►
From YouTube: IETF115-GAIA-20221107-1300
Description
GAIA meeting session at IETF115
2022/11/07 1300
https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/115/proceedings/
A
B
Yeah,
if
you
can
go
to
the
next
slide,
so
I'm
Jared,
moch
I
work
at
I'm,
a
principal
Network
architect
over
at
Akamai
Technologies.
In
my
day,
job
and
you
know-
I've
been
around
doing
internet
networking
stuff,
for
you
know
for
a
number
of
years,
if
you're
into
any
of
the
operator
communities
or
something
like
that,
you've
probably
seen
me
there,
you
know
and
so
I've
worked.
B
You
know
I've
been
around
since
you
know,
I
would
dial
up
with
you
know,
slip
and
PPP
into
Unix
machines
directly
and
kind
of
lived
through.
You
know
many
of
the
technology
Transitions
and
you
know
you
know
and
as
luck
would
have
it
I
now
also
own
a
telephone
company.
You
know
that
I
run
on
on
the
side.
So
if
we
could
have
next
slide.
B
You
know,
after
you
know
many
years
of
living
actually
behind
either
a
T1
line
that
when
I
worked
at
NTT,
they
provided
me-
or
you
know
eventually
behind
a
wireless
ISP
for
about
10
years
or
so
I
had
access
from
one
of
their
towers,
and
you
know
I
went
to
not
you
know
like,
like
anyone,
I've
lived
in
my
house
for
for
a
while
and
having
a
T1
at
home.
You
know
in
the
early
2000s
was
great.
You
know
it's
a
nice.
B
You
know
a
nice
symmetrical
speed
and
stuff
like
that,
but
this
was
this
was
a
recent
screenshot
off
of
you
know
att's
website
they're
offering
speeds
up
to
1.5
megabits
per
second.
So
you
know
up
to
that.
T1
speed
that
I
had
you
know,
20
years
ago
at
my
house
and
stuff
like
that,
so
I
I
I
decided
to
do
something
else
next
slide.
B
So
so
I
went
and
I
I.
You
know
there
have
been
a
couple
of
media
news
coverage
things
about
this,
so
I
actually
have
gone
I've
built.
You
know,
I
built
fiber
to
my
house.
Actually
in
2020.
last
year
in
2021
I
actually
built.
You
know
another
about
four
miles
or
so
of
fiber
to
go
and
build
out
past
another
about
50
homes
or
something
like
that
which
about
doubled.
B
My
network
footprint-
and
you
know,
customers,
actually,
you
know,
took
internet
access
from
some
random
guy
who
sold
it
to
them
on
the
street.
You
know
and
and
stuff
like
that
and
sent
them.
You
know
letters
in
the
mail.
The
take
rate
of
selling
residential
internet
access
is
slightly
over
50
in
a
lot
of
these
rural
areas.
B
B
So
we
you
know
we
talked
back
and
forth
and
eventually
you
know
negotiated
fiber
swap
so
because
I
I
basically
had
the
middle
mile
portion
between
two
cell
towers
that
we're
trying
to
connect
for
their
customers
and
so
from
that
I
was
able
to
actually
get
access
I.
You
know
and
extend
my
network
footprint
another
about
two
and
a
half
miles
as
well
and
go
and
you
know,
provide
access
to
to
other
people's
as
well.
B
When
you
know
if
you're
ever
building,
you
know
you
know
an
underground
or
you
know
any
sort
of
underground
utility
or
something
like
that.
Absolutely
the
number
one
lesson
I
would
have
for
anyone
is
to
always
build
extra
conduits.
The
the
materials
on
the
Conduit
cost
almost
nothing
and
the
labor
is
so
much
of
a
high
portion
of
that
cost
and
that
conduit
is
incredibly
valuable
so
because
I
had
built
two
conduits
on
that
route,
I
was
able
to
come
back
and
I
built.
B
Two
conduits
part
of
that
route
was
built
in
2020.
Part
of
it
was
built
in
2021.
That
I
did
the
fiber
swap
on
that.
Let
me
come
back
and
just
place
a
higher
account
Cable
in
that,
in
that
other,
conduit
and
I
still
haven't,
had
to
actually
go
and
do
the
network
cut
over.
You
know
to
go
and
put
everyone
on
that
that
new
or
higher
account
cable.
B
You
know
just
because
it
takes
some
time
and
effort
to
groom
that,
but
but
it's
it's
one
of
the
things
where
it's
it's
there
in
place
and
I
can
always
do
that
and
then
free
up
that
original
conduit
again.
So
if
I
ever
wanted
to
put
a
higher,
you
know
like
an
even
higher
count.
You
know
cable
there
and
I.
Also,
you
know
I
take
advantage
of
a
lot
of
other
construction
activities,
so
att's
the
incumbent
in
my
market
and
they
were
going
and
they
were
replacing.
B
They
paid
a
contractor
to
replace
a
section
of
their
underground.
Copper,
cable
and
I
went
out
and
negotiated
with
the
contractor.
Who
was
doing
that
work
and
since
I'm,
a
registered
Telephone
Company
in
Michigan
I
was
able
to
go
and
get
a
conduit
placed
on
that
route
as
well,
at
the
same
time
for
a
discounted,
labor
rate,
and
so
you
know
just
being
intelligent
and
observant.
You
know
around
your
environment.
B
B
B
You
know
where
you
know
the
fiber
is
coiled
in
or
something
like
that
and
most
of
them
are.
You
know
nearby.
A
home-
and
you
can
see
on
some
of
these,
like
the
the
roads
in
in
much
of
the
US,
are
especially
in
the
rural
area
are
generally
laid
out
in
a
mild
grid,
and
so
you
basically
have
a
mile
between
these
roads
there
and
there's.
You
know
in
some
of
these
cases
there's
three
homes
per
mile.
B
You
know,
and
you
know,
ended
up
going
and
building
out
down.
You
know
out
down
this
road
and
then
once
I
got
down
down
close
to
this.
You
know
this
road.
Here
you
see
kind
of
on
the
left.
That
was
an
area
that
our
County
had
identified,
that
my
County
had
identified,
that
there
was
a
there
was
a
gap
in
the
Broadband
access
between
all
the
different
funding
that
that
exists
in
the
U.S,
because
there's
been
all
this
money
given
for
there's
connect.
B
America
fund
connect,
CAF
2,
there's
ardoff,
which
is
the
rural
development
opportunity
fund,
there's
a
second
round
of
that,
and
there's
also
state
level
initiatives
and
and
such
but
they'd
identified
that
a
number
of
these
homes
there
were
also
not
going
to
be
able
to
be
connected
through
any
of
those.
Existing
programs
and
I
was
able
to
convince
the
people
there
to
put
some
money
in
up
front.
B
If
fiber
network
is
a
result
and
and
this
has
really
been
something
where
it's
been
game
changing
for
you
know
many
of
these
individual
families
to
go
and
get
that
internet
access
at
you
know
at
their
home,
something
I
have
next
slide
and
then
you
know,
like
I,
said
my
county
put
up
stuff
for
RFP,
so
had
this,
they
sent
out
this
RFI.
You
know
an
RFP,
you
know
back
in
2021..
It
took
almost
a
year.
Actually,
I
didn't
update
this
slide,
but
it
took
almost
a
year.
B
I
ended
up
signing
the
contract
and
getting
my
counter
signed
copy
back
in
June
of
this
year,
so
it
took
almost
exactly
a
year
from
the
time
that
they,
you
know,
from
working
with
the
government
that
they
actually
went
and
they
came
back
and
they
said
yes,
we're
actually
willing
to
sign.
You
know
like
how
to
fully
execute
contract,
so
I
could
go
forward
and
start
building.
B
B
You
know,
because
one
of
the
most
important
things
in
doing
a
doing
a
big
project
like
this
is
actually
communicating
and
letting
people
know
that
what
you're
doing
it's,
not
just
the
technical
execution
of
the
project,
but
so
much
of
it
is
about
just
marketing
making
people
aware
that
the
service
is
available
and
going
and
the
number
one
marketing
tool
is
actually
a
construction
crew
out
in
front
of
somebody's
house.
You'll
get
about
40
of
the
people
who
will
sign
up
before
you
know,
maybe
a
little
bit
less,
but
the
second.
B
They
actually
see
something
going
in
front
of
their
house
and
Crews
working
there
and
the
survey
Stakes
everybody.
You
know
it's
like
comes
out.
They
talk
to
construction,
Crews
and
you
you
hand
the
construction
Crews
little
Flyers
to
hand
hand
back
to
the
people
and
say:
oh
well,
we're
the
ones
who
are
building
it,
we're
the
contractor,
but
you
know
here's
the
person
to
call
to
get
internet
access
and
that's
that's,
worked
out
really
well
next
slide.
B
B
B
But
these
Maps
they're
getting
better.
There's
the
there
was
this
new
broadband
data
collection
thing
called
the
BD,
it's
the
BDC
and,
like
I,
said
I,
think
those
Maps
went
online
last
Friday
because
they
had
sent
an
email
telling
us
all
to
check,
make
sure
our
Maps
were
correct.
You
know
for
the
areas
I
served
and
a
lot
of
the
white.
A
lot
of
the
smaller
providers
who
delivered
service
were
Wireless.
B
You
know
because
I
think
many
people
they
had
said,
oh
well,
we
have
a
tower
there.
We
can
deliver
speeds
and
they
might
have
had
an
advertised
speed
that
was
really
high,
but
the
actual
throughput
was
actually
very
low
once
you,
you
know
once
you
go
through
like
penetrate
the
pine
needles
or
you
know,
or
any
sort
of
leaves
yeah,
so
we
have
next
slide.
B
So
this
this
was
where
my
County
identified
the
gaps
were
it's
actually,
you
know
a
lot
of
locations
scattered
around
and
as
a
result,
you
know
many
of
these
people,
like
you,
know,
they're
right
next
to
very
populated
areas.
Ann
Arbor
is
a
very
big
location.
You
know
and
there's
nothing
inside
of
Ann
Arbor.
That
was
counted
as
unserved,
but
you
could
see
all
of
these
areas
around
these
communities
surrounding
it.
Many
of
them
did
not
actually
have
any
access
to
broadband.
B
If
you
want
to
kind
of
preserve
that
area
from
you
know,
being
further
developed
and
not
you
know,
build
up
to
be
a
major
Metropolis,
but
at
the
same
time,
that
also
creates
further
gaps
and
boundaries
between
the
infrastructure
that
people
in
these
rural
communities
may
also
need.
And
so
it's
it's
an
interesting
double-edged
sword.
B
When
you
talk
about
those
types
of
things
and
and
I
mentioned
that,
because
a
number
of
those
initiatives,
because
there
were
20
years
in
the
making,
they're
actually
I-
think
they're
up
for
you
know
on
the
ballot,
at
least
in
my
area
tomorrow,
to
be
voted
on
to
for
them
to
be
renewed
and
to
see.
If
you
want
to
have
you
know,
do
you
want
to
go
and
continue
to
preserve
these
green
spaces?
Or
do
you
want
them
to
be
developed
so
yeah?
B
Obviously
you
know
120
plus
trailers
in
it
and
has
Comcast
coax
available
there,
but
some
of
the
addresses
aren't
shown
as
served
either
because
they're
at
capacity
on
that
that
section
it
may
not
be
profitable
for
them
to
expand
or
upgrade
that
and
it's
the
type
of
thing
where
it
requires
some
actual
pushback
on
you
know
the
county.
Almost
this
was
in
one
of
the
sets
of
addresses
they
tried
to
award
me
is
they
said.
B
B
This
doesn't
make
good
public
policy
to
spend
money
when
there's
already
this
existing
infrastructure
there
in
place
and
such,
and
so
you
know
we
went
back
and
forth
on
a
few
things,
and
eventually
they
took
this
off
of
my
list
and,
put
this
onto
you
know
either
Comcast
list
to
fix
and
removed
it
from
contention
or
or
something
else
happened,
I'm,
not
sure
exactly
what
happened.
I
just
know
that
I,
thankfully
didn't
have
to
build
to
this
location
anymore.
B
So
if
I
could
next
slide
and
and
same
thing
here,
this
is
another.
This
is
a
different
trailer
park
and
that
one
building
there
you
can
see
is
a
level
three
Pop,
there's
literally
fiber
outside
you
know
these
locations
and
there's
also
you
know,
cable
TV
available
in
that
neighborhood
as
well.
And
so
you
know,
when
you
have
this
data
collection
effort,
it's
really
easy
to
get
it
wrong.
B
Unless
you
actually
go
out
and
do
a
physical
field
survey
and
because
they
did,
they
did
go
out
and
do
the
field
survey,
but
they
then
used
a
different
company
who
had
their
own
data,
set
that
wasn't
as
accurate
when
they
issued
the
RFP.
They
had
to
go
and
do
us
they
had
to
go
and
do
a
couple
revisions
on
that.
B
Just
because
of
the
way
the
you
know,
the
county,
you
know
bidding
process
goes
for
awarding
things
and
yeah
it's.
You
know
you
have
these
these
properties,
but
it's
you
know
nobody.
Nobody
was
even
meeting
the
the
I
think
it's
still
the
current
metric
and
the
US
is
20
25
down
three
up
is
to
find
this
broadband
and
stuff
it's.
You
know,
and
it's
just
comical
to
see
something
like
this,
where
it's
literally
literally
the
fiber
regen
is
outside
of
the
place
that
doesn't
have
internet
access.
B
So
if
you
have
next
slide
so
in
the
U.S
there
was
this
stuff
that
happened,
the
Recovery
Act
funds.
What
this
did
was
actually
very
interesting.
It
basically
sent
money
down
to
all
of
the
levels
of
government,
both
state.
You
know.
Look,
you
know
county-wide
as
well
as
local
governments
and
basically
said
here's
some
money.
We
know
covid
is
going
to
impact
you
and
you
know
you
can
go
and
spend
it
on
a
number
of
different
things
you
can
spend
it
on.
B
You
know
shovel
ready
infrastructure
projects
from
you
know:
water
system,
repairs,
sewer
system,
repairs,
Broadband,
Broadband
projects
or,
if
you
don't
have
any
of
those
ready
and
if
you
can
show
that
you
lost
money,
they
could
go
and
do
there's
a
formula
they
could
go
and
calculate
to
determine
you
know
whether
or
not
they
could
turn
it
into
unrestricted
funds.
They
could
spend
it
on
whatever
they
wanted.
B
My
County
chose
because
they've
done
this
study
and
you
know
they
they
received
about
I,
think
88
million
dollars
or
so
of
of
this
money
locally.
They
chose
to
take
a
portion
of
that
and
alcohol.
Take
that
to
the
Broadband
task
force
that
had
been
running
for
a
while,
and
then
they
did
the
the
RFI
and
RFP
that
I
ended
up
bidding
on,
and
so
you
know
as
part
of
this
they
actually
went.
B
You
know
there's
a
lot
of
stuff
in
the
60
to
basically
about
70
gigahertz
band,
that's
unlicensed,
to
the
U.S,
but
we
have
these
things
in
Michigan
called
trees
and
those
really
just
block
the
RF
propagation,
so
yeah
yeah
this
ended
up
being
great
and
they
ended
up
funding.
It
I
actually
sat
on
the
meeting.
I
didn't
even
understand
when
they
approved
it
because
of
the
Obscure
way
in
which
the
government
actually
runs
to
approve
these
things.
B
You
know
just
because
people
are
either
you
know
not
at
home
or
vacation
or
or
you
know,
or
they're
somewhere
else
taking
care
of
family
or
somebody
has
passed
away,
and
it's
still
in
the
you
know
it's
still
controlled
by
the
family
or
the
estate
and
just
nobody's
looking
there.
So
very
up
next
slide.
Please
I
had.
B
B
You
know:
I've
only
lost
one
customer
because
they
didn't
pay.
So
this
is
so
the
system
eventually
turned
them
off
and
stuff
like
that,
and
now
I'm
now
I
went
from
Hep.
You
know,
I
should
have
had
this
Perpetual
install
queue
of
about
five
to
ten
people.
Now
I've
got
about
35
people
there
waiting
to
be
installed,
and
actually
today,
I
have
two
different
contractors
in
the
US
working
for
me
doing,
building
in
two
different
areas.
B
At
the
same
time,
so
I'm
gonna
have
to
have
someone
go
by
and
drive
and
check
them
check
out
that
they're
actually
out
there
working.
But
you
know
I'll
probably
end
up
end
this
week
with
another
somewhere
between
half
mile
and
mile
of
network,
build
that
I'm
gonna
have
to
go
home
and
make
sure
it
gets
lit
up
from
here.
Seven
next
slide
I
think
this.
So
a
lot
of
people
are
are
interested
in
this
because
I'm,
a
small
company
I,
have
no
problem
revealing
data.
B
You
know
about
a
lot
of
things.
This
is
kind
of
what
my
Network
usage
looks
like
you
know.
Overall
I
do
have
the
wireless
ISP
I
used
to
buy
internet
access
from
I,
sell
him
wholesale
internet
access
now
at
a
at
a
reasonable
rate
and
stuff.
So
you
know
there's
probably
about
150
users
or
so
behind
this
I.
Also,
don't
you
know,
hopefully
no
none
of
my
subscribers
are
going
to
watch
this
I,
actually
don't
rate
shape
any
of
them
either.
B
B
B
You
know
that
works
really.
Well,
you
know
for
doing
stuff.
It
just
needs
to
sit
up
on
the
network,
be
low
power
and
stuff,
but
I
also
have
a
little.
You
know
like
Intel
Intel
box,
doing
stuff,
and
so
if
either
one
of
them
are
down
actually
I
noticed
earlier
today
that
the
dtp
service
wasn't
running
on
one
of
them
and
everything
was
still
fine.
B
C
B
B
There's
I
think
at
least
three
home
three
or
four
homes
that
I've
built
too,
where
they're
the
only
home
in
like
a
half
mile,
so
you
basically
are
going
about.
You
know
half
a
mile.
You
know
down
the
road
to
hit
one
house
or
one
resident,
and
you
know
it's
interesting
because
one
of
the
ones
that
my
contractor
is
going
to
be
building
to
in
this
next
week
we're
going
half
mile
down
this
road
I've
already
talked
to
the
subscriber
or
to
the
person.
B
B
You
know,
and
you
know
a
lot
of
that
Federal.
You
know
a
lot
of
the
Recovery
Act
money
is
still
in
local
government's
hands.
Although
of
the
people
who
want
in
my
County
I'm
the
only
one
who's
building
right
now
there
were
four
different.
There
were
four
companies
that
one
in
in
Washington
County
and
I'm
the
only
one
who's
actually
built
using.
You
know
the
the
contract
award
funds
so
I'm
the
only
one
who's
gotten
paid
out
some
of
that
this
year
next
slide.
B
B
You
know
with
the
arpa
grant
money
that
I
received,
and
you
know
this
also
shows
all
the
areas
I
do
have
to
continue
to
build
to
and
because
I
started
early
on
a
lot
of
this
I
actually
have
the
permits
for
most
of
these
areas
already.
So
the
only
thing
that's
really
blocking
me
is
the
weather,
and
you
know
just
construction,
crew
availability,
so
I'm
out
I'm
out
building
a
lot
of
this
right
now.
B
B
You
know,
which
is
going
to
be
very
nice
to
get
service
too.
We'll
probably
get
that
to
them.
You
know
January
February
time
frame
based
on
what's
going
on
now,
but
you
know
not
a
lot
of
fun.
So
next
slide
yep.
Thank
you
yeah.
So
the
future
I'm
gonna
I'm
gonna
complete
the
project.
People
keep
calling
me
and
asking
me
to
build
more
stuff.
B
You
know
when
they
come
to
build
into
the
area,
because
you
know
I
already
have
fiber
Assets
in
the
area.
It
probably
doesn't
make
sense
for
them
to
to
build
it
if
I,
if
I
already
have
it
there,
because
these
areas
are
are
not
very
populated
and
then
yeah
I.
Have
this
continuous
problem.
I
always
call
the
next
house
problem,
which
is
once
you
get
fiber
to
somebody
the
next
house
hears
about
it
and
they
always
want
it,
and
so
you
kind
of
have
this
continual.
A
D
B
D
B
B
The
stuff
on
the
outside
I
provide
maintain
that,
because
that's
tied
with
the
the
pond
system
and
then
inside
I
offer
I
sell
at
Cost
wireless
routers
to
people
so
I'll
go
and
offer
them
either.
I
have
some
microchick
routers
that
I
give
out
as
loaners
and
then,
if
they
don't
return
like
basically
anything
that
I
Supply
to
them.
If
they
don't
return
in
30
days,
I
just
add
it
to
their
bill
at
whatever
my
cost
was
I.
Don't
Mark
that
up.
B
B
No,
no
I
do
so
so
I
have
a
couple
customers
who
have
barns
on
their
property
that
have
animals
in
them,
and
so
what
I
do
is
I
offer
a
I
I,
allow
them
a
choice
between
two
options.
We
can
do
extend
their
network
from
their
home
out
to
the
barn
in
a
kind
of
on
a
Cost,
Plus
basis
or
I,
say
I'll
charge
you
a
standard
install
for
the
second
building
and
only
charge
you
ten
dollars
more
a
month.
B
You
know
for
the
service
and
then
just
to
basically
do
to
do
two
installs
bring
them
back
they're
on
two
different
onus
on
my
side.
It's
not
one.
It's
not
one
network
from
their
side.
You
know
if
they
want
to
run
if
they
want
to
run
their
own
campus
Network
between
all
their
barns
or
whatever
that's
up
to
them.
You
know
and
a
lot
of
the
farmers.
You
know
they're
familiar
with
digging
up.
B
All
of
you
know
all
their
stuff,
but
but
I
actually
literally
have
fiber
to
the
cow
in
some
of
these
locations
where
it
goes
out
to
the
cow
barn
and
they
have
cameras
in
there.
So
they
can
watch
them
Cav
in
about
you
know
two
a
month
and
a
half
or
two
months
or
so,
where
they
start
calving
in
the
middle
of
winter
and.
A
Right,
we
are
at
time
Jared.
This
was
fabulous
and
for
those
that
think
putting
a
network
in
the
United
States
is
easy.
It
is
not
Jared.
Thank
you
for
what
you're
doing
I
would
we'd
love
to
talk
to
you
more
about
this,
so
we
may
call
you
back.
If
there
are
other
questions
alrighty,
we
now
have
Tim
genders
up
Tim
I'm,
going
to
pull
your
slides
up
and
give
me
a
sec
to
do
that.
But
could
you
introduce
yourself
to
the
group
and
you'll
have
20
minutes.
E
Thank
you
very
much
Jane.
My
name
is
Tim
genders
I'm,
the
commercial
director
for
project
seizeway
as
projects
at
seizeway
we're
a
not-for-profit
in
in
South
Africa
we've
been
operating
for
about
nine
years
and
we've
been
our.
Our
aim
is
to
get
connectivity
out
to
the
unconnected
in
South
Africa
and
really
use
that
as
a
model
for
the
rest
of
Africa.
E
E
The
problem
with
that
which
we'll
go
into
is
that
it's
it's
not
uncapped,
it's
not
Wi-Fi,
it's
it's
got
a
per
gig
basis
and
when
and
when
data
is
being
used
frugally,
the
the
real
impact
of
the
internet
is
not
Unleashed
and
that
not
uncapped.
So
so
our
goal
is
to
really
open
up
the
the
real
benefit
of
the
internet
for
everybody
yeah.
E
If
we
can
move
on
to
the
next
slide,
just
really
to
highlight
the
problem
that
we're
solving
in
in
South
Africa,
it's,
fortunately,
one
of
the
most
unequal
countries
in
the
world
we
have
20
of
the
population
brings
in
about
seven
has
about
70
of
the
income
and
that
the
bottom
40
only
seven
percent
of
the
income.
So
we've
got
this.
E
This
crazy
disparity
between
the
rich
and
the
poor
or
the
high
income
and
the
low
income,
and-
and
that
is
a
real
problem
and
and
actually
South
Africa
has
a
phrase
of
being
a
world
in
one
country,
and
it's
a
really
interesting
microcosm
of
the
world
and
the
challenge
of
the
world
of
of
this
disparate.
You
know
inequity
that
we
see
in
the
World
At
Large
thanks
Jane,
if
we
can
move
to
the
to
the
next
slide.
E
So
what
we?
What
we
have
and
what
we've
had
in
in
the
last
couple
of
years
is,
is
a
rising
unemployment
rate
rising
up
to
34
35
of
of
the
population.
What
is
even
more
distressing
is
that
in
the
youth
15
to
24
year
old
people
coming
out
of
school,
that
rate
is
at
65.
That
means
only
one
in
three
people
get
to
enjoy
a
job.
E
Now
what
we
have
in
South
Africa
is
a
situation
where
only
only
10
of
the
homes
in
South
Africa
have
got
fixed,
Broadband
I
like
to
say,
I've
got
Wi-Fi,
because
it's
the
easiest
way
to
get
the
message
across
is,
if
I
say
only
10
of
the
home's
got
Wi-Fi.
It
just
seems
to
come
across
better
than
saying
only
10
have
got
fixed
Broadband,
so
so,
as
you
can
imagine,
for
the
Youth
that
are
unemployed
and
getting
a
get
having
access
to
the
internet
is
really
critical
for
getting
a
job.
E
That's
a
real
challenge
for
them,
and
it's
it's
is
this
challenge
that
we're
we're
up
to
address
and
to
try
and
solve
and
to
try
and
create
models
of
how
to
how
to
deal
with
this
problem.
So
if
we
can
go
to
the
next
slide,
please
Jane.
This
is
a
picture
of
South
Africa.
It's
actually
up
on
the
internet.
E
That
really
highlights
this
inequality
problem
where
you've
got
this
Main
Street,
that's
in
Johannesburg,
somewhere
and
I
need
to
work
out
exactly
where
it
is
where
you've
got
this
Main
Street
and
you've
got
what
we
call
on
the
left-hand
side,
the
leafy
suburbs
and,
on
the
right
hand,
side.
You've
got
the
townships
or
this
high
density,
more
low-income
areas.
So
the
right
hand
side
is
90
of
South
Africa.
The
left-hand
side
is
10
of
South
Africa.
The
left-hand
side
gets
to
enjoy
data
of
Wi-Fi
costs
that
I've
taken
a
guess
based
on.
E
So,
on
top
of
this
inequality,
we've
got
this
data
inequality.
That
says
that
if
you
are
rich,
you
get
to
pay
for
data
at
15
cents,
a
gig.
If
you're
a
poor,
you
you
have
to
pay
15,
which
means
you
know
a
meeting
like
this
would
have
cost
me
15
and
that's
expensive.
It's
really
really
expensive
to
be
poor
and
it's
it's
it's
that
in
inequality
that
we're
out
to
fix.
E
In
fact,
Jared
I
thoroughly
enjoyed
your
presentation
and
I
actually
want
to
get
across
and
I've
noted
down
the
problems
that
you
highlighted
and
I'm
going
to
say
in
Africa.
We
have
exactly
the
same
problems,
but
we
have
them
at
a
different
percentage,
so
you
would
you're
addressing
the
problem
of
a
percentage
of
the
population
not
having
fixed
Broadband
or
not
having
access
to
the
internet
at
an
equitable
rate
in
America
I'm,
not
sure
what
the
percentage
is.
E
Let's,
let's
say
it's,
maybe
around
10
in
South
Africa,
it's
90
exactly
the
same
problem,
just
a
different
percentage
of
the
population
that
we're
trying
to
deal
with
again.
We
also
have
the
same
problem
of
maps
and
lack
of
fidelity
of
maps.
I
thought
it
was
just
an
African
problem.
It
was
actually
interesting
to
hear
that
you
have
the
same
problem
in
the
States,
but
just
that
access
to
information
is
is
a
is
a
real
challenge
for
us
and
again
we
have
exactly
the
same
problem
as
you,
where
we've
got
fiber
actually
passing
these
areas.
E
So,
as
you
can
imagine
that
area
on
the
left-hand
side,
that's
got
fiber
the
area.
On
the
right
hand,
side
doesn't
have
fiber
and
yet
they're
paying
these
100
times
more
data
costs
and
and
that's
what
we're
out
to
fix,
we
also
I
didn't
know.
We
also
have
trees
in
South,
Africa
and
so
the
trees
give
us
a
problem
for
the
RF
and
finally,
also
exactly
the
same
problem
of
getting
of
the
return
on
investment
numbers
being
seven
to
ten
years
and
and
without
subsidies.
It's
it's
a
challenge
to
get
the
networks
deployed.
E
If
you've
got
you
know
a
portion
of
the
world
that
doesn't
have
that
it
is
going
to
create
a
a
further
inequality
into
the
Next
Generation.
We
we
actually
have
a
fairly
controversial
phrase
for
this,
and
it's
it.
We
call
it
digital
apartheid
and-
and
it's
really
that
that
we're
out
to
to
solve
and
crack
and
and
get
just
a
fair
internet
request
access
in
Africa
happening
thanks
Jane,
if
you
can
move
to
the
next
slide.
So
our
solution
to
that
is
to
take.
E
E
So
what
we've
done
is
we've
said
right:
let's
go
for
hey
as
you
go
and
we
took
your
average
access
of
a
home
and
we
sliced
it
into
30
days.
We
sliced
it
into
four
devices
per
home,
and
we
said,
let's
to
get
an
equitable
access.
Let's
go
for
five
Rand
or
30
cents
per
day,
uncapped
internet
access
and
do
it
on
a
pay-as-you-go
model
as
well.
E
In
some
of
our
networks,
I'll
go
through
some
of
the
the
journey
that
we've
gone
through
as
as
project
is
easy
way,
but
we
found
by
doing
it
on
pay
as
you
go.
We
we
took
out
all
of
those
hassles
with
collecting
debts.
If
they
haven't
got
the
money
they
don't
come
on.
If
they
have,
they
do
come
on
for
the
day
and
away
they
go,
and
then
tomorrow
they
may
not
have
the
money
but
the
following
day.
E
They
do,
and
so
it
really
does
pay
as
you
go
really
does
address
that
the
debt
collecting
aspect
for
us
right,
let's
hit
the
next
slide
yep.
So
what
we've
gone
for
as
well,
actually
very
similar
to
in
what
we
saw
with
the
previous
with
Jared's
presentation,
is
communities
connecting
themselves
up
spotting.
The
problem
within
their
own
area,
saying
we
need
connectivity
here
and
and
what
we're
after
is
Project
to
Caesar
is
to
to
create
a
model
whereby
we
can
have
local
communities
in
Africa.
E
E
We
developed
this
network
over
about
five
years
at
the
and
it's
at
its
Pinnacle.
We
had
600
000
users
a
month
coming
on.
We
were
like
a
radio
station
in
terms
of
being
able
to
reach
people.
It
had
fantastic
power.
In
that
the
mayor
was
able
to
give
speeches
out
to
the
people.
It
was
going
really
really
well
right.
E
Up
until
the
day
the
elections
happened
and
due
to
other
reasons,
not
the
Wi-Fi
that
political
party
got
voted
out
and
a
different
political
party
came
in
and-
and
they
came
in
with
the
approach
of
you-
know
a
new
room.
What
brushes
clean
they
decided
not
to
carry
on
with
this
with
this
network,
which
was
really
really
sad
and
really
disappointing,
they,
and-
and
so
the
network
has,
has
petered
off
into
a
state
of
of
lack
of
support
from
what
I
can
gather.
E
We
handed
that
network
over
to
them
in
27
team
and
and
sadly
Municipal
funding.
We
found
doesn't
really
work
because
of
the
volatility
of
the
politics
and
different
people
coming
in,
and
you
just
need
much
longer
term
projects
going
on
with
municipalities,
I
went
to
link
NYC
and
visited
them.
When
this
was
in
its
Heyday.
We
actually
had
more
customers
than
link
NYC
in
this
day
and
but
sadly,
they
had
a
15-year
contract.
E
We
had
a
five-year
contract
and,
as
a
result,
you
know
they're
still
going
very
successfully,
and
you
know
we've
moved
on
to
other
things
as
project
is
sees
with
it,
so
that
was
where
we
learned
the
power
of
the
internet
and
the
power
of
what
it
can
do
and
the
stories
that
we
came
out
of
there
of
how
people
got
jobs
educated
themselves.
All
of
that
was
just
wonderful
and
it's
off
this
story
that
we
we
live
and
we
we
know
that
what
we're
doing
is
so
meaningful
and
so
important
right.
E
E
We
do
a
lot
of
work
with
mining
companies
with
glencore
and
we've
got
quite
a
few
communities
connected
up
and
and
we're
saving
them
millions
a
month
in
terms
of
being
able
to
give
them
free
Wi-Fi
into
their
communities.
Now
glencore
have
an
approach
that
they
want
to
fund
the
Wi-Fi
into
the
community.
They
don't
want
a
sustainability
model.
They
want.
E
My
formatting
there
in
the
education
they've
got
access
to
jobs
through
the
internet
and
what
they
also
found,
which
was
really
great,
was
there
was
a
reduction
in
in
petty
crime,
often
in
bringing
out
internet
corporates
when
we're
asking
for
sponsorships
or
grants
to
say
to
them,
you
know
what
are
they
going
to
use
it
for?
Are
they
going
to
educate
themselves?
Are
they
just
going
to
watch
Netflix
and
I
say
to
them?
Well,
you
know.
E
E
As
the
you
know,
just
yeah,
the
entertainment
side
of
the
internet
actually
has
significant
benefits
in
terms
of
reducing
crime,
we're
also
working
with
a
very
interesting
fairly
large
alcohol
supplier
in
terms
of
getting
into
into
their
taverns
and
and
really
bringing
about
some
interesting
assistance
in
terms
of
mental
health
and
helping
them
Reach
people
through
their
taverns
and
addressing
well.
You
know
why
are
you
here
drinking
effectively
and
you
know,
and
and
helping
to
address
mental
health
problems
with
that?
E
That's
a
project,
that's
just
starting
off,
which
we're
really
really
excited
about
what
connectivity
can
bring
in
terms
of
just
helping
people.
You
know,
get
a
handle
of
their
lives
and
get
to
a
better
place,
especially
after
covid
with
the
amount
of
mental
health
issues.
There
are
all
right,
let's
move
to
the
next
slide,
so
just
to
give
you
a
quick
background,
we
did
have
our
networks
on
Facebook's
Express
Wi-Fi.
E
They
sadly
sunseted
it
this
year,
but
we
have
I
need
to
give
a
very
big
plug
to
splinks,
which
are
a
check
company
they
stepped
in
and
did
a
fantastic
job
in
replacing
Express
Wi-Fi.
So
we
we're
now
fully
working
on
Springs.
A
lot
of
our
equipment
is
using
cambium
CM
Maestro
acts
as
a
really
great
OSS
for
us,
and
just
to
show
you
that's
marandani.
She
looks
after
our
our
knock,
so
we're
quite
a
small
team,
but
she
looks
after
45
000
a
month
active
customers.
E
You
can
see
yeah,
so
we
we
renew
a
customer
every
month.
We
don't
go
back
longer
than
a
month
on
the
pay.
As
you
go,
Murray
looks
after
as
a
single
looks
out
of
forty
five
thousand
customers.
I
think
she
looks
after
more
customers
than
an
individual
with
anyone
else.
I
know,
but
that's
just
the
power
of
the
tech
solution
that
we've
got
behind
behind
this.
E
Okay,
then
the
next
slide,
please
Jane
yeah.
So
this
is.
This
is
one
of
the
key
problems
that
we
we
had
is
where
we
we
wanted
to
move
to
a
sustainable
model
where,
instead
of
giving
Wi-Fi
for
free,
let's
get
to
this,
as
I
said,
the
five
Rand
a
day
model
and
one
of
the
biggest
challenges
you
have
with
that
is
you've
got
the
five
Rand
or
the
10
Rand.
E
They've
got
a
blockchain
wallet
which
allows
anyone
to
buy
and
sell
and
anyone
to
sell
on
the
Wi-Fi
and
that's
really
opened
up
a
lot
of
the
the
revenue
growth
for
us
by
using
this
online
blockchain
wallet,
and
it's
been
really
interesting
to
see
how
that
is
being
adopted
within
the
communities
where
we're
deploying
our
Networks
right.
Let's
go
on
to
the
next
slide,
please
yeah.
E
We've
just
put
down
about
20
Wi-Fi
access
points.
At
this
stage,
we're
working
with
sponsorship
from
a
lovely
Dutch
company
called
48
dot
org,
they
are
active.
A
couple
of
Dutch
come
one
is
called
voice
and
they
donate
a
percentage
of
their
profits,
and
this
is
one
of
the
projects
that
we're
we've
been
doing
with
them
now
and
purple.
Mania
has
really
produced
some
beautiful
stories
about
how
connectivity
allows
the
community
to
then
innovate
and
create
Local,
Economic
growth.
E
You
know
higher
better
nutritional
vegetarian
food
into
the
into
the
local
economy,
because
she's,
very
passionate
about
people
eating
well
and
and
often
in
these
areas,
is
the
the
quality
of
food
and
is
is
not
is
not
great
in
in
terms
of
you
know,
chips,
and
you
know
meat
and
hamburgers.
You
know
really
fast
food
type
stuff,
whereas
little
has
got
this
passion
to
cook
well,
to
do
local
produce
to
show
people
the
nutritional
value
and
and
and
she's
gone
for
these.
E
What's
called
vegetarian
courts
and
she's
doing
really
well
going
online
and
as
a
result
of
her
online
activity
and
and
exposure
of
a
business,
she
actually
got
sponsored
to
go
to
Italy
and
and
develop
her
cooking
schools
in
in
it
in
Italy,
which
was
just
fantastic
to
see
how
the
connectivity,
just
you
know,
made
that
trip
available
to
her.
Otherwise,
she,
you
know
she's
doing
things
she
never
even
dreamed
of
before.
We
brought
the
the
connectivity
in
there.
E
If
we
can
get
pay,
as
you
go
Wi-Fi
out
to
communities
either
by
fiber
or
wirelessly,
you
know,
will
we
get
enough
money
to
to
hit
those
return
on
investment
numbers
that
we
we
want
to
get
and
and
what
we've
seen
is
that
we've
with
Lamont
we've
seen
it
growing
I've.
Just
given
you
the
revenues
we're
getting
in
about
23
000
there
what's
what's,
nice
is
to
see
how
that
has
grown
from
about
thirteen
thousand
up
to
twenty
three
thousand
over
the
last
three
months
and
I'm.
E
A
E
It's
there,
it
gives
you
a
little
video
overview
of
the
lamontville
network,
but
yeah
I
mean
the
month
was
where
we're
trying
to
develop
now
a
business
that
we
can
spin
off
with
investment
so
that
they
can
stand
on
their
own
two
feet,
and
you
know
that's
that's
where
we're
having
discussions
now
is
right.
Now,
we've
built
this
network,
we've
got
the
young
people
trained,
they're
able
to
connect
their
Community
up.
A
All
right
well,
thank
you.
So
much
Tim
we've
got
about
eight
seven
minutes
for
questions.
Let
me
start
off
by
asking
you:
are
you
training
people
to
be
digital,
Navigators
and
then
Curtis
has
a
question.
My
digital
Navigators
I
mean
train
the
trainer
model
to
show
people
what
the
what
the
power
of
connectivity
and
content
can
do.
E
Yes,
yes,
so
we've
got
a
picture
of
nabisa
there.
She
she
she's
one
such
person,
so
in
terms
of
them
selling
more
Wi-Fi,
so
we've
opened
up
the
Wi-Fi
for
anyone
to
sell
and
then
we're
training
them
in
terms
of
how
do
they
get
more
out
of
it.
What
we're
doing
is
focusing
as
well
on
educational
content
and
really
showing
them.
You
know
we're
working
with
Microsoft
there
in
terms
of
showing
them
the
online
curriculum,
really
really
getting
them
connecting
with
their
communities
and
you're.
E
Absolutely
right,
Jane,
you
know
they,
they
get
the
internet
and
it's
like
they
don't
you
know
they
they,
the
sort
of
realization
of
what
they
can
do
with
it
needs
to
be
opened
up
on.
On
the
other
hand,
are
we
also
find
that,
in
terms
of
from
a
tech
side,
they
are,
we
have
to
be
very
on
our
toes
in
terms
of
them
trying
to
break
the
break
the
system
and
get
into
that
for
free?
E
A
E
F
Yeah,
so
great
presentation
and
I'm
really
interested
about
the
use
of
a
sort
of
entertainment
that
that
the
that
piece
of
the
talk
there's
a
whole
bunch
of
work.
Tom
Smythe,
is
sort
of
the
the
the
big
one
for
me
a
long
time
ago,
showing
the
value
of
that
kind
of
stuff.
But
you
were
the
first
one
to
really
discuss
a
relationship
between
sort
of
crime
and
entertainment
services.
I
was
wondering.
Is
your
your
where
that
connection
came
from?
E
Yeah,
it's
more
been
listening
because
it's
more
been
listening
to
the
people
on
the
ground,
particularly
that
Community
up
in
the
northern
Cape,
where
you
have,
because
it's
like
kilometers
and
kilometers
between
towns.
You
can
actually
get
a
fairly
nice
feel
for
the
impact
that
you've
done
within
one
town
and
it
was
really
responses
from
the
northern
Cape
where
they
say
you've
brought
the
crime
down.
You
know
now
it
it.
Unfortunately
we
haven't
got
it.
E
D
A
E
E
In
there,
as
an
alternative
to
the
Villa
coin,
product
that
we've
got
in
place
and
because
he's
got
some
different
nuances,
which
would
be
really
interesting
and
and
we're
also
due
to
put
down
his
he's,
got
a
little
internet
type
situation.
Where
you
know
you
can
get
onto
any
education
or
Wikipedia
and
other
stuff
for
free.
So
we're
actually
deploying
and
yeah
shireen's
actually
with
him
today
so
yeah
and
we're
working
with
him
with
some
mesh
solar
networks
from
this
from
the
states
as
well.
So
very.
A
A
E
E
A
The
Brazilians
liberalize
the
entire
60
year,
gigahertz
band
for
unlicensed
Spectrum,
the
Saudi
Arabia,
has
done
that
a
little
bit
too
Guatemala
a
little
in
this
in
six
gigahertz
and
Guatemala
is
coming
in
to
do
the
same
and
the
US
did
a
little
bit.
So
that's
a
really
good
point
and
good
luck
with
your
casa
on
that,
because
yeah
there
are
some
folks
that
push
back.
A
We
got
a
lot
of
pushback
when
I
was
at
the
internet,
Society
on
liberalization
of
spectrum
for
and
certain
bands
and
I
think
it's
good
to
see
that
you
could
help
be
a
good
opponent
of
that
with
with
some
of
us
in
the
in
the
space
here,
we've
got
about
30
seconds
left
anything
else.
Tim
you'd
like
to
say
before
you
close.
E
A
Fabulous
well
Tim.
Thank
you
so
much
this
was
great
and
for
folks
that
are
there
in
the
room
or
online
participating,
the
slides
are
up.
You
can
catch
Tim
at
Tim
at
projectassesway.org
and
we're
going
to
pop
over
to
John
John
Suiter
you're
up
in
two
seconds
and
I'm
gonna
bring
your
slides
up,
but
please
introduce
yourself
and
we'll
get
going
on
the
next
presentation.
Thank
you,
Tim
and
thank
you.
Jerry.
G
Okay,
what
can
do
about
the
muffling,
but
but
I'll
try
and
get
close,
so
my
name
is
John
Suiter
I
used
to
be
the
CEO
of
links,
one
of
the
largest
internet
exchanges
in
the
world
for
around
20
years,
I
retired
a
couple
of
years
ago,
but
I
seemed
to
be
as
busy
as
ever
and
I'll
show
you
why,
in
in
a
few
few
slides,
the
the
talk
I'm
going
to
give
today
is
about
a
project
to
write
a
standard
for
internet
exchange
neutrality.
So.
G
And
I've
got
20
minutes,
so
it's
a
big
subject
to
try
and
summarize
in
such
a
short
time
and
I'm
going
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
background
and
the
process
used.
And
then,
if
we
have
time
I'm
going
to
show
you
some
actual
examples
from
the
draft
standard,
so
you
can
get
a
feel
for
what
it
is.
We're
trying
to
do
so.
G
Please
so
I
took
into
an
ITF
audience:
I
figure,
you'll
know
what
an
internet
exchange
is,
but
just
as
a
reference
point,
let's,
let's
see
how
it's
defined.
It's
a
network
facility
that
enables
interconnection
and
the
definition
I've
used.
There
is
from
the
something
called
ixf
which,
if
you
click
the
link
in
your
you'll,
see
the
background
screen
up
today.
But
internet
exchanges
are
quite
a
big
phenomenon.
They
always
have
been
fits
into
the
very
earliest
days
of
the
internet.
G
There's
approaching
a
thousand
of
them
in
the
world
now,
I,
don't
think
anyone
actually
knows
how
many
there
are,
but
there's
a
really
cool
tool
deployed
by
important
electric
and
in
the
source
link
I've.
Given
you
there,
you
find
a
list
of
exchanges
that
hurricane
can
actually
track
with
with
technology.
Next
slide,
please.
So
this
is
this
hurricane
cycle
just
mentioned
the
grayed
out
link.
G
B
G
G
But
the
specific
topic
is
that
many
exchanges
describe
themselves
as
neutral.
The
neutrality
is
actually
quite
important
for
all
sorts
of
points
of
view,
but
unfortunately
it's
it's
a
term
that
is
itself
somewhat
vague
and
and
certainly
differently
interpreted
amongst
ixps
and
amongst
high
speed
participants,
and
so
at
the
moment,
using
that
term
doesn't
bring
a
lot
of
value
and
in
some
cases,
can
be
confusing
or
down
like
misleading.
G
So
the
intention
of
our
project
is
to
provide
a
solution
to
that
by
writing
a
clear
and
well
accepted
definition.
The
well-accepted
is
a
crucial
port
and
what
we're
hoping
to
to
achieve
is
a
standard
that
is
objective.
It's
measurable
and
it's
verifiable,
and
it
contains
the
criteria
that
can
be
externally
audited
and
certified.
But
let's
not
get
ahead
of
ourselves.
Establishing
certification
is
actually
not
in
the
first
phase
of
the
project
and
we
need
a
standard.
G
G
G
G
We
mean
those
exchanges,
exchange
participants
and
also
related
organizations,
because
what
we
want
to
try
and
Achieve
is
a
consensus
from
from
the
state
of
Florida
Community
and
that's
a
quite
a
significant
point.
In
fact,
it
was
it's
interesting
that
it
was
a
surprise
to
The
Exchange
community
that
we
were
planning
to
write
a
standard
or
develop
a
standard
that
contained
more
than
just
their
news.
In
fact,
we
were.
G
We
were
quite
surprised
to
be
questioned
about
why
we
didn't
simply
bring
this
initiative
to
someone
like
euronex,
an
association
of
Internet
exchanges
and
have
them
write.
The
standard
and
I
think
that
naivety
and
insularity
is
is
very
funny
and
fascinating,
because
a
standard
written
by
the
exchanges
that
hadn't
been
tested
with
the
people
that
use
the
exchanges,
I,
don't
think
is-
is
a
great
deal
of
use.
G
Anyway.
What
we're
planning
to
do
is
pretty
much
encompasses
the
well-established
processes
used
by
ITF
and
and
other
big
International
standard
bodies
like
ISO,
which
is
to
to
go
through
a
drafting
phase
and
eventually
get
to
the
point
where
you've
got
something
stable
enough
to
to
take
public
comment.
You've
then
got
a
private,
extensive
phase
where
you're
trying
to
process
those
comments
and
and
use
the
use,
what's
useful
and
try
to
work
out
the
consensus
and
and
then
you
go
to
publication
and
excitation.
G
So
what
what
are
the
expectations?
What
what
does
it
really
mean
to
be
a
nuclear
and
I
need
to
go
back
to
First
principles?
In
our
opinion,
this
is
related
to
both
equal
and
a
fair
treatment
of
the
ISP
towards
participants,
and
also
the
transparency
that
I
actually
shows
to
maintain
in
the
context
of
equality
and
fair
treatment
and
I.
Think
I
think
there
is
a
reasonable
consensus
about
that.
G
To
the
question
is
what
is
in
practice
which
I'll
go
on
to
talk
about,
but,
of
course
it's
not
just
the
opinion
of
the
of
the
founders
of
this
initiative.
Eventually,
the
drafting
of
sound
is
going
to
have
to
take
into
account
everything
that
the
community
feeds
back
and
there's.
There
is
some
controversy
about
what
both
equal
and
fair
teams
and
transparency
mean
and
I'll
try
and
give
and
try
and
give
practically
some
among
for
an
exciting.
G
So
here's
an
example:
I
I've
actually
drawn
out
the
first
three
Clauses
of
the
draft
standard,
so
I'm
going
to
use
the
rest
of
the
time
to
try
and
but
I
present
that
and
give
you
a
flavor
of
what's
happening.
So
this
is
the
very
first
Clause
of
this
of
the
draft
standard
and
it's
a
self-statement
requirement
and
I
I.
This
is
this
was
actually
something
that
I
contributed
and
I
drew
from
my
past
experiences
standardization.
G
A
long
long
time
ago,
I
was
involved
in
programming,
language,
standard
standardization
and
that's
a
very
tricky
area,
you're
generally
attracting
trying
to
write
a
requirement
for
something
that's
more
precise
in
English,
and
so
one
of
the
ways
you
get
around
some
of
the
difficulties
is
that
you
require
the
the
producer
or
distributor
or
whatever.
It
is
product,
in
this
case
of
programming
language
compiler,
to
produce
a
statement
of
what
they
actually
mean
by
their
compliance
with
the
standard.
G
That's
all
sounds
a
bit
of
strict,
but
in
this
case
it
makes
no
sense
to
have
this
anything
other
than
a
mandated
Clause,
because
it's
really
the
Keystone
for
having
an
understanding
of
of
how
a
particular
exchange
complies
with
the
standard.
So
that's
not
very
controversial.
In
fact,
I
think
we
we
received
almost
Universal
support
so
far
for.
E
A
John
I'm
going
to
slide
nine,
which
is
the
draft
requirement,
and
it
has
example
Clauses
from
the
draft
standard
to
published
portfolio,
and
it
says
draft
requirement.
A
published
service
portfolio
shall
exist
which
will
list
all
the
ixp
services
offered
by
the
XP
and
all
their
options
that
affect
pricing.
If
applicable,
delivery
times,
an
SLE
of
these
Services
shall
be
included,
and
then
the
next
box
below
that
is,
should
this
glass
be
mandatory
or
not
boxes
below
that
are,
it
is
proposed
to
be
mandatory
without
the
in
the
second
boxes.
G
A
G
G
But
what
it
demonstrates
is
that
we're
actively
considering
whether
or
not
each
Clause
of
the
standard
should
be
mandatory
or
not,
regardless
of
the
any
controversy
or
difference
of
opinion
that
might
be
expressed
and
I.
Think
some
of
this
goes
to
historical
issues
as
well,
which
perhaps
I
can
deal
with
under
q
a
because
it's
it's.
It
wasn't
to
be
the
mainstream
of
what
I
was
going
to
present
today,
but
there's
around
20
kilometers
at
the
moment
in
you
know
so.
G
Some
people
have
argued
that
referencing
period
being
the
standard
is
a
bit
strange
in
that
it
doesn't
appear
to
be
within
the
scope
of
what
I
said
earlier,
about
fair
treatment
or
transparency.
But
I
would
argue.
The
transparency
aspect
is
actually
an
incredibly
important
part
of
peering
and
if
you
can't
find
out
who
peers
at
a
particular
exchange,
then
why
should
you
even
consider
going
there
so
at
the
moment
that
it's
an
example
of
a
clause
that
we
see
as
being
potentially
optional
but
but
strongly
encouraged,
rather
than
something
that
you
make
mandatory.
G
Knits
like
these,
so
where
can
you
get
more
information?
Well,
as
a
first
step,
please
go
to
our
to
our
website
where
we've
tried
to
tell
the
story
in
a
great
deal
more
detail
and
transparency
ourselves
and
then
I've
been
a
time
for
doing
this
presentation
today
or
you
could
participate
in
any
or
all
of
the
Outreach
events
that
we're
planning
we've.
Actually,
we've
we've
had
some
already
and
we've
got
quite
a
program
of
others
that
we
want
to
do.
G
We
want
to
try
and
get
through
all
these
Outreach
events
before
we
get
to
the
geographical
becoming
stage
so
that
we've
taken
as
much
as
possible
of
the
sort
of
stakeholder
opinion
into
account.
If
you
don't
know
what
all
those
acronyms
are
I
apologize,
but
they're
all
events
that
happen
around
the
world
or
names
of
associations
that
are
regularly
hold
events.
G
G
And
then
our
reference
manners
earlier
manners
was
was
a
I
think,
a
fantastic
initiative
of
one
where
you
know
the
initiative
with
seized
and
moved
on
in
ways
that
required
some
extraordinary
individuals
to
to
put
that
kind
of
heart
and
soul
into
it,
and
they
they
got
a
lot
of
confidence
support
from
for
myself
in
and
we
took.
We
took
great
note
of
all
of
that
and
it's
it's
only
helped
us
shape.
A
C
Hey
hi
everybody
nice
to
see
you.
This
is
Mallory
normal
for
the
center
for
democracy
and
Technology
I
asked
in
the
chat
about
where
the
working
group
is
chartered,
but
then
I
read
on
your
website
the
very
helpful
our
story
section
that
describes
your
journey
but
wondered
if
you
wanted
to
talk
a
little
about
that,
because
I'm
sure
others
would
find
it
interesting.
G
Yes,
I
mean
it's
I
feel
very
conscious
of
talking
about
it
in
the
United
States
I
mean
I
think
if
this
had
been
more
mainstream
IDF
territory,
there's
no
doubt
that
we
would
have
come
to
ITF
for
it.
The
trouble
is
that
starting
a
new
initiative
from
scratch
would
be
standardization
issue
in
scratch
and
bringing
it
through
a
body
like
iitfri.
So
is
it
it
takes
a
lot
of
time
and
effort,
and
typically
you
need
a
great
weight
of
people
or
organizations
behind
it
to
do
that.
G
They
also
like
you
to
bring
something.
That's
fully
formed.
You
know
they
don't
like
you
to
to
come
with
an
initiative
to
say:
hey,
here's
an
interesting
topic.
Let's
talk
about
that
for
a
bit
and
see
if
the
standard
emerges
so
in
trying
to
pass
some
of
the
tests
to
get
an
initiative
like
this
movie,
I
think.
G
Eventually,
we
talked
ourselves
into
the
position
which,
which
we've
written
in
the
website
as
you've
observed
with
under
our
story
that
you
know,
let's
get
started,
I
think
there
is
a
question
about
who
should
be
the
guardian
of
the
intellectual
property
or
something
like
this.
When
you
get
to
the
well,
you
never
get
to
the
end.
That's
something
one
of
the
learning
points
from
standardization.
You
think
about
publishing
the
standard
in
the
end.
G
G
For
fact,
that
there'll
be
a
greater
propensity
to
liberalize
markets,
because
you
don't
have
to
think
in
terms
of
just
the
old
State,
Telco
being
they're
kind
of
be
all
an
indoor
for
interconnection
within
the
country.
And
it's
interesting
that
the
two
presentations
that
came
before
me
both
both
fully
Illustrated
that
problem,
you
know
you'd,
think
United
States
had
got.
You
know
it
was
such
a
rich
country
that
all
of
this
would
be
long
solved.
G
There
is,
in
fact
a
massive
internet
Exchange
in
South
Africa
is
in
the
top
10
in
the
world,
which
is
an
incredible
achievement,
but
you
know
the
back
story
to
that
is
is
rather
complex
and
yet
it's
a
neutral
exchange.
It's
an
absolute
Paradigm
of
the
kind
of
things
that
we
would
like
to
see
in
this
in
this
standard,
when
we
were
so.
A
H
Thank
you
so
I
was
considering,
or
at
least
thinking
of
what
you
mentioned,
with
transparency
and
I
asked
myself.
Are
you
also
considering
a
security
incidence
in
transparency
with
respect
to
that,
because
I
personally
had
an
experience
of
hacking
into
an
internet
exchange
and
I
was
quite
surprised
that
I
mean
you
suddenly
have
control
over
a
very
important
Point
and
then
well.
They
sent
me
a
beer
package
to
thank
me,
but
I
mean
that's,
that's
not
the
way
you
should
deal
with
this
I
mean
I.
G
Yeah,
this
has
already
come
up.
I
think
it's
I,
think
it's
a
fascinating
aspect
and
again
I
I'm
concerned
that
we
don't
have
enough
time
today
to
deal
properly
with
your
question.
I
think
in
principle,
there's
no
reason
why
such
a
thing
shouldn't
be
considered
in
the
standard
and
I
think
you're
quite
right.
G
What
people
want
to
know
about
it's?
What
people
want
to
have
confidence
about
Exchange,
a
place
where
you
come
to
share
your
others,
and
if
you
are
concerned
that
either
the
exchange
is
vulnerable
to
hacking
or
perhaps
worse,
is
being
controlled
and
or
monitored
by
government
entities.
Then
you're
going
to
be
a
lot
less
keen
on
the
idea
of
using
it
as
a
place
for
interconnect,
and
indeed
you
know
we.
G
We
know
that
some
exchanges
in
the
world
are
essentially
serving
government
agencies
by
allowing
themselves
to
be
mirrored
or
tapped
in
some
way,
and
nobody
thinks
that
that's
a
great
idea
from
you
know
from
almost
any
point
of
view,
I
think
it's
you
know.
I
I'd
have
to
go
into
predictive
mode
to
tell
you
what
I
thought
might
happen
about
this
one.
G
But
but
it's
already
come
up
and
it's
already
an
issue
of
the
degree
of
transparency
that
people
should
consider
that
changes
should
have,
and
one
example
of
that
is
having
something
that
I
think
the
jargon
phrases
weren't
canary
you
know
have
you
got
some
way
of
saying
to
us
that
you
know
you're
not
subject
to
tapping
or
mirroring,
and
can
we
rely
on
that?
In
other
words,
will
we
know
that
the
war
is
the
analogy?
A
A
F
We
recently
won
my
group
I'm
sorry
I'm,
associate
professor
at
the
University
of
Washington
working
on
internet
access
and
obviously
co-chairing
here.
The
the
team
here
running
the
Seattle
Community
Network
won
the
IEEE
connecting
unconnected
challenge
and
I
will
be
giving
the
talk
from
that
here.
It
is,
unfortunately,
a
little
high
level,
so
I'm
happy
to
chat
with
you
all
about
some
of
the
details
forward,
but
I
do
not
yet
see
my
slides
foreign.
A
F
F
F
Specifically,
it's
come
a
Cooperative,
Network,
Reckless
research,
Tacoma,
Public
Library
all
have
done
enormous
heavy
lifting
in
terms
of
what
we're
doing
here
and
so
I
wanted
to
make
sure
we
called
them
out
so
just
to
start.
It
may
surprise
people,
especially
in
this
group,
to
be
running
that
we're
running
an
Access
Project
in
Seattle
of
all
places
Seattle.
F
Those
of
you
who
have
not
been
here
is
indeed
one
of
the
most
connected
places
in
the
world,
us
the
home
of
Amazon,
the
sort
of
home
of
Microsoft
or
across
the
water
over
in
Redmond
an
enormous
amount
of
other
companies
that
you
would
have
heard
of,
and
you
know
towards
that
point.
95
of
satellites,
according
to
a
recent
survey
from
the
city
of
Seattle,
have
access
to
the
internet,
but
my
research
group
really
works
on
connecting
marginalized
populations.
F
F
All
of
these
are
the
kind
of
populations
that
we
like
to
work
with
as
researchers,
and
so
we've
spun
up
an
Access
Project
to
see
if
we
can
try
to
bring
connectivity
to
those
people
in
town,
and
that
is
the
Seattle
Community
Network.
It's
really
underlying
the
technical
agenda
here
that
we're
going
to
speak
through
the
Seattle
Community
Network
is
a
free
or
low-class
Access
Network
that
we
deploy
throughout
the
city.
F
It
uses
LTE
and
provides
access
to
people
who
can't
afford
to
pay
for
network
devices
can't
afford
for
to
pay
for
internet
access.
Even
when
there's
discounted
plans
available,
which
there
are
in
Seattle,
if
you're
able
to
demonstrate
that
you
are
low
income,
you
can
get
a
10
a
month
plan
from
Comcast,
but
even
that
plan
has
a
number
of
strings
attached
to
it.
I
think
you
need
to
live
there
for
a
certain
number
of
months
to
demonstrate
that
you're
you're
situated
there.
F
You
have
to
demonstrate
these
income
properties,
all
of
which
are
really
hard,
if
you're,
for
instance,
unhomed
and
moving
around
and
these
kind
of
problems.
Similarly,
we
provide
some
educational
materials
that
I'll
talk
through
for
people
who
don't
actually
know
how
to
use
access
networks
and
the
network
is
is,
is-
is
rolling
out
and
growing
as
of
right
right
now.
F
It
consists
of
seven
sites,
eight,
if
you're
really
generous,
and
you
include
the
UW
test
site,
but
it's
at
these
partners
that
we
spoke
of
the
Filipino
Community
Center,
Aroma,
Cultural,
Center,
so
local,
community,
cultural
centers,
local
high
schools,
Garfield
and
Franklin
High
School,
and
then
some
libraries,
Skyway
library
and
Tacoma
Public
Library.
So
really
again,
what
we
do
is
we
work
with
Partners.
We
try
to
connect
people
through
through
them
now,
traditionally,
these
kind
of
access
networks
have
been
really
hard
to
build.
It's
even
been
touched
on
slightly
in
today's
talks.
F
I
heard
mention
of
just
like
Wireless,
not
being
a
possibility
in
in
for
some
of
the
funding
sources
in
Michigan,
which
I
think
is
a
little
bit
of
a
shame.
There's
certainly
fiber
is
is
the
best,
but
there's
a
lot
of
places
and
a
lot
of
access
idioms,
where
Wireless
makes
a
lot
of
sense,
and
fortunately,
there's
been
significant
progress
on
these.
F
It
used
to
be
when
I
was
running
these
networks
that
cellular
Spectrum
was
a
big
problem.
It
was
just
foundationally
unavailable
for
a
small
operator
use
but
cbrs
the
citizens,
Broadband
Radio
Service,
went
live
in
April,
2020
and
GAA
Spectrum
General
access
spectrum
is
readily
available
in
our
region.
Here
you
can
see
on
the
right
is
a
map
of
of
this,
and
you
can
see
that
there's
little
there's
there's
access
issues
in
Everett
and
Bremerton,
both
of
which
are
Naval
bases,
but
generally
fallow
Spectrum,
all
around.
F
But
having
done
this
for
a
while,
trying
to
trying
to
turn
these
kind
of
organizations,
these
small
community
organizations
into
isps
I
guess
I
should
rephrase
that
the
the
goal
of
this
project
is
to
empower
these
Community
facing
organizations
to
connect
their
communities
right.
They
are
the
best
at
engaging
with
the
communities
that
they
work
with,
and
this
kind
of
marginalized
populations
that
that
they
are
built
to
serve
right.
F
But
having
done
this
for
a
while,
we've
run
networks
in
the
Philippines
we've
run
networks
in
Indonesia
we've
run
networks
in
the
Canadian
Arctic.
We
still
are
what
we've
learned
is
essentially
that
these
kind
of
organizations
don't
want
to
become
isps
at
the
end
of
the
day.
They
have
a
mandate
right
and
that
mandate
is
to
support
those
communities
around
them
and
that
often
includes
internet
access.
They
really
want
to
provide
internet
to
those
communities,
but
they
don't
want
to
grow
larger
than
that.
F
They
don't
want
to
run
fiber
all
around
their
their
their
their
Community,
because
then
they
become
an
ISP
and
it
sort
of
dominates
their
their
business
and
they're
small
nonprofits.
That's
not
what
they
want
to
do.
This
makes
scaling
these
kind
of
solutions
really
hard
right,
so
they
grow
to
a
sort
of
natural
size
which
is
tens
of
users,
often,
and
that's
it
growing
beyond
that.
It
requires
fundamental
organizational
change,
which
is
out
of
scope.
F
So
as
a
solution,
what
we
aren't
aiming
to
do
in
this
project
is
to
allow
the
networks
to
scale
horizontally,
essentially
adding
more
small
networks
rather
than
vertically
trying
to
make
the
networks
really
big,
and
this
is
somewhat
antithetical
to
the
way
networks
are
built.
These
days,
you
can
see,
there's
just
so
much
infrastructure
and
grant
funding.
F
That
really
is
about
scaling
up
individual
organizations,
but
there
were
researchers,
so
we
get
to
do
things
in
different
ways,
and
so
our
solution
is
both
social
and
Technical,
but
the
technical
piece
here
is
developing
a
new
Federated
core
Network
that
allows
for
this
that
allows
small
Community
Network
sites
to
partner
together
to
provide
this
kind
of
wide
area
coverage.
So
it
looks
a
little
like
this.
Some
of
you
have
seen
these
slides
before
in
a
traditional
mno
on
the
top
you
can
imagine,
the
red
network
is
18
T.
F
The
green
network
is
T-Mobile
and
on
the
bottom,
is
our
Cooperative
solution,
in
which
case
there
are
like
many
many
networks
right,
red
black,
blue
purple,
green.
All
of
them
are
running
in
the
area
with
a
smaller
number
of
access
points
there
in
a
traditional
Network,
though,
carriers
compete
right,
so
at
T
will
have
coverage
in
some
place.
T-Mobile
have
coverage
in
some
place.
Often
they'll
have
coverage
in
the
same
places,
but
sometimes
it'll
be
better
or
worse
for
for
one
of
them
in
the
Cooperative
model.
It's
different.
F
What
we
really
want
to
do
is
have
these
all
work
together
to
provide
connectivity
to
look
like
one
big
mno,
even
though
it's
a
bunch
of
small
community
Networks.
The
key
piece
of
this
is
that
in
a
traditional
Network
users
only
connect
to
their
home
network
right.
If
you're,
an
ATT
subscriber
you
go
into
the
ATT
Network,
you
never
go
under
the
T-Mobile
network,
except
under
certain
emergency
circumstances
and
enrolling
which
we'll
talk
about,
but
in
our
solution.
F
What
we
do
is
we
actually
allow
you
to
connect
to
all
of
the
other
community
networks.
Using
this
a
system
we
call
d-off,
which
I'll
speak
to
the
roaming
solution.
We
need
needs
to
allow
people
to
move
between
the
various
Community
Network
nodes,
while
also
meeting
the
needs
of
of
allowing
more
Community
Network
Partners
to
be
created
right-
and
this
involves
a
number
of
technical
bits
here,
the
most
important
of
which
is
to
say
that
Community
infrastructure
can
be
less
stable.
What
we
need
to
be
able
to
do
is
handle
failure.
F
These
are
going
to
be
low-cost
units.
These
are
going
to
be
organizations
that
may
not
have
the
technical
chops
to
keep
stuff
running
with
five
nines,
as
you
expect
of
a
telecom,
and
so
instead
of
what
we
want
to
do
is
build
a
lot
of
networks
have
overlapping
coverage
and
you
can
fall
back
to
another
network
if
one
of
those
fail
so
redundancy
as
a
way
to
provide
that
that
model
of
service.
Second
to
this,
we
really
can't
just
share
Network
State.
F
The
simplest
way
to
do
this
is
to
Simply
share
your
network
Keys
around
all
of
the
nodes
in
the
network,
but
that
has
a
number
of
security
implications
that
we
don't
want.
So,
instead
we're
going
to
come
up
with
something
else
and
then,
lastly,
of
course,
this
all
has
to
work
on
commodity
off-the-shelf
handsets.
We
can't
expect
people
to
buy
new
handsets
fit
into
it.
Okay.
F
So
how
does
this
work?
Here's
traditional
Roman
here
we
have
a
large
centralized
core,
and
this
is
often
in
the
data
center.
There's
one
in
North
Seattle
handles
hundreds
of
thousands
of
subscribers
and
in
that
data
center
is
stored.
All
of
your
authentication
information.
So
if
you're,
let's
say
a
British
Telecom
customer
and
you
come
to
Seattle
it'll
talk
to
the
ATT
network,
but
it'll
actually
build
an
ipsec
tunnel
all
the
way
back
to
British
telecoms,
core
Network,
to
authenticate
you
now
this
works.
F
It
works
when
you
have
really
big
Hardware,
that's
where
the
redundancy
is
built
in
it
works
when
roaming
is
not
a
super
common
situation,
but
it's
not
going
to
work
for
us.
We're
going
to
have
a
lot
more
roaming
and
we're
gonna
have
a
lot
more
core
networks
down.
So
our
solution
is
this:
it's
called
The
Off.
The
big
idea
here
is
again
to
support
this
model.
We
have
a
number
of
small
core
networks,
one
for
each
partner
organization,
each
handling
tens
to
hundreds
of
subscribers.
F
Now
these
are
going
to
run
on
low-cost
Edge
Hardware,
that
being
kind
of
a
Nook
we've
mentioned
before
the
new
unit
of
compute,
like
Intel,
like
small
box,
a
couple
hundred
bucks
now
to
make
this
work
in
the
way
that
we
want,
because
those
nodes
are
going
to
go
down.
What
we
do
is
we
do
pre-compute
these
things
called
authentication
vectors
now
these
are
basically
allow
a
network
to
our
user
to
authenticate
to
a
network
without
sharing
their
Network
keys.
So
your
core
Network,
the
home
network,
generates
these
Keys
hands
them
to
nearby
partner
networks.
F
This
allows
you
to
roam
onto
those
networks
and
even
if
the,
if
your
core
network
isn't
available,
we
then
build
a
public
distributed
directory
of
these
networks
so
that
you
can
see
what
kind
of
networks
you
want
to
talk
to
and
who
you
can
trust
key
Point
again
we
have.
This
is
super
high
level.
D-Off
solution
allows
for
low-cost
hardware
and
the
small
community
networks,
while
maintaining
that
kind
of
expected
Network
resilience
performance.
F
It
looks
like
a
major
Telecom
with
the
kind
of
properties
that
you'd
expect
while
being
built
out
of
these
number
of
small
community
Networks.
This
is
my
hand
waving
slide,
we're
writing
a
paper
about
it.
Basically,
it
works
the
registrations
it
can
handle
a
number
of
registrations.
Apparently
it
starts
to
look
more
and
more
like
a
traditional
core
network,
but
I'm
going
to
hand
wave
all
that
just
to
say
that
we're
doing
it
and
the
numbers
look
good
now.
F
Key
to
this
whole
mission
is
that
while
we
have
this
technical
agenda
and
we're
researchers-
and
we
really
need
to
have
that
to
be
able
to
get
funding
and
and
do
our
work,
we
recognize
that's
not
the
whole
problem
right
and
so
the
Sam
Community
Network,
while
able
enabling
us
to
engage
in
these
kind
of
research
agendas,
does
things
on
top
of
that
to
support
the
Community
Development
itself.
This
includes
stuff
like
Service
Learning,
so
people
come
out
students
and
also
community
members
to
teach
the
community
how
the
internet
works.
F
These
are.
These
are
Community
educational
workshops.
We
have
hack
nights,
disco
techs
at
the
Filipino
Community
Center.
For
example,
people
come
in
ask
about
their
devices,
ask
about
what
kind
of
problems
they
have
and
concurrent
to
this,
we're
also
running
a
digital
stewards
program
for
both
Youth
and
adults.
This
really
trains,
people
foundationally
about
how
the
internet
works
so
that
they
can
help
us
do
installs
and
maintain
the
network
going
forward.
F
These
digital
stewards
are
given
Hands-On,
Computing
education
and
job
training
towards
the
technical
skills
needed
to
run
the
network.
All
right
things
like
principles
of
networking
are
really
foundational
on
the
ground
stuff,
like
configuring,
radios,
building,
ethernet
cables
and
then
the
community
piece
of
it
as
well,
allowing
people
to
come
together
and
doorknob
and
be
good
community
members
and
and
build
the
community
as
participants
themselves.
F
Lastly,
we
also
envisioned
this
network
as
what
we're
calling
a
teaching
Network
so
I
put
akin
to
a
teaching
hospital.
If
you've
ever
heard
of
this,
it
provides
low-cost
internet,
but
it
also
is
a
space
for
us
to
do
this
kind
of
research
and
to
engage
students
in
the
Practical
Hands-On
elements
of
networking.
So
this
allows
us
to
build
this
community
of
practice
around
networking
and
engage
with
other
communities
around
us
that
have
interest
in
this.
For
example,
a
number
of
my
students
volunteer
at
the
tribal
Broadband
boot
camp.
F
In
conclusion,
I
want
to
mention
that
d-off
is
not
yet
in
prod.
We're
really
trying
to
figure
that
out
right
now.
This
is
an
operational
Network,
and
so
it's
a
little
hard
to
pull
the
rug
and
come
in
with
research
code,
but
that's
I
think
a
fun
problem
for
us
as
researchers.
However,
the
teaching
material
is
well
tested
and
available
and
everything
we
do
is
produced
in
open.
A
A
F
Not
at
all,
it's
been
kind
of
amazing
to
see
how
open
cbrs
is.
We
know
that
there
were
a
number
of
licenses
given.
This
is
for
the
priority
elements,
but
it
seems
to
be
underutilized
and
what
I
understand
is
essentially
that
the
telecoms
while
hungry
for
spectrum
feel
as
though
it's
potentially
too
unstable
for
them
to
run
stuff
on
and
so
we'll
see
in
the
future.
F
I
think,
as
this
message
comes
out,
that
that
cbrs
is
underutilized,
you'll
see
some
more
people
leaning
into
it,
but
as
of
now
absolutely
not,
and
especially
like
Google's
we're
using
Google's
SAS
for
this,
you
can
go
online
and
see
and
there's
just
an
enormous
amount
of
spectrum
everywhere
that
I've,
given
talks
and
I.
Think
what's
interesting
to
me
is
how
and
if
cbrs
will
be
impactful
internationally
as
well,
so,
for
instance,
I
believe
in
Canada
they're,
not
using
cbrs.
F
F
The
reality
is
that
the
gear
in
the
CBR
Spectrum,
like
in
band
42
band
43,
is
being
produced
at
scale
because
these
networks
are
being
used
in
the
US
and
so
now
there's
this
body
of
these
devices,
which
are
readily
available,
and
so
there's
going
to
be
pressure
on
Regulators
all
over
to
allow
them
to
use
these
devices
because
they're,
cheap,
so
we'll
see.
But
yeah
we
haven't
had
any
issues
which
has
been
one
of
those
big
bets
that
we
made.
That
seems
to
be
working
out.
A
Yeah
there's
a
great
Network
called
open
Broadband
in
North
Carolina.
Sorry,
let
me
say
that
slower
for
folks
who
are
listening
and
me
talking
too
fast,
with
coffee,
North,
Carolina
and
Curtis.
That
network
is
also
moving
across
the
the
state
borders
into
Virginia
and
into
South
Carolina
on
the
east
coast
of
the
United
States
and,
like
you,
they've,
had
no
troubles.
The
local
government
is
fully
behind
them
and
I
think
hers.
We
can
tell
the
folks
here
too,
that
you
got
in
Seattle
and
Washington
State
you
can.
A
You
can
actually
run
a
community-based
network,
but
in
like
18
of
the
other
U.S
states.
You
can't
because
it's
not
allowed
to
have
networks
like
those
it's
part
of
the
old
Telco
lobbying
Network
that
got
into
the
local
parliaments
to
block
networks
like
that,
but
cbrs
is
well
and
alive,
and
lots
of
folks
are
at
least
trying
to
roll
out,
not
lots,
but
some
some
networks
are
doing
great,
like
yours
and
theirs
and.
F
Yeah
there
are
some
other
interesting
ones
too.
We've
been
talking
with
New
York,
Public,
Library
they're
running
a
cbrs
network.
Now,
there's
it's
just
popping
up
in
very
interesting
places,
because
this
capacity
is
just
suddenly
there
and
some
people
are
flipping
lights
on
and
we
had
heard
about
the
City
of
Yakima
here
in
Washington
standing
went
up,
I
think
that
failed.
F
A
F
Yeah,
so
we
don't
have
everyone
using
the
same
IP
address
I
think
we're
actually
natting
behind
a
VPN,
so
basically
all
VPN
to
our
like
we're
an
actual
ISP.
We
have
an
as
and
all
that
kind
of
stuff,
and
that's
so
I
think
we
VPN
everything
back
to
our
egress
and
run
a
DHCP
server.
There
get
everyone
IP
blocks.
It's
not
super
elegant
we're
trying
to
find
a
set
of
ipv4
blocks
because
of
this,
but
so
we're
able
to
dock
that
and
in
terms
of
monitoring.
F
F
There's
a
bunch
of
open
questions
as
to
measuring
these
kind
of
networks
versus
like
the
vast
majority
of
measurement
infrastructure
is
not
for
selling
networks,
which
ostensibly
it
shouldn't
be
that
different,
but
there's
a
lot
of
scheduling
and
front-end
stuff
that
happens
in
LTE,
that's
much
more
complex
than
like
a
Wi-Fi
network.
I.
F
Think
again,
the
speaker
for
Mission,
ahead
and
Michigan
had
a
great
perspective
of
like
the
slowest
pieces
is
for
them
at
the
client
and
that's
often
not
the
case
exactly
in
the
same
way,
because
there's
I
don't
know,
there's
just
a
lot
more
like
the
the
right
way
like
the
Spectrum.
Sharing
of
a
cellular
system
is
just
complicated
in
a
way
that,
like
Wi-Fi,
doesn't
do
or
I
guess
most
Wi-Fi
doesn't
do.
F
If
you
go
to
some
like
real
Cutting
Edge
standards,
they
do
a
little
bit
more
of
it
point
being
we
just.
We
have
a
fairly
naive
measurement
thing.
It's
mostly
measuring
From,
the
Block
box
out
of
the
network.
We
don't
have
much
of
the
front
end
a
bit
of
the
measurement,
which
is
where
I
think
we
actually
need
it.
Client-Side
stuff
we're
building.
Some
of
that.
We've
got
some
like
Raspberry
Pi
kind
of
like
put
it
as
a
user
on
the
network
and
measure
client
performance
stuff.
F
D
A
A
F
Yeah
I
mean
thanks
for
coming
out.
Everyone
I
see,
there's
still
a
bunch
of
people
in
the
room,
hopefully
we'll
be
able
to
I'm
planning
to
come
out
to
the
the
Japan
session.
So
if
people
want
to
come
out
there,
that
would
be
great,
but
otherwise,
if
there's
any
content
that
that
you'd
like
to
present
a
guy
of
course
reach
out
to
Jane
and
I,
and
we're
excited
to
keep
this
as
a
menu
I
really
like
today's
talks,
I
thought
they
were
fantastic
and
so
Jane.
A
All
right
thanks
everybody,
and
thanks
for
coming
to
the
meeting
room
and
we're
virtual.
So
this
is
working
out
really
well
and
just
want
to
say
thank
you
to
the
ietf
for
organizing
and
also
to
Lorenzo
and
the
meet
Echo
team.
We
wouldn't
be
able
to
do
this
without
this
really
cool
platform.
So
thanks
a
lot
everyone-
and
you
have
a
good
day
there
in
London
and
thanks.