►
Description
We had Alistair Stewart, Researcher at Web3 Foundation (https://twitter.com/web3foundation) and one of the Engineers at Polkadot Network (https://twitter.com/polkadotnetwork) join us for the Whiteboard Series on Episode 14 with our co-founder Alex Skidanov (https://twitter.com/AlexSkidanov)
This session was shot during the ZK Summit in Berlin (organized by Zero Knowledge Podcast — https://www.zeroknowledge.fm/)
Learn more about,
Polkadot: https://polkadot.network/
Web3Foundation: https://web3.foundation/
Download the video here: https://near.ai/a16db
------- About Whiteboard Series ---------
The Whiteboard Series with NEAR is a set of video interviews with Founders who are building scalable solutions for Blockchain. We deep dive into their story, what they're developing and how it is helping the ecosystem.
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GitHub: https://near.ai/github
#WhiteboardSeries #FutureIsNEAR #Blockchain
A
B
B
B
B
B
Well,
next:
well,
how
exactly
does
this
work
there's
going
to
be
a
bunch
of
we're
going
to
elect
a
bunch
of
stages
with
the
relay
chain,
con
validators
and
then
we're
going
to
participate
in
the
consensus
at
the
related,
but
also
do
something
to
the
pair
jeans,
maybe,
as
their
name
is
a
validating
so
we're
tapping
this?
We
have
a
set
of
a
hundred
thousand
people
here
and
we
get
to
split
these
up
at
any
time.
They
can
be
split
up
randomly.
B
They
keep
on
getting
reassigned
to
these
various
power
chains,
and
so
we
so
say
they'd
be
five
people
here,
and
some
of
these
say
three
of
them
are
gonna
have
to
sign
this.
This
had
to
say
that
they've
seen
this
look,
they
give
it
keep
it
available.
It's
valid
to
be
sure
that
we
hope
you
could
even
good
stuff
with
the
read
okay.
B
Not
at
all,
so
what
we
really
want
to
do
is
you
want
to
you
know
you
want
to
elect
one
hundred
thousand
that
we
can
back
by.
You
know
as
much
to
take
as
possible,
in
fact,
because
it
takes
a
constant
that
we're
violators
not
to
cause
trouble
for
us
rather
than
the
city
of
third.
You
might
have
flu
with
say
candidate.
B
A
B
In
principle
yeah,
so
we
need
a
hundred
people
that
me
validates,
but
if
I
delegate
them
to
validate
it
and
you
dedicate
to
a
different
hundred
validators,
if
you
vote
for
difficulty
by
the
thickness,
then
that
will
be
the
distribution.
Yes,
and
they
said
this
is
actually
a
bit
different
than
the
way
say.
Decodability
peoples,
it's
entirely
a
Google
voting.
If
I
did
100,
he
worked
in
three
different
hundred
that
all
of
I
will
get
given
of
yours
or.
D
A
B
Have
you
taken
so
that
would
have
a
same
with
different
sets
of
other
people.
They
can
overlap
yeah.
It's
case
values
it
wherever
that
would
obviously
get
in
I
throw
different
sets
of
hundred
people.
Then
what
would
happen
that,
yes,
is
that
I?
You
will
end
up
with
s
equal
euros,
get
against
and
of
16,
which
sort
of
each
of
had
your
things
big
of
the
month
and
I
would
have
yeah
they're,
making
the
five
six
and
everyone
we
would
be
backed
by
about
going
to
me
or
something.
B
Can
well
so
here
they
be
back
by
about
the
same
invincible.
They
can't
be
back
when
different
adults,
yes
present
and
sort
of
the
way
we
want
to
reward
validators
is
we're
going
to
be
paying
them
all
equally,
which
means
you
want
to
be.
You
have
an
economic
incentive
to
be
equalized,
because
the
person
and
the
people
who
had
their
stake
definitely
a
person
with
at
least
a
get
more
money.
They're
complements.
But
then
again
you
should
only
back
people.
You
trust,
because
we're
going
to
slashing
if
they
do,
they.
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
D
A
B
B
B
B
Collegiate
well,
okay,
so
it's
it's!
A
a
collegiate
efficiently
sounds
good
luck.
There
may
be
other
things
going
on,
maybe
hit
a
weekly
solution.
There
may
be
some
message
to
select
laters,
no,
they
they
may
be
chosen
by
the
wrecking
crew.
The
state
may
be
good
work
or
it
could
be
arbitrary
or
we
could
have
something
which
required
multiple
places
to
sign
up
with
time.
B
D
A
B
So
if
you
Santini's
state
to
be
later-
and
maybe
even
mistake-
me
lots
for
that
separate
if
you
some
power
chain
toka-
that
the
leave
AJ
doesn't
understand,
then
the
state
transition
validation
function
would
have
to
check.
So
you
only
do
proof
of
state
what
you'd
have
that
is
the
state
transition
validation
set.
You
have
the
staties
at
your
I,
say,
evaluate
your
like
to
use
a
block,
I
mean
even
be
proven.
Work,
that's
very
simple.
To
put
the
sacredness
of
validation
say
we
check
that
this
hash
is
what
that's.
A
Effectively,
if
I
want
to
simulate
like,
if
a
video
were
to
become
a
part
of
chain,
then
it
would
be
just
the
work
of
the
rally
name
just
to
verify
that
the
I
guess
the
house
is
the
largest.
What
are
you
saying
it
could
be
prefer
for,
but
you,
but
at
the
same
time
it
you
say
if
even
the
hash
is,
if
the
house
of
the
bloke
on
the
really
chin
gets
finalized
on
day.
So
you
have
some
local
repair
chain
gets
finalized
on
the
relay
champ.
B
D
A
B
D
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
No
perfect
way
to
cite
validators,
so
the
current
thing
is
we're
going
to
use
almost
the
same
thing
that
everyone
same
thing
the
same
I
guess
than
everyone
else's
people.
So
we're
going
to
use
verifiable
random
functions
from
what
produces
my
based
abuse
and
looks,
and
maybe
we
get
to
combine
those
and
possibly
we
there
brother,
a
very
fond
of
leg
function
unless
I.
B
D
B
D
A
B
B
B
B
I
only
board
with
these
guys,
in
which
case
there
needs
to
be
a
background
right,
and
this
is
where
this
is,
where
fishermen
coming
well
I'm,
never
looking!
So,
if
you
know
these
going
to
sign
an
invalid
mark,
then
people
can
claim
some
fisherman
who
might
be
on
the
parrot
chain,
maybe
a
chain
who
knows
where
they
think
they
can
publish
a
transaction
on
the
relay
chain,
claiming
that
this
thing
is
in
that
now.
If
there
were
the
proof
assurance
made,
they
publish
that
to
you.
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
Interesting
question,
which
is
validator,
is
also
responsible
for
beta
will
ability
right?
Yes,
however,
if
the
relatives
colluded
together?
Well,
they
can't
do
in
principle.
Is
they
can
because
they
can
say,
choose
the
header
of
the
block
yeah,
but
not
actually
reveal
the
block
to
anyone,
and
so
the
fisherman
cannot.
Even
yes,.
B
So
especially,
should
the
equator
and
all
these
validate
is
completed,
and
then
it
be
bad
and
finalize
it,
and
it
will
be
very
difficult
to
adjective
that
slows
down
the
checking
event
so
that,
what's
so
the
scheme
we
came
up
until
this
is
like
similar
thing.
That
Falcone
was
considering
and
some
idea
to
be
policed
about
it's
nearly
infer
about
how
the
white
points
you
feel
with
availability,
which
is
we're
going
to
use
a
razor
pending,
and
so
the
idea
is
that
these
guys
are
going
to
send
pieces
of
this
block.
B
Arranger
coded
pieces
took
all
the
other
elevators,
so
everyone
has
a
piece
of
everyone.
All
the
relay
chamber
gauges
have
a
piece
of
every
block
every
how
chain
gold
progression
to
be
nature,
but
only
a
certain
fraction,
that's
scaled
with
the
number
of
a
latest,
so
they
have
a
constant
size
but
per
block.
Even
when
there's
lots
of
project
and.
D
B
B
Fishermen
uncheck
it.
Yes,
so
you
know
this
is
a
public.
What
these
people
have
it?
That's
true,
but
maybe
this
everywhere
nothing.
Apparently
it
doesn't
have
it.
If
they
don't,
then
they
can't
check
it,
and
we
need
someone
other
than
these
people
to
check
it.
So
then
we
have
to
have
a
procedure
to
look
at
when
we
should
be
reassembling,
looks
they
face
or
Bridget's
on
signals.
These
people
say
it's
not
available
and
we
should
probably
didn't
get
randomly
anyway,
but
if
people
say
it's
not
available,
we
have
to
try
and
reconstruct
it.
B
Like
you
guys
are
so
wonderful
nodes
of
this
they're
they're
they're
all
nodes.
Now
you
know
that
they
downloaded
binding
everything,
that's
actually
what
we
do
and
if
we're
just
handing
out
the
Ranger
coded
pieces,
we
need
to
make
sure
that
all
the
four
modes
actually
get
to
from
yet
otherwise
they
not
only
can
tolerate
it,
but
they
can't
build
an
oak
miming.
B
Well,
that's
easy
straight
away,
because
the
Cygnus
disc
elated
should
have
already
have
cost
of
T
to
everyone
else.
If
they
didn't,
they
should
already
be
able
to
ask
the
people
who
signed
it,
but
clipboards,
and
that
doesn't
happen
they
should
be.
You
know
try
to
alert
us
that
we
should
be
trying
to
be
separate.
B
Edward,
yes,
it
should
say
the
thing
about
political
scientists.
Is
that
well,
okay,
so
this
was
foolproof.
If
you
just
have
some
subjective
thing,
that's
something
which
we
couldn't
fit
it
on
the
chain.
It
would
be
subjective
and
you've
got
some.
You
know
movie
we'd
have
to
put
some
state
behind
it
and
have
people
check
it,
but
yes
for
availability.
B
It's
a
lot
more
tricky
to
try
and
work
out
what
the
protocol
should
be,
who
we
should
trust
on
this
end
and
make
sure
that
they
they
can't
so
the
balancing
between
them
being
able
to
spam
requests
for
things
they
have.
But
we
don't
know
they
have
things
with
on
this
network
and
making
sure
that
someone
checks
everything
and
supposedly.
B
Normally,
it
should
be
okay,
if
someone
random
under
we
make
a
cake
something
so
that
the
problem
would
just
having
these
five
guy
just
that
we
chose
them
in
advance,
so
the
the
bad
guys
can
just
wait
till
they're
all
they're
all
working
together.
Alright,
there's
some
random
checks,
it
it's,
but
they
you
know
they
they
crying
about.
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
A
B
The
tricky
part,
so
we
have
a
full
but
they're
gonna,
do
whereby,
if,
if
we
don't
have
it
the
volume
earth,
we
can
eventually
basically
even
perform
back
to
the
longest
chain
or
ghost
or
something
on
the
chain
and
agree
with
it.
You
said
the
validators,
however,
still
discussing
that's
going
to
look
I,
see.
A
B
D
D
B
B
D
B
Want
to
scale
this
up
to
as
much
as
possible
and
that
might
make
it
bit
slow
and
I'd
like
to
be
with
cosmos.
You
need
finality
to
get
that's
insane
betting
shop,
one
change
to
another,
so
they
mean
France.
By
now,
we
don't,
and
this
annoying
basis
of
having
to
revert,
sometimes
means
we
need
to
deal
with
folks
anyway,
and
it
was
a
lot
easier
to
work
out
how
to
do
that.
B
A
A
For
that
trade,
yes
yeah,
so
so
before
we
go
into
the
details
of
grandpa
I
would
like
to
learn
some
properties
of
it.
One
of
them
is:
let's
say
that
this
block
was
finalized
with
Grandpa
yep,
so
this
was
finalized,
but
an
Imagine
block
was
proven
to,
but-
and
this
block
will
learn
that
this
block
wasn't
valid
well,
students
right
right,.
B
Yeah
we
got
okay,
that's
the
thing.
We
hope
it
doesn't
happen
too
much,
because
when
it
does,
we
are
going
to
have
to
ignore
financing,
which
is
going
to
be
a
problem
for
light
lines
right.
Absolutely,
we
have
to
put
the
chain
here,
that's
the
only
way
of
doing
it
and
that
my
clients
wouldn't
know,
but
this
there's
no
way
around
that
I
should
probably
give
me
the
case
that
you
should
find
out
before,
but
it
does
depend
on
her
classified
a
yes
I.
A
A
A
B
We
could
get
them
back
with
a
common
coin,
but
that
we
don't
you
see
what
we
simply
party
secrets
that
it
can
deal
with.
It's
the
assumption.
We
have
know
the
net
words
delay,
but
maybe
it
on
the
whole.
Sometimes
they
can
recover
from
it,
not
holding
sometimes
yeah
I
think
it's
a
sort
of
business.
You
think
it's
safe,
its
wife
condition
dog
sort
of
the.
B
So
the
idea
behind
grandpa
is
so
Casper
a
fifty
it's
a
spectacular
catch
by
fifty
we're
going
to
have
some
of
the
linemen
but
production
mechanism.
It's
already
gonna
give
us
a
promise
to
find
out,
but
we're
going
to
want
to
get
a
bunch
of
people
to
sign
off
on
it.
So
we
can
convince
other
people.
Other
changes
that
this
is
fine
and.
B
B
A
B
Eventually,
late
at
this
book,
so
listen.
This
is
the
ideas
instead
of
like
a
bit
like
ghost
on
those
it
ever
come
for.
Super
super
onyx
yeah
exactly
so
this
ghost
on.
So
we
say
what
we
do
is
we
have
a
you
have
to
out
the
voting
say.
Pre-Vetted
qui
commits
goat
endemic
awesome,
so
we
do
ghost
on
our
pre-vet.
We
do
sort
of
two-thirds
goes
to
look
at
the
latest
block
that
had
two-thirds
of
people
voted
for
that
block
or
anything
after
it.
D
A
A
A
B
Rounds,
effective
yeah
and
anybody
to
vote
on
this
blocks,
and
basically
it
student
count
counts
as
a
vote
for
every
book
before
it,
and
it's
imagine
sort
of
at
every
block
height
we're
going
to
do
a
business
either
green.
Whatever
we're
gonna
say.
Can
we
have
tooth
into
this
and
then
we're
going
to
have
a
second
round
rating?
Getting
it
gave
me
flying
lesson
right
and
the
way
this
sort
of
gustan
votes
work
is
it
does
something
it
produces.
Something
consistent
when
you
do
this
in
that
we
all
agree
on
one
chain.
A
C
A
B
B
A
B
Yes,
so
the
support
of
the
process
involves
waiting
to
so
to
go
on
the
next
round.
So
this
is
a
difficult.
It
so
think.
The
pre
votes
and
pre
commits
a
lot
of
Byzantine
degree.
Algorithms
do
the
same
thing
they're
often
the
tricky
thing
is
what
happened?
Take
me
in
the
next
round.
Can
we
know
we
want
to
be
sure
that
in
the
next
round
we
are,
we
don't
find
my
suppers
on
a
different
chain
to
suddenly,
but
we
might
have
find
my
sis
Rach,
you
know.
B
B
That's
the
best
that's
attending
it
right
attendant
ways
to
do
that.
This
is
not
how
Graham
public's
passes.
It
works
a
little
bit
like
some
of
these
asynchronous
Byzantine
boot
algorithms
and,
like
our
grant
agreement.
Well,
what
we
do
is
you,
you
wait
until
you've
seen
enough
cream
Otis
to
work
out
enough
acquaintance.
You
send
it
up.
Rivers
and
creeks
limits
to
work
out.
The
only
one
chain
could
have
been
finalized.
B
A
A
B
A
B
This
at
this
point,
at
least
in
a
published,
hasn't
seen,
Bob
screaming,
but
then
Alice
doesn't
know.
Alice
looks
in
this
book
is
by
my
Spanish,
doesn't
know
whether
this
book
is
by
the
my
stuff
right,
but
at
this
point
you
sure
the
world.
This
point
we,
if
a
Byzantine
thoughts
on
what
we
have
to
carry
on
to
the
next
round
anyways,
so
we
finally,
so
the
answer
is
what
should
happen
is
that
before,
unless
this
block-
and
everyone
in
the
next
round
is
going
to
provoke
through
descended
to
this
book.
B
B
A
B
B
B
Your
weight
so
well
in
a
sense
of
so
what
we
should
be
doing
is
looking
for
Prevost
to
work
out
what
the
changes
that
might
be
finalized
because
for
sure,
if
these
guys
are
voting
on
this,
then
they
should
have
been
prevents.
They
should
have
been
two
three
votes
for
this
block.
The
assumption
is
this
kind
of
very
liked
end
of
it
we're
assuming
the
sort
of
partially
simple,
most
Gossett
model.
If
any
honest
validated
receives
a
boat,
it
should
go
to
everyone.
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
D
B
It
said
the
problem
is
it.
The
problem
is,
is
that
so
there's
two
things
Byzantine
people
could
do
to
ignore
you,
whatever,
which
is
worse
at
all
and
the
other,
which
is
equivocate
vote
twice
and
the
traumas.
If
you
see
two
third
folks,
we
don't
know
whether
the
other,
whether
whether
the
third
of
guys
are
Byzantine
and
they
may
never
show
up
so
you
know-
were
waiting
for
more
than
two-thirds
of
those,
but
on
the
other
hand,
some
of
the
guys
who
did
show
up
Mikey
Byzantine
and
they
might
equivocate.
A
B
I'm
not
yes,
how
common
is
this
may
be
seen
to
you're
gonna
turn
up,
maybe
seems
even
good
guys
and
then
gonna
turn
up,
but
maybe
what
a
VLF
was
a
bad
guy
and
they
might
turn
up
as
well,
because
bad
guys,
good
price
and
now
this
is
final
and
this
by
hand
for
this
one
too.
Instead,
what
you
see
that's.
B
B
He
says
a
lady
saw
two
thirds
pre
votes
for
this.
I
knew
those
are
always
sorting
through
these
notes
period
for
this
and
they're
going
to
be
load
those
messages,
and
what
that
means
is
that
guy
here
is
eventually
going
to
see
the
Prevost
for
this
one,
and
then
they
know
what
to
do.
Then
they
can
proceed
as
soon
as
they
see
the
Primo's
and
they
maybe
should
know
them
they.
They
know
that
is
this
one
and
that
these
guys
were
bad
and
we
suppose
you
drove
of
this
block
and.
B
B
We
want
to
keep
track
of
the
last
round,
the
last
round
sort
of
tells
us
what
what
what
could
have
been
finalized.
So
we
need
to
keep
track
of
it
for
a
bit
longer
than
the
pre
boat,
because
it's
like
it
might
go
backwards.
Yeah,
if
you
let,
if
you
see
more
like
this,
is
our
thing,
but
it
mean
if
C
and
G
come
in
if
C
and
help
reverse
was
missing.
Did
your
was
missing.
Cindy
come
in
for
this
book
then.
B
Actually,
this
is
our
estimate,
and
maybe,
if
you
promise
or
the
three
places
that
one
and
other
people
are
going
to
clean
up
this
well,
then
we
might
end
up
at
two-thirds
for
this
one,
not
this
one,
in
which
case
we
have
to
be
safe.
We
have
to
pay
for
these,
but
we
keep
track
of
what
could
have
been
finalized
at
the
last
round.
Then
we
could
forget
about
those
roads.
Well,
we're
gonna
be
holding
them
for
slashing,
but
we
can
forget
about
Mythili.
That's
what
I
think
consensus
algorithm
is
concerned
in
future
rap.
B
D
B
B
The
computation
is
easy,
just
character,
so
the
the
the
tricky
part
is
it
always
to
make
sense
under
though
you
kind
of
have
YouTube
fooling.
You
kind
of
neat
just
seem
to
block
cache
so
as
long
as
again,
because
it
never
works,
and
you
say
you
seal
the
location
say
that
you
seal
the
forecast
it
eventually
you
could
put
them
in
your
tree.
Then
you
just
need
to
work
out
this
two-thirds
thing
and
that's
not
my
usable,
given
that
people
run
ghost.
A
B
So
it
says
we're
going
to
be
able
to
we're,
hopefully
going
to
be
able
to
compile
this
rather
than
a
cute
kid
I
see.
So
the
validations
will
all
be
run
into
wiser
because
the
person
isn't
thinking
and
percolators,
because
the
belt
I
passed
mine
is
this
fact,
because
the
wagon
is
going
economical
thing,
but
no
should
be
able
to
run
native
code.
D
A
B
That's
kind
of
decided
on
so
if
hurricanes
have
curves
the
real,
a
change
that
has
to
respect
their
governance,
and
so
actually
you
know
that
mean
video
architecture
in
QB
that
the
state
transition
validation
function
itself
has
to
somehow
keep
track
of
or
Plasma
what
the
actual
one.
What
the
real
puzzle
is
that
that's
visited
by
the
project,
so
we
could
predict
put
that
to
the
validation,
should.
A
B
B
So
that
yeah,
we
don't
need
anything
to
upgrade
because
they
could
just
run
well
and
the
validators
of
get
your
ass
on
for
lots
of
things
anyway,
because
it's
it's
the
canonical
version,
but
we
are
going
to
have
the
clients,
should
have
an
80
code
that
makes
the
accelerates
this
sort
of
things
which
aren't
odds
flashable
and
the
nature
should
do
the
same
thing
as
it
wasn't
that
you
know
you
did.
This
could
be
bucks
sure.
B
I
mentioned
availability
validity,
the
important
things:
how
will
the
consensus
work
incentives
might
happen
here?
I
think
that's
a
message
passing
you
maybe
didn't
come
on.
You
explain
who's
responsible
for
what,
but
that's
basically
the
prior
chain.
Validators
are
also
going
to
people
that
you
will
apply
for
this,
but
they're
also
going
to
be
the
people
you
asked
for
messages,
because,
obviously
the
messages
don't
go
on
to
the,
but
it
doesn't
really
matter
who
you
ask,
because
it's
the
hash
key.