the
blockchain
appended
on
and
that
updated
one
supersedes
the
original.
The
problem
is,
if
you
have
data,
that's
changing
on
a
minute-by-minute
or
daily
daily
basis,
you're
posting
new
stuff
to
that
blockchain
like
every
day
just
to
update
it
right
and
your
blockchain
grows
and
grows
every
time.
You
do
that.
So
generally,
blockchain
lends
itself
better
to
stable
data
data
that
doesn't
change
too
frequently
data.
It's
very
volatile
results
in
a
very
chatty
blockchain
and
you'll
end
up
set
training.
A
All
of
you
throughput
in
your
bandwidth
with
just
changes,
not
new
data
coming
in
so
think
about
the
stability
of
data
as
well.
So
we
talked
about
how
consortiums
are
key
to
success,
with
blockchain,
defining
a
consortium,
engaging
them
getting
to
a
pilot
and
then
getting
to
the
case
study
where
you
can
get
the
consortium
to
attest
to
the
business
value
and
that's
your
foothold
to
scale
scale
in
terms
of
the
size
of
your
consortium
scale
in
terms
of
new
use
cases
you
can
add
on
those
are
really
key
points.
A
I
hope
will
you'll
take
back
with
you
now,
a
little
bit
more
on
the
blockchain
sort
of
what
we're
seeing
and
I'm.
Not.
This
is
not
blockchain
religion.
None
of
what
I
gave
you
today
is
blockchain
religion.
It's
really
where
the
rubber
meets
the
road
based
on
what
I'm,
seeing
in
my
day,
job
and
you
know
as
chair
of
the
hims
blockchain
task
force
and
so
on.
A
But
what
we're
seeing
is
sort
of
this
blockchain
island
phenomenon
happening
now,
where
the
different
use
cases,
the
different
consortio
they're,
all
doing
their
private
blockchains,
and
so
you
have
these
private
blockchain
islands
and
but
over
time
we
see
you
know
that
they
will
get.
Some
of
them
will
get
to
pilot.
Some
of
them
will
get
to
case
study,
those
ones
that
show
the
value
with
respectable
consortium.
Members
will
scale
and
the
island
will
grow
and
those
are
bent
lit.
A
They
will
be
selected
out
right,
there's
a
kind
of
a
diversification
happening,
there's
going
to
be
a
natural
selection,
it's
starting
to
happen
in
healthcare,
and
you
know
the
ones
that
are
selected
because
they
showed
business
value
will
grow
and
what
we'll
see
on
the
spectrum
between
private
and
extreme
sort
of
fragmentation,
blockchain
islands
towards
public
is
the
bigger
those
islands
grow.
We
start
moving
towards
public
blockchain
on
the
spectrum.
Overtime
is
one
way
one
way
we're
looking
at
it.
A
It's
going
to
be
gradual
right,
so
I,
don't
know
how
we're
doing
we're
I
guess
who
went
a
little
bit
over,
but
one
of
the
things
I
want
to
encourage
it.
If
you'd
like
to
connect
I
post
a
lot
on
on
LinkedIn
and
Twitter
Bruce
knows,
and
this
field
changes
rapidly,
especially
where
blockchain
meets
a
eye
and
that
kind
of
things.
A
So,
if
you'd
like
to
connect
with
me,
I,
actually
mixed
up
those
icons,
the
email
should
be
the
the
Twitter
one
is:
is
yeah
so
anyway,
Twitter's
at
the
bottom
go
ahead
and
reach
out
to
me
on
Twitter
or
LinkedIn
or
email
me
be
happy
to
take
any
additional
questions,
but
I
think
we
have
a
little
bit
of
time
now.
Marissa
is
that!
Is
that
correct?
Okay,
any
other
questions
was
there
anything
you
were
hoping
to
hear
today
that
I
didn't
get
to.
A
A
A
Absolutely
like,
if
you
in
healthcare,
one
of
the
ones
that
is
closely
followed,
is
a
group
called
the
synaptic
Health
Care
Alliance
and
that's
often
United
Health
Group,
that's
Humana,
that's
I!
Think
Ethne
is
in
that
group
now,
but
quest
Diagnostics,
you
guys
probably
know
from
lab
visits
and
so
on:
multi
plan
health
etc.
So
that
that
pilot
there
piloting
a
use
case
called
provider
directory
and
it's
provided
directory
information.
A
That's
maintained
today,
independently
by
providers
and
payers
and
Seb
blockchain
can
be
used
to
do
that
collectively,
right
in
cut
cost
etc,
but
they
started
off.
Their
strategy
was
minimum
viable
networks,
so
they
very
intentionally
limited
the
number
of
participants
in
their
phase.
One
pilot:
they
said:
okay,
we've
got
three
they're
all
highly
respected.
We
don't
need
50
to
show
this
right,
and
so
you
want
to
keep
that
consortium
manageable,
because
one
of
the
things
you've
run
into
with
a
big
huge
consortium.
A
Is
it's
hard
to
get
agreement
it's
hard
to
govern,
so
keep
your
network
viable
initially
and
then
before
we
saw
to
your
question,
is
you
know
once
they
proved
out
their
phase?
One
pilot?
You
know
they
started
letting
more
and
more
organizations
join
in.
But
what
are
the
key
things
we
didn't
get
to
talk
about
a
whole
lot
here
is
governance.
Governance
of
the
consortium
is
a
non-trivial
thing
that
you
need
to
start
thinking
about
as
you're
getting
towards
production.
That
consortium
is
growing.
A
How
do
you
govern
it
like
if
you're
gonna
add
a
new
use
case,
getting
consensus
if
you're
going
to
change
a
certain
format
or
at
a
certain
smart
contract?
How
do
you
get
consensus
across
that,
like?
How
do
you
manage
the?
How
do
you
manage
the
Boche
I
mean
seeing
some
of
this
with
with
big
networks
like
aetherium
already?
Is
it
some
of
it's
because
they
can't
reach
consensus
right,
not
consensus
in
the
blockchain
sort
of
protocol
sense,
but
consensus
as
far
as
the
stakeholders
so
yeah
good
question?
Sorry,
there
was
another
one.
A
I
think
there
will
be
Kennedy.
I
can't
speak
to
the
status
of
that
particular
pilot.
That
Walmart
was
driving
their
announcement
in
January,
those
and
I
believe
it's
still
ongoing
when
they
get
to
production
and
years.
Others
in
the
works
as
well,
but
once
they
get
to
production
and
they
open
it
up.
Okay,
anybody
can
join
here's
the
rules
right
either
you've
got
to
pay
a
license
fee
or
you
know:
here's
how
to
connect
etc.
A
There
will
be
opportunities
for
all
kinds
of
players
in
the
supply
chain
and
one
of
the
wonderful
opportunities
there
is
quality
control,
so
organizations
that
plug
in
and
they
get
hold
of.
Let's
say
it's:
it's
a
spinach
supply
chain
and
they
get
hold
of
spinach
today.
You
know,
if
there's
an
assertion,
this
is
organic.
You
kind
of
have
to
take
it
at
face
value
right,
but
what,
if
you
had
an
organization
in
that
supply
chain
that
could
access
the
blockchain,
they
could
go
by
spinach
anywhere
and
they
could
test
it.
Does
this
have
pesticide?
A
Does
it
have
herbicide?
You
know?
Is
it
really?
Organic
can
I
prove
that
it
actually
came
from
an
organic
farm
and
you
know,
and
then
they
can
publish
a
results
on
blockchain
in
because
I
think
there's
a
lot
of
fraud
in
the
there's,
a
huge
amount
of
fraud
in
the
healthcare
system
with
counterfeit
drugs
and
stuff
there's
a
huge
amount
of
fraud
in
the
food
industry
as
well
with
people
are
certain
stuff
as
organic.
A
B
A
Really
interesting
question
so
if
let's
say,
there's
two
islands
and
at
some
point,
they've
they're
both
been
successful,
but
it
may
sense
for
them
to
merge,
but
ones
using
hot
deliver
fabric
and
the
other
ones
using
our
3/4.
How
do
you
make
them
work
together,
right
and
I?
Don't
know
how
that's
gonna
pan
out
I
mean
it
is
possible
to
make
integration
points
it's
hard
to
ensure
consensus
and
all
of
the
reliability
and
so
forth.
If
you
have
a
single
point
of
failure,
that's
integrating
the
islands
so
I
think
in
the
near
term.
A
Probably
what
we'll
we'll
see
is
you
can
have
a
heterogeneous
deployment
architecture
where
you
can
put
block
chain
nodes,
some
on-prem,
some
in
the
cloud
and
even
different
clouds,
but
within
a
given
block
chain
Network
all
of
the
nodes
have
to
speak
the
same
consensus
protocol
right
so
the
nodes
in
order
to
negotiate
like
how
did
the
shared
ledger,
change
or
what's
valid,
you
know
and
and
be
able
to
maintain
the
consistency
and
validity
of
the
shared
Ledger's.
They
all
have
to
speak
the
same
language.
They
could
be
implemented
with
different
stacks.
A
One
might
be
c-sharp.
The
other
one
Python
or
something
right,
but
they
all
have
to
speak
the
same
protocol
for
consensus,
I,
dunno
initiatives
to
like
I
think
the
NHS
was
exploring
this
is
they
had
extreme
requirements
for
like
beat
to
be
vendor-neutral,
so
they
didn't
want
to
be
locked
into
one
sort
of
blockchain
platforms.
So
I
don't
know
the
status,
but
they
were
working
on.
How
could
we
facilitate,
even
though
firm
choices
of
the
blockchain
platform
working
together?
A
But
you
start
to
compromise
on
on
some
of
the
the
values
of
blockchain
in
terms
of
reliability
and
immutability
and
that
stuff,
if
you
don't,
actually
have
a
fully
baked
consensus
algorithm?
If
you
have
those
single
points
and
failure
integrating
two
disparate
islands
yeah,
that's
my
take
on
it.
We
might
see
it
involved
some
other
way
or
some
magical
way
to
bridge
them.
Come
up
I'm,
not
aware
of
that
happening.
Yet.
Okay,
yeah
another
question
at
the
back
yeah.
A
Interesting
questions
so
yeah
the
questions
were
how
do
I'm
going
to
take
for
blockchain
to
get
mass
adoption
or
be
transformational,
and
it's
going
to
vary
by
industry
right
and
I.
Think
healthcare
is
about
five
to
ten
years
out
was
actually
there's
a
Gartner
hype
cycle
that
I
published
on
my
my
Twitter
in
my
LinkedIn
just
a
couple
of
days
ago.
Do
you
guys
connect
to
me?
A
You
can
see
it
my
feed
there,
but
it
basically
shows
that
the
industry
and
what
the
time
horizon
is
for
transformational
impact
not
like
one
or
two
consortium
doing
it,
but
impact
across
the
whole
industry
for
healthcare
I
think
they
said
it's
going
to
take
five
to
ten
years,
but
I
think
some
of
some
are
further
ahead,
like
financial
services,
probably
two
to
three
years,
maybe
I
think
right
now.
What
we're
seeing,
certainly
and
highly
regulated
industries
is
a
lot
of
piloting
going
on
and
some
will
be
eliminated.
A
A
The
public-
oh
yes,
thank
you!
So
will
they
move
from
private
blockchain
to
public
blockchain
I?
Think
it's
gonna
vary
by
use
case,
like
some
use
cases
lend
themselves
really
well
to
public
blockchain,
like
even
just
within
healthcare,
where
you
think
there
isn't
really
a
good
one,
because
healthcare
data
is
so
sensitive.
If
it's
information
on,
like
you,
know,
public
health,
like
it's
an
anonymized,
it's
not
you're,
not
putting
any
particular
patient
information
on
the
blockchain,
but
you're
publishing
hey.
There
were
three
cases
of
Ebola
in
this
state
right.
B
A
So
if
we
look
on
the
spectrum
of
like
the
transformational
impact,
I
mean
it
could
vary
in
terms
of
the
amount
of
impact
it
just
kind
of
depends
on
the
uptake
and
the
scenario
you're
painting
out
is
an
extreme
transformation.
I
mean
it
could
turn
the
internet
upside
down.
Today
we
have
a
lot
of
big
social
media
companies
and
other
companies
that
are
collecting
a
lot
of
data
and
they've
got
massive
troves
of
data
right.
A
Well,
if
you
turn
that
on
its
head,
so
that
data
remains
decentralized
and
there
is
no
single
point
of
hoarding
data.
There's
huge
privacy
reasons
why
that
would
be
a
good
thing
and
you
know
and
mitigating
risk
of
hacking
right.
If
you
have
a
huge
database
in
one
place,
it
becomes
a
sort
of
huge
attractor
for
for
hacking
and
breaches.
A
You
know
for
file
storage
right.
You
could
potentially
decentralize
that
on
blockchain
right
anybody
could
put
their
computer
online
and
say:
okay,
you
can
use
a
terabyte
of
this
for
decentralized
blockchain,
based
file,
storage
and
whoever
wants
file
storage.
Just
you
know,
do
it
through
this
blockchain
and
you
could
do
compute
sharing
like
that.
You
could
do
ooh,
BRR
type
things,
any
kind
of
gig
economy
sharing
economy
type
thing
could
find
its
way
there
or
even
social
media.
Even
YouTube.
There's,
there's
D
to
buy
think
as
a
decentralized
version
which
does
video
so.
B
B
A
It's
highly
likely
that
in
the
longer
term,
some
of
the
transformational
impact
you
outline
will
happen,
but
I
think
you
know
just
candidly
right
now,
I
think
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
us,
a
lot
of
the
industry
and
general
consumer
base
is
going
through
a
bit
of
a
trough
of
disillusionment
without
with
blockchain.
You
know
three
years
ago
it
was
like
you
know
huge
right
and
everybody
was
talking
about
a
Bitcoin.
Was
it
like
twenty
thousand
dollars?
And
you
know
it's
bounced
around
since
then,
and
blockchains
lost
some
of
its
gloss.
A
So
in
the
point
where
we
are
in
the
trough
of
disillusionment,
I
think
it's
super
important
that
anything
we
do
with
blockchain
we're
not
doing
because
of
blockchain
we're
doing,
because
it
delivers
value
right.
It
delivers
value
to
patients
or
to
organizations
or
once
we
get
through
that,
and
it
proves
itself
and
again
the
low-hanging
fruit
is
existing
use
cases,
existing
consortium
drop,
blockchain
and
proves
itself
out,
and
then
you've
got
a
solid
foothold
to
grow
into
some
of
these
transformational
use
cases.
A
What
we
don't
want
to
do-
or
we
don't
recommend
doing,
is
if
you
go
in
and
preach,
you
know
this
is
going
to
turn
your
world
upside
down.
You
know
start
doing
it
now
or
you're
going
to
be
disrupted.
It's
not
a
good
recipe
for
success.
In
our
experience,
it's
it's
better
to
focus
on
the
business
value,
at
least
for
the
enterprise
consortium
use
cases.
You
might
have
a
consumer
facing
news
case
upload
your
video
here,
because
you
can
monetize
it
not
there.
Maybe
that
will
succeed,
I,
don't
know,
but
focus
on
the
value.
A
I
think
is
the
key
thread
yeah
interesting
yeah.
How
are
we
doing
for
time?
Marissa?
You
almost
had
sex
one
more
question
anything
else.
We
missed
that
you
guys
were
hoping
to
hit.
We've
covered
a
lot
but
and
if
you
think
of
something
later
just
reach
out
to
me
on
LinkedIn
on
email
whatever,
and
if
you
guys
want
the
slide
decks
I
think
they
recorded
this
whole
session.
They
have
a
copy
of
the
slides,
I
think
I'll
post
it
with
the
video.