►
From YouTube: IETF99-GAIA-20170719-1520
Description
GAIA meeting session at IETF99
2017/07/19 1520
https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/99/proceedings/
A
A
For
everyone's
benefit,
the
Charter
for
Gaia
is
online.
So
please,
if
you
need
to
see
what
the
Charter
is,
take
a
look,
I
refreshed
myself
today
and
have
a
look,
so
you
can
see
what
the
purpose
is
from
a
research
side
from
across
the
IETF
side.
Otherwise,
I'm
supposed
to
tell
all
the
speakers,
you
must
stand
in
this
pink
box
because
you
have
to
speak
into
this
microphone
for
the
remote
participants
to
hear
you
a
and
B
so
that
it's
recorded.
A
So
the
other
thing
for
you
all
to
know
and
I'm
gonna
pull
it
up
right
now.
There
are
some
rules
of
the
road
with
respect
to
these
meetings
and
you've
probably
heard
that
from
everybody
and
any
other
session
you've
been
in
there
are
blue
sheets
circulating.
We
need
you
to
sign
up,
so
there
are
blue
sheets
on
a
clipboard
who
has
it
waive
it?
A
Note,
well
is
everyone
familiar
with
this?
You
agree
as
a
participant
in
this
room
that
your
contributions
are
part
of
the
proceedings
here.
This
isn't
overly
legalistic,
but
this
is
important
from
a
legal
perspective
from
an
IP
perspective,
given
we're
here
to
share
information
about
the
great
work
people
are
doing
around
the
world,
it
really
isn't
from
overly
legalistic,
but
if
you
were
in
another
session
and
you're
a
company
or
you're,
just
you're
an
individual
coming
in
here
to
talk
about
a
certain
standard
IP,
sometimes
intellectual
property
comes
into
the
picture
here.
A
It's
our
expectation
that
that's
not
the
case,
but
please
make
yourself
familiar
with
this.
Does
anyone
need
me
to
read
it
for
those
online
I,
don't
think
so,
and
for
those
online
that
can
hear
us,
we
can't
hear
you
so
we're
gonna
bump
you
to
the
last
part
of
the
agenda,
so
Roche
from
grief.
Annette
is
gonna,
go
first,
I'm
gonna
pull
up
Rosie's
presentation
in
about
two
seconds,
but
is
there
anything
that
anyone
else
has
questions
about
before
we
get
started?
A
Okay,
great
and
I'm,
just
making
sure
I
have
everything
checked
off?
You
all
know
about
the
blue
sheets.
Please
sign
them.
We
have
the
note.
Well,
otherwise,
we're
gonna
get
under
way,
but
the
key
thing
for
all
of
us
to
know
sort
of
as
a
level
set
we're
here
today
to
talk
about
important
ways
for
people
to
have
more
access
to
connectivity.
I
think
all
of
you
know
that
connectivity
brings
economic
and
social
development
technology's
getting
cheaper.
There
are
better
ways
to
deploy
technology
for
development.
A
It's
a
key
thing
that
many
of
us
in
this
room
focus
on
for
our
daily
lives,
which
is
a
great
job
to
have
so.
The
key
thing
for
Gaia
now
is
what
we're
really
interested
in
doing
speaking
in
absentia
for
for
Arjuna
as
well,
we're
keen
to
reboot
Gaia
so
that
it's
beneficial
to
the
IETF
to
all
of
you
and
to
bring
some
energy
back
into
the
group
to
see.
If
there's
a
way,
we
can
look
at
putting
an
RFC
together,
informational
and
just
how
we
can
do
that
as
a
collaborative.
A
So
this
is
bottom
up,
community
driven
collaboration.
If
anyone
has
any
questions,
we
can
take
them
afterwards
about
what
that
means.
There
are
some
seats
down
front
if
anyone
sit
great
so
again,
I'm
Jane
I'm,
one
of
the
co-chairs,
along
with
Leandro
Roche
from
Gwinnett,
is
going
to
be
up.
We
are
going
to
keep
to
a
strict
time.
That
was
something
that
we
had
heard
from
feedback
from
others.
A
So
is
fascinating
and
awesome
as
these
presentations
are
gonna,
be
there
about
eight
minutes
long
with
two
minutes,
two
questions
we
hope
for
more
questions
after
and
if
people
feel
really
motivated,
you
could
take
it
outside
to
the
coffee
and
maybe
the
bar,
but
we're
just
gonna,
try
and
keep
on
track
here,
because
we've
got
such
great
people
presenting
we're
gonna.
Do
that
any
questions
before
we
get
started
cool
okay,
Roche
you're
gonna
be
up,
and
we
need
you
to
stand
in
this
box.
B
Here,
I'm,
going
to
present
research
work,
we've
been
carrying
out
for
two
years,
I
come
from
definite,
which
is
a
community
network
and
taking
advantage
of
this
situation,
my
connections
with
other
members.
We
came
up
with
some
ideas
and
how
to
to
move
this
forward,
and
here
I'm
gonna
present,
essentially
cloudy,
but
the
idea
of
community
clouds
as
open
comments-
and
this
is
a
very
important
detail.
We
claim
that
we
are
in
giving
it.
We
are
developing
community
network
in
comments,
and
this
has
a
very
a
lot
of
implications.
B
B
Anyway,
so
I
will
make
a
short
thing
or
I'm
already
making
the
assumption
explaining.
Why
and
what's?
What's
the
the
inspiration,
then
I
will
explain
you
how
we
alright
thanks
so
yeah
they
just
the
research
bang
we
followed,
then
the
short
comparison
between
the
community
clout
and
beef
in
it
and
finally,
I
will
just
finally
present
Claudia.
So,
as
I
said,
the
Commons
honor
and
acknowledge
model
for
managing
resources,
they
are
community
driven.
B
This
is
very
important
and
we
also
distinguish
with
the
concept
or
introduce
the
open
comments,
because
some
of
the
Commons
are
closed
and
ma
and
make
sense
of
their
close
just
thing
about,
for
instance,
a
fishing
ground
or
watering
system.
The
capacity
the
production
capacity
of
that
resource
is
limited.
On
the
contrary,
if
we
think
about
the
human-made
infrastructures
like
networks,
we
can
expand
them
more
and
more
so,
and
this
can
be
done
as
open
comments.
B
We
came
up
with
the
concept
of
community
clouds,
because
a
network
without
content
doesn't
make
sense,
so
how
to
help
to
develop
local
and
local
locality
is
another
key
issue
in
in
all
this
story.
How
to
help
to
develop
contents
to
may
give
sense
to
the
to
the
network
as
a
whole.
So
the
first
question
is:
are
they
are
these
comedic
clouds
visible?
And
if
so,
can
they
be
sustainable?
What
we
did
well,
we
studied
the
goofiness
case.
B
We
came
up
inspired
by
definite
because
there
is
a
full
frame
of
governance
and
how
to
do
things
in
giving
it
and
just
to
give
you
an
idea.
At
the
moment
there
are
more
than
330
thousand
working
nodes
in
definite
close
to
forty
thousand.
We
there
are,
there
are
about
between
1550
and
100
notes
attached
every
week.
So
these
demands
a
lot
of
well
clear
participation
rules.
We
translated
this
into
a
framework
for
the
community
cloud.
B
Then
we
identified
what
was
the
the
enabler
or
the
initial
interval,
and
we
came
up
with
the
the
software
stack.
Is
that
the
first
thing
to
be
developed,
and
then
once
we
had,
the
software
double
stack
developed?
We
came
with
a
feasibility
analysis
and
then
we
studied
this
or
start
studying
the
sustainability,
because
this
is
an
ongoing
work.
So
what
we
do
in
in
definite?
Essentially,
we
are
building.
This
is
the
three
layers
we
have:
the
physical
layer,
the
network
layer
and
the
service
layer,
the
service
line.
B
It's
what
gives
sense
to
the
rest,
because
the
you,
the
users,
want
what
they
want
are
essentially
services.
They
don't
care
about.
Pings
I,
don't
care
about
jitters,
they
don't
care
about
nothing
since
they
don't
care
about
em
pill,
yeah,
anything
else,
so
in
giving
that
what
we
do
is
to
say
that
we
built
and
operate
so
the
first
and
the
second
layer
network
infrastructure,
open
and
participatory.
Based
on
that,
we
proposed
to
build
the
yes
and
the
passed
layers
as
well
as
open
comments,
and
this
is
what
we
call
the
community
cloud
similarities.
B
We
have
similar
stakeholders,
meaning
that
we
have
volunteers,
we
have
enterprises,
we
have
public
administrations
and
we
have
governing
bodies
involved.
The
participation
framework
attire
at
high
level
looks
quite
quite
close,
the
same
so
thus
for
the
economic
tools
and
the
communication
and
coordinate
coordinating
tools,
and
there
are
some
common
enablers
like
the
need
of
having
a
set
of
technology,
ready
to
be
used
and
early
adopters
and
so
on,
but
there
are
also
differences
the
boundaries.
What
is
it
about?
In
the
first
case?
B
B
This
is,
are
the
internal
components
and
then-
and
this
infrastructure
is
already
built
over
the
top
of
another
one,
which
is
the
network
and,
as
I
said
before,
we
identified
the
software
starting
to
develop,
and
this
is
what
we
do
so.
Essentially,
we
put
in
place
some
yes
and
pass
components
to
let
the
people
or
start
providing
SAS
and
essentially-
and
this
is
probably
the
two
last
transparencies
here-
are
what
we,
what
we
need
for
BMS,
we
we
do
it
with
token
and
BMS
are
necessary
to
for
the
rest
of
things.
B
Then
we
also
activated
and
history
what
we
call
doesn't
win
discovery
service.
This
is
essential
in
a
distributed,
an
open
network
where
people
can
contribute
in
a
disk,
coordinated
manner.
Contents,
it's
something
that
was
really
neat
and
was
a
demand
of
the
community,
because
it's
otherwise
well
it's
difficult
to
track.
B
What's
inside,
we
also
have
usually
authentication
for
many
applications,
rely
on
that,
and
then
we
have
a
semi-circle
translator
which
are
now
implemented
with
over
the
local
component,
and
then
we
also
added
some
of
some
services
that
are
very
popular
in
deep
net,
which
are
essentially
the
proxy
and
the
graph
server
and
DNS.
These
are
net
tools
that
are
needed
to
handle
than
the
community,
the
community
network
and
for
SAS
we
implemented
synchronized
sinking,
which
is
a
distributed
file,
storage
and
then
the
peer
steamer.
B
And
what
we
evaluated
was
this
the
file
storage
service
as
first
exploration
of
the
sustainability.
The
conclusions
is
that
gives
PC.
Well
now
it's
used
the
experimentation
to
are
done
in
I,
don't
know
about
the
time
all
right
and
then
questions
or
okay.
So
we
we
made,
we
may
employment
indefinite
or
we
start
there
and
there
are
about
60
or
more
clouds
code
is
not
working
there,
so
yeah,
and
this
is
how
it
look
like
we.
We
also
it's
all
managed
through
a
website.
C
D
B
Is
the
first
stage
and
we
very
local
and
there's
fusing
little
dissemination,
but
we
have
well
60
dog,
totally
running
cloudy,
and
here
the
key
issue
is
to
find
something
that
gives
value
to
this
infrastructure.
This
is
the
same
case
as
the
network.
If
there
is
no
a
key
or
something
that
give
value,
it
will
be
a
nice
piece
of
software
we
have
developed,
but
it's
utilized
and
the
same
happens
with
the
network.
E
F
E
B
A
Next
step
is
Nico
pate
from
ultra
Mundi
and
Nico
will
tell
you
who
he
is
and
what
he
does
and
but
just
to
remind
folks,
blue
sheets.
Please
sign
we're,
keeping
to
eight
minutes
per
presenter
two
minutes
of
questions.
Hopefully,
people
are
around
after
if
you
have
more
questions
but
we're
having
all
of
these
folks
speak
here
today,
so
that
we
can
try
and
reboot
some
good
work,
but
also
for
you
to
know
about.
What's
going
on
around
the
world
with
some
really
cool
bottom-up
community
based
connectivity
projects.
G
Okay,
Thank
You
Shane.
Well,
my
name
is
Nicolas
I'm
part
of
a
grassroots
organization.
That's
called
Alta
Mundi,
we
promote
net
networks,
so
this
is
a
very
bad
photo
for
a
slide.
Sorry,
the
community
is
installing
wireless
link
and
we
we
promote
communities
inside
the
networks,
so
community
networks
and
networks
in
communities-
and
we
I
want
to
share
with
you
the
last
year
of
work
that
we
have
been
doing.
So.
This
is
not
something
that
we
have
been
doing.
G
So
this
is
something
that
we
have
been
doing
together
with
many
other
community
network
members
leaving
a
mesh
is
one
of
them.
So
liberal
mesh
is
a
distribution
software
operating
system
for
community
networks.
This
operating
system
modifies
how
routers
work
to
turn
them
into
devices
that
are
that
helped
community
networks
they
grow
and
it's
not
only
distribution.
It's
a
meta
distribution,
so
each
community
with
each
particular
can
create
their
own
software
that
runs
on
routers
that
allows
them
to
create
networks.
G
If
you
want
to
be
you're
the
owner
of
the
of
the
network,
you
need
to
understand
how
it
works,
but
for
this
we
make
it
as
easy
as
possible
and
the
people
for
the
people
to
be
able
to
deploy
the
neighbor
without
having
to
learn
all
these
complex
stuff
that
we
did
with
so
the
default
configuration
of
this
software
allows
has
a
dual
layer:
mesh
routing
strategy
that
allow
people
not
only
to
create
networks
around
buildings
or
villages,
small
villages
automatically.
Let's
say
you
know
they
don't
have
to
do
anything
to
make
the
network
work.
G
It's
just
works,
but
also
allows
communities
to
connect
with
each
other
without
having
to
understand
how
this
works.
So
they
can
understand
how
it
works,
but
they
don't
need
to
understand
how
it
works,
so
it's
like
plugging
a
TV
or
but
with
networking,
and
we
try
to
abstract
this
idea
of
IP
addresses,
Macha
addresses
routing
and
all
of
that
behind
a
an
abstraction
layer
that
allows
people
to
relate
with
the
devices
with
names
instead
of
with
numbers,
and
it's
much
approach
all
in
this
way.
G
Also.
Well
thanks.
Thanks
to
this
two
layer
approach,
the
device
allows
the
mesh
allows
to
have
many
routes
that
take
you
to
the
same
place
dynamically.
So,
for
example,
in
a
common
scenario,
when
there
is
a
mesh
network
in
a
neighborhood,
let's
say-
and
many
neighbors
have
not
not
all
of
them,
but
some
of
them
have
internet
connect
connections
like
a
connection
that
gets
to
the
rest
of
the
networks.
G
They
can
share
the
connection
and
the
traffic
balance
itself
like
if
I'm
close
up
to
chain
that
has
connection
I,
can
go
through
her
instead
of
through
rojeck.
That
is
far
is
far
from
me
and
also
has
this
self-healing
and
roaming
capability.
So
if
the
network
for
any
reason
breaks
there
is
a
no
that
gets
down
or
the
connectivity
from
Jane
has
go
down.
So
the
routing
protocols
deal
with
these
equations
and
also
also
with
around
roaming.
G
So
you
could
get
metropolitan
area
network
like
a
village
network
where
you
can
walk
through
the
village
and
the
TCP
connections
stay
up.
So
it's
it's
like
GSM
networks,
but
with
home
technologies,
and
this
is
actually
pretty
scalable.
We
have
six
villages
network
in
Argentina,
for
example,
and
these
are
run
by
individuals
not
by,
but
nobody
non-technical
people.
G
So
it's
it's
good.
It's
it's
a
good
analogy,
but
this
this
approach
has
its
downsides.
So
first
it's
a
do-it-yourself
approach
because
these
devices
have
to
be
so.
You
have
to
a
device
that
that
was
thought
for
home
like
a
home
router,
and
you
have
to
change
the
software
that
comes
inside
the
device
and
then
you
have
to
create
a
weather,
sealed
box
to
put
it
in
your
ceiling,
and
then
you
have
to
create
to
put
using
a
dish
that
increases
the
gain
of
the
antenna
to
reach
further
distances.
G
So
it
has
a
lot
of
manual
engagement.
That
is
good
in
one
side,
because
people
makes
it
personal,
but
it's
bad
in
the
sense
that
it's
much
much
much
more
complex
to
deploy
at
larger
scales
and
sometimes
communities
want
to
deployment
at
larger
scales.
The
other.
The
other
topping
is
the
other
topic
is
that
is
router
dependent.
So
dissolution
requires
manufacturers
to
create
open
devices
for
us
devices
that
allowed
themselves.
They
are
permitted
to
change
the
software
that
comes
inside
them,
and
particularly
the
problem
is
that
we
are
manufacturing
dependent.
G
This
process
is
manufacturer,
dependent
and
something
that
happened
some
years
ago
that
it
was
the
FCC
lockdown,
so
FEC
ruled
that
the
devices
couldn't
be
modified.
The
software
that
can
to
the
inside
the
devices
couldn't
be
modified
anymore,
for
whatever
reasons
were
relevant
for
them,
but
for
community
networks
was
a
committee
networks
that
used
mesh
technologies
was
a
very
big
problem
because
they
they
they
from
that
open
moment
on.
They
lacked
the
raw
materials
to
create
the
network.
So
we
started
this
project.
G
They
live
around
the
project
that
is
again
not
all
term
on
this
project,
but
a
collaboration
between
1207
organizations
plus
for
fund
funders
so
liberator
is
an
open
software
and
open
open-source
software
and
open
source
hardware
router
for
community
networks
by
community
networks.
This
is
the
solution
that
we
found
to
prevent
from
here
on
these
these
situations.
G
The
device
comes
with
everything
that
communities
need
like
we
are
always
struggling
with.
For
example,
if
a
router
has
one
radio
at
2.40
I
have
my
radio.
What
if
it
has
a
to
perfect
for
gia,
has
radio,
then
it's
meshing
and
it's
sharing
with
the
community
at
the
same
time,
so
we
have
less
bandwidth
if
it
has
two
radios
which
radios
it
has
if
it
has
connectors
or
they
knit,
the
antennas
are
coming
solder
in
the
device.
G
G
It's
community
design
and
it's
open
source
Harvard
as
I
said,
and
it
was
up
it
is
being
because
it's
not
here
yet,
but
is
it,
is
being
a
collaboration
between
the
private
with
the
private
sector
for
the
manufacturing
and
the
design
and
distribution
of
the
device.
So
it
has
been
an
opportunity
for
us,
as
a
civil
and
as
grassroot
organization
to
approach
the
private
sector
and
create
a
synergy
between
us,
okay
and
what's
pending
for
us
for
Liberator,
at
least
for
this
period.
G
First
polishing,
the
Wi-Fi
right
drivers,
the
the
open-source
Wi-Fi
drivers,
are
lagging
behind
the
closed
source
and
they
are
buggy
so
problems
to
deal
with
TV
white
space.
This
frequency
that
has
been
freed.
We
are
working
on
these.
It
will
come
with
TV
white
space
capabilities
and
they
user
interface
and
what's
next
other
media's,
for
example,
fiber
and
coaxial-
to
be
it
for
community
to
engage
with
this
new
new
technologies.
G
H
It
was
a
really
small
person.
I
kneel
stand
over
icicle
19
super
cool
word.
Have
you
tried
working
with
the
tourist
omnia
router,
because
I
think
it's
one
of
the
only
open
source
and
open
hardware
routers
and
were
luckily
here
hosted
by
some
of
the
providers
of
those?
Have
you
looked
into
that
hardware?
We
have
done.
G
Very
thoughtful
dig
into
what's
available
and
there
are
devices
around,
but
none
of
them
are
fitted
to
the
needs
of
the
community
network
moment
yeah
like
if
this
device
comes
with
sulphide,
sheer
house
radio
at
2.4,
gigahertz
radio
spec.
So
we
dig
we
dig
into
this
and
we
ended
up
deciding,
but
we
we
are.
We
are
super
enthusiastic
about
having
more
people
doing
our
open.
However,
in
this
field,
because
it
might.
H
B
G
A
And
it
goes
around
if
people
have
questions
after
and
thank
you
we're
trying
to
keep
to
time.
I
know
it
seems
like
I
might
be
a
slave
driver
on
that,
but
we're
just
trying
Nielsen
to
your
question
about
equipment.
It's
one
of
the
biggest
things
we
see
out
there
of
problems.
If
you've
ever
dealt
with
customs,
we
get
switches
stuck
in
customs
for
three
months
at
cost
that
you
wouldn't
believe
and
we're
donating
the
equipment
and
I've
had
to
actually
show
up
in
a
country
again.
A
It
was
cheaper
for
me
to
fly
to
Tunisia
and
go
in
and
say
hey
ho.
What's
up
with
those
Cisco's,
forty
five
hundreds,
but
in
any
event
it
happens
and
it's
a
big
policy
issue
related
to
regulatory
as
well.
If
you
really
want
to
open
up
your
internet,
keep
it
in
jail,
doesn't
help
if
the
gears
in
the
customs
so
Gareth
you
are
up
next.
This
is
a
measurement,
a
cool
measurement
project,
Queen
Mary,
University,
Gareth,
Tyson.
I
Okay,
thank
you.
Thank
okay,
hi
Evan,
as
J
no
D
introduce.
My
name
is
Gareth
and
I'm
from
the
Queen
Mary
University
of
London,
but
you'll
immediately
notice
that
there's
lots
of
other
fuzzy
logos
on
this
presentation,
mainly
because
these
are
the
guys
who
did
the
real
work,
I'm
just
a
kind
of
attractive
person.
They
always
push
outs
to
do
up
in
their
behalf.
I'm
two
of
them
are
actually
sitting
here.
I
I'm
wishing
Josiah,
so
most
of
the
attitude
goes
to
them
anyway,
so
some
of
you
are
already
aware
of
some
of
the
measurement
work
we've
been
doing
in
Africa,
and
the
purpose
behind
this
very
short
presentation
is
just
to
give
people
a
brief
update.
So
the
premise
behind
the
work
that
we've
been
doing
is
pretty
straightforward.
The
internet,
you
know
Africa,
is
evolving
quickly.
That
means
understanding.
The
status
quo
is
difficult,
which
means
making
strategic
decisions.
I
Investment
decisions
that
logical
different
decisions
is
also
very
challenging,
so
we've
been
doing
a
bunch
of
measurements
on
the
continent
to
try
and
understand
how
that
change
is
happening
and
the
long
term
vision
is
to
try
and
take
all
these
measurements
together
and
put
them
into
an
integrated
platform
and
make
them
pretty
much
open
to
the
community.
So
you
can
just
click
a
few
buttons
and
find
out
exactly
what
is
important
to
you
at
the
time,
but
it's
not
that
trivial,
so
we're
not
really
at
the
stage
of
having
an
integrated
platform.
I
So
a
major
theme
of
the
work
that
we've
been
doing
is
looking
at
content
delivery
on
the
continent,
so
how
web
is
provided
to
people?
So
when
I
say
how
content
is
provided,
I
largely
mean
how
web
providers
and
CD
ends
have
deployed
in
the
continent.
How
would
they
make
it
accessible
to
their
users,
so
we've
been
generating?
Quite
a
few
plots
like
this,
so
this
one
on
the
Left
here
is
actually
for
Google,
so
this
is
mapping
the
Google
servers
available
to
people
on
the
continent.
I
So
the
first
thing
you'll
notice,
is
that
there's
actually
quite
a
few
dots
in
Africa,
but
at
the
same
time,
there's
even
larger
number
of
dots
spread
around
mostly
in
America
in
Europe.
So
this
pie
chart
shows
a
great
bang
for
you.
So
this
blue
part
here
is
the
number
of
servers
in
Africa.
Well,
obviously,
the
remaining
ones
Tikku
the
red
are
those
outside,
so
the
red
is
actually
in
the
united
states,
so
we've
been
doing
this
and
digging
into
it
to
try
and
find
the
key
bottleneck
so
that
we
can
alleviate
them.
I
But
of
course
one
of
the
main
bottlenecks
we
find
is
that
network
delay
in
Africa
is
much
larger
than
we
see
elsewhere.
So
we've
been
doing
studies
to
try
and
look
at
how
intra
Africa
connectivity's
there
and
how
routing
works.
So
this
heat
map,
for
instance,
shows
inter
country
delay
from
network
samples.
I
So
this
is
one
of
the
major
bottlenecks
that
makes
deploying
CDN
notes
quite
challenging.
So
another
major
theme
of
our
work
is
trying
to
look
at
how
network
operators
are
reacting
to
these
observations,
because
obviously,
operators
are
not
stupid.
They
see
these
things
happening
and
they
try
to
modify
their
behavior
to
reflect
them.
I
What
we
found
is
that
indeed,
Africa
is
a
far
higher
level
of
web
caches
than
most
of
the
regions
in
the
world.
To
give
you
some
context
here,
Europe
has
about
8%
of
networks
with
web
caches
that
we
observed.
Why
is
that
about
36%
for
Africa?
So
it's
much
higher,
so
I
just
want
to
end
with
a
few
final
thoughts,
because
those
are
three
of
the
studies
that
been
running
concurrently
at
the
moment,
but
they
weren't
easy
to
do
and
in
fact
they
involved
a
lot
of
hacking
just
to
get
them
working.
I
So
the
whole
theme
behind
this
work
has
been
to
try
and
put
together
a
solid
measurement
infrastructure
in
Africa,
so
that
we
can
actually
make
these
types
of
measurements
much
more
easy
and
much
more
methodical.
So,
just
to
give
you
an
idea
of
what
this
means,
this
graph
is
showing
data
from
the
previous
slide,
the
one
that's
looking
at
transparent
web
caches
and
these
bars
are
showing
the
number
of
sample
points
were
getting,
and
all
of
this
is
African
countries.
I
Apart
from
a
couple
example,
this
one
is
the
United
States
and
you
can
see
that
the
samples
that
managed
to
extract
from
Africa
is
far
lower
simply
because
our
penetration
advantage
points
are
much
more
limited,
which
means
that
the
veracity,
our
data
is
also
much
more
limited.
Another
cool
thing
that
we
need
to
start
thinking
about
is
how
we
can
actually
fine-tune
methodologies
to
work
for
Africa.
I
I
The
other
thing
I
want
to
say
is
that
these
types
of
studies
we're
doing
and
not
just
for
fun.
The
idea
is
to
try
and
push
this
towards
a
type
of
system
that
allows
us
to
farm
recommendations,
ideally
recommendations
that
can
be
automatic,
that
individual
Network
providers
who
want
to
improve
their
infrastructure.
So
this
type
of
analysis
is
only
one
piece
of
the
puzzle
and
the
reason
I
say
that
is
because
we
believe
that
there
should
be
some
sort
of
community
effort.
I
I
So
there
was
some
other
pictures,
I
could,
but
they
were
far
more
erotic
in
nature,
so
the
shameless
plug
I'm,
giving
you
is
that
we're
actually
running
a
workshop
later
in
the
year
in
Nigeria
with
these
two
gentlemen.
Here
is
the
real
guys
who
were
doing
the
work.
It's
a
workshop,
specifically
looking
at
almost
perfect
time.
It's
a
workshop
specifically
looking
at
internet
measurements
in
Africa,
so
there's
a
URL
if
you're
interested
in
this.
If
you're
doing
in
this
work,
please
feel
free
to
click
on
it
and
yeah.
Take
a
look
questions.
I
So
so,
for
those
of
you
who
don't
already
know
ripe,
have
deployed
a
very
nice
platform
called
Atlas,
which
is
consisting
of
these
little
boxes,
which
you
can
take
away
and
plug
in
to
your
home
network,
your
office
network,
and
it
allows
kind
of
geeks
like
us
to
log
into
them
and
launch
certain
types
of
measurements.
So
we
use
those
quite
extensively.
I
So
the
first
study
was
done
extensively
over
Reika
parts
of
the
second
study
we've
done
over
ripe,
as
well
as
speed,
checker
as
well,
okay
and
then
the
third
one
we
didn't
do
over
ripe
and
the
reason
for
that
was
that
we
needed
two
slightly
more
fine-grained
control
over
the
W
gets
basically
so
wasn't
so
easy
to
do.
Yeah.
F
Things
because,
as
you
said
later
on,
of
course,
it's
essentially
the
measurements
you
know
can
only
be
done
and
they
get
more
and
more
useful.
The
more
the
bigger
the
platform
gets
and
the
more
of
these
little
probes
measurement
probes
you
have.
So
if
people
are
interested
to
host
one
of
those
probes
in
their
homes
or
in
our
networks,
then
I
might
be
happy
to
talk
to
you.
I
have
some
of
those
with
me,
so
maybe
then
we
can
increase
the
data
it.
You
know
you
can
collect
and
analyze
yeah
they're
for
free,
free.
E
One
minute,
thank
you
very
much
for
the
ride.
We've
been
using
it
quite
extensively.
One
of
the
challenges
we've
had
so
far
is
the
distribution
of
these
probes
at
AFRICOM
a
is
in
Nairobi.
We
give
a
presentation
at
a
workshop.
The
distribution
is
quite
problematic
in
many
of
the
places
in
Africa.
Some
of
the
countries
have
a
huge
distribution
of
them.
Other
countries
are
very,
very,
very
small
and
also
appear.
The
same
networks
have
a
lot
of
problems.
E
Some
networks
don't
have,
so
that's
why
we
want
to
work
on
a
methodology
that
helps
us
to
distribute
these
probes
in
a
more
efficient
manner,
so
that
the
coverage
is
more
disability
and
not
the
same.
The
same
networks
that
how
hundred
probes
and
others
have
zero.
Thank
you
so
much
for
the
probes.
We
are
also
distributing
some
of
them,
but
we
we
are
glad
to
have
more.
Thank
you.
Thank
you.
A
K
K
This
is
a
bit
of
an
update
of
what
we
been
up
to
on
the
community
networks
in
space
in
Africa.
So,
first
of
all
that
deeper
analysis
has
been
published.
I,
don't
have
to
go
through
it,
but
the
the
report
is
available
there
and
there
has
been
another
second
summit
on
community
net
was
in
Africa
that
took
place
during
the
african
internet
summit
that
I'm
gonna
go
through
it
in
more
detail
just
now,
but
the
materials
and
the
presentations
are
also
in
the
link
in
case.
You
want
to
check
them
out
about
the
deeper
analysis.
K
A
community
matter
is
not
simply
telecommunications
infrastructure
deployed
and
operated
by
citizens
to
meet
their
own
communication
needs
it's
a
tool
to
improve
what
a
community
is
already
doing
in
terms
of
their
growth
and
the
development
by
contributing
to
a
local
ecosystem
that
enhances
the
daily
lives
of
those
that
are
staying
in.
The
community
is
more
groups
of
people
that
have
the
technology
that
the
technology
come
and
supported
rather
than
creating
communities
of
people
via
the
technology
and
something
that
came
also.
K
But
the
presentation
I
did
of
the
whole
report
is,
is
available
there
and
the
YouTube
video
that
Nikko
recorded
during
during
the
AIS
is
also
available
there.
If
you
want
to
have
more
more
more
in-depth
information
about
it,
but
other
things
that
can
related
to
the
presentation
that
Roger
did
is
that
these
organizations
that
are
running
community
networks
in
Africa
seems
to
be.
You
managed
in
this
local
ecosystem
that
go
beyond
the
technology.
K
K
Actually,
it's
about
keeping
those
ties
that
strongly
tied
together
in
brutal
African
societies
as
as
they
grow
that
networks
other
things
that
are
very
important
in
the
in
the
in
the
community
mental
space
in
Africa,
for
instance,
that
the
public
access,
something
that
is
coming
very
strongly
as
well,
is
that
most
of
them
are
powered
by
solar
energy.
Unlike
here
we
were
talking
about
that
router
over
there.
K
So
only
thing
that
was
important
and
at
analyzing
the
needs
and
the
and
a
and
and
the
community,
because
in
Africa,
is
about
what
they
are
struggling
with,
identifying
those
barriers
and
with
those
barriers.
Then
we
build
up
the
agenda
for
the
second
cement
own
community
net.
Was
that
happen
during
a
is
and
those
barriers
are
around
training
like
technical
training,
business
training,
where
nough
cebause
some
of
the
technologies
that
we
all
hear
talk
about,
but
they
don't
master.
But
so
there
was
technical
training
provided
by
ICP
P.
K
There
were
presentations
about
different
topics
that
they
suggested
and
there
was
also
deployment
of
putting
that
knowledge
into
practice
and
for
nodes
were
connected
to
a
community
network
that
is
in
Kibera
in
Nairobi.
So
there
was
a
hands-on
exercise
of
building
the
community
of
the
community
networks
in
Africa
to
bring
them
together
to
support
each
other
to
be
there
for
each
other,
because
at
the
end
that's
also
what
they
are
lacking.
K
They
are
lacking
that
confidence
of
feeling,
probably
what
you
are
feeling
an
IETF,
that
developing
technology
is
part
of
being
part
of
a
group
of
people,
like-minded
people
that
are
pushing
the
development
of
the
technology
in
a
given
direction.
The
same
happens
with
the
community
leaders
in
Africa
and
I
want
to
talk
a
bit
about
my
particular
experience.
Instance.
Eleni
I've
been
involved
in
since
Eleni
for
the
last
six
years
is
a
community
network
in
rural
Eastern
Cape
in
in
South
Africa.
K
That
I
started
as
a
collaboration
between
the
University
of
the
Western
Cape
that
I
also
represent,
and
the
community
of
Manco
see
a
man.
Cos
is
a
community
where
people
live
and
below
$2
a
day
where
they
spend
22
percent
of
their
disposable
income
in
communications.
That
means
that
the
traditional
mode
with
mobile
models
of
providing
connectivity
are
very,
are
not
providing
affordable
communications
to
the
people
in
the
places
where
I
work.
K
So
we
started
working
with
a
very
small
model,
replicating
a
first
open
hardware
and
open
source
hardware,
called
village,
telco
and
mashed
potatoes
to
provide
to
create
a
network
of
voice
over
IP
technology
inside
the
community
to
reduce
the
price
of
the
connectivity.
With
time
we
connected
it
to
two
to
a
3d
router
and
allow
us
to
provide
breakout,
calls
to
national
numbers
and
international
numbers
to
half
of
the
price
of
the
people
of
what
the
people
pays
with
incumbent
operators
and
also
to
receive
incoming
calls
from
them
from
there
and
over
time.
K
There
are
four
other
communities
for
now
that
have
approaches
that
want
to
join
and
want
to
join
forces
with
us
and
replicate
the
model
that
we
have
established
since
living.
So
now,
the
question
is
how
to
move
forward.
Well,
our
whole
idea
is
to
reuse
all
the
knowledge
and
all
the
experience
than
if
Annette
has
been
creating
with
regards
to
managing
this
infrastructure
as
a
commons,
because
it's
the
most
beneficial
way
to
develop
the
ecosystem
in
the
area.
K
So
at
the
moment
we
are
busy
a
kind
of
creating
that
that
model
and
trying
to
understand
and
starting
to
provide
these
services
to
sensors.
Any
Meadows
Manco
see
that
is
a
we've
incorporated,
a
non-for-profit
umbrella
organization
to
provide
services
to
those
community
ISPs
that
are
gonna
that
are
already
in
the
area
and
that
are
gonna
continue
being
created
in
the
area
and
some
of
the
services
are
related
to
helping
them
with
the
with
the
licenses,
with
training,
with
procurement
of
equipment,
with
the
default
terms
and
conditions
to
meet
all
the
other
regulatory
specifications.
K
And
you
got
well,
you
can
read
them
all:
they're
access
to
our
IR
resources,
etc.
But
for
me,
in
the
context
of
an
RFC,
I
would
be
very
much
interested
on
documenting.
What
is
the
process
to
a
start-up
economy?
How
can
we
work
together?
We
give
in
it
to
do
that
and
have
some
informational
documentation
that
someone
can
follow
a.
A
K
A
sorry
a
well
it
started
by
in
this
case,
myself.
I
went
to
the
community
because
we
had
some
links
there
and
I
started
working
with
well
asking
by
authorization
authorization
by
the
by
the
local
authority,
in
this
case
the
tribal
authority
of
the
community,
and
they
appointed
some
people
to
start
working
with
us
to
see
whether
they
had
interest
and
what
was
the
the
people
inside
the
community
that
could
absorb
the
skills
at
the
beginning
and
to
a
start,
they
will
open
this
and
transmitting
this
inside
the
community
to
other
community
members.
K
So
some
some
most
rural
communities,
not
only
in
South
Africa
but
in
Africa,
have
a
double
administrative
system.
So
there
is
the
traditional
authorities
that
are
based
on
normally
patrilineal
authority
that
were
established
several
centuries
ago
and
then
the
more
democratic,
a
official
government
and
mini
static
government
that
so
the
tribal
authorities
are
the
the
traditional
authorities
are
those
chiefs
and
those
leaders
that
have
been
there
for
generations
in
the
different
tribes
and
differing
cultural
groups,
techniques
and
the
groups
that
are
in.
A
Thank
you
very
much,
and
this
is
a
common
issue
that
we've
seen
in
projects
we've
worked
on
in
India.
You
have
to
go
to
the
the
chief
of
the
village,
the
head
man,
the
head
woman,
whomever
it
is
that
helps
run
that
and
sit
for
days
weeks,
sometimes
and
just
talk
through
the
process.
Okay,
next
up
is
Leandro
and
he'll.
Tell
you
what
he's
doing
with
net
Commons
and
I'm
gonna.
Try
after
Leandro
speaks
to
pull
in
the
other
two
presenters
through
zoom
we're
having
a
little
issue
here
with
the
audiovisual
or
the
visual.
L
Hi,
my
name
is
Leandro
Navarro
I
come
from
University
in
Barcelona,
and
the
work
week,
I'm
presenting
is
related
to
a
EU
funded
project
where
we
work
with
several
community
networks
and
researchers
in
mostly
in
Europe,
but
also
with
participants
in
other
countries.
L
My
talk
is
not
going
to
be
technical,
but
you
know
we
talk
about
like
an
artificial
space
where
we
can
communicate
that
is
enabled
by
technology
yeah
not
naturally
prepare
for
it,
and
we
need
to
build
networks.
We
need
to
build
infrastructures,
and
then
our
work
is
focused
on
on
on
this
common
space
infrastructures
that
are
developed,
cooperatively
and
then,
of
course,
I
mean
once
these
infrastructures
are
enabled
technologically
then,
as
they
become
bigger
and
bigger,
you
need
to
organize
them,
and
the
Commons
is
I
mean.
L
So,
ideally,
we
can
provide
some
training
materials,
some
some
support
to
improve
their
effectiveness,
let's
say,
and
then,
when
I'm
talking
about
mainly
governance
tools,
I'm
talking
about,
for
instance,
that
communities
can
define
what
they
consider
as
a
commons.
What
is
the
common
infrastructure?
L
Imagine
like,
for
instance,
when,
if
you
talk
about
an
IXP,
the
XP
has
a
commons
kind
of
infrastructure.
Despite
that
the
participants
in
the
commons
they
do
business.
So
we
need
to
identify
what
is
the
code,
the
co-operative
part?
What
is
the
competitive
part?
Let's
say
which
are
the
attributes,
as
in
other
organizations,
there
are
different
stakeholders.
Typically,
community
networks
are
started
by
citizens
that
they
have
a
need
for
connectivity,
but
these
citizens
can
become
professionals.
They
can
create
companies,
they
can
interact
with
government
governments
with
regulators
and
so
on.
So
it
can
be
complex.
L
So
so,
for
instance,
when
resources
have
to
be
allocated
when
there
is
a
conflict
when
when
there
is
responsibility,
when
there
is
data
retention,
when
there
is,
for
instance,
complex
infrastructure
that
has
to
be
paid
every
month,
and
you
need
to
split
the
costs
like
like
an
XP
would
do
you
need
to
find
ways
to
do
that,
so
that
people
spend
time
doing
productive
things
and
not
do
not
spend
the
time
discussing
and
just
like
a
quick
introduction.
This
is
what
we
have
done
in
the
last
one
and
a
half
years.
L
Somehow
there
is
a
report
online.
If
you're,
if
you're
a
test
I,
can
share
the
link.
It's
it's
a
it's
a
report
that
looks
at
how
some
communities
most
of
them
in
Europe,
but
we
also
have
one
in
in
India
how
they
govern
themselves.
And
then
we
try
to
identify
patterns
things
that
typically
happen
when
when
they
work
well
and
think,
typically
things
that
have
to
be
avoided,
but
because
they
they
go
to
the
bad
outcomes.
L
L
What
value,
what
product
they
produced
further
for
the
customers,
how
they
relate
with
them?
What
are
the
costs
and
revenue
streams?
So
it's
it's
a
competent
manner
to
try
to
summarize
how
a
community
interacts
with
the
Excite
with
the
external
world,
with
with
the
environment
and
also
based
on
on
this
experience,
with
definite.
We
also
defined
kind
of
generic
structure
that
can
be
used
to
put
that
to
describe
how
each
community
deals
with
different
things,
like
with
agreements
with
participants
with
economic
activity
with
conflict
resolution,
and
then
on
top.
L
You
can
see
that
there
are
some
good
practices
in
different
aspects,
so
we
try
to
use
these
two
templates.
The
business
model
canvas
the
outside
world
and
the
andes
diagram
to
describe
how
the
community
works
inside
and
then
well
why
we
have
done
instant
exercise
with
a
few
community
networks.
This
is
one
in
France,
for
instance.
This
is
another
one
in
Italy
that
describes
how
they
look
from
outside.
L
This
is
another
one
in
in
Mexico
another
one
in
this
is
the
definite
kind
of
umbrella
organization.
This
is
one
of
the
given
ed
communities
in
in
Barcelona,
which,
which
is
part
of
this
umbrella,
community
and
well
several
examples.
This
is
the,
for
instance,
the
internal
diagram
for
one
of
the
community
networks
in
given
F
in
Barcelona,
and
it
explains
how
they
apply
the
specific
aspects
which
are
the
best
good
practices.
L
One
example
one
solution:
a
bit
of
discussion
of
things
that
when
that
we
know
work
well
with
some
examples
and
things
that
we
know
that
doesn't
work
with
some
examples.
So
we
can
help
communities
to
realize
what
is
some
ways
to
do
things
ways
to
avoid.
So
the
idea
its
is
to
cover
like
with
these
patterns,
we
cover
most
of
the
aspects
of
how
a
community's
work
internally
and
then
and
then
my
interest
was
like
a
proportional
short
discussion.
L
A
I
A
We
wish
it
were
ten,
it's
about
a
hundred
and
ten
so
anyways.
We
all
sit
here
together,
I'm
going
to
try
and
pull
up
a
zoom
session
and
get
two
of
our
presenters
who
are
trapped
in
the
other
computer
here
on
my
computer.
So
if
you
look,
I'll
engage
I'm,
gonna
disengage,
the
visual
and
I'm
gonna
try
and
get
them
on
the
computer
here
and
we'll
start
up
in
a
sec
so
go
ahead.
Does
anyone
have
any
questions
or
throw
stuff
out
and
Luis
Martinez
who
helps
run
a
community
network
in
Mexico
you're
up.
M
Hi
Liz
Martinez
from
Isaac
Mexico
Leandra.
Do
you
think
that
there
is
the
model
is
applicable
to
any
kind
of
community
meaning
should
it
can
be
applied
to
a
community
in
a
rural
environment
as
Carlos
is
working
or
maybe
Europe
an
environment?
As
someone
as
we
are
working
in
Mexico
with
these
marginal
communities
around
the
cities,
do
you
think
it's
a
pliable?
Do
we
have
data
that
shows
that
they
can
be
measured
by
the
parameters?
M
L
I
mean
in
the
list
we
already
have
resumed
attica.
This
is
one
example,
and
we
have
the
Givi
community
network
in
barcelona,
which
is
a
specific
urban
community,
so
yeah
I
mean
apart
from
the
technology,
apart
from
the
location,
I
mean
typically,
community
networks
are
alternative
to
the
code,
to
the
business
model
of
a
profit
oriented
model
and
and
of
course,
they
have
different
characteristics,
different
environmental
factors
and
that's
why
we
try
to
cover
I
mean
that
that
been
in
the
same
kind
of
mood
or
the
same
objectives.
L
So
so
beyond
that
you
I
mean
communities
that
develop
some
kind
of
organizational
structures
and-
and
it's
interesting
to
understand-
I
mean
how
we
can
extract
the
lessons,
learn
so
that
other
communities
can
use
it
to
improve,
because
I
mean
the
main
objective
is
helping
them
to
become
more
efficient
and
to
scale
up
and
therefore
to
be
able
to
serve
the
local
community
with
the
lowest
cost
and
the
Hippias
impact.
But
yeah.
I
Hi
great
talk,
Gareth
Ison,
Queen
Mary,
so
I
was
curious
to
us
several
cns
that
you
mentioned,
and
obviously
CN
s
mentioned
by
other
people.
To
what
extent
these
interoperable
are
they
using
completely
different
technologies,
or
are
they
all
running
in
fairly
the
same
way?
But
basically,
if
you
get
enough
of
them,
would
eventually
all
converge.
I
L
For
instance,
in
our
speaking
in
our
local
experience
with
giving
it
even
add
some
mix
of
of
different
islands
with
different
technologies,
different
software
I
mean
open
source
software,
commercial
software,
fiber
based
networks,
Wi-Fi
based
networks.
So,
if
you
look
at
them
from
an
IP
perspective
from
an
Internet
Protocol
perspective,
yeah
they're
there
people
find
ways
to
make
them
interpret
book.
You
need
to
deal
with
like
routing
issues
with
topology
problems
with
decentralized
services
which
have
to
be
located
in
different
regions.
Nothing
that
different
for
what
you
would
find
on
the
open,
Internet.
L
What
we
are
trying
to
do
is
is
coming
up
with
with
an
interoperable
set
of
organizational
standards.
It's
I
mean
protocols,
so
that
communities
deal
with
organizational
problems,
sometimes
supported
by
by
software,
sometimes
embedding
these
social
protocols
into
the
into
the
networking
protocol.
First,
we
have
working
on
how
the
routing
can
respect
the
community
license
instead
of
following
the
digital
algorithm,
which,
which
is
dictates,
where
the
paths
where
the
traffic
goes
so
that
there
are
also
opportunities
of
a
cross
layer,
work,
Thanks,
okay,.
A
Yeah
so
we're
having
a
little
technical
difficulty,
I
keep
sending
emails
so
Lakshmi
and
shravani.
We
need
you
to
join
the
zoom
link.
I
just
sent
you
and
that's
gonna.
We're
gonna
give
it
about
two
minutes,
because
if
you
don't
we're,
gonna
have
to
skip
over
and
keep
talking
about
what
we
may
want
to
do
on
an
RFC.
You
can
join
the
gym
zoom
session
I
just
sent
you.
That
would
be
really
festive
well.
Can
you
hear
us?
Yes?
A
Well
there
you
are
okay,.
N
A
A
Okay,
thank
you.
Okay,
so
we'll
have
you
come
up
in
two
seconds?
Okay,
thanks
for
that,
we
just
have
a
little
confusion
here.
Thank
you
very
much
so
give
me
two
seconds
and
then
you're
up
sorry
about
that.
A
O
I
am
Shivani
from
the
drama
team
at
iit
bombay.
The
principle
investigator
of
this
project
is
Professor
Baker
and
Vica.
He
is
a
professor
at
IIT,
Bombay
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
and
I
am
the
senior
project.
Research
scientist
working
together
on
this
project
on
grandma
grandma
literally
means
that
it
is
the
road
it's
a
road
to
the
to
the
village.
So
we
are
looking
for
solutions
for
connecting
the
rural
India,
which
is
which
is
unconnected
next
slide.
O
O
What
is
the
current
scenario
of
the
next
slide?
What
is
the
current
scenario
of
unconnected
between
India,
as
well
as
globally,
around
4
billion
people
unconnected
globally,
and
the
situation
is
very
grave
in
India,
where
around
800
million
people
in
640,000
villages
are
still
unconnected,
and
out
of
these
50
thousand
villages
in
India
still
do
not
have
voice
connectivity,
so
the
situation
is
very
clear.
What
happens
is
that
what
we
look
at
is
that
the
tower
is
located.
O
The
telecom
tower
from
a
private
operator
is
located
at
a
distance
of
around
5
to
10
kilometers
away
from
the
village.
Now,
how
do
you
connect
these
villagers?
So
we
we
are
looking
at
solutions
on
connecting
these
villages
when
there
is
an
availability
of
the
tower
10
to
15
kilometers
away
from
the
village
situated
within
the
nearest
town
or
the
city.
O
Rural
India
are
connecting
rural.
India
is
a
great
challenge
in
itself.
There
are
some
of
the
challenges
these
are
like
unavailability
of
fiber
backhaul.
This
is
the
next
slide.
Can
you
please
change
sides
unavailability
of
fiber
backhaul
is
one
of
the
important
issues
like
in
the
Government
of
India
is
trying
to
connect
all
the
villages
or
the
gram
panchayats.
That
is
the
block
level
headquarters
through
the
fiber,
but
it
is
a
long
process
and
it
is
not
yet
fulfilled
year.
The
next
one
is
low,
average
revenue
per
user.
O
The
telecom
operators,
even
though
they
have
it,
are
close
by
10
to
15,
kilometers
or
5
to
10
kilometers
away
from
the
village
here
does
not
cover
the
villagers,
because
the
average
revenue
per
user
is
very
less.
It
would
not
get
back.
The
return
on
investment
is
very
low.
There
is
Intuit
in
intermittent
availability
of
electricity.
There
are
often
power
outages
in
the
villages
and
also
dependency
on
on
the
electricity
is
very
in
smarter.
It's
not
a
cost-effective
solution
at
all,
and
then
there
is
difficult
telling
80%
of
India
is
hilly.
O
This
is
dramas.
Intimate
journey
drama
began
its
journey
in
the
year
2012
with
a
quantitative
assessment
of
TV
white
space
in
India.
So,
during
that
time
there
was
there
was.
There
was
much
discussion
about
the
usage
of
period
space
and
we
thought
that
okay,
first,
we
should
begin
with
the
quantitative
assessment
of
how
much
exactly
is
there.
O
In
2013,
we
started
with
a
technology
development
of
our
TV
UHF
band
devices,
and
we
established
the
first
India's
first
at
my
TV
bed,
space
test
bed
in
five
villages
funded
by
Ford
Foundation
in
the
year
2014
after
one
year
of
giving
providing
Internet
services
to
the
villagers
in
in
the
village.
In
the
five
villages,
we
did
an
impact
assessment
study
and
that
actually
threw
a
great
light
into
understanding
that
what
is
the
of
the
villagers?
How
much
would
they
be
able
to
pay
when
we
asked
them
for
a
payment?
And
what
is
the
role?
O
What
how
can
a
sustainable
model
be
built
around
these?
The
services
that
we
are
providing
to
them?
In
2016,
we
scaled
up
the
project
to
25
villages,
and
this
has
been
funded
being
funded
by
Tata
trust.
It's
an
ongoing
project
now
and
in
the
end,
this
your
end.
We
are
trying
to
go
into
commercialization
of
our
devices.
Currently,
it
is
in
the
prototype
stage.
Can
you
please
change
the
next
line
now
India's
India's
connectivity
problem
is
very
different
from
that
of
the
rest
of
the
world.
We
have
we
be
down
with
as
frugal
5g.
O
We
want
our
technology
solution
that
has
to
be
go
fast.
It
has
to
be
cost-effective,
it
was
really
low
or
something
similar
to
do-it-yourself
type
of
connectivity
wherein
the
devices
can
be
connected.
It
should
be
easy,
then
there
is
no
mobility,
don't
we
are
not
intending
to
use
internet
at
high-speed
trains
or
buses,
but
we
are
trying
to
look
into
in
a
in
a
sort
of
it
could
speak
emitters
that
type
of
mobility.
O
Oh,
we
are
not
not
high
speed,
but
we
are
looking
into
at
least
connecting,
and
we
are
also
looking
into
connecting
larger
coverage
so
there
with
our
technology,
we
would
like
to
cover
as
many
villages
as
possible.
Any
please
can
I
cannae,
please
change
lights
next
slide,
so
what
we
think
is
that
is
that
the
given,
thus
the
same
scenario
occur
tower
is
located
15
kilometers
away
from
the
village.
We
we
are
using
people
space
in
the
middle
mind.
Now,
as
you
all
know,
next
light
TV
white
space
is
a
solution.
O
It's
like
it's
an
utilize
part
of
the
TV
spectrum
in
India.
It
is,
it
is
found
that
it
is
it
is.
It
is
at
a
time
only
8
to
16
megahertz
is
of
operation,
and
India
has
only
one
terascale
TV
broadcaster,
that
is
the
special,
so
for
70
megahertz
to
585
megahertz
is
solely
the
property
of
new
fashion,
that
is
the
telestrator
P
podcast.
Now
we
would
like
to
use
so
the
rest
of
the
part
that
is
apart
from
the
8
to
16
megahertz.
The
rest
of
the
part
is
it
remains
unutilized.
O
It
has
not
been
utilized
at
all.
So
we
would
like
to
use
that
part
and
provide
Internet
connectivity.
The
villagers.
Can
you
please
go
to
the
next
thing
now
TV
red
space
over
microwave
links,
as
you
all,
must
be,
knowing
that
these
are
the
two
options
point
acquiring
microwave
links
there
is
we
can
cover
less
distances,
whereas
in
the
t-38
space
we
can
cover
more
distances
next
slide,
there
is
a
TV
back.
Space
does
not
require
strict
line-of-sight
connectivity.
That
is
the
five
point.
Eight.
It
is
point-to-point
microwave
links
required.
O
So
this
is
the
this
is
the
middle
mile
network
architecture.
If
you
look
at
the
look
at
this
is
how
we
are
connecting
our
villages
currently.
So
this
is
an
architecture
that
we
are
we
have
adopted
so
given
a
pop
on
the
left
hand,
side,
if
you
look
that
the
fiber
point
of
presence
is
there
at
a
cover
from
there
we
are
connecting
through.
If
the
distance
is
5
kilometers,
the
villages
are
5
kilometers
from
the
tower
at
the
point
of
fiber.
Is
there
we
try
to
connect
it
to
the
TV
right
space
or
else?
O
What
we
do
is
that
we,
the
backhaul,
is
through
the
5.8
in
the
unlicensed
man,
and
then
it
we
take
a
drop
to
do
a
village
that
is
strategically
located
and
then
from
there
we
connect
to
the
TV
rights
face
to
the
villages.
So
this
is
the
architecture
and
the
entire
thing
is
being
controlled
by
the
Sdn
controller.
So
this
is
a
technology
that
we
are
currently
developing
and
at
any,
as
you
can
see,
on
the
right
hand,
side
of
the
slide
that
we
are
connecting
it
through
the
Wi-Fi
access
points
in
the
villages.
O
O
This
is
the
TV
white
space
link
specification,
so
it's
just
there.
I
would
like
to
talk
about
the
this
is
I
indÃgenas,
the
next
slide,
then
indigenous
technology
development
of
us
we
have.
We
are
developing
the
technology
ourselves
to
make
it
more
cost-effective,
the
next
night-
okay,
some
of
the
next
again
the
next.
So
this
is
our
technology
solution
and
it's
deploying
deployment
on
the
field.
O
The
next,
which
is
the
villagers
using
internet
in
the
villages.
Then
it
comes
the
sustainable
model.
What
we
think
is
that
when
we
reach
to
the
villages,
we
need
a
sustainable
model
to
be
working
at
the
village
level.
The
next
slide-
and
here
we
have
developed
a
model
which
is
a
fragment
public
panchayat
partnership
model,
so
the
so
the
private
and
the
private
provides
the
bandwidth
in
our
situation.
The
public
provides
the
infrastructure
and
the
panchayat
owns.
Panchayat
is
the
local
self-government
at
the
village
level
that
owns
the
network
at
the
village
level.
O
So
this
is
the
next
life.
So
these
are
the
village
level
entrepreneurs,
the
panchayat
works
through
the
village
level,
entrepreneurs,
the
village
level,
entrepreneurs
other
ones
that
they
invest
in
the
in
the
network
and
they
recover
back
80
percent
of
the
in
in
the
form
of
coupons
in
the
form
of
that
they
recover
back
the
money.
And
can
you
go
to
the
next
slide?
Please.
O
This
is
the
impact
assessment
study
that
we
did
so
the
villagers
over
a
period
of
one
year.
They
have
saved
$300
four
months.
They
have
saved
18
miles
per
activity
and
three
kilometer
three
hours
per
activity
so
and
the
next
leg,
the
last
life.
So
this
gives
an
overview
of
what
the
village
the
entrepreneur
does.
So
there
is
digital
awareness,
there's
e-governance
services
that
comes
to
the
villages
and
at
the
end
there
is
a
revenue
generation.
That
is
the
motivation
that
80%
of
the
revenue
goes
to
the
village
and.
A
Thank
you
very
much
Giovanni
and
thank
you
for
your
understanding.
We
had
a
little
technical
difficulty,
mostly
my
fault
in
the
beginning.
Does
anyone
in
the
room
have
a
question
for
Shivani
she's
with
granmarg
for
those
of
you
that
have
just
walked
in?
We
have
about
two
minutes
of
questions.
Anyone
want
to
ask
Shivani
a
question.
A
O
O
A
G
O
Yes,
we
currently
we
are
waiting.
We
are
waiting
for
the
license
the
test
license
from
the
government.
We
have
applied
for
it
already.
So
it's
in
the
last
stage
now
so
once
the
test
lies,
and
so
our
prototypes
are
ready.
We
would
like
to
test
the
prototypes
in
the
field,
for
the
first
I
mean
we
have
tested
it
in
the
last
project.
We
have
tested
it
already,
but
we
have
made
modifications
to
it
currently
the
devices
and
we
are
testing
it.
O
We
would
like
to
test
it
once
the
license
comes
true
and
after
that
we
would
like
to
open
source,
so
the
design
is
going
to
be
open
source,
and
so
anyone
can
use
the
design
and
can
start
manufacturing.
So
that
is,
that
is
what
our
agenda
is,
that
we
are
not
going
to
so
commercialization
is
going
to
be
based
on
the
open
source.
We
are
not
going
to
materialize
as
such
by
not
getting
some
money
out
of
it.
A
A
N
N
So
it's
a
highly
localized
cellular
ecosystem.
We
also
have
a
direction
of
backhaul.
This
is
a
place
that
we
did
not
have
good
cellular
connectivity,
so
we
used
a
high
gain
directional
antenna
to
build
a
backhaul
to
a
cell
tower.
That
was
a
few
miles
away
and
we
could
get
two
to
three
megabits,
backhaul
and
I'll
briefly
talk
about
that
as
well
next
slide.
N
N
All
these
are
powered
by
no
open
VDS
nodes,
and
many
of
you
in
the
audience
might
have
actually
used
many
of
these
nodes
and
might
know
more
about
this
than
I
do
roughly.
The
power
requirement
is
slightly
not
100
to
300
Watts
depending
on
you
know.
What
are
the
features
you
activate
and
what
vein
you
want
to
operate
on
next
slide.
N
So
what
is
the
larger
idea?
The
larger
idea
is,
if
I
were
an
independent
third
party,
cellular
provider
like
can
I
just
deploy
a
bunch
of
cellular
nodes
and
call
myself
a
new
ISP
can
I
call
myself
just
AT&T
and
literally
roll
out
my
parallel
isp
network.
Now
that
comes
with
a
lot
of
challenges
right.
One
of
the
big
challenges
is
that
how
do
you
interpret
with
an
existing
cellular
network?
How
do
you
sure
that
people
from
other
cellular
networks
can
call
you?
N
How
do
you
make
sure
that
you
know
you
offer
a
similar
compatible
space
of
services
that
are
traditional
cellular
network
hands
right
now?
Apart
from
all
those
features,
one
very
important
feature
which
we
want
to
enable
is
this
notion
of
edge
based
apps,
where
you
can
literally
deploy
apps
on
the
end
node
like
on
the
edge
node
along
with
the
base
station,
and
you
can
control
these
apps
through
the
cloud
over
a
low
bandwidth
ring,
and
we
have
built
essentially
built
one
such
ecosystem
next
slide.
N
So,
let's
just
knock
out
their
bones
with
respect
to
you
know
what
it
takes
to
deploy
and
what
did
we
observe?
One
of
the
funny
things
we
observed
was
that
solar
power
was
actually
good
enough.
If
you
want
to
have
a
coverage
radius
of
up
to
five
kilometers.
We
also
did
a
very
detailed
economic
analysis,
I'm
sure
you
cannot
make
much
out
of
that
chart
over
there,
but
the
bottom
line
is:
there
are
a
lot
of
people
who
are
deploying
cell
towers.
You
powered
by
diesel
generators.
N
We
did
a
very
detailed
economic
analysis
of
solar
versus
diesel
in
terms
of
battery
in
terms
of
panel
in
terms
of
space
and
so
on,
and
we
basically
found
that
up
to
five
kilometers
radius,
solar
powered
cell
towers
are
much
more
economical
than
diesel-powered
cell
towers,
and
you
can
also
build
solar
powered
cell
towers
that
came
around
24/7.
Then
you
don't
have.
Even
you
know,
traditional
electricity
coverage,
even
if
you
have
zero
electricity
covered,
it
becomes
cool,
run
24/7
next
slide.
N
N
N
So,
just
to
talk
about
the
applications.
For
the
last
few
minutes,
we
have
a
larger
architecture,
which
we
call
as
distributed
network
services
or
DNS
for
shock,
for
a
forum
for
the
pun
on
DNS,
but
essentially
the
architecture
is
about.
How
do
you
literally
run
these
distributed?
Applications
such
that
you
know
a
portion
of
the
application
can
run
in
the
cloud
and
a
portion
of
the
application
runs
on
the
edge
right,
and
how
do
you
essentially
extend
the
traditional
Sdn
framework
to
support
full-fledged
distributed
applications
now
compared
to
a
conventional
Sdn?
N
There
are
two
things
that
are
fundamentally
different
here:
one
is
the
link
between
the
cloud
and
the
edge
is
extremely
flaky
and
extremely
intermittent,
very
low
bandwidth
and
very
high
latency.
So
traditional
lesbians
do
not
work
on
these
funders.
The
second
thing
is
that
the
app
itself
is
fully
distribute,
so
the
app
cannot
be
completely
controlled
by
the
cloud
and
the
app
has
to
have
an
independent
existence,
even
if
the
link
completely
goes
down.
So
it's
more
like
a
replicated
Network
service,
so
next
slide
actually
I'll
skip
this
slide.
N
Let's
go
to
the
next
slide,
so
the
first
thing
we
wanted
to
show
where,
if
you
want
to
build
one
such
a
parka
texture,
you
need
to
really
handle
identity
is
very
carefully
and
then
I
say
identity.
It's
not
about
network
identity,
network
identities
and
resolving
them
is
actually
easy.
You
deal
with
a
lot
of
identities
at
a
device
level
and
at
an
application
level.
Every
state
that
you
use
in
your
application
has
an
identity
right,
and
one
of
the
questions
is
who
controls
that
identity
who
owns
that
identity.
N
So
there
is
a
huge
trade
off
between
what
do
you
want
as
consistency
properties,
and
what
do
you
want
as
likeness
properties?
How
do
you
handle
mobility
off
identity?
How
do
you
handle
mobility
of
state
across
edge
nodes,
and
you
know
cloud
nodes
and
when
you
have
distributed
applications
operating
over
the
same
state?
How
do
you
make
sure
that
they
are
actually
operating
in
a
consistent
manner?
So
there
are
specific
trade-offs
as
specified
in
the
cap
theorem
between
consistency,
availability
and
partition.
N
N
They
built
a
huge
spectrum
of
applications.
We
build
an
application
where
people
can
buy
and
sell
goods
across
different
cell
towers.
We
built
an
application
that
people
could
sense
agricultural
farms
and
collect
the
data
in
a
distributed
fashion.
You
could
send
voice
message.
The
voice
message
could
store
get
stored
at
the
local
base
station
then
get
synchronized
with
the
cloud
then
get
sent
from
the
cloud
to
another
base
station
where
the
receiver
is
and
the
receiver
can
check
voice
messages.
Similarly,
we
can
do
a
distributed
messaging.
N
Next,
like
we
can
support
web
caching
full-fledged
web
caching,
and
we
can
actually
show
that
you
can
control
the
cache
and
next
slide
final
slide.
Is
we
recently
use
this
to
build
a
fish
line
in
Nicaragua
and
people
are
buying
and
selling
fish
using
this
platform
with
that,
I
will
stop
and
take
questions.
Thanks.
Thank.
A
You
very
much
likes
me
that
was
fabulous
and
I
appreciate
both
your
instar
Bonnie
I'm,
taking
time
too
and
waiting
anyone
have
any
questions
for
Lakshmi
a
note
that,
if
you're
on
the
guy
list,
we
can
ask
questions
for
folks
later
and
all
the
presentations
are
up.
Okay,
if
there
aren't
any
other
questions
right
now.
Thank
you
very
much.
Lakshmi
clapping.
A
We
appreciate
the
the
presentations
from
you
sure,
Bonnie
and
from
everybody
in
the
room
and
I'd
like
to
take
two
minutes.
If
we
can
I
know,
our
time
is
up
and
I'm
conscious
that
here
at
ITF,
we
want
to
keep
time
for
moving
forward.
There
seems
to
be
momentum,
or
at
least
I've
heard
today,
that
there
are
different,
there's
interest
potentially
and
learning
more
about
different
models
out
there.
Would
anybody
here
in
the
room
today
want
to
participate
in
an
informational
RFC
where
we
bring
in
well.
A
L
L
P
So
I'm
Allison
Menken
I'm
the
IRT
F
chair,
and
this
is
my
first
time
with
you
guys,
but
you
shouldn't
feel
you
have
to
do
an
RFC.
So
it's
really
what
is
valuable
for
the
goals
of
the
group
and
if
an
RFC
would
would
benefit
the
advancement
of
this
work,
it's
good,
but
if
it
wouldn't
it's
also
fine
I,
just
wanna,
make
sure
that's
clear.
P
B
B
Formal
word,
like
writing
and
trying
comma
to
come
up
with
synthetic
documents
and
this
it's
valuable
for
us
because
it
help
us
to
to
sing
about
what
we
are
doing
and
because
in
the
daily
base
work
it's
difficult
to
all
through
this
process,
just
an
opportunity
to
learn
from
the
technical
community
in
the
ITF
an
insulting
a
way
to
stablish
context
so
from
at
least
I.
Think
I
can
volunteer
for
the
giving
it
community.
If
there
is
other
people
interested
in
pushing
this.
For
us,
it's
it's
valuable
and
it
makes
sense.
O
Yeah
so
yeah
I
would
I
would
like
to
participate
in
such
a
thing,
because
currently
we
are
looking
at
different,
so
we
have
developed
the
sustainable
model
and
we
are
looking
into
the
model
how
it
is
going
to
work
in
the
field,
the
business,
how
in
how
many
years,
the
investment
that
there
would
be
a
return
on
investment
in
how
many
years
and
and
how
would
the
village
level
network
sustain
itself
year
after
year?
When
we
move
out
of
the
network?
Would
there
be?
O
K
In
that
sense,
I
would
price
those
efforts
and
I
would,
if
possible,
I,
don't
know
if
it's
possible
and
I
didn't
know
you
were
the
chair
and
I
would
like
to
I
just
it
was
just
running
through
my
mind,
but
is
it
possible
to
not
once
the
document
is
obviously
concentrated
and
made
available
to
a
snippet
of
organizational
models
that
compact
document
made
in
a
video
format,
because
most
people
in
that
era
starting
community
networks
in
Africa?
They
don't
know
how
to
read.
K
A
A
We
do
have
some
resources
where
we
could
help,
try
and
participate
in
that,
and
if
there
are
others
who
would
want
to
it
talk
to
AfriNIC
I,
don't
want
to
volunteer
you
but
cool.
That's
a
great
idea!
Well,
in
order
to
be
cognizant
of
the
time
it's
about
some
one
past
five
and
we're
supposed
to
be
out
of
here
at
ten
of
but
I,
don't
want
to
cut
off
the
great
debate
and
all
of
the
cool
people
here
in
the
room.
A
Who
can
talk
about
actually
providing
access
and
low-cost
solutions
and
places
that
are
hard
to
reach.
I
think
everybody
here
is
all
about
providing
access
to
the
infrastructure
and
improving
technology
and
people's
circumstances,
so
I
think
for
those
of
you.
Can
you
raise
your
hand
if
you're,
here
from
a
community
network
and
you're
gonna,
be
here
tomorrow
or
Friday
excellent?
We
have
about
four
or
five
six
people
and
who's
doing
measurement
studies
awesome.
A
Think
Landrieu
gave
us
so
good
ideas,
a
path
forward
on,
let's
figure
out
if
we
can
keep
the
scope
fairly,
concise
and
then
I'll
see
what
we
can
have
for
contributions
and
I
just
want
to
acknowledge
Arjuna
who
I've
been
skyping
with
and
Leandra
for
your
help
and
everyone
else
in
the
room
that
got
us
ready
for
this
meeting.
So
thank
you
very
much,
we'll
be
back
with
you,
hopefully
in
Singapore,
and
we
really
appreciate
you
coming
here
today
and
thank
you
very
much
and
thanks
to
the
remote
presenters,
that's
everywhere
in
the
room.