►
Description
The Internet relies on trust and collaboration between the people who build and maintain it. Learn how these panelists have fostered the growth of Internet exchange points and technical communities in their regions:
Anupam Agrawal of the Kolkata Chapter and Kolkata IXP
Hiba Eltigani of Sudan NOG (SdNOG)
Stephen Lee of CaribNOG
Moderator
Hisham Ibrahim - Community Engagement & Decvelopment Manager, RIPE NCC
https://www.internetsociety.org/events/intercommunity/2021/infrastructure-and-community-development/
A
A
For
me,
this
reminds
me
of
how
the
internet
works.
The
internet
relies
on
trust
and
collaboration,
but
at
the
core
of
it
all
are
the
people
who
make
the
magic
happen.
Today
we
have
will
to
have
some
of
our
community
members
doing
an
incredible
job
in
their
communities,
either
by
training,
building
or
maintaining
infrastructure
and
communities.
A
Now,
I'd
like
to
give
a
big
shout
out
to
flexoptics
who
are
sponsoring
the
simultaneous
interpretation
and
closed
captioning
for
these
inter-community
events,
special
thanks
to
fargus,
mckay
and
porsha
rabonda
for
making
this
call
and
now
I'll
hand
you
over
to
jen
coffin
who's.
Our
senior
vice
president
for
internet
growth
to
set
us
off
jane.
Please.
B
Thank
you,
evelyn,
and
thank
you
very
much
for
that
proverb.
It's
really
important
to
recognize
the
importance
of
going
together,
walking
together
down
paths,
and
this
is
all
about
our
community,
all
about
all
of
you,
our
our
partners
like
flexoptics
and
others
who
help
us
with
our
virtual
peering
forums
as
well,
but
really
about
all
the
work
that
you've
been
doing.
You
have
a
wonderful
lineup
today
of
speakers
who
are
part
of
our
community
from
around
the
world,
but
these
are
also
people
who
are
community
and
partnership
builders.
B
We
often
say
at
the
internet
society
on
our
infrastructure
and
community
development
projects
and
our
internet
grow
project
portfolio.
You
can't
have
single
points
of
failure
with
partners,
so
you
grow
a
strong
partnership
base.
That
means
the
more
partners
the
better.
So
thank
you
very
much
for
everything
everyone's
doing
and
a
huge
shout
out
to
machu,
kimoni
and
naveed,
who
are
the
leads
for
the
infrastructure
and
community
development
project.
B
The
name
of
that
project
in
and
of
itself
is
very
much
representative
of
the
important
work
on
building
and
growing
infrastructure
and
building
and
growing
communities
to
sustain
that
infrastructure.
We're
going
to
hear
more
about
internet
exchange
points
and
some
development
of
isps
from
really
key
people
in
our
community.
B
So
I'm
going
to
turn
it
over
now
to
another
community
member
and
partner
hisham
ibrahim,
who
currently
is
with
ripe.
Ncc
hisham
has
been
a
brother
to
machuki
and
building
isps
around
the
planet,
particularly
in
sub-saharan,
but
also
in
the
middle
east
and
elsewhere.
So
hisham
who's
a
great
partner
from
a
regional
internet
registry
over
to
hisham.
C
C
To
hear
about
the
lovely
things
that
the
others
have
been
doing
their
communities,
so
without
further
ado,
I
will
ask
the
first
speaker
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
exchange
points
and
and
what
role
they
do
in
building
communities
around
infrastructure
and
and
and
the
value
that
it
actually
brings
there
not
just
from
the
technical
side,
but
also
from
the
human
side
that
they,
the
the
community
side
of
things.
So
without
any
further
ado.
Anthem.
C
D
You
thank
you
for
the
brilliant
prelude
to
the
discussion
which
we
are
going
to
have
here
and
thank
you
internet
society
for
organizing
this
particular
event.
It
is
more
about
sharing
of
the
experience
and
that
what
makes
it
more
wonderful,
rather
than
some
theoretical
side,
so
in
next
few
minutes
I'll.
Take
you
through
that
my
engagement
of
being
part
of
something
which
is
getting
created
in
the
form
of
an
internet
exchange
point
what
were
the
challenges?
D
What
were
the
peak,
where
we
got
a
lot
of
satisfaction
and
how
we
are
currently
where
we
are
and
where
we
want
to
go
so
it
has
been
a
very
long
journey.
Can
you
move
to
the
next
slide,
so
it
it?
It
is
important
that
you
understand
from
where
I
belong,
so
I
am
part
of
calcutta.
It
is
the
capital
city
of
the
state
of
west
bengal
in
india.
D
It
is
very
close
to
bay
of
bengal,
which
is
around
200
kilometers
from
the
seashore
and
very
recently,
a
cable
landing
station
has
been
approved
in
a
place
called,
which
is
around
180
kilometers
from
where
we
are,
and
that
is
going
to
change
the
work
and
amplify
the
work
which
is
happening
at
an
internet
exchange
point
and
the
community
which
we
are
here
and
this
community
has
played
a
very
strong
role
in
popularizing
this
concept
of
a
cable
landing
station.
So
that
is
one
of
our
topmost
achievement.
D
D
Some
of
them
were
not
having
traffic,
but
there
was
no
one
to
talk
to
the
people
who
were
appearing
in
those
exchanges,
so
that
was
the
first
challenge
we,
where
we
were
starting
to
work
in
a
community
program
where
there
was
no
community
existing
at
that
point
of
time,
and
that
was
something
in
2014-15
time
frame,
so
an
exchange
with
which
has
got
presence
all
across
india,
some
of
which
are
working,
some
of
which
are
working
very
brilliantly
brilliantly
and
some
of
which
are
not
working.
But
there
is
no
community
there.
D
When
we
talked
with
them,
we
found
that
some
of
them
are
saying
that,
yes,
we
are
into
the
ix,
because
nixie
is
a
government
organization
and
we
want
it
to
be
there.
Some
of
them
said
that
it
is
much
easier
to
exchange
traffic
at
singapore
or
merciless,
but
rather
than
exchange
traffic
in
delhi
or
in
calcutta.
So
we
go
out
and
do
it
so
everybody
was
having
their
own
sense
and
from
the
technical
and
the
academic
community
which
we
were.
We
were
thinking
that
exchange
is
the
right
thing
to
do.
D
Peering
saves
money,
but
for
the
people
who
were
for
whom
we
were
trying
to
work
upon
the
business,
the
people
in
the
isp
business
who
were
taking
internet
down
to
the
level
for
them
ix
was
not
making
much
sense.
So
that
is
again.
One
learning
which
we
got
was
that
whatever
program
you
design
from
a
civil
society
or
an
academic
perspective,
the
right
stakeholder
needs
to
be
part
of
your
community.
Okay.
So
now,
with
some
of
these
people
on
board,
we
started
moving
forward
in
2014-15.
D
Now
we
required
an
organizational
home,
so
in
2018
we
created
india
internet
foundation
as
the
organizational
home
for
this
ix,
which
is
which
was
known
at
that
point
of
time
as
iphone
ix.
Now,
a
lot
of
things
changed
in
2019
when
we
hosted
cinahl
34,
and
that
was
the
real
time
when
this
business
community,
with
whom
we
were
wanting
at
the
onset.
They
were
actually
there
on
the
ground
and
they
saw
that
what
was
happening
and
then
that's
the
time
when
it
started
growing.
Really
now
we
were
not
short
of
people
not
sort
of
community.
D
We,
we
were
having
people
who
were
willing
to
work
with
us,
and
the
first
decision,
which
the
working
group
which
was
managing
this
ix
took,
was
to
rename
it
as
a
kolkata
ix,
so
2019
it
got
renamed
into
kolkata
ix
and
then
because
of
the
growth
we
were
operating
in
2014
with
a
microtech
switch
which
has
got
one
sfp
port
and
10
or
12
ethernet
ports
from
there.
Now
we
were
having
a
situation
where
we
wanted
more
ports
and
all
of
them
as
one
gig
or
10
gig
ports.
D
So
we
reached
out
to
iso
jane
and
naveed
kindly
consented
to
give
us
one
very
good
switch
which
is
now
installed
in
this
ix
and
that
allowed
us
to
grow
further.
Now
we
are
not
sort
of.
We
are
giving
everyone
a
10,
gig
port,
okay,
whether
you
want
a
one
gig
or
not,
it
is
up
to
you,
but
the
capacity
is
for
a
10
gig.
So
growth
is
not
a
bottleneck.
D
Now
now
that
has
allowed
us
to
move
into
2021,
where
we
now
are
now
approaching
more
cdns
to
come
and
join
us
in
the
meantime
we
have
become
onerous
compliant
and
then
the
working
group
or
the
group
which
is
managing
this
ix,
has
taken
a
decision
to
create
some
meaning
or
rural
ix.
So
we
want
to
experiment
by
setting
up
a
very
small
ix
in
some
distance
200
300
kilometers
from
the
city
of
calcutta,
because
in
as
a
country,
india
was
forced
into
digital
transformation
in
last
one
one
and
a
half
years
of
pandemic.
D
While
we
were
shouting
at
the
top
of
our
voice
that
we
are
digital,
india,
but
the
real
digital
transformation
has
taken
in
last
one
one
and
a
half
year
and
that
has
changed
the
requirement
of
an
iax
at
the
level
of
a
city
like
kolkata
to
further
go
down
into
some
level,
two
or
level
three
cities
and
see
what
is
happening.
So
that
is
what
the
group
has
decided
to
do
now.
If
we
move
to
the
next
slide,
you
will
see
that
who-
who
are
we
talking
about
here?
So,
on
the
right
hand,
side?
D
You
will
see
the
people
who
are
part
of
this
working
group
on
the
left
hand,
side
of
the
people
who
have
helped
us
build
this
thing.
Internet
society
has
given
the
switch.
We
are
using
ixp
manager
for
managing
the
entire
infrastructure.
The
basis
technologies
has
given
us
the
space
to
host
that
infrastructure
of
ix.
Kolkata
chapter
is
doing
all
the
community
reach
out
then
alliance
broadband
is
giving
us
the
upstream
required
for
filling
up.
The
cdns
and
speedmate
is
also
doing
the
same
for
one
of
the
cdl.
D
D
What
was
required
was
to
give
the
empowerment
to
this
community.
So,
as
a
group,
what
is
going
to
be
the
port
charges
that
is
decided
by
this
working
group?
Will
we
charge
a
little
more
for
the
future
that
is
also
decided
by
this
working
group?
Okay,
what
is
going
to
be
the
new
initiative?
This
is
decided
by
this
working
group.
D
What
what
is
going
to
be
the
policy
for
the
ix
that
is
decided
by
this
working
group,
so
the
group
has
to
be
empowered
to
take
decisions,
and
that
is
what
we
have
been
able
to
inculcate
in
this
working
group.
Now,
if
we
look
at
the
value
in
last
one
year
of
operations,
roughly
half
a
million
dollar
has
been
saved
by
the
people
who
have
appeared
here
in
terms
of
the
bandwidth
bandwidth
which
they
have
exchanged
and
the
content
which
they
were
able
to
get
out
of
this
exchange.
D
This
is
not
a
very
small
amount
of
money,
but
if,
but
it
is
roughly
60
percent
of
the
savings
in
the
cost
for
the
traffic
which
they
have
exchanged,
which
otherwise
would
have
gone
to
mumbai
or
delhi
or
somewhere.
Okay,
now
that
was,
that
is
something
which
is
not
making
the
real
impact
of
internet
exchange
point
now.
The
internet
exchange
point
is
making
an
impact
in
two
dimensions.
One
is
where
it
is
making
the
internet
more
resilient
and
how
it
is
making
it
more
resilient.
D
It
is
not
by
because
we
have
him
we
have
given
up
isoc
has
given
our
switch.
We
have
created
an
ix.
What
this
ix
has
been
able
to
do
is
that
the
savings
for
the
operators,
they
are
investing
that
back
into
upgrading
their
hardwares,
and
that
is
the
message
which
we
run
from
this
working
group
that
whatever
money,
which
you
are
saving
by
exchanging
traffic,
don't
take
it
as
part
of
your
profit.
Okay,
invest
a
part
of
it
back
into
the
hardware
which
is
required
to
upgrade
your
own
network.
D
Okay,
then,
this
ix
goes
back
and
trains
their
people.
If
you
look
at
how
internet
is
shut
down
whenever
a
shutdown
is
ordered,
it
is
not
that
somebody
is
logging
out
making
a
bgp
policy
change
and
all
that
doesn't
happen.
How
an
internet
shutdown
happens
here
when,
when
an
internet
shutdown
is
ordered,
the
guy
simply
goes
out
of
their
network
operations,
command,
knock
and
cut
the
wire,
and
whenever
they
are
ordered
back
to
go
online,
they
simply
do
the
splicing
and
join
it
back.
D
That's
how
it
works
because
they
don't
have
the
people
who
can
lock
out
of
the
server
then
log
in
redo,
the
all
the
bgp
policies,
and
also
everything
runs
as
if
everything
is
being
worked
upon
is
running.
Only
the
main
wire
gets
cut
and
then-
and
it
gets
joined
again
and
that's
that's
the
only
thing
which
this
small
operator
300
kilometers
from
calcutta
can
actually
do
so
because
he
does
rest
other
things
on
a
consultancy
basis.
So
we
are
giving
trained
manpower.
D
The
issues
are
getting
faster
resolved
and
that
is
what
is
creating
the
resilience,
because
resilience
is
nothing
but
the
ability
of
someone
to
come
back
in
case
of
an
adversity.
So
whenever
something
adverse
is
happening,
this
group
together
is
allowing
themselves
to
come
back
online
much
faster,
and
that
is
what
resiliency
I
feel
is
all
about.
Now.
You
know
mundus.
If
you
take
mundus,
this
security
dimension
was
something
which
will
only
be
done
when
it
has
started
impacting
proactively
trying
to
do
something
on
security.
D
D
So
summing
up
my
experience
till
now
that
the
resilience
of
internet
in
a
particular
region
is
directly
proportional
to
the
number
of
ix
in
that
particular
region.
This
is
an
empirical
relationship
which
we
have
observed
because
in
calcutta
itself,
multiple
acts
have
come
up
and
the
more
number
of
axes
are
coming
up.
The
internet
reliability
is
increasing
in
the
region
and
when
we
looked
at
other
places
as
well,
we
found
a
similar
relationship.
D
The
second
impact
is
in
terms
of
social
impact,
where
the
isps
who
are
part
of
this
community
start
trusting
each
other.
They
are
now
devising
ways
to
bring
some
synergies
in
their
purchasing
processes,
some
synergies
in
their
processes
for
doing
the
call
center
and
managing
their
customers.
So
a
lot
of
trust
alongside
competition
is
something
which
is
which
we
are
seeing
as
a
social
impact.
D
Otherwise,
the
members
were
so
competitive
with
each
other
that
they
did
not
like
to
see
their
face
even
and
now
at
least
they
know,
there
is
a
place
where
they
can
go
back
and
start
talking
with
each
other.
So
with
these
two
broad-based
impacts,
it
gives
us
the
impetus
to
carry
on
what
we
have
been
doing
till
now
and
then
expand
the
entire
idea
of
creating
an
internet
exchange
point
because
it
impacts
not
only
the
users
but
the
community
as
a
whole.
D
How
internet
is
being
delivered
to
the
people
and
how
internet
can
change
the
life
of
the
people.
So
with
this
I
I
will
stop
here
and
then
will
look
forward
to
the
comments
and
thanks
once
again,
naveed
and
jane
for
supporting
our
initiative
from
last
five
seven
years,
our
effort
over
last
few
years,
so
namaste
and
looking
forward
to
your
questions.
C
It's
it's
even
sometimes
cost
effective
to
send
your
traffic
to
marseille
or
to
europe
and
back.
You
know
in
many
cases
right
and
but
then
coming
together
as
a
community
and
going.
This
is
something
that
is
good
for
us
on
the
long
run
and
to
use
your
word
again,
empowering
them
to
make
these
kind
of
calls.
Can
you
elaborate
a
little
bit
more
on
this,
because
I
think
it's
important
in
this
context.
D
Why
was
empowering
important
before
we
created
a
working
group
which
was
trying
to
create
the
policy
and
trying
to
fix
up
the
port
charges
and
all
there
was
a
setup
in
the
country
where
you
are
a
customer
of
an
ix
okay?
So
you
don't
do
anything.
You
just
put
a
request
that
I
want
to
appear
and
then
in
turn
they
come
back
and
say
that
whether
you
are
allowed
to
be
peered
or
not,
okay
and
the
end
of
the
month.
There
is
an
invoice
which
comes
out
which,
for
which
you
need
to
do
the
payment.
D
If
there
is
an
issue,
you
don't
have
a
voice.
What's
how
should
the
exchange
move
forward?
You
don't
have
a
voice
okay.
Now,
when
you
suddenly
bring
these
people
and
try
to
do
it
as
a
part
of
community,
it
was
very
difficult
for
us
to
make
them
say
that,
yes,
the
things
which
you
want
can
be
done.
Okay,
so
we
were
initially
thought
like
another
ix
which
is
competing
with
an
existing
ix,
and
that
is
how
it
is
a
customer
supplier
relationship
rather
than
a
community
relationship.
D
So
when
the
empowerment
was
all
about
bringing
them
together
and
the
ability
to
take
certain
decisions-
and
we
as
a
organization
was
just
executing
those
decisions
which
was
taking
place
in
the
group,
so
it
was
making
them
believe
that
they
are
the
owners
of
this
ix
rather
than
the
organizational
home
of
an
iax
being
the
owner
of
this
entire
initiative.
So
that
was
a
transformation
in
terms
of
how
things
were
being
perceived.
C
D
We
are
sticking
to
the
idea
of
creating
a
manpower
who
can
actually
work
on
the
ground.
Okay,
training,
the
people,
so
that
there
is
a
much
larger
workforce
to
work
upon,
rather
than
just
take
the
policy
decision.
So
it
is
a
conscious
choice
as
of
now
to
work
on
the
manpower
side
of
the
things
rather
than
trying
to
be
at
or
create
appearing
forum
or
something.
C
No
brilliant
and-
and
I
see
some
comments
for
you
that
people
are
saying
you
know
yeah,
thank
you
for
the
the
great
talk
and
and
how
you're
guiding
people
with
what
you're
saying
here,
but
I'll
throw
this
to
the
course
question
and
and
maybe
to
you,
but
also
for
for
iso,
because
you
kind
of
mentioned
that
isoc
helped
out
as
well.
There
was
question
about
how
did
you
calculate
the
savings
so
there
is
that,
but
there's
also
a
couple
questions
about.
C
You
know
the
cost
of
starting
up
and
and
figuring
out
how
to
get
an
exchange
point
up
and
running
and
and
just
to
to
to
attach
the
iso
question
here.
There
was
a
question
that
was
shared.
That
also
said
something
about
what
kind
of
support
for
rural
and
developing
areas
can
people
expect
or
find
in
terms
of
supporting
such
initiatives?
So
maybe
we
start
with.
Then.
Maybe
I
talk
after
that.
If
somebody
wants
to
address
that.
D
That
is,
we
have
taken
the
figure
from
each
one
of
our
members
and
then
just
aggregated
it
to
see
that
whether
it
matches
with
the
traffic
which
has
gone
through
the
ix
or
not
so
this
is
a
figure
from
the
people
aggregated
cross
check
to
see
that
whether
it
makes
sense
or
not.
So
that's
how
we
have
come
at
the
figure
of
the
savings
in
terms
of
cost.
D
My
inspiration
was
the
blog
somewhere
on
the
online
that
how
to
start
ix
with
one
thousand
dollars,
so
I
still
believe
that
it
can
be
done
within
one
thousand
dollars,
but
that
never
includes
the
effort
of
the
people
around
it
to
actually
get
it
done.
So
the
investment
of
the
time
investment
of
the
manpower
resources,
people
trying
to
be
at
different
conferences
and
other
places
to
actually
talk
to
those
people.
Those
are
something
which
is
most
more
cost,
bearing
rather
than
the
cost
of
the
ix
itself.
C
There's,
that's
it
that's
a
very
good
point
and
there
is
a
good
talk
of
a
friend
of
mine
bremkovan
that
actually
did
a
talk
about
how
to
build
an
exchange
for
roughly
a
thousand
dollars
and
it's
online.
And
so
I
encourage
people
to
look
at
that.
I
I
think
we'll
move
to
the
next
talk
and
then
maybe
take
some
of
the
questions
afterwards.
E
I'm
hibaldijani,
I'm
a
network
network
engineer,
I'm
part
of
sudan,
network
operators,
group,
executive
committee
and
I'm
here
to
talk
to
you
about
sdnock
or
sudan
network
operators
group,
so
esthernock
was
founded
in
2014
at
the
time.
It's
it's
a
community-oriented
organization,
not-for-profit
organization
based
in
sudan
and
at
the
time
of
in
2014
it
was
the
second
nog
in
mina
region
and
the
third
in
africa
during
the
foundation
of
esd
nog
people
might
ask.
Why
did
we
wanted
to
to
start
something
like
that?
E
E
Also,
if
you
want
like
let's
say
you
want
to
start
some
project
or
initiative
who,
where
you'll
find
people
who
will
think
the
same
like
you,
so
it
was,
the
idea
was
to
create
a
platform
or
a
network
where
we
people
who
are
interested
in
network
operation
and
internet
in
general
could
come
together
and
discuss
the
issues.
The
initiative,
how
to
go
around
the
priorities,
how
to
share
their
experience
at
the
time
sudan
was
under
sanction.
E
Basically,
economic
sanction,
and
many
of
the
things
that
is
like
given
in
other
parts
of
the
world
is
not
was
not
available
in
sudan,
so
people
had
to
do
a
lot
of
like
work
around
in
order
to
make
networks
and
things
work,
and
this
was
like
a
unique
experience
that
would
not
find
anywhere
else,
and
it
made
sense
that
people
who
went
through
those
experience
transfers
this
knowledge
to
others
so
that
we
don't
repeat
the
repeat,
the
the
project
or
the
experience
every
time.
So
it
is
started.
E
If
we
go
to
the
next
slide,
we
can
see
that
it
started
with
getting
together.
People
who,
who
thought
or
have
were
just
enthusiastic
about
the
idea-
and
we
tried
to
reach
to
people
from
all
of
the
main
actors
in
the
in
the
network,
operation,
domain
and
industry
at
the
time,
and
we
tried
to
start
with
basically
bringing
people
together
and
just
voice
out
and
the
idea
and
try
to
to
see
how
they
react
to
it
and
how
they
they
could
contribute
it.
So
we
had
like
some
technical
events.
E
We
have
some
people
who
found
different
job
opportunities
within
the
within
our
our
event.
So
we
try
to
make
to
do
like
a
regular
event,
maybe
monthly
weekly
workshops,
and
then
we
have
like
a
big
event
where
we
try
to
get
people
from
outside
sudan
and
from
within
sudan,
so
that
the
knowledge
is
transferred,
and
maybe
people
are
trained
by
expert
and
then
they
could.
They
could
spread
the
knowledge.
E
The
one
of
the
other
main
things
that
is
also
was
visible,
that
we
had
some
sort
of
stock
stakeholder
recognition.
So
in
terms
of
sudan,
internally,
the
government
and
the
regulator
was
looking
into
estonia
as
the
organization
to
go.
If
they
want
to
consult
about
things
related
to
network
operation.
E
View
of
the
community
perspective
from
that
that
event,
so
we
participated
on
some
of
the
internet
governance
event,
people
from
outside
sudan.
So
one
of
the
things
that
we
noticed
before
is
that
in
many
benchmarks
and
many
studies,
the
situation
in
student
was
not
considered
because
there
was
no
like
no
contact
and
it
was
like
always
no
information.
E
They
came
and
trained
and
in
the
most
advanced
topics,
and
then
some
of
our
trainees
went
out
to
be
trainers
themselves
for
the
for
the
community.
So
we've
seen
it's
like
a
bubble
effect,
so
it's
just
increasing
and
growing,
although
it
wasn't
like
an
easy
journey.
If
we
go
to
the
next
slide,
we
can
see
that
some
of
the
challenges
that
we
were
facing
were
related
to
the
sudan
situation,
so
the
country
situation,
whether
it's
economy,
political
stability
or
unemployment,
it
makes
it
difficult
to
to
sustain
like
a
steady
level
of
activity.
E
E
So
we're
still
working
on
that
and
I
think
we
think
that
the
journey
ahead
is,
is
going
and
we're
trying
to
to
make
the
our
events
and
our
engagement
more
of
distributed
instead
of
being
focusing
like
in
specific
area,
but
all
in
all
like
the
different
kinds
of
like
covey.
The
political
situation
make
it
a
little
bit
hard,
but
we
think
we
think
that
it's
going
good.
E
So
far,
we've
been
like
ambitious,
so
part
of
the
things
that
you
learn
while
you're
doing
the
community
is
try
to
hone
your
expectations,
so
you
will
start
like
with
you.
You
start
with,
like
you
were
trying
to
do
things
that
should
be
done
like
in
three
or
five
years,
you're
trying
to
do
it
like
in
half
a
year
or
several
months.
So
with
the
experience
you
you
learn
how
to
to
basically
level
the
things
and
make
it
a
progress,
but
in
a
steady
manner.
E
So
all
in
all
we're
very
happy
with
the
with
the
journey
so
far
and
we
are
hearing
a
lot
of
the
positive
like
feedback
and
we
hope
that
we
will
able
to
continue
the
journey.
The
way
we
want
it,
thank
you
very
much.
If
you
go
to
the
next
slide,
you
could
find
like
a
list
of
our
social
media
presence
if
you
want
to
follow
the
page
and
the
twitter
facebook.
E
Yeah
so
yeah,
so
it
was
so.
This
is
the
thing
that
is
it's:
it's
a
demon
effect,
as
I
said
so.
We
when
we
sit
like
our
wiki
page,
we're
seeing
like
other,
knocks
coming
and
they're
saying.
Actually
we
went
through
your
some
of
your
materials
and
documentation
and
you'll
find
that
it's
very
helpful
for
us
and
we
we
get
like
a
nice
feedback
like
that
and
also
the
translation.
E
So
a
lot
of
the
part
of
part
of
working,
our
community
that
we
want
to
have
like
and
documents
in
arabic
language
and
to
make
more
people
like
inclusive.
So
we
were
approached
by
other
basically
organization
because
they
saw
that
they
can
do
that.
So
this
is
this
is
the
thing
that
it's
you
put
yourself
out
together
and
then
the
opportunity
come
for
more
like
progress
and
more
development.
C
E
So
the
group
started
actually
when
it
started.
It
was
like
an
idea
that
I
I
think
it's
the
first
one
to
start
with,
it
was
sarah
sarela
bean
she's,
my
friend
and
and
then
she
recruited
me
and
then
we
started
recruiting
other
people,
so
people
were
always
saying
that
when
they
come
to
sd
mode
event
that
they
there
is
a
majority
of
women,
you
know
inside
the
event
and
they
see
like
it's.
It's
the
gender
imbalance
is
in
the
reverse
in
in
sudan.
E
So
all
in
all.
Yes,
we
have
a
lot
of
active
people,
young
people,
they
were
like,
maybe
out
of
the
university
three
or
four
years
out
of
university
and
then
most
of
them
most
of
the
people
who
are
like
you'll
see
active
are
women.
So
I
don't
I
I
cannot
say
what's
happening,
but
it's
happening
anyway.
C
Now,
that's
that's
that's
great,
and
I
really
appreciate
that
and
I
think
we
have
some
more
time
for
for
a
q
a
after
this.
So
thank
you
for
the
comments
and
go.
Please
enjoy
the
comments
that
people
left
for
you
there,
but
sticking
with
the
theme
of
nons
and
speaking
with
the
theme
of
people
coming
together
and
communities
being
built.
The
next
fever
is
the
speaker.
Stephen
will
be
talking
to
us
about
some
of
the
initiatives
that
we're
seeing
on
another
continent,
the
caribbean,
log
and
and
what's
actually
happening
there
so
caribbean.
F
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
about
caribnog,
which,
which
kind
of
probably
bridges
what
anupam
and
hiba
spoke
about
in
terms
of
the
both
the
community
and
building
all
the
network
network,
the
caribbean
region
or
where
cabinet
operates.
We're
in
that
basin,
between
north
america,
south
america,
with
the
the
atlantic
to
our
or
east,
and
it's
about
16,
sovereign
nations
and
24
dependencies.
F
F
This
this
context
is
that
movement
around
the
economies
are
small,
so
we
have
a
lot
of
economies
with
with
tens
and
hundreds
of
thousands
of
of
persons,
and
so
we
have
small
domestic
economies.
Travel
tends
to
be
expensive,
telecommunication
tends
to
be
expensive,
and
one
of
the
challenges
that
we've
had
inside
of
the
the
the
the
caribbean
region
is
actually
building
up
economic
progress
and
and
and
bridging
some
of
the
digital
divides
in
that.
F
In
that
kind
of
environment,
we've
had
a
history
similar
to
many
regions
of
the
world.
When
the
internet
started
to
grow
commercially
in
the
mid
90s,
there
was
deregulation
and
liberalization
of
telecom
markets
in
the
early
2000s
we
had
traditionally
cable
and
wireless
as
a
dominant
provider,
and
we
got
two
or
three
more
providers
who
have
been
competing
since
then,
but
essentially
a
lot
of
the
the
caribbean
nations
have
monopolies
or
duopolis
in
terms
of
the
the
the
the
telecom
space
to
go
to
the
next
slide.
F
We'll
see
that
what
that
has
produced
over
time
is
that
amongst
these
40
countries,
or
so
we
have
10
countries
with
internet
exchange
points
a
total
of
12
active
right
now
and-
and
in
fact
the
de
facto
place
that
most
of
our
traffic
goes
for.
Exchange
inside
of
the
region
is
is,
is
miami
that's,
you
know
sometimes
considered
the
de
facto
exchange
point
for
the
the
region
is
nap
of
the
americas
in
miami
we
go
to
the
next
slide.
F
We
can
look
at
another
version
of
the
same
thing,
which
is
the
global
cloud
infrastructure
environment
in
which
there
are
no
and
unsurprisingly,
with
a
market.
This
small.
There
are
no
global
cloud
operators
who
have
infrastructure
in
the
region
and
we're
talking
about
aws,
microsoft,
with
azure,
the
ibm
clouds
and
so
on.
F
We
don't
have
any
anybody
with
infrastructure
rooted
in
the
region,
but
we
do
have
at
least
one
there's
one,
definitely
and
depending
on
how
you
categorize
them,
maybe
two
cloud
operators
in
which
who,
who
are
from
the
region,
who
have
points
of
presence
throughout
the
region
and
offer
virtualization
and
cloud
services.
The
overall
effect
of
this
is
that
in
the
caribbean
we
tend
to
consume
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
technology
and
and
and
don't
produce
as
much,
and
this
became.
F
I
guess
a
growing
concern
should
go
to
the
next
slide
in
around
2007
2008,
the
caribbean,
telecommunications
usion
union,
who
has
a
real
a
mandate
to
develop
that
telecommunications,
industry
and
I.t,
and
ict
services
infrastructure
in
the
region
had
a
real
concern
about
the
the
net
export
of
our
capital
and
not
enough
development
and
and
content
being
developed
internally
within
the
region.
That
keeps
a
lot
of
the
development
in
the
region,
and
so
with
the
support
of
the
american
register
for
internet
numbers
aaron
and
the
packet
clearinghouse.
F
People
involved
inside
of
the
the
the
industry
who,
with
all
of
the
consumption
of
you,
know
of
the
all
of
the
the
global
providers,
the
facebooks,
the
youtubes
aws
services
and
so
on,
which
which
we
know
is
good.
But
at
the
same
time,
we
want
these
people's
creative
capacity
also
turned
towards
developing
transactions
and
commerce
inside
of
the
region.
F
These
organizations
have
thrown
that
whole
period
of
time
until
now
help
to
build
the
cabinet
and
help
the
the
mission,
and
that
mission
really
is
to
just
foster
technical
communities.
If
you
go
to
the
next
slide,
you'll
see
we
we
have
well
pre-covered.
We
would
have
two
two
regional
meetings
a
year
and
we're
bringing
together
students,
ict
professionals,
people
from
government
network
operators.
F
F
If
we
go
to
the
next
slide
in
later
years,
we'll
be
moving
into
cloud
infrastructure
and
and
pairing
and
internet
exchange
points
and
the
meetings
would
move
around
the
caribbean
region
to
give
different
persons
different
countries
an
opportunity
to
host
and
to
and
to
basically
build
up
that
that
community.
So
two
meetings
a
year
for
the
past
since
since
2007
and
we've.
F
Built
up
a
community
of
collaborative
engineers
and
ict
professionals
throughout
the
entire
caribbean
region.
If
we
go
to
the
next
slide
and
look
at
our
ixp
involvement
with
ixps
in
the
in
the
early
days,
2011
2012
we'd
be
getting
a
lot
of
help
from
packet,
clearinghouse
and
and
aaron
and
organizations
like
that
and
we'd
start
with
these.
You
know
the
small
emplacements
or
our
our
story
is
very,
very
similar
to
anupam.
In
terms
of
you
know,
small
switches,
a
few
people
call
it
connecting.
F
F
We
heard
all
of
the
same
excuses
around
whether
or
not
it
makes
sense
and
they
were
doing
private,
pairing
and
so
on,
but
over
time
the
message
got
out
there
and
that
message
got
out
there
with
a
lot
of
support
from
our
irs
from
interventions
like
organizations
like
isoc
and
icann,
and
over
time
became
the
norm
and
and
we
we
have
pretty
much
an
acceptance
that
the
region
needs
isps.
This
ixp
that
we're
looking
at
in
particular
grenada
in
2012.
F
We
we
see
similar
development
in
in
belize
and
a
number
of
the
the
the
the
countries.
So
next
slide
just
to
talk
very
briefly
about
during
covid,
and
we
had
to
move
everything.
Online
cable
basically
moved
to
virtual
meetings
and
focused
on
on
on
issues
which,
which
kind
of
sprang
even
more
into
life,
the
the
the
demand
that
working
remotely
has
put
on
a
network.
F
Inside
of
this,
mostly
virtualized
environment,
and
it's,
it's
really
highlighted
the
need
for
us
to
to
have
the
exchange
points
for
resilience
for
autonomy.
The
the
dependence
on
hauling
traffic
to
miami
and
back
is
really
counter
to
what
we're
seeing
now
in
terms
of
when
local
communities
need
to
be
able
to
to
run
meetings
locally
or
exchange
the
data
and
and
have
calls
and
do
sessions
and
so
on
at
low
cost
in
in
the
local
environment.
F
F
F
We
can't
operate
at
that
scale
at
that
low
cost,
but
we're
balancing
that,
alongside
at
the
lowest
rungs
of
our
societies,
in
which
there
isn't
that
foreign
exchange
access
and
there
isn't,
they
access
a
high
technologies
for
force
inside
of
the
region
to
build
solutions
by
people
who
understand
the
local
context
for
people
inside
of
that
local
context.
And
that's
that's
that's
what
carbon
at
the
at
the
core
of
it?
That's
what
we're
we're
looking
to
do
so.
Cyber
security
is
another
huge,
huge
issue.
F
C
Yeah
thanks
so
much
for
this,
and
I
think
it's
it's
it's
been
quite
interesting
and
we
we're
getting
a
lot
of
questions
on
a
lot
of
comments,
so
the
powers
that
we
say
we
can
actually
stay
a
little
bit
longer
in
case
anybody
wants
to
stay
on
because
there's
still
a
lot
that
we
want
to
be
addressing
here
and
but
to
throw
this
back
to
you
stephen
again
very
quickly-
and
there
was
a
question
here
about
the
the
kind
of
funding
and
support.
Do
you
get?
Is
it
just
like
cash?
C
F
Sure,
actually
most
the
vast
majority,
especially
in
in
the
in
the
last
10
plus
years
of
of
of
our
time
in
carbon,
the
vast
majority
of
that
the
the
resourcing
of
it.
Let's
call
it
that
has
been
has
been
volunteer
based
so
in
terms
of
people
who
spend
their
own
money
to
fly
to
a
country
to
help
make
an
do,
an
installation
who
will
donate
their
own
equipment
and
so
on
and
so
forth.
F
We
have
from
the
institutions
like
isaac
and
like
aaron
and
latin
pencil,
definitely
received
that
kind
of
help
in
in
kind
sometimes
donated
equipment.
Definitely
areas
like
like
like
training
like
facilitating
workshops
and
meetings
and
so
on,
but
I
would
say
one
thing:
we've
discovered,
quite
surprisingly,
how
far
we
can
go
and
how
much
development
can
be
had
in
many
cases,
without
a
direct
cash
spend.
Now
we
know
that
there
has
to
be
a
cash
spin.
F
So
at
some
point
we
do
have
to
buy
hardware
and
and
so
on,
but
but
carb
nog
and
and
what
a
lot
of
the
the
groups
like
this
try
to.
Do
inside
of
our
region
is
encourage
as
much
as
possible
for
for
persons
to
to
to
to
provide
in-kind
support
to
make
things
cost
neutral.
So,
for
example,
when
we're
I'm
rolling
out
an
ixp,
we
would
strongly
strongly
encourage.
Let's
not
go
for
the
top
of
the
line.
F
Five
nines
star
ixp
to
start
out
in
which
there's
a
huge
multi
tens
of
thousand
dollars
spent
just
to
get
going.
Everybody
bring
bring
your
bring
your
microtech
router
right,
bring
your
your
your
basic
layer,
2
switch.
Let
us
collaborate
on
on
on
trying
to
get
together
at
a
location
in
a
way.
That's
cost
neutral
to
everybody,
and
we've
been
able
to
make
a
lot
of
progress
through
through
that
kind
of
model,
and
then
it
gets
rounded
up
by
by
international
support.
C
Yeah,
no,
that's
that's
great
and
working
for
an
audio
myself.
I'm
happy
to
hear
that
others
talking
about
the
good
examples
that
the
other
errors
have
been
setting
of
spending
the
community's
money
back
into
the
community
and
initiatives
like
this
and
making
sure
that
the
membership
actually
gets
the
best
benefit
that
they
can
from
these
kind
of
community
initiatives.
C
I'm
gonna
throw
a
question
to
all
the
speakers
that
maybe
also
I
talk
here.
There
were
a
couple
questions
that
we
got.
One
was
about
the
the
support
which
I
mentioned
at
the
beginning,
but
there
was
also
a
question
about
people
with
living
with
disabilities
and
how
including
them
into
the
community
other
efforts
that
are
being
done
there.
What
efforts
can
be
done
to
actually
include
a
little
bit
more
there,
so
I'm
opening
it
up
for
anybody
with
thoughts.
E
Me
I
think
I
can
say
something
about
that.
I
think,
as
we
we've
seen
in
sudan,
part
of
the
problem
in
many
of
the
issues
is
the
policy
part.
So
it's
usually
the
make
it
or
break
it.
Sometimes
you
have
the
resources,
but
because
there
was
like
not
a
focus
policy
or
a
specific
policy,
you
will
have
issues
in
implementing
whatever
it
is.
E
So
from
my
perspective,
I
think
that
having
a
community
putting
such
issues
in
the
in
the
top
priority
of
their
list
and
trying
to
influence
the
government
and
the
industry
to
implement,
that
could
be
very
helpful
if
we
take
it
from
a
community
perspective,
in
addition
to
the
small
project
that
people
can
can
support.
So
some
of
the
projects
like
incidents,
some
of
the
the
projects
that
people
are
doing,
especially
in
the
industry,
is
basically
recording
trying
to
find
some
people
who
help
with
during
exams.
C
G
Yes,
quickly,
hisham,
I
just
wanted
to
cover
up,
in
fact
I'll,
let
machuki
to
cover
the
ixb
support,
because
it's
very
detailed-
and
I
have
to
hop
for
my
iftar
very
soon,
but
I
wanted
to
cover
the
accessibility
angle.
What
hiba
was
saying.
I
agree
on
the
policy
side.
I
think
there's
a
lot
that
is
needed
to
be
done
and
we,
as
an
organization,
have
done
a
lot
of
efforts
over
the
past
few
years.
We
have
this
accessibility
special
interest
group
as
well.
G
G
You
know
folks,
take
some
time
to
just
do
a
research,
how
many
websites
in
your
country
are
accessible
and-
and
you
would
be
very
disappointed,
so
you
know
there
are
so
so
much
to
be
done
to
embrace
person
of
disabilities
into
this
internet
space,
and
I
think
together
we
we.
We
need
to
join
hands
and
and
do
a
lot,
but
thanks
for
giving
this
opportunity
hisham.
G
H
Thank
you
and
good
afternoon
good
evening
good
morning,
depending
on
where
you
are
so
we
under
the
infrastructure
and
community
development
project,
we
do
provide
support
and
to
communities
with
respect
to
development
of
the
internet
exchange
point
so
at
the
very
beginning,
depending
on
the
level
of
development
you're
at.
If
it's
a
new
ixp,
it
will
help
with
the
infrastructure
development,
the
switches
routers
servers
that
are
needed
to
set
up
the
ixp,
but
above
and
beyond
that,
we
also
help
with
the
community
mobilization.
H
I
think
that's
an
important
aspect
from
what
we
do.
We've
learned
that
that's
80
percent
of
the
effort
and
20
goes
to
the
technical,
so
we
we
also
do
make
an
investment
to
support
the
community
in
coming
together
beats.
Previously,
we
did
that
when
we
were
doing
in-person
meetings
with
mobilization
workshops,
bringing
the
community
experts
to
helping
that
conversation
for
you
to
get
a
broader
understanding
of
what
it
takes
to
build
the
internet
exchange
point
and
bring
people
together.
H
We
help
them
in
their
growth
path,
so
be
it
taking
the
opportunity
to
help
them
upgrade
their
infrastructure
from
what
was
the
initial
simple
basic
switches,
as
anupam
mentioned,
will
help
them
grow
based
on
their
growth
path,
and
it
doesn't
stop
there.
I
want
to
say
it
doesn't
stop
there.
Currently,
we
are
working
on
a
new
training
course
knows
about
it.
We
are
calling
it
ixb
2.0,
and
it's
really
aimed
at
trying
to
help
ixps
understand
what
it
takes
for
them
to
go
from
that
initial
startup
phase
to
a
a
thriving.
H
You
know
a
successful
internet
exchange
point.
So
we
are
we're
pretty
much
in
a
phase
where
the
materials
are
in
an
advanced
stage,
and
hopefully
later
this
year
from
august
onwards,
the
course
will
be
available
online
and
when
things
open
up
it's
something
that
we'll
also
be
able
to
help
do
on
a
face-to-face
basis.
So
the
support
is
there.
I
want
to
also
mention
that
it's
not
unique
to
iso
that
what
we
do.
We
have
other
partners,
we
collaborate
with
think
special
shout
out
to
pch.
H
H
We
know
to
to
the
process
both
local
and
international
and
that's
sort
of
the
way
we
see
things
being
more
successful,
be
more
sustainable
as
well,
and
so
it's
something
that
we
will
try
to
continue
supporting
and
in
case
you
have
any
questions
on
how
else
we
could
support
you,
and
I
think
I've
not
also
mentioned
the
non-support,
that
we
provide
for
the
nogs
that
also
scales
from
the
online
trainings.
We
we've
really
ramped
up
our
e-learning
training,
our
online
training,
through
the
support
of
our
training
and
e-learning
team.
H
So
look
out
for
the
announcements
that
have
been
have
been
will
be
coming
out.
We
just
had
a
cohort
starting
this
april
and
others
coming
up
in
the
next
cycles
for
the
revamped
netops
courses
and
other
online
courses
that
we
are
offering,
and
we
really
want
to
increase
the
the
offering
that
we
have
or
for
online
training,
because
we
don't
know
how
much
longer
we're
going
to
be
in
this
situation,
where
the
face-to-face
meetings
are
not
going
to
be
taking
place.
H
H
C
I
have
one
last
question
for
steven
in
the
chat
here.
I
think
it's
an
interesting
one
and
then
I'll
hand
it
over
to
atlanta
to
wrap
us
up.
The
question
is:
is
more
about
the
role
it
talks
about
the
good
programs
that
you're
doing
in
the
caribbean,
but
it's
saying
that
the
the
issue
there
in
that
part
of
the
world
is
mostly
on
the
spectrum
allocation
and
that
the
non-governmental
bodies
do
not
really
have
a
say.
C
F
Yeah
actually
in
interest,
I
saw
that
as
well.
Was
it's
going
to
reply?
The
the
spectrum
issues
in
the
in
the
in
the
caribbean
are
largely
handled
by
on,
through
or
or,
let's
say,
with
from
the
technical
side,
with
the
great
support
of
the
caribbean
telecommunications
union
ctu,
which
is,
is
very,
very
close,
works
very,
very
closely
with
caribbean,
so
just
in
terms
of
and
and
they've
been
a
key
part
of
trying
to
dealing
with
harmonization
of
policies
and
spectrum
allocations
and
dealing
with
them
with
that
whole
era.
F
So
I'd
actually
say
that
that
the
the
ideal
case
to
us
is
to
basically
continue
to
support
the
work
that
ctu
is
doing
to
try
to
get
that
to
a
good
position
for
for
the
region
generally,
just
in
terms
of
who
is
able
to
to
be
a
part
of
the
conversation
how
decisions
are
made
and
so
on.
The
the
ct
themselves
have
are
playing
a
really
great
role.
There.
C
Perfect
and
there
you
have
it,
ladies
and
gentlemen,
thank
you
so
much
for
your
time
here.
Thank
you
for
those
that
stayed
a
little
bit
longer,
but,
as
you
can
see,
questions
are
still
pouring
in
comments
are
still
pouring
in.
I
think
this
is
a
hint
to
the
eyes
of
people
that
you're
actually
doing
something
right
here,
and
maybe
you
need
to
do
more
of
it
and
yeah
I'll
I'll,
throw
this
back
to
evelyn
to
let
us
know
next
steps
and
thank
you
very
much.
A
Thank
you
so
much
everyone,
we're
really
happy
that
you
stayed
on
longer
than
the
one
hour
and
yes,
we
received
a
lot
of
questions
from
this
session,
we'll
make
sure
to
follow
up
and
answer
the
questions
and
we'll
send
you
a
link
for
all
the
questions
that
have
not
been
answered
today.
So
thank
you
so
much
for
staying
on
and
now,
if
you
want
to
learn
more
about
ixps,
we
have
a
site
there.
A
You
can
please
go
to
the
website
and
learn
more
about
ixps,
and
then
we
also
ask
you
to
make
a
difference
in
your
community.
If
you
have
any
questions,
please
email,
infracom,
dev
at
iso.org,
and
then
we
also
wanted
to
shout
outs.
We
have
a
couple
of
ixp
events
coming
up
one
being
tomorrow,
the
central
africa
pairing
forum
be
sure
to
check
out
our
events
page
to
get
the
details.
We
also
have
the
vacho
peering
africa
series
on
the
4th
of
may,
as
well
as
the
virtual
pairing
sessions
series
4
central
asia.