►
Description
This session aims to crystalize why open standards like Jakarta EE are critically important to you today and in the future. We will explore these concepts in the context of well-established economic theories - in true Freakonomist style!
A
A
And
welcome
to
another
Jakarta
Tech
talk,
my
name
is
Serena
and
joining
us
today
is
Reza
Ramen,
who
will
be
presenting
on
the
topic
of
a
freakonomic,
take
on
Open,
Standards
and
Jakarta
ee.
If
you
have
any
questions
for
Reza
as
we
move
through,
today's
presentation
feel
free
to
ask
in
the
chat
or
use
the
ask
a
questions
tab
without
any
further
delay.
Reza
over
to
you.
B
All
right,
excellent
I'm
going
to
go
ahead
and
start
sharing
my
slides
and
make
sure
that's
all
all
right
and
also
get
get
a
confirmation
for
you.
That's
actually
all
right.
So
let
me
see
go
ahead
and
do
that
first,
all
right
and
it's
going
to
be
like
a
mirror,
mirror
situation
for
it's
a
tiny
bit,
but
not
too
much.
Let
me
close
all
the
stuff
out.
Let
me
hide
this
thing
here
and
start
the
presentation
and
to
switch
my
my
displays
here.
Beautiful.
B
B
You
know
one
of
the
things
I
try
to
do
this
for
is
to
connect
with
you
also.
You
know
slightly
more
personal
level.
So
you
know
all
of
my
contact.
Details
are
available.
I'll
share
it
at
the
very
end,
but
at
the
very
minimum
you
know
on
the
slide,
deck
you'll
see
my
email
address
and
my
Twitter
handle
you
can
reach
out
to
me
on
those
anytime
and
by
the
way.
B
In
the
in
the
chat,
I've
already
shared
the
location
of
the
slide
Tech,
this
location
on
slight
Tech
is
like
all
of
my
other
talks
are
on
speaker
decks.
So
you
can
take
a
look
at
those
at
any
point
in
time.
So,
okay
with
that,
the
other
thing
I'd
like
to
remind
on
I,
think
Serena
already
mentioned
this
but
like
when
you
have
a
question
or
what
have
you?
B
Basically,
this
has
to
do
a
little
bit
about
fundamentally
the
reasons
why
I've
been
involved
in
the
Open
Standards
community
and
Jakarta
in
particular,
for
a
little
while
and
actually
one
of
the
fun
fundamental
reasons.
Why
I
think
all
this
matters
right
at
the
end
of
the
day,
you
gotta
ask
yourself:
why
are
you
doing
the
thing
that
you.
B
B
I
get
to
convince
you
of
the
reasons
that
I
I
think
things
like
open,
centers
and
Jakarta
and,
to
some
extent,
even
things
like
micro
profile,
actually
matter,
and
why
they're
important
now,
the
other
thing
I'll
tell
you
is
some
one
thing
you
may
not
know
about
me
is
actually
I
started.
My
sort
of
academic
career
as
an
economist
I
mean
I,
always
always
into
computers
for
at
an
early
age,
but
really
computers
wasn't
the
thing
for
me.
B
It
was
actually
economics
for
a
while,
and
this
particular
talk
actually
is
a
hybrid
of
that
so
in
in
effect,
what
I'm
going
to
be
explaining
to
you
is
something
that
most
decent,
like
200
level,
you
know,
sort
of
economic
students
in
in
a
university
should
understand,
at
least
they
would
they
should
understand.
What
is
it
that
I'm
talking
about
and
a
lot
of
it
is
actually
looking
at
things
looking
at
jakartay
and
Open
Standards
in.
B
B
What
I'm
trying
to
do
is
explained
to
you
in
terms
of
your
particular
economic
theory,
why
things
like
Open,
Standards
and
Jakarta,
actually
matter
so
much,
especially
to
even
technical
folks
right,
even
if
you
don't,
you
know,
have
not
an
economic
bone
in
your
body
looking
at
it.
Looking
at
from
a
freakonomic
perspective,
you
should
understand
why
this
actually
matters
to
all
of
us
and
fundamentally
why
it's
important
in
the
short
end
long
run
to
anyone's
any
engineer's
career
journey
in
this
particular
space,
all
right
so
without
further
Ado.
B
Let
me
move
forward
all
right,
so,
okay,
so
the
best
place
to
start
is
explaining
what
is
trigonomics.
What
is
this
thing?
Actually,
it
sounds
a
little
bit
off
the
wall,
but
it's
really
not
right.
You
know.
So
in
a
way,
this
is
a
book
that
came
out
I,
think
in
the
late
90s,
something
like
that,
and
it
did
something
very
remarkable
to
be
honest
with
you,
so
economists
I,
don't
know
how
many
of
those
folks,
you
know
I
know
actually
a
fair
bit
still.
B
Those
people
are
basically
nerds
right.
So
they're,
not
you
know
you
don't
hear
about
the
economics
too
much
at
all.
You
know.
Most
people
don't
even
understand
what
economists
actually
do
and
yet
believe
it
or
not
pretty
much.
Everything
that
you
do
in
your
day-to-day
life
is
probably
being
studied
by
an
economist
somewhere
and
probably
is
being
determined
by.
B
You
know
the
policies
and
recommendations
that
are
being
set
by
those
economists,
so
it's
a
sort
of
hidden
thing,
but
a
very
powerful
thing
that
actually
drives
Modern
Life
economics,
but
again
it's
like
typically
very
nerdy
people,
they're
sitting
in
the
back
room
somewhere
and
often
just
like
occasionally
talk
to
other
people.
So
hardly
anyone
in
in
the
mainstream
understands
what
these
people
do.
B
B
And
basically,
what
the
book
for
economics
does
is
that
it
applies
economic
theory,
two
situations
that
we
can
all
relate
to
right.
So
it's
taking
a
look
at
questions
that
everybody
can
like
a
common
person
that
has
no
economic
background
whatsoever,
can
relate
to
and
explaining
those
phenomena
in
in
economic
terms.
So
that
is
really
what
the
book
Freakonomics
is
about
and
actually
I
believe
these
folks.
B
These
two
gentlemen,
obviously
did
a
whole
bunch
of
lecturers,
including
at
Microsoft
and
pride,
was
proud
to
say
some
years
ago
and
I
believe
they
also
have
some
kind
of
screencast
for
a
little
while
right
where
they
went
beyond.
What's
what's
in
the
free
economics
book
and
it's
still
a
bachelor
I
I
when
Amazon
and
I'm
just
amazed
that
you
know
here's
these
two
people
that
read
this
wrote
this
book
some
time
ago
and
it
still
sells
so
well
and
obviously
it
makes
me
a
little
bit
sad.
B
B
B
I,
looked
at
Computing
from
the
very
start:
I
never
left
the
economist
part
behind.
So,
in
fact,
what
I
was
doing
is
exactly
what
a
good
Economist
would
do
and
what
you
know,
Levitt
and
Dubner
have
demonstrated
in
the
book
is
basically
looking
at
what
I'm
witnessing
from
an
economic
standpoint
right.
In
fact,
some
years
later,
I
was
like
oh
I,
put
two
and
two
together
well
I'm
thinking
along
these
lines.
B
These
are
the
things
that
I'm
thinking
about,
and
these
are
the
things
that
drive
me
or
why
don't
we
I
actually
deliver
a
talk
on
this.
You
know
the
same
way:
Levitt
Leviton
Governor
did,
and
you
know,
try
to
explain
to
other
folks
hey.
Why
is
this
stuff
important?
Why
am
I
looking
at
this
from
this
particular
perspective?
So,
hopefully
I
get
to
do
a
little
bit
of
Freakonomics.
B
You
know,
and
obviously
a
bunch
of
things
in
Computing
actually
are
all
driven
bystanders
of
some
sort
right,
in
particular
in
the
tech
industry
and
any
engineering
related
field
tons
of
Standards
right,
there's,
hardly
anything
you
will
do.
That
is
not
based
on
some
kind
of
Standards
standard
based
effort
somewhere,
particularly
in
the
modern
world,
right,
maybe
in
a
gradient
society
that
wouldn't
be
so
true,
but
in
the
modern
world
that
we
live
in
standards
are
everywhere.
B
So
the
question
is:
why
are
they
so
pervasive
right
and
I
I?
Think
very
few
people,
although
you
know
the
the
tech
industry
is
so,
is
sort
of
almost
so
depending
on
Open
Standards.
But
nobody
really
understands
why
very
few
people
bother
to
take
the
time
to
to
have
some
awesome
question
of
wide
areas
like
what.
If
what
is
it
that
that
about
things
like
Open,
Standards
and
specifications
that
are
so
important.
B
Reasons
why
that
is
right
and
in
fact,
I
won't
be
going
into
all
of
them
or
briefly,
in
this
particular
slide
talk
talk
a
little
bit
of
a
few
of
them.
I'll
touch
upon
these.
You
know
you'll
need
to
understand
some
of
these,
as
as
we
go
into
the
into
the
talk
a
bit
more,
but
fundamentally
I'll
really
be
talking
about
one
aspect
of
it
believe
it
or
not.
B
One
aspect
of
why
Open
Standards
matter,
so,
let's
go
over
them
real,
quick,
okay,
so
first
of
all
is
interoperability
right
when
you
have
things
that
are
components
and
pretty
much
everything
in
Modern
Life
is
broken
down
into
components
when
you
need
components
to
work
together
and
when
you
need
components
from
different
manufacturers,
different
providers
to
work
together,
they
need
to
speak
a
Common
Language.
They
need
a
common
interface,
and
often
this
is
what
an
open
standard
actuality
is.
Is
that
common
interface
that
allows
for
Interval
interoperability?
B
One
thing
to
work
with
another
USB
is
a
great
example
of
of
that,
for
example
right.
So
it's
because
of
USB
there
you
can
plug
in
all
of
all
of
those
devices
by
many
different
providers
in
into
your
computer
and
things
just
work.
Another
one
is
compatibility
and
portability
right.
So
this
is
again
is
more
along
the
lines
of
a
relationship
between
a
provider
and
a
consumer,
okay,
so
portability
and
and
compatibility.
B
What
that
actually
means
is,
even
though
something
is
coming
from
two
different
providers,
they
will
fundamentally
be
interchangeable,
meaning
you
can
use
one
or
the
other
without
you,
as
a
customer,
paying
an
additional
cost,
a
switching
cost
for
doing
that.
That's
the
idea
behind
it
and
again
many
different.
You
know
situations
where
there's
supplies
very
obvious
example.
B
If
you
go
to
the
gas
station
in
in
the
United
States
or
in
Europe
and
frankly,
any
anywhere
in
the
in
the
world,
you
will
see
that
there's
different
grades
of
gas
right
so
there's
a
particular
grade
of
gas
that
your
car
will
take
for
for
the
most
part
annual
your
car.
Will
your
vehicle
will
function
in
a
certain
way,
given
that
particular
type
of
gas?
Well,
those
type
of
types
of
types
of
petroleum
type
of
fuel
actually
are
are
determined
determined
by
standards
right.
B
This
is
why,
when
you
go
to
from
one
gas
station
to
another,
you
can
still
count
on.
You
know
those
same
types
of
gas
being
there
right,
so
you
can
switch
between.
You
know
one
gas
station
to
the
other
without
too
much
trouble
right
and
that
that
is
also
an
example
of
compatibility
and
portability.
Obviously,
in
our
industry,
this
is
a
very
important
thing
right,
so
if
you
want
to
don't
want
to
be
locked
into
a
particular
vendor
and
you're
depending
on
the
vendor,
to
provide
you
something
very,
very
important.
B
Well,
if
that
is
that
thing
is
based
on
Open
Standards.
That
means
that
you
can
switch
vendors
very
easily,
whereas
if
that's
not
the
case,
then
you
wouldn't
be
able
to
switch
vendors
at
all.
You'd
just
be
locked
in
into
that,
and
if
you
wanted
to
switch
well,
you
better
pay
a
large
cost
or
a
large
tax.
B
Similar
type
of
idea
is
a
reliable,
Baseline
quality
of
service.
So,
for
example,
when
you
go
to
buy
meat
in
the
in
in
the
supermarket,
what
you'll
say
is
that
what
you'll
see
is
that
meat
is
graded
say
like
USDA
class
one
or
you
know
this.
This
is
a
type
of
meat
you're
purchasing.
So
this
is
basically
telling
you
what
quality
of
service
can
I
expect
from
a
certain
thing,
because
it
confirms
to
a
particular
standard.
B
B
Basically,
are
communicating
different
levels
of
quality
of
service
right,
so,
if
you're
on
the
core
profile,
that
means,
oh,
you
only
want
a
certain
type
of
certain
you're
only
want
to
depend
on
a
certain
type
of
apis
and
your
expectations
or
compatibility
is
a
certain
way.
If
you
pick
the
full
profile
of
the
web
profile,
you
have
different
expectations,
so
that
is
what
we
do.
That's
what
that's?
What
means
Baseline
quality
of
service,
and
that
is
what
standards
Define
across
implementations
and
across
providers.
B
B
Okay,
then
that
very
core
thing,
if
that
is
very
proprietary
and
only
come
from
comes
from
one
one
source.
Well,
it's
a
very
risky
ecosystem
right.
So,
if
that
something
happens
to
that
particular
Source
or
that
Source
decides
to
make
a
radical
change
in
Direction,
well
guess
what
that
has
a
potentially
very
drastic
impact
on
all
of
the
all
other
things
built
on
top
of
it,
the
entire
ecosystem.
B
B
What
happened
in
the
Eastern
Bloc
is
that
a
whole
bunch
of
economies
were
very
tied
to
the
former
Soviet
Union.
So
when
the
Soviet
Union
collapsed,
what
happened
in
all
of
those
countries
that
used
to
depend
on
so
the
Soviet
Union
for
all
kinds
of
things,
including
food
supply?
Well,
all
of
the
all
of
those
economies
also
came
crashing
down
when
the
wind
with
the
Soviet
Union.
So
basically
it's
it's
a
single.
You
know
that.
B
Based
on
a
single
point
of
failure,
so
this
is
what
ecosystem
Open
Standards
are
supposed
to
do,
because
of
those
other
reasons
that
we've
already
talked
about:
introverty
compatibility,
reliable
based
on
quality
of
service
or,
fundamentally,
what
that
means
is.
You
are
relying
on
a
set
of
contracts
other
than
a
specific
source.
Okay.
So,
if.
B
One
Source
were
to
change.
Well,
you
can
fall
back
on
another
provider
that
hopefully
will
provide
you
that
same
thing,
and
obviously
we
talked
about
you
know.
I.
Think
people
in
our
industry
understand
these
things
much
better,
so
maximize
vendor
and
implementation.
Neutrality
means
that
it's
not
just
a
particular
vendor
or
a
particular
implementation
that
you're
that
you're
dependent
upon
is
really
just
a
standard
that
is
based
on
it
in
minimizing
lock-in
risks.
By
doing
that.
B
Finally,
we'll
also
touch
upon
this
in
in
a
moment
as
well.
So
this
is
corollaries
in
in
the
main
thing
that
we'll
talk
about,
but
basically
when
you
do
not
have
Open
Standards,
what
you
tend
to
have
is
hyper
competition,
so
things
that
are
different
from
really
no,
no
good
reason
right.
It's
like
you,
know,
baby
formulas,
baby
formula
right.
B
The
basic
ingredients
of
baby
formula
is
basically
the
same
thing,
but
if
you
didn't
have
FDA
standards
that
regulate
what
what
exactly
baby
formula
is,
what
you'd
have
is
like
many
different
types
of
baby
formula
and
then
you
as
a
consumer,
you
know,
would
be
very
difficult
for
you
to
determine
okay.
What
is
a
good
baby
formula,
so
standardization.
A
B
This
unnecessary
fragmentation
right
so
it
can
it
doesn't
it
doesn't.
It
doesn't
seek
to
eliminate
fragmentation
in
some
way,
but
it
reduces
unnecessary
fragmentation.
Okay
and
obviously
sort
of
consumers
and
producers
have
to
determine
what
is
on
what
is
necessary
fragmentation
and
what
is
unnecessary.
Fragmentation.
B
Finally,
we'll
talk
about
this
in
in
much
greater
details.
So
I
will
not
be
sort
of
talking
about
this
two
two
months
here,
but
actually
for
Open
Standards
have
a
very
important
role
in
maintaining
healthy
competitive
ecosystems
like
this
is
actually
the
main
point
that
I'll
be
talking
about
more
than
anything
else.
So
all
of
those
other
points
sort
of
are
interrelated,
obviously,
and
I'll
touch
upon.
You
know
it's
without
understanding
those
points.
It's
difficult
to
translate.
B
So
I'm
going
to
pause
here
for
a
little
bit
and
check
to
see
if
you
have
any
questions
or
not
and
you'll
see
the
funky
mirror
and
mirror
screen
for
a
little
bit.
But
let
me
just
check
for
a
moment
see
if
you
have
any
questions
or
comments
so
far
and
also
yeah.
Also,
if
you
don't
have
comments
or
questions
yet,
then
you
could
ask
them
now.
So
we'll
pause
just
a
little
bit
and
see
if
you
have
any.
B
Okay,
I,
don't
see
anything
so
I'm
gonna
be
moving
forward
and
hopefully
yeah
keep.
Bear
that
in
mind
that
you
know
you
don't
have
to
hold
questions
until
the
very
end.
You
could
ask
me
questions
at
any
point
in
time.
Okay,
so
next
question
we
should
ask,
is
okay,
we
economists
really
care
about
Open
Standards,
and
the
answer
is
obviously
yes
right.
So.
B
So
there's
a
lot
of
research
work
on
why
Open
Standards
are
important.
I've
shared
with
you,
some
important
some
of
the
important
links
here.
They
basically
mirror.
You
know
all
of
the
some
of
the
things
that
I
just
mentioned,
but
actually
a
lot
more
and
in
particularly
the
point
that
I'm
I'm
about
to
the
the
function
that
I'm
about
to
share
with
you.
None
of
this
will
actually
that
ill
understood.
You
know
when
you
talk
to
her.
B
If
you
have
an
economist
Trend
and
you
talk
to
these
things
about
them
literally,
oh
yeah
I
get
that
right
because
you
know
yeah
there's.
These
are
there's
a
a
whole
body
of
things
that
that
deal
with
just
these
things.
So
if
you're
curious
to
dig
into
any
more
of
those
and
sort
of
you
know
my
talk,
Peaks
your
interest,
I'm,
sharing
these
resources
ahead
of
time,
if
you
will
so
these
are
10
kind
of
things
that
you
can
take
a
look
at
and
basically
I'm
giving
you
a
clip.
B
B
B
The
probably
dozens
of
economic
Concepts
that
apply
to
this
particular
thing,
there's
only
one
thing
that
you
need
to
understand
in
order
to
understand
the
main
Crux
of
our
talk
today,
and
that
is
something
called
the
network
effect.
Okay.
So
if
you
understand
the
network
effect
well
and
understand,
the
Dynamics
behind
the
network
effect
you'll
understand
the
rest
of
the
stock,
no
problem.
B
So
let
me
try
to
do
a
good
job
of
explaining
what
the
network
effect
is.
So
imagine
for
a
moment
that
you
live
in
a
world
where
telephones
don't
exist.
Okay
and
then
suddenly
telephones
were
invented
right,
so
this
is
probably
in
in
our
societies
going
back
hundreds
of
years.
But
let's
imagine
that
moment
for
a
moment
for
for
a
bit
and
let's
say
I
may
imagine:
telephones
were
a
new
thing.
B
Are
a
new
thing,
I
should
say
Okay,
so
we're
talking
about
landline
telephones
here,
which
you
know
some,
maybe
in
a
few
years,
is
going
to
be
a
dinosaur,
but
it's
useful
and
actually
the
the
fundamental
I'll
explain
to
you
why
I'm
using
this
particular
analogy,
there's.
Actually
it's
not
coincidental.
B
So,
let's
assume
now
that
you
know
you
got
this
new
thing
called
the
telephone
and
the
only
users
of
this
telephone.
Is
you
and
your
your
brother-in-law?
Okay,
so
you
have
a
landline
running
between
your
two
homes
and
you
have
a
telephone
on
on
either
side.
Okay
and
that's
about
it.
That
is
one
network.
Okay.
B
Now,
let's
imagine
that
your
Township
or
your
neighborhood
got
the
bright
idea.
Hey
there's
this
new
thing
called
a
telephone
and
we're
smart
people
like
we.
Let's,
you
know
why
don't
we
take
advantage
of
this
thing,
so
what
we
will
do
is
connect
every
single
house
in
our
neighborhood
or
in
our
Township
Township,
to
each
other,
okay,
with
telephones
and
literally
run
wires.
B
You
know
across
you
know
in
in
this
diagram,
as
you
can
see,
every
phone
is
connected
to
the
other
phone
in
one
way
at
least
there's
one
connection,
and
then
you
your
connect,
interconnected
in
in
your
neighborhood.
You
know
with
this
with
this
network.
Okay,
now
you
and
your
brother-in-law
have
a
choice
right.
You
can
either
continue
to
use
your
own
private
Network
or
you
could.
B
You
know,
ditch
that
and
use
the
the
public
one
and
by
the
way
you
have
to
pay
a
little
bit
more
right,
because
every
this
is
a
Township
phone
system,
and
you
know
the
costs
have
to
come
from
somewhere
right,
and
so
you
all
pitch
in
into
a
little
bit
and
by
the
way
your
your
private
network
was
basically
free.
Like
you
just
installed
it,
you
know,
but
you
can
use
it
right.
It's
a
you
can
use
it
you're
only
between
one
person
only
between
two
people,
so
the
township
one.
B
B
B
Okay,
so
here's
the
problem,
you
as
a
consumer,
you
now
have
another
choice
so
which
Choice?
Are
you
probably
going
to
make
right,
as
as
as
an
average
consumer
where?
Where
how?
What?
How
would
you
what
value?
What
what
is
the
best
value?
You
will
get
overall,
okay
between
these
three
networks,
right
with
these
three
competing
networks,
if
you
want
right,
they're,
interconnected
they're,
not
connected
with
each
other.
B
B
What
is
happening
is
that
you're
getting
the
most
amount
of
value
out
of
that
and
the
more
people
that
join
that
Network,
the
larger
the
network
is
actually
the
more
valuable
it
is
to
you
right,
so
one
a
network
that
is
global,
okay,
that
can
connect
to
every
single
phone
in
the
world,
but
that
is
the
one
that
you're
you're
gonna
get,
even
if
it
actually
costs
a
little
bit
more
because
ultimately,
you're
you're
gonna
get
more
value
out
of
that.
So
the
bigger
than
this
is
a
particular
type.
B
There's
these
type
particular
types
of
services
particular
types
of
things
in
the
modern
world,
where
the
bigger
the
more
people
use
a
thing,
the
greater
the
utility
right.
So
the
unit
cost
the
unit
value
of
the
thing
may
be
the
same,
but
the
more
the
bigger,
the
more
consumers,
the
more
users,
the
more
people
that
use
this
particular
thing.
The
bigger
the
value,
the
value
of
the
more
valuable
it
actually
becomes
to
an
end
to
a
given
individual.
This.
A
B
Is
called
the
network
effect?
Okay
and
the
network
effect
is
in
is
in
is
a
very
powerful
force
right.
It
determines
quite
a
few
things
you
know
in
in
our
world
and
whether
we
realize
it
or
not,
we
often
pick
things
not
based
on
their
individual
Merit,
but
often
because
of
this
network
effect
for
the
simple
fact
that
many
other
people
are
using
this
very
same
thing
and
I
can
I
I.
It's
inherently
valuable
for
me
to
use
that
thing
that
many
other
people
are
using.
B
B
Okay
or
you
will
have
a
de
facto
standard
right,
because
the
market
is
ultimately
going
to
be
dominated
by
a
single
thing
of
some
kind.
Now,
ultimately,
it's
up
to
all
of
us
to
determine
whether
that
thing
of
some
kind
is
comes
from
a
single
Source
or
multiple
sources.
That
is
fundamentally
the
difference
between
an
open
standard
and
a
de
facto
standard
things
like
you
know,
programming
languages,
the
type
of
Frameworks
that
we
use
in
in
the
ecosystem.
This
is
actually
all
very
subject
to
very
powerful
forces
of
network
effects.
B
So
this
is
another
thing
that
most
people
really
don't
understand
that
much
in
our
industry.
You
know
as
to
when
you're
talking
about
you
know
or
standards.
If
you
will,
there
are
two
different
types
of
Standards:
one
is
a
de
facto
standard
and
the
other
one
is
an
Open
Standards
or
what
is
also
known
as
a
dejurer
standard.
Okay,
so
it
is.
These
are
not
the
same
thing
in
fact,
they're,
quite
the
opposite.
Okay
and
there's
definitely
pros
and
cons
of
these
things
that
are
very,
very
strong.
B
So,
instead
of
me,
trying
to
make
up
the
slides
I
actually
took
a
convenient
slide
directly
from
the
iso,
the
international
standards
organization.
This
is
from
the
largest
standards-based
organizations
in
the
world
and
in
their
literature.
This
is
how
they
look
at
these
things.
Okay,
so
on
one
side
you
have
de
facto
standards
and
on
the
other
side,
you
have
dejor
standards.
Okay,
a
digital
standard
or
a
romper
standard
is
defined
by
a
formal
standard
body
of
some
kind
or
formal
organization
that
that
provides
specifications
of
some
kind.
Iso
is
an
example.
B
B
De
facto,
senders
are
defined
by
the
market.
Okay,
these
come
from
Individual
sources
into
often
individual
companies.
Okay,
not
organizations,
North
standards,
bodies,
not
specifications.
Okay,
these
are
realities
of
the
market.
Basically
you're
saying
somebody
one:
okay
and
whoever
one
is
basically
the
de
facto
standard,
the
single
single
sourcer
provider
of
that
particular
thing.
So
basically,
a
factor
standards
is
a
reflection
on
Market
situation.
It
provides
some
of
the
benefits
of
standardization.
B
So
when
you
have
you
know
all
those
benefits
of
standardization
that
we
talked
about,
some
of
them
do
apply
to
deserve
standards.
Okay,
so
they
do
provide
some
of
those
benefits,
but
it
is
effectively
you're
saying
that
there
is
a
monopoly
or
near
Monopoly.
So
there
is
a
dominant
prayer
that
is
effectively
can
behave
as
a
monopoly
in
that
market
when
there
is
such
a
thing
as
a
de
facto
standard,
the
problems
with
it.
B
B
What
we're
talking
about
is
that
people
that
District
fundamentally
disagree
with
each
other,
but
need
to
come
to
our
consensus,
and
that
often
is
complex
and
it
takes
a
longer
time
and,
of
course,
there's
a
risk
of
non-stakeholder
interference
in
in
the
case
of
politics,
we
can
say
essentially
people
that
are
outside
of
that
behave
in
undemocratic
ways.
In
a
democratic
system,
far-right
parties
and
far
left
parties
are
good
examples
of
this.
This
is
what
happened
in
1930s
Germany,
basically,
a
democratic
system.
B
The
Weimar
Republic
was
basically
taken
over
by
by
the
Socialist
Democratic
party
AKA
in
the
Nazi
party.
Okay,
so
this
is
there
is
that
that
risk,
always
of
whenever
you
have
a
consensus,
driven
process,
somebody
outside
of
their
process
could
sort
of
take
over
things.
Okay,
forcibly
take
over,
take
over
things
and
make
it
no
longer
consensus,
driven
and
no
longer
democratic,
okay.
B
So
all
right
now
the
telephone
example
I
gave
you
the
reason
it
is
not
a
coincidence
is
because
this,
the
entire
concept
of
network
effects
and
recognizing
that
there
is
a
network
effect
in
place
and-
and
you
need
to
do
something
about
it-
the
government
often
needs
to
do
something
about
it.
Actually,
the
the
real
life
example
of
this
came
from
none
other
than
atnt.
B
B
You
know
you'd
be
crazy,
not
to
get
get
your
services
from
ATT
and
it
hence
ATT
essentially
become
became
the
dominant
player
in
in
in
in
the
Telecom
Market
in
the
University.
It's
a
huge
dependency.
Millions
of
people
are
depending
on
the
on
this
one
company
at
T.
This
is
when
the
U.S
government
stepped
in
and
said:
hey
ATT.
You
need
to
break
yourself
up.
B
There's
also
came
in
Telecom
regulations.
That
said,
okay,
telephone
companies
must
share
their
network
with
others
right.
It's
not
can
share,
but
must
share
the
network
with
others,
and
this
is
how
we
bring
about
competition
somewhere,
where
you
know
you
have
very
strong
Network
effect
and
you
know
very
strong
possibility,
in
fact
very
strong
evidence
of
a
of
a
monopoly.
You
know
happening
so
there's
some
other
examples:
real
life
examples,
Standard
Oil,
Company,
U.S,
steel.
These
are
all
essentially
de
facto
standard,
real
life,
defects
or
standards.
B
Because
of
fundamentally
these
Network
effects.
Okay
and
ultimately,
somebody
needed
to
do
something
to
fix
these
situations,
I
think
in
in
the
technology
industry.
You
know
there
this.
You
know
there's
plenty
of
examples
of
of
some
of
these
things
where
the
government
has
had
to
step
in
where
it
is
basically
a
de
facto
de
facto
standard
situation,
so
yeah
very
important
Theory.
These
are
very
much
in
practice.
B
Interestingly,
you
know
in
the
United
States
when
liberal
governments
come
into
par
for
some
period
of
time.
You
know
we
talk
more
a
lot
more
about
oligarchies
and
monopolies
and
de
facto
standards
and
these
kind
of
things.
When
it's
a
particularly
conservative
government.
We
talk,
we
tend
to
talk
about
it,
a
little
bit
less
for
obvious
reasons.
Right
there
they
are.
Conservative
companies
often
tend
to
be
actually
favorable
to
a
large
monopolies
and
oligarities
okay
moving
forward,
so
just
in
case
this
was
an
obviously
actually.
B
Let
me
stop
for
a
moment.
I've
been
going
on
for
a
bit.
You
know
I'm
about
to
transition
into
more
deeper
dive
into
Open,
Standards
and
less
so
about
economic
theory
per
se.
So
this
is
a
good
pause
Point.
Let
me
stop
here
for
a
moment
and
check
to
see
if
you
have
any
questions
or
you
know,
if
you
have
any
comments,
what
have
you.
B
B
All
right,
so,
just
in
case,
you
didn't
know
why
monopolies
are
problematic
and
why
AKA
de
facto
standards
are
problematic.
Here's
some
reasons
why,
okay,
so
these
are
in
the
short
term,
you
may
be
paying
low
cost,
but
in
the
long
term,
with
a
monopoly
in
place,
you
know
the
monopolist.
The
person
in
in
with
economic
power
has
every
single
incentive
to
ultimately
raise
the
prices
on
you.
Okay,
that's
that's
why
you
would
have
you
would
even
seek
to
sort
of
a
monopoly
position
anyway.
B
Ultimately,
you're
not
doing
that
for
the
goodness
of
your
own
heart
right,
there
will
be
higher
long-term
pricing.
Often
if
it's
not
in
terms
of
physical
pricing,
right
literally
the
amount
of
money
you
pay,
it
will
come
in
terms
of
low
levels
of
long-term
Innovation
and
lower
levels
of
quality
of
service.
Okay.
So
if
you
can
raise
prices
well,
you
can
provide
a
lower
quality
product
and
you
can
do
less
work
and
ultimately
do
do
less
Innovation,
okay.
B
B
Barriers,
it's
going
to
be
very
difficult
for
a
new
entrant.
Even
a
very
qualified
and
valuable
engine
that
has
a
lot
to
offer
is
going
to
be
very
difficult
for
them
to
break
into
that
market,
because
they're
going
to
have
to
essentially
push
against
you
know
the
network
effect
right
and
there's
various
anti-competitive
behaviors.
You
know
that
often
somebody
that
has
Monopoly
power
in
order
to
hold.
B
Part
though
they're
gonna,
you
know,
employ
every
single
tactic
that
they
can,
that
they
can
get
away
with.
That
is
another
another
sort
of
side
effect
of
being
a
monopoly
right.
Why?
Why
would
you
get
that
up
right,
you're
gonna
do
whatever
you
can,
even
if
it's
basically
unethical
Behavior,
an
anti-competitive
Behavior,
you
know
to
basically
try
to
keep
keep
out.
You
know
the
other,
the
other,
the
other,
your
competitor.
B
If
you
want,
and
as
we
talked
about
it's
the
high-risk
monoculture
system
right,
so
if
you,
if
you're,
really
dependent
on
a
monopoly.
Well,
you
better
hope
that
Monopoly
doesn't
change
its
mind
or
nothing.
Bad
happens
to
that
Monopoly
like
I,
don't
know,
maybe
a
bad
CEO
right
and
then
bad
leadership
and
suddenly
oh
you're
you're
in
trouble
because
you're
you
were
dependent
on
you
know
the
decision
making
of
that
particular
of
that
particular
provider
that
you're
now
I'm
lost
into
okay.
B
So
now,
let's
dive
into
a
little
bit
of
Open
Standards
and
how
Open
Standards
work
and
What
mechanisms
are
in
place
to
make
sure
that,
even
though
Open
Standards,
you
can
think
of
them
sort
of
as
a
monopoly
right
innocence,
an
open
standard
is
also
a
a
single
source
of
provider
in
a
manner
of
speaking,
okay,
but
there's
many
different
things
built
into
what
what
makes
it
not
a
problem
right
is
all
these
processes
and
the
characters
which
said
that
make
something
an
open
standard.
Okay,
so
first
thing
is
on
Open.
B
Standards
is
all
about
process.
Okay,
it
is
about
ensuring
transparency
and
inclusion
through
process,
so
typically
an
open
standard
that
that's
that
that's
a
circle
there,
it's
a
process.
Okay,
so
it's
and
you
know
what
the
how
the
process
works
and
what
the
rules
of
engagement
are
many
different
types
of
people.
The
idea
here
is
that
anyone
that
is
relevant
can
put
their
input
into
this
process.
Okay,
so
whether
it's
a
single
individual,
a
group
of
individuals
AKA,
maybe
the
Jakarta
ambassadors
or
a
Java
User
Group
or
a
corporation
okay.
B
These
are
all
the
could
be
participants
in
into
the
process
and
basically
they're
on
equal
footing.
These
these
sets
of
people
should
essentially
be
functionally
equal
to
each
other
and
then,
finally,
what
the
process
produces
is
a
transparent
sort
of
artifacts,
a
document.
If
you
will,
you
know
that
anyone
can
use
right
so
input,
openness
and
input,
openness
in
in
the
in
the
way
that
these
things
are
produced,
openness
in
what
what
is
actually
produced
and
that
is
available
globally
to
whoever
wants
it.
B
Okay,
whoever
needs
to
use
it
at
any
given
point
in
time
that
that
should
also
be
open
to
everyone.
That's
the
heart
of
whatever
standard
is
and
why
it
is
basically
obviously
opposite
parametric
opposite
to
how
a
monopoly
actually
works
so
functionally.
It
may
look
like
a
monopoly,
but
it
is
very,
very
much
the
opposite
of
bottom
Monopoly.
Actually
is
yes,
okay,
so
all
right.
So
what
is
the
process?
How
does
the
process
look
like?
B
It
was
developed
some
some
time
ago,
but
actually
very
similar
to
mostly
very
similar,
to
the
way
things
work
in
the
JCP
and
actually
mostly
very
similar
to
how
things
work
in
Open
Standards
or
transitions
like,
for
example,
the
iso
actually
right.
So
there's
often,
you
know
a
well-defined
stages
of
the
development
of
an
open
standard.
So
there's
a
proposal
phase,
a
planning
phase,
a
development
phase,
a
release
phase.
Okay
and
all
of
these
things
are-
are
they
have
checkpoints
on
them
and
the
checkpoint
is
always
a
review
right.
B
B
Very
important,
all
right.
Typically,
a
specification
also
has
also
looks
a
certain
way
right.
So
there's
certain
things
that
are
very,
very
common
across
many
different
types
of
Standards,
okay,
so
again,
very
similar
to
how
things
work.
This
particular
one
I'm,
actually
just
referencing,
mostly
the
Jakarta
eastender.
So
a
specification
actually
comes
in
three
is
interestingly
I.
Don't
know
if
this
is
coincidence
or
not,
but
it
comes
in
Triads
okay.
So
there
is
a
in
terms
of
the
what
what
does
a?
B
What
does
an
open,
Standard
Produce,
particularly
things
like
something
like
Jakarta?
Well,
it
really
produces
a
specification
document
like
you
or
either
as
a
consumer
or
a
provider
can
read
it's
openly
available.
It
also
provides
a
compatibility
test
kit
right.
So
it
is
a
set
of
tests
that
you
run
to
self-certify
to
say:
hey,
yeah
I
am
actually
a
compatible
implementation
of
this
particular
standard
or
specification.
Then
you
have
multiple,
hopefully
multiple
compatible
implementations.
B
B
Some
Open
Standards,
like
the
JCP,
also
mandate
a
reference
implementation,
so
reference
implementation
is
valuable
as
a
convenience
for
implementers
and
users.
Actually
so
you're
always
guaranteed
at
least
one
implementation
at
any
given
point
in
time,
and
you
know
which
you
know
who
to
blame.
If
you
will,
if
things
go
wrong
right,
if
you
know
you
should
look
into
the
reference
implementation
to
understand,
if
there's
any
lack
of
clarity
as
to
how
things
should
work
in
Jakarta,
actually,
we
are
required
to
have
at
least
one
compatible
implementation.
B
Now,
one
of
the
things
I
will
caution.
You
against
to
be
very
careful
about.
All
of
this
is,
do
be
careful
of
partial
implementations,
okay
and
implementations
that
don't
have
any
plans
to
ever
become
fully
compatible,
but
there
is
no
such
thing
as
a
partial
implementation
is
what
I'm
going
to
tell
you
is
like
when
it
comes
to
Open
Standards,
you
either
are
compatible
or
you
are
not
that's
it.
It's
binary
right
there
is.
There
should
be
no
such
thing
as
a
partial
implementation.
B
B
Right
so
transparency,
inclusion,
consensus,
building,
process,
open
process.
These
things
make
sure
they
actually
are
are
happening
right
in
the
thing
that
is
purporting
to
be
a
specification
or
an
open
standard
along
those
lines,
you
really
need.
None
of
this
actually
happens
in
a
vacuum
right.
Somebody
needs
to
do
all
this
work.
Okay,
so,
basically.
A
B
There's
three
different
groups
of
people
that
are
often
involved
in
Open
Standards.
These
are
some
kind
of
governance
body
right
in
case
of
Jakarta,
that
would
be
declass
Foundation.
There
should
be
some
kind
of
stakeholders.
These
would
basically
be
the
working
groups.
Okay,
pretty
much
Jakarta
is
a
working
group
there's
a
number
of
people
that
are
in
in
that
working
group.
These
are
the
stakeholders
and
you
need
a
community
around
it
right.
So
you
also
need
people
using
and
actively
involved
in,
or
at
least
paying
attention
do
these
tenders
as
well.
B
B
B
You
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
common
methodology,
myth,
myths
around
open
standard,
so
one
big
one
is
oh
now
we
have
open
source,
we
don't
need
Open,
Standards
anymore,
open
source,
basically
solves
the
problem.
The
same
problem
that
opposite
standards
do
well
not
really:
okay,
Open
Standards,
open
source
solves
some
problems.
Okay,
basically,
it
solves
the
problems
of
transparency
and
even
not
even
that.
Well
right,
it
really
is
just
giving
you
the
the
possibility
to
Fork
if
you
can
even
even
forking
an
open
source
project.
B
Sometimes
it
is
a
dicey
business,
so
open
source
is
a
very
open
source
alone
is,
does
not
guarantee
you
any
of
these
things
that
we
really
talked
about
it's
a
step
toward
it.
If
it
happens
to
be
done
very
well
and
done
almost
to
the
point
where
it
is
actually
an
open
standard.
Okay,
then
it's
okay,
open
source
other
than
that
open
source
doesn't
guarantee
you
anything.
B
There's
lots
of
Open
Source
things
out
there
that
use
the
open
source
label,
but
in
reality
you
know
these
are
not
that
much
different
from
functionally
and
practically
speaking,
they're,
not
that
much
different
from
single
vendor
proprietary
providers.
Okay,
so
even
though
something
is
open,
source
you're
gonna,
you
can
have
a
very
hard
time
getting
away
from
that
one
provider
of
that
open
sourcing
or
even.
A
B
Able
to
guarantee
any
transparency
or
inclusion
at
the
end,
so
really
what
you
need
actually
is
Open,
Standards
and
open
source
and
again
the
equals.
Foundation
is
a
good
example.
Ultimately,
it's
an
open
source
organization
that
happens
to
also
be
doing
open,
Open,
Standards
and
open
specifications.
B
So-
and
this
is
not
just
Theory,
it's
practice,
okay,
so
when
people
talk
about
oh
open
source
is
all
is
all
you
need
if,
when
they
actually
begin
to
look
at
what
successful
things
that
you
can,
they
say
is
open
examples
of
Open
Source,
solving
the
problems
of
Open
Standards
like
Linux
or
Apache
or
MySQL.
Well,
guess
what
all
of
those
things
are
actually
based
on:
Open,
Standards,
okay,
so
the
reason,
though,
those
are
successful,
Open
Source
Products
is
actually
because
they
are
Open
Standards.
B
They
just
don't
not,
are
very,
very
obvious
about
that
right.
So,
ultimately,
things
like
Linux,
you
know
there's
a
lot
of
Open
Standards
behind
it
that
make
Linux
distributions
compatible
with
each
other
and
actually
provides
all
of
those
additional
benefits
other
than
simply
being
open
source
same
thing
with
you
know,
Apache.
You
know
it.
B
Basically,
is
nothing
really
much
more
than
an
implementation
or
a
much
different
standards,
or
an
open
source
implementation
of
a
much
of
different
standards,
same
thing
with
things
like
MySQL
and
Bulls
score,
SQL,
right,
they're,
ultimately,
implementing
the
SQL
standard.
Basically,
and
the
same
can
be
said
of
you
know
all
of
the
different
things
that
we
talked
about
that
that
are
in
in
our
ecosystem
as
well.
Frankly
Speaking,
job
I,
see
is
an
open
standard.
Java
is
an
open
standard.
B
B
Okay,
so
definitely
don't
let
anyone
tell
you
that
all
you
need
is
open
source.
That's
not
true.
You
need
open
open
source
and
Open
Standards
in
order
to
really
contract
effectively
against
Monopoly
power
and
the
network
effect,
so
some
other
complaints
from
typical
sources
that
you
know
are
frankly
have
an
anti-competitive
agenda.
In
some
cases
you
know
these
are
the
kind
of
complaints
that
they
usually
have.
Standards
are
slow.
It's
designed
by
committee
standards,
don't
guarantee
portability.
B
B
B
Look
like
that
like
most
of
The
Trackers,
it
doesn't
look
like
that
photo,
and
you
know
somebody
took
a
lot
of
time
and
effort
to
take
that
photo
that
perfect
photo,
but
guess
what
it's
still
not
working.
Okay.
So
it's
the
same
thing
with
Open
Standards,
okay.
So
here
so
our
open
standard
is
perfect.
They
don't
have
any
downsize
whatsoever.
Absolutely
not
right!
There's
many
different
things
that
can
be
improved
over
open
service,
but
it
does
not
take
away
fundamentally
from
its
core
value
proposition.
B
B
B
Okay,
so
I,
don't
think
we
really
want
that
like.
Fundamentally,
no
dictatorships
are
unbenevolent,
even
if
they
claim
to
be
okay,
so
in
design
by
committee
ultimately
means
that
you
respect
the
process
and
you
respect
the
sensors
building
building
mechanism
right,
even
if
you
don't
necessarily
agree
with
it.
Okay,
so
you're
you're,
respecting
the
fact
that
you,
you
need
to
convince
other
people
and
you
need
to
arrive
at
a
consensus.
It's
not
just
a
matter
of
hey.
B
And
it
must
be
right
that
doesn't
work
like
that
when,
when
you
are
talking
about
Open,
Standards
and
open
specifications,
standards
are
not
designed
to
guarantee
your
portability
by
the
way
they
enhance
these
things.
They
make
these
things
possible,
but
no
standard
can
guarantee
100
portability,
because
standards
are
not
closed
ecosystems
just
because
some
something
implements
the
standard
does
not
mean
that
a
given
provider
cannot
go
beyond
the
standard.
In
fact,
that's
how
Innovation
actually
happens
is
when
somebody
goes
beyond
beyond
the
standard,
and
that
is
part
of
the
consensus.
B
B
Okay,
so
I
would
say
this.
Actually,
it
can
work
to
the
benefit
of
most
technologies
that
want
to
remain
lean,
also
and
remain
close
to
the
to
the
case
principle
of
keep
us
keep
it
simple
stupid
if
it's
not
a
bells
and
Bill
and
whistle
that
you
need
don't
use
it
okay,
so
it
fits
in
in
the
open
status
philosophy
in
that
manner.
B
B
B
B
B
That's
on
you
right
and
the
way
you
do,
that
is
you
get
involved
and
the
way
you
get
involved
is
well.
Everything
is
in
the
open,
get
you
know,
get
logged
on
on
tuition.ed
and
find
out
for
yourself
if
you
want
to
go
beyond
that
log
on
into
the
Jakarta
ambassadors
and
we'll
show
you
right
how
you
can
get
involved
and
how
you
can
make
things
better,
so
everyone
went
beyond
that.
B
I
I
want
to
leave
you
with
one
final
thought:
right:
I'm
not
here
to
honestly
preach
religion
to
you
right,
Open
Standards
are
not
a
religion,
they're,
fundamentally
an
engineering
value
right
so
and
it
is
important
for
us
to
remain
balanced.
You
know
in
our
viewpoints,
in
my
opinion,
so
is
open
standard.
Is
the
n?
Is
the
end-all,
be
all
you
know?
Should
everything
should
should
everything
be
standardized
by
by
no
means?
Okay,
so,
as
I
mentioned,
there'll
always
be
extensions
that
expand
Frontiers
and
ultimately
it's
the
job
of
the
open
structure.
B
Take
a
look
at
what
is
working
and
further
improve
the
standard,
and
also
you
know
there
should
be.
A
standards
are
basically
should
be
Proving
Grounds
for
Innovation
more
than
anything
else
now
also
standards
and
specifications
guarantee
against
monopolies,
but
they
do
not
guarantee
necessarily
on
their
own
healthy,
competitive
ecosystem.
Okay,
so
you
didn't.
We
do
need
to
keep
keep
an
eye
out
on
that
external
group
as
soon
as
they
help,
but
they
cannot
guarantee
this
either
just
like
it
cannot
guarantee.
B
So
there
can
be
cases
where
you
know
simply
too
small
or
too
uncompetitive
of
a
set
of
people
are
defining
a
set
of
standards
and
not
reinvesting
back
into
the
standard
and
sort
of
doing
their
own
thing
right.
So
these
are
things
we
need
to
be
mindful
of
and
through
participation
make
sure
it
doesn't
happen.
A
B
Things
outside
the
standard
that,
of
course,
the
boundaries
there
can
be
alternative
approaches.
The
important
part
is
that
to
remain
a
healthy
balance
right
as
long
as
you
know,
things
are
not
so
lopsided
that
you
really
just
have
a
monopoly
and
the
standard
is
Sidelines.
That's
an
unhealthy
situation.
I
think
there
can
be
competition,
but
as
long
as
Open
Standards
are
at
the
core
of
it
and
things
that
build
upon
other
things
that
are
in
the
ecosystem
are
sort
of
building
upon,
or
at
least
in
the
neighborhood
neighborhood
of
those
Open
Standards.
B
So
at
the
end
of
the
day,
it
is
really
ultimately
all
up
to
you
right.
So
this
is
I
hope.
The
one
thing
that
you
take
away
from
here
is
that
these
things
actually
matter
right.
Things
like
Jakarta
eat
things
like
Open
Standards.
These
are
important
to
you
as
an
individual
and
until
ultimately,
it
is
up
to
you
to
make
sure
these
remain
healthy
and
the
way
you
do
that
is
you
engage.
You
participate
all
right,
so
that's
about
it.
I
think
I'm
really
just
about
at
time
now.
B
B
Absolutely
yeah,
so
they
reduce
the
risk
in
many
different
ways
and
if
you're,
looking
back
into
the
presentation,
you'll
see
me
the
many
different
ways
that
it
does
that
right,
the
primary
way
that
it
does
it
is
that
it
guarantees
vendor
neutrality.
It
guarantees
the
thing
that
you
are
depending
on
in
your
application,
is
not
just
dominated
or
and
provided
by
one
single.
A
B
A
Those
providers,
amazing
just
for
anybody
that
is
interested
Reza-
did
provide
his
slides
for
today's
presentation.
There
is
a
link
there
and
it
doesn't
look
like
there's
any
other
questions,
so
we
are
good
to
go.
Thank
you
so
much
Reza
for
today's
presentation.
It
was
very
informative
and
if
anybody
in
the
audience
has
any
questions,
you
could
feel
free
to
continue
putting
them
in
the
chat
and
I
can
share
them
with
Reza
via
email.
Alongside
your
credentials,.