►
Description
Day 5 of the 2020 CESM Tutorial featuring Polar, Paleo, and Land Ice modeling Questions and Answers.
The CESM Tutorial will consist of:
Lectures on simulating the climate system, practical sessions on running CESM, modifying components, and analyzing data.
For more information:
http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/events/tutorials/2020
Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully-coupled, community, global climate model that provides state-of-the-art computer simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future climate states.
A
B
Just
just
to
remark:
there's
a
typo
on
your
on
your
schedule.
For
today,
today's
we
start
at
8
40.,
with
with
final.
C
Remarks
yeah,
so
I
just
I
copied
and
pasted
from
the
previous
day,
and
I
guess
it
bit
me
in
the
butt
so
yeah.
Let
me.
B
So
the
only
reason
why
it,
I
guess
like
if
a
student
come
up
like
at
8
30,
they
say
oh
8,
50.
C
B
How
do
you
deal
with?
I
think
it's
a
great
idea
and
I
hope
they
will
cooperate.
But
how
do
you
deal
with?
You
know
like
those
that
turn
on
the
cameras
and
those
who
do
not,
and
then
you
know
like
the
like
for
me
in
my
screen.
It
was
when
there's
more
than
25
participants
I
have
like.
I
need
to.
You
know,
there's
a
little
error.
B
C
B
C
Yeah,
I'm
not
sure
I
mean
this
is
going
to
be
the
most
people
I've
ever
had
now
to
cameron's
it's
going
to
be
kind
of
like
a
test
session
as
well.
I
think
start
cracking
this
yeah,
so
yeah.
I
got
that
fixed
up
there.
I'll
do
some
research
today
to
see
how
how
many
and
if
there's
any
ways
around
it,
but
what
I
was
going
to
do
is.
I
was
just
going
to
make
a
full
screen
on
my
second
monitor
because
it's
a
lot
bigger
than
my
laptop
screen.
C
So
I
may
capture
everybody
and
then,
if
not,
I
can
do
a
screenshot
and
then
go
to
the
second
page
and
get
a
screenshot
and
just
kind
of
photoshop
them
together.
B
All
right
I
mean
whatever
you
think
is
best,
and
I
was
thinking
to
do
this.
The
zoom
photo
after
the
q
a
panel
because
typically
there
are
more
participants
showing
up
for
that
session
and
anything
else.
C
Okay,
so
I
just
looked
it
up,
it
says
you
can
fit
49
participants
and
galleries.
You.
C
C
C
Yeah
so
I
mean
it
says,
depending
on
your
computer,
you
can
display
it
to
49
participants
in
gallery
view
and
then
so
I'm
going
to
make
it
I'm
going
to
make
a
full
screen
to
take
the
picture.
C
And
then
I
was
thinking
more
about
the
waiver
stuff.
I
don't
think
they
signed
any
waiver
for
the
previous
years,
because
I've
always
done
the
group
picture
and
I
don't
think
they
signed
a
way
before,
because
it's
optional.
C
Yeah,
because
I
mean
that
there's
ways
in
zoom
that
you
can
in
gallery
mode,
you
can
have
it
to
where,
if
they
don't
have
their
camera
on,
they
don't
show
up.
So
their
name
won't
even
be
up
there
either.
B
A
A
C
Yeah
so
I
mean
they
organized
those
breakouts
for
themselves.
They're
breaks.
B
Yeah,
but
what
I
found
in
in
in
these
oh
hi
bro,
is
you
you're
not
alone
anymore,.
A
B
B
B
Sorry
to
hear
that
I
don't
know
if
it's,
if
you
have
it
worse
than
we
do
here.
I
just
I
just
heard
once
that
you
know
it
was
getting
out
of
control
in
brazil,
but
it's
getting
out
of
control
here
too
yeah
for
some
places.
But
yes.
A
Depends
of
the
state,
for
example,
sao
paulo
is
it's
the
biggest
theory
in
the
cries.
The
the
cases
is
increasing
quickly.
A
D
B
Yeah,
it's
clearly
because
colorado,
let's
see.
B
A
E
E
F
F
A
G
G
C
A
C
A
C
B
G
D
B
B
Keep
plugging
in
well,
we
can,
they
can
catch
up
to
us
good
morning,
everybody,
and
so
today's
our
last
day,
every
good
thing
comes
to
an
end,
and
I'm
going
to
start
by
saying
just
similarly
to
yesterday,
please,
if
you're
not
opposed
to
it
turn
on
your
cameras.
I
know
it's
a
morning
morning,
pictures
and
morning
phases
not
necessarily
the
best,
but
it's
still
nice
to
see
people
besides
my
own
moving
picture,
but
only
if
you
feel
like
it.
B
Only
if
you
want
but
there's
a
tradition
that
every
single
tutorial,
especially
in
person,
tutorial
that
we
do
a
group
picture
just
to
record
it
and
ends
and
put
it
on
the
website
and
what
we
would
like
to
do
this
morning
after
the
q,
a
session
is
to
take
a
screenshot
of
the
zoom
of
the
zoom
panel
with
the
zoom
gallery,
with
everybody
on
so
at
that
time.
Hopefully,
you
wouldn't
mind
turning
on
your
cameras,
so
we
could
just
do
that.
It's
optional!
B
Of
course,
if
you
don't
want
your
picture
to
be
taken,
keep
your
camera
off
today
for
the
office
hours
you're,
going
to
have
the
choice
of
different,
topical,
practical
activities
as
and
are
you
going
there's
going
to
be
experts
for
these
activities
present
during
the
office
hours
and
we
have
six
topics,
land,
ice
atmosphere,
ocean
sea,
ice,
land,
bgc
and
wetland
chemistry
and
the
way
we're
going
to
try
to
do.
B
This
is
going
to
assign
one
record
room
per
topic
and
the
expert
will
be
placed
in
these
breakout
rooms,
and
if
you
really
need
a
one-on-one
help
with
with
a
helper,
then
we
could.
You
could
get
out
of
your
breakout
room
and
go
into
another,
and
elizabeth
will
handle
the
logistics
with
this
at
any
time
you
can
get
out
of
your
topical
breakup
room
and
join
another,
and
at
any
time
you
want
you
just
get
out
of
your
breakout
room
and
then
tell
us
that
elizabeth
hey.
B
B
To
ask
your
questions
with
the
helpers.
Given
the
statistics
based
on
the
survey
you
answered
yesterday
right
now,
you're
not
going
to
be
more
than
10
per
record
room
and
in
most
of
the
breakout
room
is
much
fewer
than
that,
so
it
should
be.
It
should
be
manageable.
B
Now,
after
the
tutorial,
what
is
going
to
happen,
we
are
preparing
a
survey
for
you
to
fit
in,
so
you
can
so
we
can
get
feedback
from
you
feedback
from
you,
and
you
know
so.
You
can
tell
us
more
about
how
this
week
went,
how
you
felt
about
it,
what
could
be
improved,
what
needs
to
stay
etc.
B
We'll
send
you
a
google
doc
for
this.
So
please
look
at
your
emails
and
respond
to
the
survey
as
much
as
you
can
and
be
constructive
in
your
comments.
Even
if
it
could
be,
you
know
it
doesn't
mean
that
the
comment
has
has
to
be
just
positive.
It
could
be
you
know
you
could
you
could
argue
about
that?
Something
didn't
go
well,
but
if
you
can
suggest
a
way
to
make
it
better,
it'll
be
great.
B
Also
remember
when
you
fill
in
your
survey,
is
that
everybody
here
on
the
tutorial
volunteered
their
time.
We
don't
have
a
special
account
key
to
charge
for
this
and
also
keep
in
mind.
It
was
our
first
time
organizing
a
full
zoom
tutorial,
so
the
project
code
that
you've
been
using
to
run
your
simulations.
B
B
If
it's,
if
it's
still
not
used
up
by
that
time-
and
I
see
that
you
guys
are
still
running
on
it,
I
will
ask
for
an
extension,
so
you
can
make
the
most
of
it
after
the
tutorial
and
it
will
be
up
until
they
can
be
spent.
B
We
have
we
had
a
question
yesterday
about
what
happened
if
you
try
to
apply
for
another
csm
tutorial,
especially
if
it
comes
back
to
be
in
person.
B
I
have
to
say,
unfortunately,
you
participating
in
this
one
makes
you
not
on
the
top
of
the
list
and
participating
in
the
future
one
and
typically,
if
you
participate
in
one,
we
say
sorry,
you
know
like
there's
not
much
else
you're
going
to
learn
by
participating
in
a
new
one,
so
you
won't
be
accepted
as
a
participant
and
to
give
you
an
idea,
we
had
a.
B
What
we
encourage
you
to
do
after
this
tutorial
and
now
that
you
know
more
about
csm
and
how
it
works,
is
to
become
part
of
the
csm
community,
the
we
the
community
of
csm,
we
typically,
we
have
different
working
groups,
and
I
will
show
you
a
page
after
that
that
that
has
chairs
and
co-chairs
there's
the
one
who
define
and
use
the
scientific
direction
of
the
working
groups.
You
have
the
scientific
liaison,
which
are
the
first
point
of
contact
of
whatever.
B
Whenever
you
have
a
question
about
the
component
that
you're
trying
to
work
with
as
a
whether
it's
a
scientific
question
or
a
question
about
the
model
component
yeah,
we
also
have
software
liaison
like
if
you
run
into
a
problem,
when
you
try
to
run
with
csm
on
a
given
company,
you
can
always
try
to
reach
out
to
them
and
all
this
information
you
have
this
link
here
and
those
slides
will
be
posted
on
the
csm
website.
B
If
you
go,
if
you
click
on
it-
and
let
me
make
this
bigger-
and
I
can
hopefully
you
can
see
this-
you
can
see
all
the
different
working
groups,
there's
atmosphere,
land
ocean.
Biochemistry-
and
you
have
the
sense
liaison
and
the
software
liaison
names
here
and
when
you
click
on
the
name,
we
will
send
you
to
the
email
address.
B
B
Besides
one
the
software
engineering
liaison
ice
bertin
is
about
to
retire,
so
I
do
not
know
yet
who
is
going
to
replace
her
and
for
the
paleo
climate,
because
palliative
care
is
so
diverse
right
now,
there's
no
strict
liaison,
but
wherever,
if
you
go
on
the
paleoclimate
working
group,
you'll
see
some
names
appear
there
and
you
can
contact
them
at
any
time
and
esther
brady
is
one
of
the
paleo
climate
working
group
co-chair
that
you're
going
to
meet
during
the
q
a
panel
this
morning.
B
B
The
february
workshop
is
more
like
per
working
group,
so
the
wider
summer
workshop
is
the
entire
csm
community
that
gather
in
border
or
he
used
to
be
in
ricky
ridge.
But
lately
it's
been
in
border
and
is
also
working
group
meetings
at
once
over
several
days
and
it's
a
great
place
to
make
some
connections
to
get
good
networking
and
to
meet
your
fellow
constituents.
B
B
B
So
I
won't
give
many
thanks
again
to
all
the
organizing
tutorial
organizing
committee,
that
made
all
this
week
possible,
but
also
elizabeth's,
fair
class
for
the
admin
support
for
ryan
johnson
for
the
web,
support
for
nsf
from
friending
it
and
all
the
computing
force,
the
speakers
and
helpers
and
the
developers,
but
also
you
guys,
who
volunteered
and
sticked
throughout
the
week
to
make
this
possible.
I
anyway
it
was.
B
It
was
very
good
to
see
you
so
involved
and
I
hope
it
you
guys,
learned
a
lot
and
enjoyed
this
tweak
and
I
hope
you,
you
will
enjoy
your
last
day
so
and
hopefully
see
you
at
one
another
csm
events
I'll
leave
it
at
that,
and
if
you
have
any
questions
about
what
I
just
spoke
about
or
about
today,
please
go
ahead
and
mute
yourself
and
ask
your.
A
Hi,
thank
you
very
much
for
for
organizing
this.
First
of
all,
I
just
wanted
to
know
when
you
want
the
response
for
the
survey,
because
I
may
not
be
able
to
do
it
september.
So
is
there
a
deadline.
B
A
D
I
was
gonna
say
often
we
send
it
by
the
end
of
the
the
afternoon
practical
session
so
like,
if
you
just
you
know,
take
10
minutes
this
afternoon,
if
possible,
that
that
way,
you
can
get
it
done
as
soon
as
you're
able
yeah
this.
G
You
in
regards
to
the
survey
this
is
elizabeth,
I'll,
keep
it
open,
for
you
know
for
about
two
weeks
to
just
to
make
sure
in
case
you
happen
to
miss.
G
A
D
About
continuing
to
run
csm,
so
we
have
a
certain
number
of
hours,
you're
saying
and
we
can
extend
that
and
then
is
there.
I
guess:
how
do
you
apply
for
more.
B
Yeah
so
so
there
are
two
ways
to
apply
for
fundings.
First
of
all,
if
you're
funded
by
an
nsf
grant,
then
as
a
graduate
student
without
making
a
big
allocation
without
having
to
ask
for
a
bigger
location,
you
can
ask
you,
can
email,
sizzle
and
say
I'm
a
grad
student,
I'm
funded
by
an
nsf
grant
and
they
would
give
you
a
few
hundred
thousand
core
hours
for
you
to
run
your
experiments.
B
You
need
to
be
so
yeah
and
and
then
that's
something
I
still
need
to
clarify.
Maybe
devo
alice.
You
might
know
this.
It
was
my
understanding
that
if
you
were
at
a
us
institution
or
if
your
university
was
part
of
the,
was
your
car
affiliated,
then
as
a
grad
student,
you
could
just
ask
for
core
hours
with
without
having
nsf
funding.
B
G
I
can
chime
in,
I
am
a
student
and
I
was
able
to
get
a
small
allocation
request.
Basically
just.
A
D
You
dave
yeah,
I
was
gonna
say
I
went
to
the
website
here,
so
you
can
see
it,
but
it
just
says:
resources
for
unsponsored
graduate
students,
postdocs
and
new
faculty.
So
if
your
advisor
doesn't
have
funds,
you
can
still
request
time.
You
can
request
up
to
400
000
core
hours.
This
is
like
a
small
allocation
request.
D
If
you
want
more
than
that,
you
have
to
do
what's
called
a
large
allocation
request,
which
is
a
different
type
of
proposal,
but
you
should,
I
think,
that
they're
pretty
open
and
willing
to
having
un
sponsored
graduate
students
and
postdocs
who
want
to
use
the
the
computer
and
the
models,
for
you,
know
interesting
new
science.
So.
I
Yeah
and
that
small
data
request
alice
just
about
paged
down
to
it
there,
but
there's
there's
also
just
it's:
it's
just
a
data
only
like
if
you
want
to
get
access
to
the
large
ensemble
and
things
like
that,
then
you
can
get
a
data
access
allocation
as
well.
That's
like
super
easy.
D
And
if
anyone
is
teaching
or
if
any
of
you
are
new
faculty,
we
we
know
some
people
who
request
classroom
allocations
so
that
if
you're
teaching
like
a
usually
this
is
like
a
seminar,
a
small
class,
then
you
can
get
time
so
that
you
can
actually
use
the
model
for
your
class
as.
D
A
A
A
D
Well,
I
went
through
so
as
as
I've
met.
I
think
I've
met
about
a
quarter
of
you
at
the
media
scientist
things
now,
but
I'm
alice,
I'm
one
of
the
polar
climate
working
group
liaisons.
I
work
a
lot
with
trying
to
understand
the
polar
climate,
mostly
the
sea
ice,
but
I
also
think
about
interactions
of
the
sea
ice
with
the
ocean
and
the
atmosphere
how
they
all
talk
to
each
other.
So
I'm
moderating
this
session
today.
If
you
hear
weird
noises,
my
dog
again
is
whining
at
me
a
lot
today.
D
I
don't
know
why
but
yeah
so
the
first
I'm
going
to
the
to
the
poll
questions
that
you
guys
put
in
there.
The
first
question:
I've
just
sorted
them
by
what
are
the
top
ones,
so
I
wanted
to
go
through
these
ones
first.
I
think
this
is
pretty
similar
to
what
you
guys
have
done
in
other
days
and
then,
if
there's
a
follow-up
question,
I
guess
I'd
ask
you
to
raise
your
hand
and
maybe
elizabeth
or
gunter,
if
you
guys,
are
able
to
see
in
the
chat
or
if
their
hands
raised.
D
If,
if
there
needs
to
be
something
else
addressed
that
would
be
helpful
if
you
can
bring
it
up,
because
it's
not
always
easy
to
see
all
right.
So
the
first
question
is
a
paleo
question,
so
esther
and
betty
this
is
probably
for
you.
But
the
question
is:
what's
the
current
understanding
of
carbon
cycle
feedback
and
paleoclimate,
how
can
we
design
experiments
to
quantify
its
impact
on
climate
using
cesm.
F
I
think
there's
still
quite
a
bit
of
uncertainty
in
this.
It
is
really
a
coupled
process.
So
you
need
to
know
what
the
land
surface
is
doing.
What
the
ocean
is
doing
some
earlier,
more
simplified
models
suggest
that
you
need
to
consider
not
only
the
physical
properties
of,
for
example,
the
ocean
temperature
and
salinity,
but
although
also
the
biogeochemistry
of
the
oceans.
So
if
one
wanted
to
design
an
experiment,
I
would
suggest
two
things.
One
kind
of
try
to
simplify
it.
F
F
You
know
in
a
fully
coupled
system,
but
think
of
maybe
what
is
the
effect
of
the
actual
atmospheric
co2
or
the
ice
sheets,
or
that
you
can
actually
run
the
model
where
you
look
at
the
carbon
cycle,
feedbacks
without
changing
the
radiative,
forcing
so,
for
example,
the
atmospheric
co2.
But
to
do
this
project
well,
you'd
want
to
assemble
a
team
or
get
an
set
up
us.
Maybe
a
zoom
call
in
this
virtual
world
with
not
only
those
in
the
paleo
group,
but
those
in
the,
for
example.
The
ocean
biogeochemistry.
H
No
not
really,
but
I
do
want
to
let
people
know
that
we
currently
have
some
carbon
isotopes,
isotope
tracer
simulated
in
cesm.
H
We
have
some
radiocarbon
and
carbon
13
in
the
ocean,
it's
quite
expensive
to
run,
and
so
we
haven't
really
ourselves
had
much
experience
running
it
with
cesm2
in
the
ocean
tracers
with
the
biogeochemistry
in
the
ocean,
but
we
also
have
an
abiotic
version
of
radiocarbon
that
we
have
been
running
in
our
cmet-6
simulations,
our
mid-holocene
and
our
last
interglacial,
and
we
also
have
carbon
13
and
carbon
radiocarbon
in
the
land
model
tracers.
H
So
you
know
that
might
be
a
way
to
get
started.
Looking
at
the
carbon
cycle
for
paleo,
just
comparing
the
model
simulation
of
these
tracers
to
the
paleoclimate
proxy
data,
that's
out
there
anyway.
Just
wanted
to
add
that
in
and
let
people
know,
I'm
not
sure
if
it
was
covered
in
the
tutorial.
D
Okay,
thank
you
and
I
just
wanted
to
say:
I'm
gonna,
I'm
able
to
put
a
little
arrow
here
pointing
to
which
question
we're
answering.
So
if
you
guys
go
away
and
then
come
back
and
you're
wondering
because
I'm
not
able
to
make
them
go
away
on
this
list.
So
the
next
question
is
a
sea
ice
question.
So
near
me,
mere
dave
I'll.
Let
dave
start.
The
question
is:
if
I
want
to
compare
the
sea
ice
from
the
cesm1
large
ensemble
with
the
sea
ice
and
the
cesm2
large
ensemble.
D
A
I
That's
fine,
I
I
guess
short
answer.
Yes,.
I
But
but
I
will
say
so:
there's
there's
new
thermodynamics:
we've
changed
the
vertical
levels
and
the
sea
ice
and
snow,
and
so
the
new
thermodynamics
have
a
prognostic
salinity
which,
before
it
was
a
constant
salinity,
you
know,
and
so
there's
a
lot
of
changes
just
internally
in
this
sea
ice
itself,
and
I
actually
have
a
manuscript
that
I'm
working
on
now.
That,
hopefully,
will
be
out
in
the
next
couple
months,
but
the
idea
is
that
I
did
it
just
a
comparison
of
only
the
thermodynamics
and
the
changes
in
the
sea
ice.
I
I
You
know
the
ocean
model
is
pretty
much
the
same,
but
but
generally
the
changes
in
the
atmosphere
are
having
a
really
big
impact,
and
I
think
alice
has
done
some
work
to
address
that
aspect
and
then
also
hunty
singh
has
a
manuscript
that
is
in
review.
Now.
That
also
compares
some
of.
I
So-
and
I
so
I
don't
know
if
alice
wants
to
add
on
to
that.
D
I
I
don't
think
I
have
anything
else
major
to
say
I
mean
I
think,
as
dave
brought
up,
if
you
were
comparing
two
model
versions
like
this
to
large
ensembles
with
different
model
versions,
there's
a
whole
slew
of
changes
between
lots
of
different
components.
So,
yes,
there
are
differences
in
the
ice,
the
sea
ice
component,
but
there's
also
major
differences
in
the
atmosphere
component
and
stuff
too.
So
you
should
really
treat
them
as
like
two
entirely
separate
models.
D
It's
not
like
kind
of
same
versions
of
the
different
versions
of
the
same
thing:
that's
not
really
what
they
are.
So
I
think
that
that
is
probably
good
for
that
one.
In
the
interest
of
continuing
on.
Let's
see,
yeah,
stop
I'm
trying
to
be
careful
about
this,
and
then
it
okay.
So
the
next
question
is
a
landice
question
and
it
is
what
is
the
radiative
transfer
scheme
in
sysum?
D
A
D
Yep,
so
it's
the
one
that
has
the
blue
arrow
next
to
it,
it's!
What
is
the
radiative
transfer
scheme
in
cism?
How
is
it
it's
a
series
of
questions
right.
E
D
E
Okay,
I'll
take
a
stab
at
that.
First
of
all,
cism
doesn't
have
a
radiator
transfer
scheme
because
the
the
snow
and
the
fern
that
sits
on
top
of
the
ice
sheet
is
handled
in
the
land
model
clm,
and
so
everything
that
applies
to
seasonal,
snow
and
cl
in
clm
also
applies
to
snow.
On
the
surface
of
an
ice
sheet,
it
uses
the
snicker
radio
transfer
scheme
which
is
developed
by
mark
flanner
is
my
understanding.
E
If
you
get,
if
you
melt
all
the
snow
and
get
down
to
an
ice
surface,
the
ice
albedo
is
treated
very
simply.
You
just
have
one
albedo
value
in
the
near
infrared
and
another
in
the
visible.
I
think
those
are
do
you
remember
the
value
scripture.
E
Yeah,
I
was
just
trying
to
remember
the
the
values
we
use
for
the
near
infrared
and
visible
light.
E
Of
my
head,
the
neighborhood
of
0.4
to
0.5,
so
we
don't
have
anything
spatial
or
temporarily,
varying
on
the
ice.
But
but
as
I
say,
we
do
have
light
absorbing
impurities
and
percolating
melt
water
in
the
snow.
I
I
But
the
idea
is
that
it's,
it
receives
incoming
shortwave
across
different
bands,
so
visible
near
infrared,
far
infrared
so
forth
and
it
breaks
that
down
and
then
it
actually
computes
an
albedo
in
each
band
and
then
figures
out
the
fraction
of
different
surfaces
when
it's
doing
it
and
then
it
does
an
actual
multiple
scattering
within
the
snow
and
sea
ice
to
determine
the
net
absorb
shortwave
and
then,
at
the
end
of
that
iteration,
you
end
up
with
the
resulting
albedo
and
absorb
shortwave.
I
D
All
right
so
we'll
go
on
to
the
next
question.
Another
paleo
question:
what
are
the
main
differences
between
paleoclimate
models
and
historical
future
simulations?
F
F
What
is
different
is
the
forcings
of
boundary
conditions.
We
give
the
model
and
those
are
critical.
The
model
is
only
as
good
as
what
you
give
it
sometimes.
So
if
you
give
it
the
wrong
aerosols
or
what
you
know
about
paleogeography,
it's
going
to
affect
your
simulation
in
the
paleoclimate
modeling
inner
comparison
world.
We
call
that
the
peanut
triangle,
you
have
uncertainties
in
the
models
and
how
they're
constructed
and
what
processes
they
include.
F
F
I
can
say
that's
what
we
do,
that's
not
to
say
we
don't
explore,
and
I
think
maybe
this
is
the
next
question:
improving
the
fidelity
explore
the
parameterizations
within
our
models,
so
many
of
you
may
have
met
jean
zoo,
who
was
one
of
the
team
working
with
you
this
week,
as
you
did
your
tutorial
and
he's
looking
at
things,
for
example,
in
terms
of
the
parameterizations
of
clouds
and
convection,
and
how,
when
we
use
them
to
look
at
like
a
past
cold
climate,
some
of
the
challenges
in
using
the
model
is
it's
currently
been
tuned
to
present
day.
D
Anything
to
add
esther,
I
I
will
say
we
kind
of
move
to
the
question
below
this
too,
which
is
how
can
we
improve
the
fidelity
or
simulation
skills
of
paleoclimate
models?
What
is
ncar
currently
working
on
about
it,
so.
H
Betty
talked
about
what
jean
is
doing
to
understand.
You
know
that
the
effect
of
cloud
processes
on
climate
sensitivity
and
how
the
paleoclimate
simulations
he's
done
reflect
some
understanding
of
that.
H
So
I
know
john
is
currently
working
on
that
sort
of
thing.
H
H
Signal,
that's
in
the
proxy
data,
how
the
model
compares
to
that.
I
think
you
know
that
where
we
in
that
paper,
we
look
at
it
pretty
simply
just
a
straight
comparison.
H
I
think
betty
can
probably
talk
more
about
the
proxy
data
uncertainties
as
compared
to
the
model,
but
that's
generally
what
what
we
do
so.
F
I
can
just
add
there
and
it's
actually
the
both
of
these
questions.
The
other
way
we
use
to
improve
the
fidelity
is
to
work
with
our
university
partners.
For
example,
the
title
mixing
at
the
last
glacial
maximum
might
be
different
than
it
is
today
and
university.
F
Graduate
students
have
worked
on
that,
looking
at
the
sensitivity
to
that
process
and
how
it
affects
the
ocean
circulation
in
terms
of
the
discrepancy
yeah,
I
think
it's.
The
important
thing
here
is
it's
a
two-way
inner
understanding.
F
The
models
aren't
perfect,
but
neither
are
the
proxies
and
so
using
them
together
and
trying
to
understand
the
processes
in
the
model,
sometimes
with
more
simplified.
F
Versions
of
the
model
is
really
important
to
do
and
try
to
understand
what
the
proxy
is
actually
telling
us
about
the
climate
system,
because
often
we
assume
a
proxy
is
just
temperature,
but
it's
probably
has
some
biology
in
it.
There's
some
sedimentation
type
differences
and
an
important
lesson
which
you're
all
too
young
to
remember,
but
I
do
is
a
tropical
I
forget,
what's
called
the
paradox:
tropical
paradox
under
warm
climates,
it
was
cretaceous,
so
very
high,
co2,
very
warm
climate,
and
yet
the
proxy
was
next.
What's
it
called
cold.
H
F
Paradox:
yeah:
the
models
were
saying
it
should
be
warmer
when
you
force
it
with
higher
co2s.
The
proxies
were
saying:
the
tropics
should
be
cooler
while
they
found
out
that
the
proxies
had
been
altered
and
during
their
sedimentation
with
time,
and
it
actually
was
harder.
So
I
think
it's
important
to
keep
an
open
mind
and
try
to
understand
why
there
are.
D
Differences
all
right,
so
the
next
question
is
sort
of
spans
all
of
these
topics-
it's
at
the
top
here.
Why
do
we
need
an
isotope
model
without
an
isotope
model,
we
can
still
use
c
cesm
to
simulate
temperature
ice
volume,
ocean
heat
content,
etc.
I
assume
there
should
be
a
question
they're
asking:
can
we
still
do
all
those
things
without
the
isotope
model?
D
H
Yeah,
well,
we
currently
don't
have
the
isotopes
in
cesm2.
H
So
that's
something
we
would
like
to
continue
in
implementing,
but
what
the
isotope
model
well,
there's
a
couple
things
for
paleo
having
the
isotopic
tracers
in
there
gives
us
a
better
comparison
to
the
actual
proxy
data
measurements,
it's
more
direct.
So,
for
example,
the
the
delta
o18,
that's
measured
in
ice
cores
can
be
compared
more
directly
to
the
delta
018
of
precipitation
over.
You
know
the
region
where
the
ice
core
is
collected
in
the
ocean.
H
Instead
of
going
from
the
delta
o18
say
in
the
benthic
sediments
to
a
deep
ocean
temperature
or
ice
volume,
we
can
directly
compare
the
delta
o18
simulated
in
in
the
ocean
to
the
sediment,
and
so
it
gives
a
better
comparison
to
the
proxies,
and
so
we
sort
of
alleviate
the
inference
or
the
interpretation
that
you
have
to
make
going
from
the
proxy
to
the
physical
climate
systems
because,
as
betty
just
said,
the
proxy
isn't
just
measuring
temperature.
H
It
may
be
measuring
something
about
the
a
change
in
the
hydrologic
cycle
or
in
that
relationship
that
is
used
based
on
modern
climate
to
go
from
the
proxy
to
the
physical
climate
state.
And
so
that's
what
an
isotopic
you
know.
H
Implementation
gives
you
in
the
climate
model
when
comparing
to
proxy
data,
however,
like
in
the
atmosphere,
jesse
nussbaum
bomber,
has
shown
that
the
isotopic
tracers
in
the
atmospheric
model
can
really
tell
you
about
some
of
the
processes
and
how
well
we're
we're
simulating
some
of
the
processes,
for
example,
stratospheric
tropospheric
exchange
of
moisture,
and
you
can
directly
compare
the
simulated
isotopes
in
cam
to
some
of
the
modern
data
collected
by
satellites
and
airplanes.
So
it
it.
F
Maybe
bill
or
on
the
ice
sheet
model
or
gunter,
no.
I
I,
the
only
thing
I
would
say
is
that
the
isotopes
provide
another
tracer
in
the
system,
which
is
a
really
nice
thing.
You
know
you
can
you
can
trace
water
from
its
origin
through
the
land
through
the
sea
ice.
You
know,
and
it's
just
it's
a
really
nice
way
to
track
motion
through
the
system
in
sort
of
a
lagrangian
sense.
H
Right
and
it's
been,
it
has
been
used
to
look
at
moisture
sources,
for
example,
how
they
may
have
changed
the
sources
of
moisture
to
the
monsoon
regions
in
the
past,
and
you
know,
can
be
used
to
track.
H
E
I'll
just
add
one
thing
something
we'd
like
to
do
in
a
future:
version
of
cesm
is
have
isotopes
passed
from
the
land
model
to
the
ice
sheet
model,
so
that
we
could,
whatever
is
in
the
snow,
then
works
its
way
into
the
ice.
E
Once
we
have
the
isotope
content
in
the
ice
sheet
model,
the
ice
sheet
model
could
invect
isotopes
downstream
and
then
you
could
potentially
compare
to
ice
core
records,
but
we
don't
yet
have
the
capability
to
to
pass
isotopes
to
the
ice
sheet
model.
F
Maybe
I
one
more
thing
because
I
think
was
part
of
this
question.
Isotopes
is
an
option,
but
if
it's
something
you
don't
want
to
look
at,
you
don't
have
to
run
cesm
with
isotopes.
So
it's
it's
a
option
that
you
can
use
or
not,
depending
on
your
application.
D
All
right,
thanks
for
that
thorough
answer
from
the
different
groups
here.
The
next
question
is
sea
ice.
What
are
the
limitations
of
iops
meaning
ice
optical
properties?
Are
there
any
plans
to
move
towards
more
physically
based
representations
of
sea
ice,
optical
properties,
so
I'll
I'll
start,
and
then
dave
can
can
weigh
in?
D
I
was
going
to
say
that
dave
mentioned
earlier:
we're
working
on
more
of
a
unification
of
the
different
radiation
schemes,
the
snow
radiation
schemes
and
the
sea
ice
compared
to
land
and
stuff
like
that,
and
so
I
would
say
that
that's
one
movement
there
are
also
projects
right
now
that
with
people
we
are
collaborating
with
getting
observations.
D
So,
like
the
mosaic
cruise,
that's
going
on
right
now
in
the
arctic
there
there
are
collaborators
up
there,
taking
albedo
measurements
and
snow
property,
measurements
and
stuff
like
that,
and
so
the
plan
is
that
that
data
will
be
used
to
try
to
develop
more
physically
based
representations
of
what's
going
on
in
terms
of
the
snow
melting,
and
you
know
its
temperature
and
all
of
that
on
top
of
sea
ice
in
terms
of
affecting
the
albedo
dave.
Do
you
have
anything
else
you
want
to
add
there.
I
Sure,
yeah
I'll
I
mean
I'm
happy
to
take
this
discussion
offline
to
with
the
person
who
asked
this,
but
I
would
argue
that
what
we
have
is
very
physically
based
already
it's.
You
know
it
was
done
based
on
the
sheba
observations
and
so
similar
to
what
alice
is
saying
with
mosaic.
I
You
know
they
took
ice,
snow
melt,
pond
optical
properties
and
they
they,
you
know,
designed
a
scheme
and
you
can
read
the
rig
web
and
light
technical
note
from
2007
it's
very
detailed
into
how
they
derived
all
the
optical
properties
and
everything,
I
would
say
the
only
limitation
and
and
that's
why
they're
doing
it.
I
A
mosaic
is
that
this
was
all
done
based
on
shiva
on
one
site
and
one
set
of
measurements
done
during
that
shiba
campaign,
and
so
it's
not
as
applicable
even
around
the
arctic,
maybe
and
definitely
not
for
the
antarctic,
and
so
I
would
say
that's
the
main
limitation,
and
so
the
only
way
we
can
really
improve.
This
is
by
adding
more
observational
information
into
this.
E
Bill,
yes,
there
is
partial
coupling
and
the
partial
coupling
that
we
have
now
is
that
when
the
ice
sheet
models
being
running
are
being
run
interactively
with
the
rest
of
the
climate
model,
and
you
have
calving
from
the
ice
sheet
model
that
calving
flux,
the
solid
ice
flux
is
sent
to
the
ocean,
and
the
ocean
then
has
to
use
heat
to
supply
heat
to
melt
the
ice
and
the
ocean
freshens
accordingly,
so
that
that's
what
we
have
in
released
versions
of
cesm,
we
also
have
a
branch,
a
developmental
version
of
the
model
where
we're
starting
to
do
the
coupling
in
the
other
direction
from
the
ocean
model
to
the
ice
sheet.
E
The
problem
we
have
with
coupling
the
pop
model
to
ice
sheets
is
that
pop
doesn't
circulate
in
ice
shelf
cavities.
It
doesn't
circulate
beneath
floating
ice,
but
what
we
can
do
is
we
can
take
a
temperature
salinity
profile
at
the
edge
of
the
ice
sheet,
where
you
have
basically
a
vertical
wall
at
the
at
the
cabin
front.
E
You
can
use
to
convert
that
temperature
and
salinity
into
a
melt
rate
which
it
can
then
use
to
melt
ice
at
the
base
of
an
ice
shelf,
and
then
the
the
coupling
that
we'd
like
to
have
in
the
long
run
would
be
where
you
have
an
ocean
whose
which
actually
changes
its
shape,
its
geometry
as
its
boundary.
With
with
ice
sheets
changes.
E
The
pop
model
doesn't
have
that
capability,
but
mom
6,
which
is
going
to
be
the
next
ocean
model
in
in
cesm,
is
able
to
do
that
and
in
idealized
settings
we've
done
some
experiments
where
you
have
a
up
floating
ice
shelf
up
against
the
ocean
and
the
ocean
and
ice
shelf
exchange,
heat
and
the
ocean
and
the
shape
of
the
ocean
cap.
The
ice
shelf,
cavity
changes
and
what
we'd
like
to
do
eventually
for
cesm3
is
make
that
a
capability
in
the
global
climate
system.
D
Great,
thank
you
all
right.
So
the
next
question
is
a
paleo
question.
Where
does
external
forcing,
for
example,
greenhouse
gases
and
lulc,
which
I
don't
know
what
that
is
off
the
top
of
my
head?
Come
from
for
the
paleoclimate
models,
how
to
quantify
the
bias
or
uncertainty
caused
by
imperfect,
forcing
data.
H
H
And
if
you
would
like
to
use
a
different
data,
you
would
have
to
seek
out
your
own
data
source
or
estimate
for
greenhouse
gases.
But
there
are
a
number
of
data
sets
that
can
be
used
that
are
that
exist
online
through
different
projects
and
collaborations
eddie.
You
want
to
handle
the
quantify
the
bias
or
uncertainty
since
you
talked
a
little
bit
about
that
earlier.
F
Yeah,
the
the
way
we
have
done
it
in
the
past
is
where
we
are
considering
that
there
may
be
imperfect,
forcing
data,
for
example,
in
the
last
millennium,
there's
quite
a
bit
of
uncertainty
in
the
volcanic
forcing
because
it
requires
using
ice
cores
in
antarctica
and
greenland
and
deposition
in
those
ice
cores
to
try
to
determine
if
a
volcano
went
off
at
high,
latitudes
or
low
latitudes
when
it
went
off,
and
so
we
can
do
sensitivity,
experiments
in
terms
of
the
amount
of
the
emissions,
but
also
considering
since
we
don't
know
exactly
where
it
went
off,
we
can
vary
the
latitude
longitude
of
where
it
went
off
and
even
the
month,
because
often
in
more
ancient
volcanoes,
we
don't
really
know
we
just
know
about
the
year
went
off.
F
D
Okay,
there
are
there's
another
paleo
question
here:
I'm
just
trying
to
see
how
many
other
things
there.
How
do
you
take
into
account
a
younger
sun
in
slightly
different
chemical
states
of
the
earth's
ocean
and
atmosphere
when
simulating
many
millions
years
in
the
past?
D
What
are
the
major
changes
compared
to
today's
earth
that
need
to
be
considered,
and
I
want
to-
I
think
we
can
answer
this
one,
and
then
I
noticed
that
below
there
is
a
question:
how
do
how
can
I
change
the
topography,
for
example,
close
the
bearing
straight
so
I
think
that
that
could
be
answered
in
the
same
one
like
how
do
you
decide
what
to
do
when
you're
simulating
an
experiment?
Millions
of
years
in
the
past,
yeah.
D
F
Yeah,
so
I
can
start
with
the
first
two
I'll.
Let
us
do
the
topography
one,
maybe
so
right
now
we
will
work
with
geologists
to
tell
us
the
sun
is
getting
brighter.
We
specify
that
and
we
use
the
data
that
they
have.
That
tells
us.
You
know
how
less
bright
it
was
a
hundred
million
years
ago
or
300
million
years
ago.
So
that's
how
we
account
for
that
the
same
thing
with
the
chemical
states.
F
We
either
can
specify
it
because
we
know,
for
example,
that
the
ocean
was
more
saline
last
glacial
maximum,
because
sea
level
was
about
120
meters
lower
and
that
water
was
now
in
ice
sheets
in
the
earth's
ocean.
We
also
sometimes
will
use
other
models
like
the
megan
model
to
simulate
what
how
the
chemical
state
of
the
atmosphere
may
have
changed
under
different
climates.
So
we
use
a
bunch
of,
I
would
say,
data
or
offline
tools
to
be
able
to
do
make
these
changes
in
terms
of
rotation
rate
and
the
axial
tilt.
F
You
can
change
the
axial
tilt.
You
can
change
kind
of
the
time
of
perihelion,
but
changing
the
rotation
rate
is
more
difficult,
but
there
are
efforts
to
do
this
in
particular
dan
marsh
who's.
A
senior
scientist
in
several
groups
across
encar
is
looking
at
early
earth
and
extrasolar
planets,
and
so
he
wants
to
alter
some
of
these
aspects
of
the
either
our
early
earth
or
other
planets,
but
and
he's
working
at
trying
to
simplify
the
way
to
do
that.
F
So
I
would
say
in
terms
of
that
stay
tuned
or
contact
dan
and
esther.
You
want
to
add.
H
I'll
I'll
try
and
handle
that
changing
topography
question
quickly,
so
it's
probably
one
of
the
more
difficult
changes
that
we
have
to
do
to
in
paleoclimate,
for,
for
example,
the
eocene
and
the
cretaceous
all
have
different
continental
configurations
and,
depending
on
the
layout
of
the
continents,
it
might
require
changes
to
the
ocean
grid.
H
Right
now
we
have
a
displaced
pole
grid
where
the
pole
is
placed
in
greenland
and
if
the
continents
are
changed
really
radically
away
from
that,
you
would
have
to
place
your
pole
elsewhere
in
another
continent,
and
we
do
have
software
to
do
this.
It's
kind
of
tricky
to
use
it's
on
our
it
can
be
found
through
our
paleo
resources
link
on
our
page.
It
goes
to
a
github
repository
where
there's
a
number
of
different
steps.
H
You
can
follow
to
create
a
new
land
ocean
mask
and
grids
that
go
along
with
that
and
then
all
the
mapping,
all
the
domain
files
and
all
the
mapping
files
that
you
need
to
to
run
cesm,
and
there
are
recipes
for
that
that
can
be
found
on
the
github.
But
it's
definitely
quite
an
involved
process,
and
it's
it's
not.
H
It's
not
super
easy
to
to
do,
but
recipes
do
exist
on
our
github
and
I
think
you
can
probably
just
head
there
and-
and
I
think
christine
used
to
show
this
as
part
of
the
tutorial.
Maybe
in
years
past
or
matt
rothstein
might
have
given
something
a
lecture
during
the
a
past
tutorial.
So
there
may
be
information
in
past
tutorials.
Also
to
do
this,
so
you
can
look
through
what's
available
in
past.
D
I
wanted
to
point
out
that
I
think
I'm
guessing
gunter
has
brought
this
up,
but
we
have
the
cesm
discussion
forums
as
well,
where
questions
have
already
been
asked
and
you
can
see
what
the
responses
are
and
I
would
say
not
infrequently.
There
are
questions
that
come
up
like
I
set
this
up
and
something
didn't
happen
and
it
turns
out
like.
Oh,
you
changed
the
the
land
boundary,
and
so
you
don't
have
sea
ice
initial
conditions
in
the
right
spot
or
something
yeah.
It.
H
Changes
everything
yeah,
you
really
have
to
go
through
the
whole
step.
You
know
to
prepare
all
of
the
all
of
the
input
data
sets
that
you
need
to
run
the
model
domain
files
and
initial
conditions,
pretty
much
everything
so
yeah
I'll
point
you
there
for
more
information.
F
And
I'll
just
add
there
and
I
see,
there's
a
similar
question
when
you
esther
points
you
there
be
sure
to
read
it
carefully,
because
how
you
might
do
something
for
more
recent
past
climate,
like
the
quaternary,
where
the
continental
boundaries
haven't
changed,
but
you
just
want
to
lower
and
a
mountain
range
or
that
are
different
than
if
you
want
to
start
with
a
much
different
paleogeography
and
move
things
around
so
be
sure
to
read
from
the
top
to
the
bottom.
To
make
sure
the
steps
you're
doing
are
appropriate
for
your
problem.
D
Yep,
so
that
was
the
answer
to
that
question.
I
just
put
a
little
arrow
by
all
right,
so
the
next
question
at
the
top,
is
how
exactly
can
different
geologic
processes
be
accounted
for,
that
is
transfer
between
mantle
and
crust
and
surface
or
output
from
volcanoes.
So
we
have
in
the
atmosphere,
volcano
volcanic,
forcing
files
in
the
historical,
and
there
are
also
like
background.
D
You
know
average
volcanoes
and
stuff
like
that
in
the
pre-industrial.
Tell
me
if
I'm
wrong,
but
my
understanding
is,
we
don't
do
anything
geologic,
we
don't
have
any
energy
transfer
between
the
mantle
and
the
crust
and
the
surface.
I
think
it
this.
You
know
in
the
bottom
of
the
ocean.
There
may
be
a
very
small
heat
flux,
but
I'm
I'm
not
actually
even
sure,
that's
included
here.
So
someone
else
might
be
more
wise
about
that.
F
No
you're
correct,
I
mean
eventually
one
would
want
to
include
not
so
much
this
transfer
but
solid
earth
processes
and
that,
as
I
should
change
in
that,
so
there
is
is
best
to
see
under
the
greenland
ice
sheet.
But
in
general
we
don't
do
any
of
the
geologic
processes.
D
It
already
costs
a
lot
of
computer
time
to
run,
as
it
is
guys
all
right,
based
on
the
presentation
going
to
the
ex
going
to
extremes
in
the
new
arctic.
Have
you
analyzed
the
processes
leading
to
these
extreme
changes
in
sea
ice,
surface
temperature
and
rain
versus
snow,
and
I
believe
that
this
is
a
presentation
recorded
by
laura
landrum
who's
not
on
this
call
so
dave-
and
I
will
handle
this,
but
I
would
say
that
in
general
with
the
sea
ice
model.
D
Yes,
we
are
investigating
all
these
processes,
all
of
all
of
them
by
looking
at
energy
budgets
and
mass
budgets,
and
you
know
designing
other
experiments
where
we
change.
You
know
something
small,
so
I
would
say
yes,
do
you
have
anything
else?
You
want
to
say
about
that
dave.
I
No,
I
I
don't
really
have
much
more
there's
a
paper
led
by
marika,
holland
and
others.
It's
probably
2010.
Now
I
think
anyway,
it
was
several
years
ago,
but
they
looked
at
these
abrupt
drops
and
sea
ice.
I
What
dave
lawrence
is
referred
to
as
riles
or
rapid
ice
loss
events
terms
of
the
rain
and
snow
there's
been
some
work
on
potential
changes
in
the
hydrological
cycle
at
high
latitudes.
But
I
think
I
will
add
that
that
this
talk,
that
laura
was
giving
is
based
on
sort
of
a
cross-cutting
theme
that
we
have
in
cgd,
which
is
on
high
latitude
extremes,
and
I
think
the
idea
is
that
they
want.
D
E
I
guess
I'm
wondering
what
interior
properties
we're
talking
about
the
ice
sheet
has
it.
The
interior
obviously
has
a
temperature
profile
all
the
way
down
to
the
bed,
which
is
something
that's
very
hard
to
measure,
because
you
have
to
drill,
and
you
can
only
do
that
in
a
few
places.
E
Also
at
the
bed,
you
have
a
certain
slipperiness
and
how
how
slippery
the
bed
at
the
surface,
whether
whether
there's
water
at
the
bed,
for
example,
is
again
something
that's
hard
to
measure
directly
big,
but
it
can
be
inferred
from
the
surface
of
velocity.
E
So
generally
I'd
say
that
we
use
surface
velocity
and
and
the
measured
thickness
of
the
ice
sheet
to
determine
either
whether
whether
our
spin
up
has
accurate,
whether
we've
accurately
captured
the
temperature
or
the
basal
friction.
E
E
So,
for
example,
if
we're
wanting
to
spend
up
antarctica
for
say
10
or
20
000
years-
and
we
don't
know
what
the
basal
friction
is,
we
have
a
technique
where
we
start
off
with
a
uniform,
basal,
friction
field
everywhere,
and
then
we
increase
or
decrease
the
friction
as
needed
to
get
the
ice
sheet
to
be
the
observed
thickness.
So,
for
example,
if
the
ice
sheet
is
in
our
spin-up
is
getting
to
be
too
thick.
E
In
some
reason,
in
some
region
we
can
decrease
the
friction
and
then
the
ice
in
that
region
will
slide
more
quickly
and
then
the
ice
sheet
surface
will
fall
and
more
in
agreement
with
observations
so
so
inside.
So
we
so
when
spin
up
when
we're
spinning
up,
we
often
do
invert
for
the
basal
friction.
We
generally
don't
invert
for
the
temperature.
We
just
let
the
temperature
evolve.
D
E
No,
not
significantly
the
the
spin
up
time
is
determined
by
the
part
of
the
ice
sheet
that
takes
the
longest
to
turn
over
between
when
snow
falls
on
the
surface
and
when
ice
flows
out
to
sea
or
melts
of
the
surface
some
thousands
of
years
later.
On
the
case
of
greenland,
it's
a
little
arbitrary.
How
long
you
say
the
spin
up
takes
because
things
change
slowly
for
a
very
long
time,
but
after
after
about
15
or
20
thousand
years,
the
further
changes
are
very
small
and
don't
affect
the
sensitivity.
E
I
Yeah
I'll
tackle
this
one
because
it
looks
like
the
next
three
are
for
you
so
yeah.
So
the
the
quick
answer
is
that
about
10
years
is
enough
to
sort
of
equilibrate
the
sea
ice
seasonal
cycle.
There
are
sometimes
coupled
interactions
with
the
ocean
where
we
can
see
oscillations
in
the
sea
ice
at
like
100
years
and
that
sort
of
thing,
but
generally
to
get
a
sort
of
reasonable
seasonal
cycle.
That's
what
we
look
for
that
just
takes
about
10
years.
D
All
right,
so
the
reason
I
stopped
sharing
was
that
the
next
ones
all
ask
about
the
sea
ice
specific
slide
numbers.
So
I
don't
know
the
slide
numbers
off
the
top
of
my
head,
which
is
why
I'm
looking
around
right
now
we
are
almost
done.
So
I'm
not
sure
if
this
is
one
that
would
be
best.
Whoever
asked
these
questions,
we
could
ask
it
offline,
because
I
know
that
the
schedule
is
relatively
tight.
D
D
D
Okay-
I
think
that's
probably
for
this
afternoon,
so
let's
let's
hold
off
on
that,
we'll
just
try
to
answer.
I
guess
these
last
few
questions
here.
So
the
question
was
slide
16.
How
is
the
ocean
ice
stress
obtained
here?
What
do
you
see
you
cw
and
theta
represent?
So
that's
in
in
this
equation
that
I'm
showing
you
right
here.
You
guys
are
seeing
my
screen.
D
So
basically
I'm
going
to
be
a
little
fuzzy
on
this,
because
I
I
haven't
spun
up
because
you
guys
watched
the
video
instead,
but
these
are
the
heat
capacities
here.
I
believe-
and
these
are
this-
is
like
a
velocity
difference
that
you're
seeing
in
the
ocean
ice
stress,
so
so
this
is
the
heat
capacity
of
water
where
cu,
oh
cu
is
up
here,
I'm
totally
blanking
on
what
cu
is.
D
You
yeah
and
this
one
is
the
drag
coefficient
water
thanks
and
then
sea
ice,
modeling,
slides,
28
to
30..
Let's
see.
D
28
to
30.,
so
can
we
explain
in
more
detail
the
ice
thickness
distribution
evolution
equation
and
how
to
interpret
a
pdf
of
ice
thickness?
So
basically
the
way
I
think
about
this
and
dave,
you
can
say
if
you
explain
different,
is
when
you're
looking
at
this
pdf
in
green
you're,
seeing
the
probability
that
you
have
ice
in
these
different.
The
the
x
scale
here
is
different
thickness
categories,
and
so,
if
you
have
a
spike
here
near
zero,
that
means
you
have
a
lot.
D
You
have
like
a
high
probability
of
having
ice,
that's
basically
very
thin
or
open
water,
and
then
you
have
very
little
in
this
zero
to
one
meter
range.
And
then
you
have
another
peak
here.
D
What
we're
seeing
here
in
this
approximately
one
meter
size
and
then
a
smaller
probability
of
having
very
thick
ice,
and
then
that
drops
off
dramatically
as
you
get
to
very,
very
thick
icy,
you
don't
usually
have
like
10
meter
ice
floating
around
dave.
Is
there
a
different
way
that
you
think
about
about
this.
I
No,
no,
no,
but
I
think
the
important
thing
to
emphasize
here
is
that
we,
we
can't
represent
this
as
a
continuum,
so
we
represent
this
discretely
in
the
model,
and
so
we
pick
in
advance
how
many
subgrid
scale
categories
we
can
use
to
represent
this
continuum.
I
I
Then
so
it's
you
know.
So
it's
that
that's
basically
all
I
would
add,
and
then
I
would
go
back
to
the
stress
stuff
to
talk
about
just
a
little
more
general
about
this.
So
this
is
sort
of
like
a
standard.
Quadratic
drag
law,
that's
typically
used,
and
so
the
idea
was.
This
was
back
from
the
hibbler
79
paper
and
I
encourage
you
to
read
it
if
you're
having
trouble
sleeping
at
night.
I
But
but
basically
what
it
is
is
that
you
have
a
little
boundary
layer
over
the
ice
and
it's
sort
of
a
little
ackman
layer
and
there's
the
geostrophic
winds
above
the
ice
and
then
there's
this
representation
of
how
the
winds
sort
of
turn
within
that
ekman
layer.
And
then
that's
what
that
cos
and
sine
terms
are
representing
is
that
sort
of
turning
in
the
boundary
layer
and.
I
Below
the
ice
too,
in
the
ice
and
ocean
there's
a
similar
eckman
layer
underneath
so
that's
a
that's
sort
of
a
more
sort
of
general
view
of
how
these
terms
are
derived
and
they're
very
similar
to
any
sort
of
stress
interactions
over
the
ocean
or
even
over
land
or
whatever.
I
And
then
I
think
they
also
asked
about
the
sea
surface
tilt
term
and
that's
just
basically
representing
you-
have
waves
or
something
or
some
sort
of
pressure
gradients.
Where
the
sea
surface
height
is
different
spatially,
then
the
ice
is
going
to
tend
to
slip
down.
A
D
I
I
now
visualize
this
part,
as
I
don't
know,
if
any
of
you
guys
have
children
and
if
you
haven't,
you
might
still
have
seen
frozen
too,
but
there's
a
part
where
elsa
creates
this
like
ice
thing
in
this
really
stormy
water,
and
then
you
can
see
like
the
ice
is
moving
around.
That's
a
nice
way
to
think
about
it
to
some
degree.
D
So,
okay,
all
right.
Well,
that
was
all
of
the
questions
we're
past
our
time
by
about
five
minutes.
So
sorry
gunter,
if
we're
messing
up
the
the
scheduling
here,
but
I
think
that's
it.
Thank
you
for
getting
through.
That
was
your
last
q
a
and
I
wanted
to
say
thank
you
to
to
all
of
the
experts
you
guys
are
talking
to
the
co-chairs
and
the
liaisons
here
who
you
know,
know
the
model
inside
and
out.
So
thank
you
so
much
for
spending
time
to
come
answer
questions.
We
really
appreciate
it.
B
Yeah,
thank
you
so
much
ellis
for
moderating
this
last
session.
Thank
you
to
other
panelists,
and
so
I
know
it's
almost
10
and
some
of
you
will
meet
with
scientists
but,
as
I
announced
this
morning,
would
be
great
to
have
a
zoom
picture
for
every
from
everybody.
So
it's
optional,
like
I
said
if
you
could
turn
on
your
camera
right
now
and
ryan,
would
take
a
picture
of
all
of
us.
C
Okay,
so
I'll
wait
for
everybody's
camera
to
load
in
and
so
there's
two
pages,
so
I'm
about
to
do
two
screenshots,
so
gunther!
You
are
right
about
that.
C
B
A
G
C
C
B
So
much
so,
if
you
want
a
quick
two-minute
break
to
before
you
meet
with
your
scientist,
please
go
ahead.
It's
958
elizabeth
will
assign
you
to
your
breakout
rooms
and.
E
F
G
G
B
G
G
Yeah
we'll
stay
on
this,
you
don't
want
to
we'll
give
it
a
few
minutes
and
then
I'll
go
ahead
and
open
the
rooms
so
you'll
get
that
invite
and
that
will
send
you
and
and
your
participants
off
to
your
breakout
room
and
within
that
it
functions.
Just
like
a
regular
zoom
meeting.
You
can
share
screens
ask
them
to
to
turn
on
their
cameras.
They
can
turn
on
and
off
their
microphones
and
yeah.
We've
gotten
good
feedback
on
the
sessions.
G
So
far
this
week,
lots
of
good
conversation,
you're
really
engaged,
and
so
you
kind
of
have
the
benefit
of
having
them
on
the
last
day.
You
know
they're
really
comfortable
with
each
other
and
have
a
lot
of
experience
now
under
their
belts.
G
A
B
Everybody
can
meet
different
scientists
every
day,
all
right,
and
it's
not
said
that
they
sent
us
some
preferences
and
whom
they
wanted
to
meet
with
all
right
right.
It
was
up
to
them
to
meet
with
as
many
scientists
as
they
wanted.
G
B
B
G
Okay,
good
good
yeah.
No,
I
was
just
assigning
you
to
to
the
room
with
precious
so
well,
I'm
going
to
go
ahead
and
open
up
the
rooms.
If,
for
some
reason,
you
didn't
bounce
to
your
room
and
you're
supposed
to
just
send
me
a
chat,
really
quick
and
we,
I
will
fix
it
for
you
and
again.
If
you,
anyone
in
the
breakout
rooms
has
any
questions,
you
can
go
ahead
and
call
for
help
and
I'll
bounce
into
your
room.
C
Hey
gunther
so
we're
using
the
slido
link
for
later
today.
B
So
I
will
take
a
look
at
what's
there
and
then
it
it
sounded.
Like
people
thought
it
would
be
a
little
bit
easier,
yeah
to
just
use
the
zoom
chat.
C
B
Just
for
a
second,
I
think
chloe
needs
to
go
with
bill.
At
least
she
stands
up
to
go
with
beyonce.
G
Yeah,
thank
you,
yeah.
Okay.
I
knew
that
there
was.
I
was
yeah
double
checking,
so
no
worries.
I
just
bounced
you
there.
A
G
Yeah
and
giovanni
asked
to
go
to
the
session
with
precious
and
he
had
a
spot
open.
So
that's,
okay!
Right!
That's
right!