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From YouTube: 6/16/2022 - Joint Interim Committees on Natural Resources and Health and Human Services, Pt. 2
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A
All
right,
I
would
like
to
call
the
meeting
back
to
order.
We
do
have
a
quorum.
Thank
you,
everyone
for
eating
quickly,
so
we
can
get
back
and
proceed
through
our
agenda.
A
Next,
we're
going
to
go
on
to
item
number
eight
on
our
agenda,
which
is
an
introduction
to
the
health
risks
associated
with
increased
air
pollutants
caused
by
climate
change
and
joining
us
to
make.
This
presentation
is
a
representative
from
the
american
lung
association.
So
please
come
up
and
as
soon
as
you're
ready,
you
can
begin.
B
B
Every
year
in
april,
we
release
our
annual
state
of
the
air
report,
which
is
essentially
an
air
quality
report
card
monitoring
our
exposure
to
two
of
the
most
harmful
air
pollutants,
ozone,
which
is
more
commonly
known
as
smog
and
particle
pollution,
more
commonly
known
as
soot
ozone
acts
essentially
as
a
sunburn
to
our
lungs.
It
develops
in
the
atmosphere
from
a
mixture
of
gases
coming
from
cars,
trucks,
buses
and
factories.
B
These
emissions
react
when,
in
direct
contact
with
sun
sunlight,
creating
ozone
smog.
Particle
pollution
is
a
mixture
of
coarse
particles
from
dust,
storms,
construction
pollution,
pollen,
sorry
and
fine
particles
from
the
burning
of
fossil
fuels
in
factories,
diesel
exhaust
and
wood
stoves
and
wildfires.
B
In
our
2022
state
of
the
air
report,
we
found
that
over
137
million
people
are
living
with
unhealthy
levels
of
air
pollution,
and
people
of
color
are
disproportionately
impacted
by
unhealthy
air.
They
are
also
more
likely
to
be
living
with
one
or
more
chronic
conditions,
making
them
susceptible
to
the
health
harms
of
air
pollution.
B
The
2022
state
of
the
air
report
uses
three
of
the
most
recent
quality
assured
data
from
u.s
epa
years.
2018,
2019
and
2020..
B
Climate
change
is
a
health
emergency,
we're
seeing
increased
drought,
destructive,
wildfires
extreme
heat,
all
of
which
degrade
air
quality
and
increase
the
risk
of
air
pollution.
Harming
health,
as
nevada
rankings
in
the
2022
state
of
the
air
will
show.
We
must
increasingly
acknowledge
and
address
the
growing
impacts
of
climate
change
on
protecting
lung
health.
B
B
Nevada
cities
continue
to
rank
among
the
top
25
most
polluted
cities
for
ozone
and
short-term
particle
pollution
similar
to
last
year.
The
las
vegas
area
experienced
fewer
unhealthy
ozone
days
in
this
year's
report,
but
we
also
experienced
the
highest
number
of
unhealthy
spikes
in
particle
pollution
days.
Reno's
air
quality,
worsened
in
both
ozone
and
particle
pollution
levels.
B
So
here
we
have
the
break
the
breakout
of
the
top
25
most
polluted
cities
list
in
terms
of
ozone.
As
you
can
see
here,
las
vegas
is
11th
and
reno
is
21st
and
these
are
the
rest
of
the
cities.
So
you
can
see
where
we
are
in
retrospect
to
the
rest
of
the
country,
and
then
this
next
list
shows
the
top
25
most
polluted
cities
for
unhealthy
particle
pollution
days.
Reno
again
is
right
in
the
middle
ranked
at
number
12.
and
as
although
las
vegas
is
not
listed
on
this
most
polluted
cities
list.
B
B
So
poor
air
quality
can
cause
respiratory
and
cardiovascular
harm,
including
heart
attack,
stroke
and
even
early
death.
Many
people,
including
healthy
young
adults,
have
reported
respiratory
symptoms
and
decreased
lung
function,
such
as
chest,
tightness,
coughing,
shortness
of
breath.
All
within
just
hours
of
exposure.
B
94
of
nevada
residents
are
exposed
to
unhealthy
air,
but
certain
groups
are
more
at
risk
to
the
health
harms
of
air
pollution.
This
includes
children
whose
lungs
are
still
developing
well
into
adulthood,
seniors
whose
immune
systems
may
be
compromised,
children
and
teens
with
asthma,
as
well
as
adults
with
cardiovascular
disease.
Basically,
anyone
with
any
underlying
health
issues,
people
of
color
and
people
living
in
poverty,
marginalized
communities
face
a
greater
risk
when
it
comes
to
air
pollution
burdens
and
these
populations.
B
These
numbers
are
the
population
numbers
for
here
in
nevada,
in
terms
of
the
groups
at
risk.
Historically,
black
and
brown
communities
have
often
have
underlying
health
conditions
and,
in
addition,
populations
from
lower
socioeconomic
status
also
lack
access
to
care.
Both
of
these
factors
contribute
to
the
health
disparities
we're
seeing
from
air
pollution.
B
The
transportation
sector
is
a
leading
contributor
to
these
unhealthy
emissions,
which
is
why
we
need
to
see
bold
investments
in
zero
emission
technologies
to
address
harmful
air
and
climate
pollution.
In
march,
we
released
the
zeroing
in
on
healthy
air
report,
which
is
a
which
modeled
a
transition
to
non-combustion
transportation,
as
well
as
non-combustion
electricity,
and
these
were
the
benchmarks
that
we
use
so
all
passenger
sales
to
be
completely
electric
by
2035
and
for
medium
and
heavy
duty
trucks
by
2040,
and
we
also
modeled
this
on
a
non-combustion
electricity
grid
by
2035..
B
B
Air
pollution
continues
to
threaten
the
health
and
well-being
of
nevadans
and
making
this
transition
to
completely
electric
transportation,
as
well
as
a
renewable
electricity
grid,
could
yield
seven
and
a
half
billion
dollars
in
public
health
benefits
and
again
we're
seeing
hundreds
of
lives
saved,
as
well
as
thousands
of
asthma
attacks
and
lost
work
days,
avoided
simply
by
cleaning
up
our
most
polluting
sectors.
The
transportation
and
energy
sectors.
B
And
I'll
just
end
with
saying
that
climate
change
is
making
the
job
of
clean
air
much
more
difficult
due
to
extreme
heat,
drought
and
wildfires,
which
are
extremely
common
here
in
nevada,
and
we
can
protect
the
health
of
our
residents
by
pivoting
away
from
the
combustion
of
harmful
fossil
fuels
and
towards
zero
emission
technologies
in
both
the
energy
and
transportation
sectors.
Thank
you
for
your
time
and
I
hope
that
you
continue
to
keep
public
health
at
the
forefront
of
these
conversations
to
address
climate
change.
A
I
think
it
is
helpful
to
look
at
some
of
the
health
impacts
that
we're
seeing
and
some
of
the
we
can
see
similar
health
impacts
from
impacts
of
heat,
as
well
as
from
air
pollution,
and
so
how
those
may
stack,
as
as
the
previous
presenter
had
discussed,
as
well
as
some
of
the
links
between
some
of
the
things
that
are
emitting
greenhouse
gases
are
also
emitting
other
air
pollutants,
and
so
there's
not
only
the
the
impacts
of
warming
but
also
pollutants
that
are
coming
out
at
the
same
time.
A
C
I
was
trying
to
get
your
attention.
I
apologize.
Thank
you
for
the
presentation
and
thank
you
for
american
lung
association.
For
all
you
do,
I
just
wonder
back
on.
I
guess
your
slides
aren't
numbered,
but
you
put
down,
who
is
the
most
at
risk
from
air
pollution
in
nevada
and-
and
I
have
worked
a
lot
with
american
lung
association,
but
mostly
in
the
realm
of
cigarettes-
cigarette
smoking,
nicotine
air
pollutants.
B
We
do
know
people
who
smoke
often
are
more
at
risk
when
it
comes
to
developing
other
lung
health
issues
and
again,
air
pollution
does
exacerbate
those
lung
health
conditions.
So
we
haven't
done
a
direct
study.
Looking
at
those
impacts
on
people
who
do
smoke
are
data
when
looking
at
the
groups
at
risk
uses
u.s
census,
bureau
data,
as
well
as
data
from
health
and
hum
the
us
department
of
health
and
human
services.
C
Thank
you.
We
did
hear
certainly
that,
folks,
that
since
we've
been
living
in
this
post-pandemic
now
endemic
era
of
covid
that
folks
that
were
exposed
to
the
smoke
of
the
wildfires
did
worse
with
their
coveted
symptoms.
So
we
certainly
know
that
some
of
those
environmental
factors,
some
of
that
smoke
issues
made
it
worse,
and
I
was
just
wondering
where,
if
you
had
anything
associated
with
the
cigarettes
and
smoking
and
that
of
all
of
all
folks
along
the
association
should
have
something
like
that.
So
I'd
love
to
see
anything.
If
you
do.
Thank
you.
A
Thank
you
for
that
assemblywoman
titus
and
I
believe
the
lung
association
has
worked
on
that.
I
think
you
raise
a
good
point,
which
is
that
there's
both
indoor
and
outdoor
air
quality
issues.
We
are
going
to
hear
about
wildfire
smoke
right
after
this,
and
it
is
important,
I
think,
to
think
about
both
of
them.
A
I
know
that
they've
done
a
lot
of
work
just
on
some
of
cigarette
smoke
and
some
of
the
indoor
air
quality
issues
in
the
past
and
are
looking
at
some
of
the
the
outdoor
air
quality
issues,
but
you're
right,
there's,
certainly
a
connection
between
them.
Senator
hansen.
D
Thanks
jared,
I'm,
actually
I
one
quick
question.
I'm
not
sure
you
mentioned
that
reno
went
from
21
to
12th.
I
think
it
was
and
the
particle
the
account
last
year
that
do
you
guys
break
out
the
fact
that
you
had
what
four
months
of
california
fires
that
were
causing
those
particles
to
come
into
the
reno
sparks
area
as
or
is
that
is
that
the
actual
cause
for
that
dramatic
jump
from
21st
to
12th
or
whatever?
The
number
was.
B
Melissa
ramos
for
the
record.
Yes,
thank
you
senator
hansen,
so
the
jump
in
from
reno
going
from
21st
to
12th
in
particle
pollution
levels
is
actually
exactly
what
you're
saying
is
due
to
the
wildfires
that
we've
seen
and
we've
seen
more
wildfires
become
more
frequent
and
intense
in
the
southwest
united
states,
which
is
why
we've
seen
significant
increases
in
particle
pollution
all
across
the
southwest
us
and
again,
as
we
saw,
especially
in
reno
nevada.
B
So
a
lot
of
the
a
lot
of
the
smoke
that
we
were
seeing
in
reno
was
coming
downwind
from
california,
but
we
are
still
seeing
those
health
impacts
again
from
the
wildfire
smoke.
D
You
know
the
nevada
department
of
forestry
has
done
an
excellent
job,
managing
the
nevada
side
of
those
forests
and
we've
seen
a
dramatic
reduction
in
the
sierra
nevada
fires,
since
nevada
has
actually
aggressively
managed
those
fire
areas
just
across
that
in
that
state
line,
you
have
the
opposite
policy,
and
the
fuel
load
has
built
up
and
built
up
and
built
up,
and
that's
where
this
particle
problem
that
the
young
lady
brings
to
our
attention
came
from
not
from
mismanagement
on
the
part
of
the
state
of
nevada
but
gross
mismanagement
for
decades
on
this
part
of
the
state
of
california.
B
A
B
Sorry,
I
just
also
want
to
clarify
one
more
thing:
melissa
ramos,
for
the
record,
our
state-of-the-art
report
looks
at
uses
us
epa
data
from
our
ozone
and
particle
pollution
monitors,
so
this
is
in
no
way
essentially
grading
the
the
efforts
of
our
local
air
agencies
or
department
of
forestry.
This
is
just
simply
looking
at
the
data
that
we're
getting
from
these
monitors.
A
All
right
seeing
none.
Thank
you
again
so
much
for
your
presentation.
We
really
appreciate
it
and
with
that
we're
going
to
continue
to
discuss
issues
related
to
air
quality,
we're
going
to
welcome
a
representative
from
the
desert
research
institute
to
present
some
of
their
research
and
findings
about
how
wildfire
smoke
exacerbates
certain
respiratory
diseases.
A
E
E
E
This
includes
not
just
genetic
research,
but
also
research
on
environmental
factors
influencing
the
health
of
nevadan.
Unfortunately,
exposure
to
wildfire
smoke
is
an
environmental
factor
that
has
become
extremely
relevant
to
northern
nevadans,
and
we
have
thus
devoted
significant
resources
to
studying
its
impact.
E
E
E
These
particles
are
so
small
that
it
takes
at
least
50
of
them
to
span
the
width
of
a
human
hair
because
of
its
small
size.
It
can
be
hailed
deep
into
the
respiratory
tract,
which
is
part
of
the
reason
why
it
is
so
harmful
pm.
2.5
can
consist
of
a
variety
of
different
materials
depending
on
its
source.
Thus,
the
health
effects
of
pm
2.5
from
wildfires
may
be
different
from
that
of
pm.
2.5
from
other
sources
such
as
vehicles,
industry
and
airborne
dust.
E
E
E
While
the
green
and
red
line
show
chemotherapy
exposure
for
2020
and
2021
respectively,
you
can
see
that
exposures
in
those
years
increase
dramatically
during
the
wildfire
season
compared
to
previous
years.
According
to
my
colleague
at
the
washer
county
health
district
brendan
schneider,
the
10
worst
day
for
pm
2.5
measurements
began
in
washoe.
County
in
1999
have
all
occurred
in
the
last
two
years.
E
E
E
So
this
does
not
include
the
most
recent
years
of
wildfire
smoke
in
2020
and
2021..
The
map
shows
the
location
of
air
quality
monitors,
urgent
care,
centers
and
emergency
departments
used.
In
our
study,
we
found
that
a
5
microgram
meter
cubed
increase
in
pm,
2.5
and
wildfire
days,
which
is
a
fairly
small
increase,
was
associated
with
a
seven
percent
increase
in
visits.
E
E
E
Of
course,
other
mechanisms
may
also
be
at
work.
Wildfire
pm,
2.5
concentration
tend
to
be
highest
in
the
summer
when
people
spend
more
time
outdoors
and
this
might
increase
its
effect
regardless
of
the
mechanism.
The
result
is
that
wildfire
pm
2.5
may
be
especially
harmful
for
northern
nevadans.
We
have
asthma
making
this
the
population
of
particular
concern
as
we
anticipate
continued
severe
exposure.
E
E
The
black
line
is
a
seven
day
average
of
the
carbon
19
positivity
rate
at
renown,
while
the
red
wine
is
the
concentration
of
pm
2.5,
the
blue
line
indicates
our
model
predictions
for
cases
if
there
had
been
no
wildfire
smoke
exposure.
While
the
red
shaded
region
indicates
the
increases
in
the
positivity
rate
attributable
to
the
wildfire
smoke
based
in
our
model,
we
estimated
that
the
wildfire
smoke
may
have
been
responsible
for
an
18
percent
increase
in
covered
19
cases
were
known
during
the
affected
period.
E
E
More
research
is
certainly
needed,
as
the
relationship
between
covenant
and
wildfire
smoke
appears
to
be
complex.
At
the
very
least,
however,
the
long-term
effects
of
generic
pm
2.5
exposure
in
kovic
19
have
been
more
firmly
established.
For
instance,
a
study
by
woo
at
all
in
2020
found
that
a
one
microgram
increase
in
average
pm
2.5
exposure
in
previous
years
was
associated
with
an
11
increase
in
covet
19
mortality
in
u.s
counties,
since
both
wildfire
smoke
and
cover
19
are
expected
to
be
a
problem
for
years
to
come.
E
So,
in
summary,
the
wildfire
smoke
exposure
is
experienced
by
northern
nevadans
when
not
in
aberration,
and
are
expected
to
continue
to
be
severe
for
people
with
asthma.
It
is
possible
that
smoke
from
wildfire
is
more
harmful
than
air
pollution
from
other
sources,
and
we
should
expect
the
increase
in
smoke.
Exposure
to
correspond
with
an
increase
in
health
care
utilization
for
asthma
for
covert
19
associations
have
been
observed
between
short-term
exposure,
wildfire
smoke
and
the
incidence
and
severity
of
illness,
but
more
research
is
needed.
E
E
Finally,
I
should
mention
that,
while
asthma
and
covert
19
have
been
the
focus
of
our
work,
these
conditions
represent
only
a
sliver
of
the
negative
health
effects
that
have
been
observed
due
to
wildfire
smoke
and
that
of
associations
have
been
observed
with
a
wide
range
of
other
outcomes
as
well,
such
as
all-cause
mortality,
copd,
respiratory
infections,
other
than
cover
19
and
cardiovascular
event.
Thus,
it
is
important
to
consider
the
full
range
of
health
effects
when
evaluating
the
full
scale
of
the
problem.
E
A
Thank
you
very
much
for
your
presentation,
mr
kaiser.
We
appreciate
it.
I
think
it
is
striking
both
the
short
and
long-term
effects
related
to
wildfire
smoke
and
the
importance
that
we
treat
wildfires
not
only
as
an
environmental
or
habitat
issue,
but
also
as
a
public
health
issue
and
consider
when
we're
dedicating
resources
to
that
that
it's
not
only
to
you
know
save
property
or
protect
environmental
resources,
but
it's
also
to
protect
public
health
as
well.
A
So-
and
I
will
note
briefly
that
mr
kaiser
does
have
another
another
commitment
so
we'll
get
through
as
many
questions
as
we
can,
but
when
he
needs
to
leave,
we
will
and
last
thing
I'll
do
is
just
make
a
plug.
I'm
a
participant
in
the
healthy
nevada
project,
and
I
highly
encourage
everyone
to
look
at
it
and
participate.
You
can
get
free
genetic
testing
and
help
contribute
to
filling
in
a
lot
of
important
data
gaps
and
contributing
to
science
in
our
state.
A
C
Thank
you
and
thank
you
for
that
presentation.
I
am
very
proud
of
that.
We
have
the
dri
in
our
state,
especially
up
here
in
the
north,
and
have
have
followed
what
what
the
science
has
been
produced
through
through
that
agency
and
very
proud
of
that
questions.
I
know
that
the
dri
has
been
involved
with
the
cloud
seeding
program
and
and
water
and
increasing
that,
has
there
been
any
association
during
trying
to
get
the
cloud
seeding
and
some
moisture
to
mitigate
some
of
these
fires.
E
For
the
record
daniel
kaiser
desert
research
institute,
I
have
not
been
involved
with
the
cloud
seating
at
all,
we're
fairly
segmented
in
our
work
at
dris,
and
my
focus
has
been
you
know
pretty
limited
to
just
the
health
effects
of
the
of
the
smoke
on
on
on
nevadans.
So
I
can't
really
speak
to
your
question,
and
so
I
apologize
for
that.
C
Okay,
thank
you.
Thank
you,
and
I
understand
just
a
follow-up
then
that
maybe
you
can't
answer
or
just
a
suggestion
that
you
take
back
to
whoever
you,
whoever
you
work
for
or
under.
Is
there
any
association
with
dri
and
forestry
management
to
to
get
these
fires
taken
care
of
sooner
because
the
the
one
thing
that
I'm
hearing
consistently
is
that
and
I
believe
it
that
and
I'm
not
questioning
that
that
the
smoke
causes
bad
things
to
happen.
Not
only
is
it
wildlife
and
landscape,
but
also
these
health
negative
health
effects.
C
So
to
understand
that
it's
better
in
my
mind,
I
like
to
be
preemptive
and
in
healthcare
we
always
like
to
do
things
that
are
preventative,
and
so
for
me,
your
agency,
working
with
the
forest
service
and
and
both
sides
of
the
state,
and
not
only
in
the
state,
but
also
in
california,
to
help
put
these
fires
out
sooner
or
prevent
the
fires
all
together
and
not
just
say:
hey,
there's,
global
warming.
So
hey
we
have
more
fires
that
that
just
doesn't
make
any
sense
to
me
as
opposed
to
saying
hey.
C
If
we
are
going
to
have
more
fires,
can
we
get
them
out
sooner?
What
are
we
doing
there?
Where
are
we
spending
our
money,
not
just
to
do
stuff?
Do
studies
that
we
already
know
smoke
is
bad
but
to
prevent
that
smoke
to
begin
with,
and
is
there
anybody
in
your
agency
that
that
is
looking
into
that
issue
of
what
can
you
do
to
prevent
these
fires
or
put
them
out
sooner
and
and
do
you
have
a
department
for
that.
E
E
E
Of
course,
those
come
with
their
own
risk
as
well,
because
they
also
produce
smoke,
but
one
of
the
benefits
of
prescribed
burns
is
the
fires
tend
to
be
smaller
and
produce
less
pollution,
and
so
I
can't
speak
to
you
to
your
question,
but
I
do
want
to
just
just
address
that
you
know
it
may
not
be
possible
to
eliminate
fires
completely.
C
Well,
certainly-
and
I
agree
with
that
sorry-
I
know
mr
chair-
you
want
to
keep
going,
but
I
know
that
we're
not
going
to
eliminate
fires.
We
have
natural
things
that
create
fires.
We
have
lightning
and
then
we,
of
course,
as
long
as
human
beings
are
on
this
planet,
we're
going
to
have
fires,
because
we
don't
always
make
good
choices.
C
Do
you
know
if
you
have
a
department
there
that
are
working
well
for
grazing
to
clean
these
forests,
not
just
prescribe
burns
anything
with
the
cattlemen
anything
with
grazing
anything
of
cleaning
out
that
fuel?
That
is
there
which
creates
a
smoke
that
then
causes
these
health
problems,
and
we
can
you
can
answer
that
offline,
if
you
don't
know,
but
I'd
love
to
get
some
information
from
dri
about
any
cooperative
agreements,
they're
doing
you're
the
scientists,
you
guys,
I
would
love
to
see
you
put
some
energy
into
mitigation
of
these
fires.
C
C
A
Thank
you,
assemblywoman
titus,
and
we
do
have
another
representative
from
the
desert
research
institute.
So
I'm
sure
that
we'll
be
able
to
get
any
information
about
your
questions
about
some
of
these
other
research
areas
to
you
as
well,
and
I'm
also
very
proud
to
have
a
dri
located
in
the
state.
A
Now
in
the
the
new
district
that
I
am
running
to
represent
as
their
southern
nevada
campus
and
look
forward
to
working
with
you
and
others.
A
I
know
that
this
is
not
our
our
fiscal
committee,
but
looking
to
find
ways
to
help
support
dri
in
conducting
some
of
the
research
to
to
connect
the
dots
on
this
and
again,
I
do
think
it's
helpful
to
to
get
some
of
this
information,
because
then,
when
we
look
at
the
the
public
health
impacts,
I
think
when
we
look
at
taking
on
some
of
those
initiatives,
like
you
said,
to
get
to
make,
you
know
to
get
fires
put
out
faster
to
try
and
help
make
our
communities
more
resilient,
so
that
these
fires
don't
get
to
to
huge
sizes.
A
F
Thank
you,
chair
watts,
and
thank
you
for
the
information
I
have
been
looking
at
your
your
graph
with
your
three
lines:
the
model
data
for
expected,
covid,
the
wildfire
data
and
then
the
actual
covent
data
from
renown,
and
I'm
getting
a
little
bit
into
the
weeds
on
this
question.
We
can
and
I'm
happy
to
take
the
the
response
offline,
but
just
wondering
about
how
you're
continuing
to
interpret
this.
F
This
overlap
right
where
we
highlight
that
there's
potential
correlation
between
pm,
2.5
and
and
wildfire
and
covid
outbreaks,
and
what
that
may
mean
in
the
public
health
arena
right.
Does
that
mean
we
saw
more
people
who
are
homeless
in
the
hospitals
during
that
period
of
time,
potentially
looking
for
respite
from
the
extreme
wildfire
smoke
and
also
positive
with
kovid,
which
may
have
exacerbated
their
desire
to
find
respite
from
the
from
the
wildfire,
or
I
see
that
the
school
start
date
is
on
this
as
well
those
kids
where
I
they
were
excluded.
F
E
Yes,
daniel
kaiser
desert
research
institute.
So
if
I
understand
your
question,
you
kind
of
you're
interested
in
liking,
who
might
be
most
vulnerable,
I'm
like
who
are
these
people
that
are
showing
up
in
the
hospital,
so
we
didn't
break
it
down
by
demographic
groups.
In
our
study,
the
you
know,
I
think,
maybe
also
you
were
kind
of
getting
at
what
could
be
the
possible
causes
of
seeing
more
people
in
the
hospital,
and
there
have
been
a
few
proposed
mechanisms.
E
E
E
The
lungs
are
becoming
more
susceptible
to
infection
because
of
the
damage
being
done
by
the
particulate
matter.
There's
also
the
possibility
that
the
the
virus
is
actually
adhering
to
the
particles
in
the
air,
and
so
that's
causing
you
know
essentially
hitching
a
ride
into
our
lungs
and
thereby
causing
infection.
E
There's
a
few
different
theories
out
there
on
why
more
people
might
be
showing
up
at
the
hospital
with
cover
19
as
far
as
like,
if
it
you
know,
is
concentrated
around
like
really
vulnerable
populations
like
the
homeless,
we
don't
really
have
the
answer
for
that.
At
this
point,
does
that
answer
your
questions.
F
Yes-
and
I
I
would
ask
for
your
agency
as
well
as
anybody
who's
watching,
if
there's
additional
work
being
done
on
the
public
health
arena
space
like
of
of
looking
deeper
into
this
issue,
because
I
imagine
we'll
probably
see
this
become
more
problematic.
A
Thank
you
and
again,
I
think
you
know.
A
We've
got
now
two
top-rated
research
universities
here
in
the
state,
as
well
as
dri,
which
is
a
global
leader
on
some
of
this,
and
so
you
know
figuring
out
again
how
we
can
partner
to
continue
to
tackle
these
questions,
because
I
one
of
the
trends
that
we're
seeing
is
that
some
of
the
things
that
we've
seen
now
just
raise
additional
questions,
but
then
some
of
that
information
can
also
help
us
target
better
our
our
resources
and
our
responses
to
address
some
of
these
issues.
D
D
Do
you
guys
have
a
graph
also
of
the
amount
of
logging
that
occurred
in
this
window
of
time,
because
I
would
bet
it's
a
inverse
relationship
between
the
amount
of
logging,
fire
frequency
and
burned
areas
and
thousands
of
acres,
because
obviously,
in
the
20s
30s
40s
50s,
there
was
pretty
extensive
logging
operations
in
california
and,
of
course,
the
logging
and
also
create
roads
and
open
up
areas
that
create
fire
breaks
and
so
forth.
E
For
the
record,
daniel
kaiser
does
a
research
institute.
So
no
I'm
sorry
senator
hansen.
I
don't
have
that
graph
for
you.
I
have
not
looked
at.
You
know
the
rate
of
vlogging
in
california,
but
what
I
can
share
about
you
know
the
trends
that
you're
seeing
there
is
that
there
was
what
they
called.
E
You
know:
a
fire
exclusion
period
and
so
that
being
extended
until
about
1970,
you
know
so
the
forest
service
had
a
policy
of
putting
out
the
fires
right
away,
and
so
that
policy
was
walked
back,
and
so
you
can
see
that
you
know
after
you
know,
1970
or
so
we
start
seeing
that
upward
shift
in
the
the
number
of
wildfires
and
in
the
in
the
area
burned
and
one
of
the
things.
I
think
that
we
do
have
to
keep
in
mind.
Is
that
you
know
wildfires.
E
E
For
comparison,
you
know
last
year,
2.6
million
acres
burnt
so
like
about
half
of
that,
and
so
wildfires
are.
You
know
at
some
level
part
of
the
ecosystem,
and
so
that's
part
of
what
we
have
to
grapple
with
as
we
grapple
with
the
health
effects
of
these
wildfires
is
that
in
some
ways
they're
just
kind
of
built
into
the
system.
D
Well,
I
understand
that
and
in
fact
I've
read
extensively
on
that
george
gruel
did
I'm
sure,
you've
seen
the
book
fires
in
the
sierra
nevadas,
where
did
it
before
and
after
from
pictures
from
the
18th
late
1800s
clear
up
the
current
in
the
fort
and
the
buildup
of
fuels
is
what
he
pointed
out
and
that's
why
I'm
getting
that,
because
in
the
past,
when
the
whether
it
was
the
indians
or
the
logging
community
or
whatever,
the
forests
were
thinned
out
consistently,
the
indians
may
have
done
it
through
fires,
which
is
what
we're
trying
to
prevent
the
other
way
you
can
do.
D
It,
though,
is
to
simply
harvest
the
surplus
timber.
The
photo
that
you
have
is
probably
one
of
the
best
examples
you
can
see
of
a
mismanagement
of
the
forest,
the
thickness
of
the
trees,
the
age
of
the
trees
that
would
have
never
have
occurred
historically,
because
those
would
have
burned
or
been
burned
prior
to
that.
So
this
is
a
classic
example
of
foreign
forest
mismanagement
by
the
state
of
california.
So
anyway,
I
would
love
to
see
somebody
do
a
correlation
between
the
the
harvest
and
and
fires.
Thank
you,
mr
chair.
E
Thank
you,
mr
chairman,
and
I
don't
sit
on
the
the
natural
resource
committee,
and
so
maybe
you
can
help
me
with
this
question.
My
memory
serves
me
correctly.
Last
session
we
passed
a
resolution
to
encourage
proper
force
management.
Have
we
ever
reached
out
to
our
our
neighbors
in
california
and
said
hey?
This
is
what
we're
doing?
Could
you
maybe
do
something
similar
to
to
help
prevent
you
know
the
issues
that
we're
seeing
in
northern
nevada?
E
A
You
know
we
did
have
in
a
previous
natural
resources,
meeting
a
discussion
about
wildfires
and
addressing
them,
and
I
think
there
is
increasing
coordination
between
local
governments,
state
governments
and
at
a
regional
level,
both
in
responding
to
fires
when
they
do
break
out-
and
I
think
you
know-
there's
also
growing
recognition
and
attempts
of
the
need
to
work
collaboratively
on
some
of
the
prevention
efforts
as
well
so
and
and
definitely
agree
about
the
historical
mismanagement
issues
and
that's
what
we're
trying
to
figure
out
is
how
we
can
help
remedy
some
of
these
things
now.
A
All
right
seeing
none.
Thank
you
again
very
much
for
the
presentation,
mr
kaiser.
We
appreciate
it
all
right.
Next,
we
will
move
on
to
agenda
item
number
nine,
which
is
an
overview
of
air
pollution
in
nevada's,
urban
centers
and
public
health
implications.
H
G
Thank
you,
chair
watts
and
chair
peters,
for
the
opportunity
to
address
your
committees
today.
My
name
is
kevin
mcdonald,
with
clark,
county's,
department
of
environment
and
sustainability.
We
are
the
southern
nevada
agency
charged
to
enforce
compliance
with
the
u.s
environmental
protection
agency's
national
ambient
air
quality
standards
in
our
community.
G
Additionally,
our
department's
office
of
sustainability
has
been
tasked
with
lowering
greenhouse
gas
emissions
regionally
to
track
local
air
quality.
We
operate
and
maintain
a
network
of
18
monitoring
stations
located
throughout
throughout
clark
county.
These
monitoring
stations
collect
data
on
five
of
the
six
criteria,
pollutants
for
which
we
monitor
particulate
matter
in
two
sizes,
pm10
and
pm,
2.5
pm,
2.5
being
the
smallest
ozone,
carbon
monoxide,
sulfur
dioxide
and
nitrogen
dioxide.
G
While
we
monitor
all
these
criteria
pollutants,
only
two
of
them
remain
a
primary
concern
for
clark,
county
ozone
and
particulate
matter.
Let's
start
by
talking
about
ozone,
most
often
we
think
of
ozone
as
a
good
thing,
because
stratospheric
ozone
protects
us
from
the
sun's
ultraviolet
rays
at
the
ground
level.
Ozone
is
an
odorless
colorless
gas
that
can
be
harmful
to
breathe,
especially
for
those
with
breathing
sensitivities
such
as
asthma
and
copd.
G
It
can
also
be
harmful
to
children,
older
adults
and
even
our
pets
to
understand
the
threat
of
ozone.
We
must
first
understand
what
causes
ozone
ground
level.
Ozone
formation
occurs
when
volatile
organic
compounds
or
vocs
think
of
anything
that
puts
off
a
fume
fuel
paint
or
chemicals,
even
vegetation
mixed
with
nitrogen
oxides,
nox,
which
is
anything
that
combusts
such
as
vehicle
engines,
industry,
fire,
those
cook
in
the
sunlight
in
the
uv
rays.
You
need
all
three
of
these
components:
vocs
plus
nox,
plus
sunlight
for
ozone
formation.
G
Remove
one
of
these
components
and
remove
ozone,
ozone
remains
our
number
one.
Air
quality
concern
in
clark
county
for
some
relatively
obvious
factors:
our
geography,
topography,
climate
and
population
clark,
county
assisted,
the
west
of
california,
which
can
transport
ozone
producing
pollutants
into
the
region.
We're
also
surrounded
by
mountains,
which
creates
a
bowl
effect,
add
to
that.
The
1.6
million
registered
vehicles
in
clark,
county
plus
the
hot
summer
sun
in
las
vegas,
becomes
a
perfect
oven
to
cook
ozone.
G
That
being
said,
our
division
of
air
quality
has
taken
many
steps
to
reduce
ozone
formation,
including
stringent
parameters,
and
are
permitting
actions
as
well
as
enforced
compliance
through
inspections.
The
result
is
an
overall
decrease
in
days
when
ozone
concentrations
are
above
70
parts
per
billion,
the
current
epa
standard
for
healthier.
Let
me
repeat
that
the
result
is
an
overall
decrease
in
days
when
ozone
concentrations
are
above
the
70
parts
per
billion
per
billion
standard.
G
G
I
want
to
call
attention
to
the
years
2017
to
2021
on
this
chart
because
it
exemplifies
another
rising
challenge.
We
need
to
address
in
four
of
the
five
years
represented
here:
2017
2018,
2020
and
2021
wildfire
smoke
influenced
about
half
of
the
exceeding
days
we
recorded
the
one
year
we
had
minimal
traceable,
wildfire
smoke.
2019,
we
recorded
only
three
ozone.
G
Alongside
our
seasonal
ozone
advisory,
the
wildfire
smoke
we've
been
experiencing
is
a
lurking
menace,
against
which
we
are
largely
powerless
because
it's
coming
from
neighboring
states,
sometimes
hundreds
of
miles
away
in
addition
to
ozone
formation
smoke,
also
contributes
to
particle
pollution.
I
call
your
attention
to
this
image
taken
from
one
of
our
invisibility
cameras
atop,
the
m
resort
aimed
north
toward
the
las
vegas
strip.
G
G
It's
the
same
camera
same
angle
and
same
time
of
day.
What
you're
looking
at
here
is
the
impact
of
wildfire
smoke
that
drifted
into
las
vegas
beginning
the
night
before
I'm
sure
you
all
who
live
here.
Remember
that
weekend
it
was
one
of
our
worst
air
quality
episodes
of
the
year.
Every
single
monitoring
station
in
our
network
exceeded
for
pm
2.5
a
day
when
all
monitoring
stations
register
exceedances
is
very,
very
rare.
G
So
the
next
question
we
usually
hear
is:
what
are
you
doing
about
it
with
regard
to
wildfire
smoke?
Sadly,
there
isn't
much
we
can
do.
This
is
one
of
those
times
where
we,
as
an
agency,
can
do
everything
right.
Our
primitive
business,
our
permitted
business
community
can
do
everything
right
and
we
still
record
an
exceedance
for
a
criteria
pollutant.
G
Nevertheless,
we
continue
to
protect
the
air
we
share
through
a
variety
of
methods,
including
keeping
the
public
informed
as
it
allows
people
to
make
informed
decisions
on
their
own
health.
We
continue
enforcement
of
the
air
permits
we
issue.
We
also
commissioned
a
noaa
study
to
get
a
better
sense
of
what
components
are
comprising
the
ozone
clark
county.
Once
that
study
is
complete,
we
will
share
those
results
with
the
public,
we're
also
tracking
and
supporting
state
and
federal
action
of
the
transportation
sector,
such
as
clean
cars,
nevada.
G
G
Now
none
of
that
has
anything
to
do
with
wildfire
smoke.
I
realize,
but
I
do
feel
it's
important
to
point
out.
That
des
is
actively
working
to
improve
air
quality
in
clark
county
on
several
fronts.
Beyond
our
usual
permitting
and
enforcement
activity,
there
are
steps
individuals
can
take
to
assist
in
reducing
ozone.
G
The
way
we
operate
our
vehicles
can
help
reduce
ozone,
including
limiting
your
vehicle
or
limit
idling.
Your
vehicle
unnecessarily
reduce,
driving
and
combine
trips
use
mass
transit,
fill
your
gas
tank
after
sunset
and
don't
use
drive-throughs
instead
turn
off
your
vehicle
and
go
inside
also
important.
If
you
have
breathing
sensitivities,
this
includes
children,
older
adults
and
once
again
your
pets.
G
It's
also
important
that
individuals
can
help
us
catch
the
bad
actors
who
aren't
operating
within
the
parameters
of
their
air
permits.
You
can
reach
our
air
quality
complaint
hotline
via
telephone
email
or
internet.
Last
year
we
received
more
than
1
000
calls
and
responded
to
99.7
percent
of
them
within
24
hours.
G
G
To
conclude
air
quality
in
clark
county
is
mostly
good,
but
we
have
important
challenges
to
address
with
regard
to
ozone
and
particulate
matter,
as
well
as
the
mounting
climate
change
challenges
we
face
through
combined
efforts
between
the
division
of
air
quality
and
all
in
clark
county.
We
are
tackling
the
issues
at
the
root
causes
on
multiple
fronts,
to
lower
greenhouse
gas
emissions
and
other
underlying
environmental
challenges.
To
ensure
clark,
county
thrives
and
meets
its
climate
change
impacts
head
on
for
the
benefit
of
generations
to
come.
A
Thank
you
very
much
for
that
presentation.
We
appreciate
it,
I
think,
given
you
know
the
nature
of
this
item
and
that
we
also
have
washoe
county
presenting
I'd
like
to
have
them,
provide
their
presentation
and
then
we'll
open
it
up
for
members
to
ask
questions
to
clark,
washoe
or
both.
A
So
with
that
we'll
welcome
our
presenter
from
washoe
county.
Whenever
you
are
ready,
you
can
introduce
yourself
for
the
record
and
proceed.
I
A
I
You
very
much
for
the
record.
My
name
is
craig
peterson
and
I'm
a
senior
air
quality
specialist
in
the
planning
branch
of
the
washoe
county
health
district,
air
quality
management
division.
Thank
you
for
the
opportunity
to
present
information
about
how
climate
change
is
impacting
air
quality
and
the
health
of
our
community.
I
I
I
I
I
Heat
waves
can
be
especially
challenging
for
households
with
high
energy
burdens,
especially
those
that
have
difficulty
affording
the
electrical
bills
to
run
their
air
conditioning
but
face
health
risks
such
as
heat
stroke.
If
they
do
not
run
the
ac,
older
homes
are
less
energy
efficient
and
may
not
even
have
air
conditioning.
I
Besides,
increasing
temperatures
and
increasing
energy
burden,
climate
change
is
affecting
air
quality.
Forests,
upwind
of
us
in
california,
and
oregon
are
becoming
more
vulnerable
to
disease
and
fire
fires
and
smoke.
Episodes
are
happening
more
frequently
and
they
are
larger
and
more
intense
in
the
sum.
Excuse
me
in
the
summer
of
2021
smoke
from
the
dixie
and
caldor
fires
resulted
in
the
worst
air
quality
reno
and
sparks
has
ever
recorded.
I
Here's
a
graphic
showing
the
health
effects
of
air
pollution
pm,
2.5
or
fine
particles
are
those
found
in
smoke
and
haze.
These
particles
are
so
small
that
they
can
travel
deep
into
the
lungs
and
even
be
transferred
to
the
cardiovascular
system
causing
serious
health
problems.
Numerous
scientific
studies
have
linked
particle
pollution.
Exposure
to
a
variety
of
problems,
including
irritation
of
the
airways
coughing
difficulty,
breathing
decreased
lung
function,
aggravated
asthma,
irregular
heartbeat
non-fatal,
heart
attacks
and
premature
death
in
people
with
heart
or
lung
disease,
and
then
there's
ground
level.
I
I
I
Some
populations
are
more
vulnerable
to
air
pollution
than
others.
Sensitive
groups
such
as
children,
older
adults
and
people
with
underlying
heart
conditions,
including
asthma,
copd,
heart
disease
and
diabetes,
are
the
most
likely
to
be
affected
by
particle
and
ozone
pollution
exposure.
However,
even
healthy
people
may
experience
temporary
symptoms
from
exposure
to
elevated
levels
of
air
pollution.
I
I
Here's
another
way
to
visualize
air
quality
index
data
for
2021.
We
can
look
at
the
number
of
days
per
month.
The
air
quality
index
was
in
the
various
categories
where
we
used
to
see
our
worst
air
quality
in
the
winter
has
now
shifted
to
the
summer.
You
can
see
the
greatest
number
of
unhealthy
days
in
2021
was
in
july
and
august.
I
What
can
you
do
about
high
temperatures
and
poor
air
quality?
Well,
in
the
short
term,
make
sure
you
listen
to
your
body
if
you
are
experiencing
difficulty,
breathing
shortness
of
breath,
wheezing,
coughing,
sore
throat,
chest
pain
or
fatigue.
Take
precautions,
know
the
air
quality
index
and
weather
forecasts
if
the
temperature
is
high
or
the
aqi
is
over
100
reduce
outdoor
activities
or
stay
inside
close
your
windows
and
doors
and
run
your
central
air
conditioner.
I
I
Examples
of
existing
plans
and
programs
in
our
area
include
nevada's
climate
initiative,
reno's
sustainability
and
climate
action
plan,
reno's
tree
protection,
ordinance
and
the
governor.
Excuse
me:
the
governor's
office
of
energy
heroes,
program
and
rcc
washoe's,
smart
trips
program,
reno's
sustainability
and
climate
action
plan,
for
example,
prioritizes
creating
lively,
low-carbon
neighborhoods
and
healthy
equitable
urban
forests.
I
I
Increasing
tree
canopy
coverage
will
have
multiple
benefits
for
all
support:
the
reimagined
reno
master
plan,
reno
sustainability
and
climate
master
plan
and
then
and
the
urban
forest
excuse
me,
and
the
urban
forestry
management
plan
to
increase
the
tree.
Canopy
maintain
a
healthy,
equitable
urban
forest
and
promote
community
partnerships.
I
A
Thank
you
very
much
for
your
presentation
all
right
with
that.
We
will
open
it
up
to
members
who
have
questions
for
again
either
of
the
county.
Air
quality
experts,
chair,
peters,.
F
My
question
is
related
to
the
decision
making
as
a
result
of
the
increased
pollution
from
wildfires,
so
we
permit
projects
right
based
on
project
emissions
that
are
tolerated
in
our
regions
right,
and
so
how
are
we
using
the
wildfire
data
we
have
to
integrate
into
the
decision
making
for
permits
from
like
industrial
permits
and
or
is
having
any
impact
on
how
you're
either
assessing
the
impact
of
the
region
or
reviewing
those
permits
that
come
in
for
air?
Your
air
program
permits.
G
Yes,
kevin
mcdonald
des
claire
county,
chair
peters,
to
my
knowledge,
the
wildfire
smoke
hasn't
changed.
The
way
we
issue
permits
or
when
we
write
permits
the
only
change
that
I
that
we've
made
that
I'm
aware
of
is
by
issuing
the
seasonal
wildfire
smoke
advisory,
which
is
more
or
less
to
provide
awareness
to
the
public.
I
And
I
can
pretty
much
oh
excuse
me,
craig
peterson,
for
the
record.
I
can
pretty
much
just
duplicate
what
mr
mcdonald
said.
I
We
haven't
really
changed
any
way
that
we
permit
industry
so
yeah,
pretty
much
just
public
advisories
to
warn
people
about
wildfire
smoke
and
what
they
can
do
to
stay
healthy
during
wildfire
smoke.
Events.
A
Thank
you
very
much
additional
questions
from
members
of
the
committee.
We've
got
senator
hansen
and
actually,
I
believe
we
have
a
number
of
members
up
north.
So
we'll
do
senator
hanson,
assemblywoman
titus,
then
assemblyman
ellison.
D
Thank
you
chair.
Thank
you
for
the
presentation.
My
question
is
obviously
1.6
million
vehicles
in
clark
county,
reducing
ozone.
Your
presentation
cause
calls
for
reducing
driving,
not
idling,
not
using
drive-throughs
at
restaurants
and
so
forth.
The
washoe
county
guy
said
similar
things
about
the
the
amount
of
miles
vehicle
miles.
Traveled
needs
to
be
dramatically
reduced.
D
So
add
those
things
up,
isn't
it
a
positive
thing
that
the
cost
of
fuel
is
now
over
six
dollars
a
gallon,
as
any
economist
would
point
out
the
higher
the
cost
the
less
consumption
you'll
have
so
for
purposes
of
air
quality
in
nevada,
higher
gas
prices
are
net
positive
and
actually
fall
very
well
within
the
state
climate
strategy.
Would
would
you
agree
with
that.
I
Okay,
yeah,
I
mean
the
gas
prices
certainly
make
me
want
to
drive
less.
That's
for
sure
what
what
we're
kind
of
pushing
in
our
agency
is
is
smart
trips
programs
for
businesses
where
they
can
use
public
transit,
more
carpooling
van
pooling,
bicycling
or
walking.
I
If
you
can
to
work
and
telecommuting,
flexible
work
schedules
that
sort
of
thing,
so
you
know
that's
kind
of
what
we're
pushing
for
here
at
the
air
quality
management
division
in
washoe
county
really
just
reducing
those
vehicle
mile
traveled
and
that'll
help
reduce
the
motor
vehicle
tailpipe
emissions.
G
Kevin
mcdonald
clark
county
des
thanks
for
the
question
senator
I
don't
know
if
I,
if
I
want
to
go
on
the
record
one
way
or
the
other
with
that,
but
I
will
say
that,
yes,
it
does
motivate
people
to
drive
less,
but
the
way
we've
been
tackling
it
currently
or
immediately
is
we're
going
to
be
promoting
driving
electric,
because
the
fewer
greenhouse
gas
emissions
is
a
good
thing,
because
one
of
our
top
polluters
in
clark
county-
and
I
think
the
top
leader
in
the
state
is
the
transportation
sector.
G
That
being
said,
our
immediate
concern
with
reducing
tailpipe
emissions
is
closing
that
classic
car
loophole.
There
are
30
about
30
000
vehicles
in
clark
county
that
have
a
classic
car
or
class
of
eagle
tags
registered
as
classic
vehicles,
and
not
all
of
them
are
classic
vehicles.
We're
not
talking
about
all
57
t-birds.
Some
of
them
are,
are
going
to
be
like
an
82
nissan
or
something
that's
still
on
the
road.
G
D
I
would
suspect,
since
most
people
can't
afford
six
dollar
a
gallon
gasoline,
that
that
will
also
greatly
help
reduce
the
amount
of
tailpipe
emissions.
So
it
seems
to
me,
like
the
higher
the
gas
prices
go,
the
better.
It
fits
in
with
the
state
climate
strategy
that
the
governor's
presented
to
the
state.
So
thank
you,
gentlemen,
for
your
presentation
and
I
guess
we
should
all
be
happy
to
see
six
got
dollar
an
hour
or
a
gallon
gas
and
rising.
Now
we
have
less
pollution,
but
our
poor
people
can't
afford
to
drive
their
cars.
A
Thank
you
senator
hansen.
I
believe
we
have
assembled
women
titus
next.
C
C
We
have
listened
for
the
greater
part
of
this
day
on
the
impact
that
basically
humans
have
on
global
warming
and
the
fact
that
we
are
paving
and
digging
up
our
cities
in
reno,
in
particular,
digging
up
trees
and
we're
putting
down
blacktop.
C
So
can
you
tell
me,
have
you
done
any
studies
on
the
actual,
because
I
know
I
went
to
school
in
reno,
I
spent
12
years
there
for
undergrad
med
school
residency
et
cetera,
and
it
changed
dramatically
and
the
number
of
people
that
in
reno
what
was
the
percent
of
growth
in
reno.
At
the
same
time,
we
saw
this
warming
in
reno.
I
Thank
you
for
the
question
craig
peterson
for
the
record.
Unfortunately
I
don't.
I
don't
have
that
data
in
front
of
me
or
even
at
the
forefront
of
my
brain
here,
so
I
can't
give
you
the
actual
percentage
of
growth.
I
can
find
that
out
and
get
back
to
you.
C
Right,
I
really
love
to
see
a
chart
done,
whereas
you
saw
the
temperatures
and
you
showed
us-
the
temperatures
going
up,
what
the
population
in
reno
or
the
washoe
county
area
also
and
if
there
was
that
correlation
with
that-
and
the
next
question
I
have
is
you
did
a
picture-
a
graph
for
us
on
the
cooling
degree
days
in
reno,
and
this
is
all
done
at
the
reno
airport.
Do
you
know
what
the
percent
increase
in
pavement?
There
is
at
the
reno
airport
in
those
that
period
of
time.
I
Thank
you
again
for
the
question
for
the
record
craig
peterson
again,
I
I'm
very
sorry.
I
don't
have
that
data
with
me.
C
Just
looking
pretty
dramatically
for
me
in
1972
1984,
those
particular
temperatures
I
flew
in
and
out
of
reno
they're,
all
prop
hues,
airplanes
that
we
used
to
fly
into
reno
airport
and
you'd,
get
off
on
the
tarmac
and
walk
out
right
there.
And
then
then
the
reno
airport
dramatically
changed
in
the
last
couple
decades
and
I'm
just
wondering
if
you
could
correlate
that
with
the
size
and
that
change
of
the
temperature
readings
at
that
particular
airport.
I
I'm
sure
there's
a
there's
a
factor
there,
but
again
I
I
think
we'd
have
to
research
that.
A
Thank
you,
and
I
think
that
also
points
to
some
of
the
comments
made
by
previous
presenters
as
well
about
expanding
the
data
collection.
You
know,
and
obviously
that
requires
resources,
but
gathering
you
know,
heat
information,
air
quality
information
from
across
many
different
locations,
particularly
in
these
urban
areas,
can,
I
think,
help
us
identify
the
most
affected
communities
first
of
all,
but
also
help
provide
better
understanding
of
some
of
these
trends
by
getting
a
little
bit
more
granular.
So
I
believe
next
we
have
assemblyman
ellison.
H
You've
been
keeping
records
for
quite
a
while
on
wildfires,
I
assume,
but
about
20
years
ago
we
flew
from
elko
nevada
in
our
twin
to
california,
and
the
wildfires
were
in
california,
nevada,
oregon,
idaho,
all
over
elko
county
and
vegas.
We
never
seen
the
ground
not
once
until
we
hit
the
coast
and
it
seemed
like
to
me.
The
fires
then
were
worse
than
what
they
were.
This
last
one
in
california
is
and
you're
saying
this
has
been
the
worst
on
the
record.
Is
that
correct.
I
Yes,
sir
craig
peterson
for
the
record,
so
just
just
speaking
of
2021,
the
wildfire
season
in
2021
as
far
as
pollutant
by
pollutant
is
concerned.
So
let's
just
talk
about
ozone.
First,
we
had
well.
First
of
all,
we
had
71
total
days
that
were
impacted
by
wildfire
smoke.
We
had
26
exceedances
of
the
ozone
standard,
the
national
ambient
air
quality
standard
and
the
highest
ozone
concentration
we
recorded-
and
this
is
an
eight
hour
average-
is
how
they
they
calculate
the
national
ambient
air
quality
standard.
I
These
are
24
hour
averages
the
pm,
2.5
national
ambient
air
quality
standard
is
35
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
and
we
saw
241
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
and
that's
the
highest
ever
recording.
Since
we've
been
monitored.
Monitoring
for
pm
2.5
in
we've
been
monitoring
for
pm
2.5
for
22
years,
and
then
we
can
even
talk
about
pm10,
which
is
a
larger
size
particle
than
pm
2.5.
I
H
Okay,
thank
you
and
for
a
follow-up,
miss
chair.
A
H
And
we're
talking
about
electric
cars
everybody's
trying
to
push
electric
cars
electric
cars
we're
seeing
more
and
more
states
having
brownouts.
California
is
probably
the
worst
with
the
grid
going
down
quite
a
bit.
So
how
do
you
think
that's
going
to
affect
the
electric
cars
going
into
the
futures
with
the
problems
we're
having
with
the
overdue
in
the
grid
over
power
in
the
grid
and
you're,
seeing
the
brownouts
or
blackouts
everywhere.
H
I
mean
we've
seen
how
many
in
california
last
year
went
out
during
air
conditioning
problems.
What's
going
to
do
with
all
the
electric
cars
either.
I
If
you
can
answer
that,
thank
you,
okay.
I
I
I
don't
think
I
can
speak
about
the
reliability
of
of
our
electric
grid
here
in
northern
nevada.
I
think
that
may
be
a
question
for
nv
energy,
I'm
not
sure
exactly
how
they're
planning
on
handling
that.
So
I
I
apologize.
I
don't
have
that
answer
either.
A
Thank
you
for
that.
We
appreciate
that
and
assemblyman
nelson.
I
do
appreciate
the
question.
I
do
think
that
perhaps
the
electric
providers
and
the
public
utilities
commission
could
speak
to
that,
and
you
know
the
legislature
did
pass
a
major
investment
in
both
transmission
infrastructure
and
and
some
charging
infrastructure.
I
think
to
help
address
some
of
those
issues
that
that
you
discussed.
So
I
just
wanted
to
make
sure
all
the
members
of
the
committee
and
the
public
were
reminded
about
that.
The
with
that,
I
think
we'll
move
on
to
assemblywomanhansen.
J
Thank
you,
mr
chair.
I
have
a
question
and
I
think
this
one
will
probably
be
maybe
more
appropriate
for
the
gentleman
in
in
southern
nevada.
Please,
when
we
talk
about
transportation,
trying
to
cut
back
on
driving
trips,
I'm
curious
since
las
vegas
had
42
and
a
half
million
tourists
visit
las
vegas
in
2019.
J
J
I
know
a
lot
of
tourists
come
by
plane.
They
come
by
a
bus,
a
lot
by
car.
Do
we
have
any
understanding
of
what
impact
those
tourists
coming
to
our
state
on
motor
vehicle
emissions
or
airplane
emissions?
Some
sort
of
fossil
fuel
carrying
vehicle
is
having
like,
what's
the
difference
between
the
tourists
coming
versus
those
who
actually
live
there,
and
how
is
that
of
impacting
us.
G
G
But
I
know
that
within
the
transportation
sector
rtc,
for
example,
they
are
using
cleaner
natural
gas
buses
and
in
terms
of
electrification,
though
one
I
do
want
to
go
back
to
the
previous
question
about
electrification,
just
to
touch
upon
the
fact
that
here
in
clark
county
that
nv
energy
is
part
of
the
transportation
electrification
working
group,
so
that
we
can
discuss
those
issues
of
grid
and
infrastructure.
G
But
in
terms
of
yet
tourism
I
don't
have
the
specific
data
and
how
much
more
or
less
they
provide,
but
we
just
in
general.
We
just
know
that
when
it
comes
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
that
the
transportation
sector
is
one
of
the
the
biggest
suspect
in
clark
county.
J
Okay
and
then
just
just
to
follow
up,
I
really
just
have
more
of
a
an
observation
having
lived
in
the
reno
sparks
area,
for
you
know,
62
years
to
me,
you
know
we
go
through
waves,
we
have
inversion,
sometimes,
luckily
we
have
wind
and
it
cleans
out
the
air.
J
I
find
the
air
quality
in
in
northern
nevada
to
be
pretty
pretty
darn
good
and
and
it
seems
to
be
even
more
clean
than
when
I
was
a
kid
or
maybe
I
just
didn't-
pay
attention
as
much
as
I
do
now,
and
and
certainly
we
have
suffered
under
these
forest
fires,
they
have
really
been
uncomfortable
to
live
around,
but,
historically
speaking
again,
I
think
we
all
are
here
trying
to
find
solutions.
We
all
are
concerned
when
there
is
a
concern,
but
sometimes
I
think
we
have
tunnel
vision
and
we
think.
J
We
can
go
back
to
the
dust
bowl
of
the
30s
high
temperatures,
bad
farming
methods,
coupled
with
a
drought
that
lasted
10
years
and
some
horrific
air
quality
conditions,
but
that
had
been
followed
by
a
really
wet
series
of
years
for
20
or
30
years
in
that
area
of
the
country.
So
certainly
air
pollution
is
a
concern.
J
A
Thank
you
for
that
assemblywoman
hanson.
That
actually
does
bring
something
to
mind
for
me
as
well,
and
I
I
do
appreciate
your
comment
that
we've
made
quite
a
bit
of
impact
on
some
of
these
issues.
You
know
air
pollution
issues,
I've
seen
before
my
time
and
before
some
of
the
the
clean
air
act,
for
example,
air
pollution
in
in
urban
areas
was
at
at
horrific
levels.
A
All
right
seeing
none
thank
you
both
so
much
for
your
presentations
today.
We
appreciate
it
with
that.
We'll
move
on
to
the
next
item
on
our
agenda
item
number
10,
a
discussion
on
climate
change
and
related
water
issues
in
nevada.
I
believe
we
have
a
representative
from
the
division
of
environmental
protection
and
the
division
of
water
resources
to
discuss,
particularly
some
of
the
water
quality,
related
issues
and
the
public
health
related
issues.
A
K
Good
afternoon,
chairman
watts
and
members
of
the
committee,
my
name
is
adam
sullivan,
I'm
the
nevada
state
engineer
and
the
administrator
of
the
division
of
water
resources
and
greg
lovato
is
the
administrator
of
division
of
environmental
protection.
We'll
be
splitting
this
and
I'll.
Give
the
first
portion
on
water,
quantity
and
greg
will
give
the
second
portion
focused
on
water
quality.
K
It's
not
so
with
when
you
look
at
the
total
amount
of
precipitation
on
a
on
an
average
annual
basis
with
the
higher
temperatures
there's,
there's
the
the
response
of
getting
more
precipitation
falling
as
rain
than
as
snow
earlier
runoff
from
the
the
you
know,
peak
runoff
in
the
spring
is
is
trending
earlier,
leads
to
a
longer
growing
season
and
increased
evaporated.
K
Evaporative
demand
over
the
over
an
average
season
and
also
there's
the
trend
observed
and
the
projection
towards
greater
extremes,
that
is
longer
drought,
periods,
more
severe
or
higher
magnitude,
flood
events,
and
these
are
all
things
that
have
a
really
important
impact
on
water
supply
and
water
management,
specifically
with
reduction
in
the
the
snow
plaque
reserve.
Snowpack
reservoir
in
the
mountains,
less
surface
water
availability
later
in
the
season,
which
leads
to
increased
reliance
on
groundwater.
K
So
again,
the
trends
observed
during
this
drought
that
we've
been
responsive
to
are
indicative
of
what
we
should
anticipate
in
the
longer
term
with
regard
to
extremes,
so
this
drought
was
really
remarkable
in
how
quickly
it
came.
It
came
on
you'll
recall
that
2017
and
2019
were
were
really
record-setting
wet
years
and
by
2021
we
were
seeing
record
dry
soil
conditions.
K
K
K
Reservoir
storage
can
generally
is
recovers
really
rapidly
in
just
one
big
year
where
there
is
a
concern
with
reservoir
storage
are,
are,
are
those
reservoirs
that
are
subject
to
cumulative
long-term
effects
in
the
in
the
contributing
upper
watershed
and
are
therefore
less
resilient
to
drought
and
lake
mead
is
a
prime
example
of
this
being
really
low
in
the
colorado
river
system.
K
With
regard
to
public
health,
drinking
water
for
our
largest
population,
centers
is
provided
by
surface
water
sources,
so
that's,
including
several
of
the
reservoirs
listed
here
serving
las
vegas
reno
sparks
carson
city,
all
of
which
have
excellent
planning
measures
in
place.
Managing
surface
water.
K
K
K
K
And
really
what
we
look
for
in
these
in
these
long-term
trends
is
some
stabilization
flattening
of
that
curve.
After
a
long
time
indicating
some
reaching
some
equilibrium
state
where
you
can
support
that
groundwater
pumping.
But
you
don't
have
that
continued
decline
now,
with
the
with
the
long-term
projections,
including
longer
growing
seasons,
higher
consumptive
use
and
just
overall
increased
in
the
demand
for
water.
K
K
Municipal
wells
are
generally
pretty
deep,
well
maintained
and
closely
monitored
and
therefore
more
resilient,
and
similarly
with
large
irrigation
wells
tend
to
be
deeper,
and
the
amount
of
drawdown
that
we
that
we
often
observe
is
not
an
immediate
threat
to
actually
being
able
to
get
water.
It's
that
continued
rate
of
decline
that
in
projecting
that
into
the
future,
where
the
concern
lies
more
vulnerable
areas
in
the
shorter
term
are
often
those
areas
that
are
reliant
on
domestic
wells.
Domestic,
just
domestic
wells
just
tend
to
be
shallower.
K
K
So,
recommendations
for
how
to
reduce
impacts
of
climate
change
on
water
resources
is
one
of
the
items
that
was
put
forth
in
a
recent
report
on
called
the
climate
change
in
nevada,
which
was
a
joint
jointly
authored
report
by
the
state,
climatologists,
unr
and
dri,
and
the
scripps
institute,
and
I'm
referring
to
this,
because,
among
the
recommendations
that
they
came
up
with,
were
maintenance
of
infrastructure
to
accommodate
extremes,
considering
options
to
hold
water
in
basins
or
higher
up
in
the
watershed
for
longer
and
to
fill
monitoring
gaps
and
and
continue
putting
that
data.
K
That's
collected
to
good
use
from
my
perspective,
in
a
in
a
regulatory
role.
This
is
this
is
consistent
with
supporting
programs
such
as
aquifer
storage
and
recovery,
where
there's
potential
to
do
that.
It's
also
to
me,
it
means
really
communicating
with
with
water
right
holders
and
being
able
to
be
adaptable
within
the
confines
of
water
law,
to
accommodate
various
local
measures
that
protect
the
resource.
K
To
support
updated
water
budget
science-
this
is
something
that
our
division
has
been
has
been
talking
about
a
lot
and
it's
something
that
I
think
the
state
needs
to
to
really
provide
a
critical
understand:
the
baseline
for
water
availability
and
then,
secondly,
supporting
infrastructure
enhancements,
especially
for
dam
safety
and
flood
management
measures,
and
with
that
I'll
turn
it
over
to
greg.
L
L
In
that
spirit,
we
have
reviewed
portions
of
comprehensive
government
compiled
climate
publications,
specifically
two
publications
by
the
u.s
government
global
change
research
program.
These
include
the
southwest
u.s
chapter
of
the
2018
fourth
national
climate
assessment
assessment
and
the
climate
impacts
on
water-related
illness
and
human
health
chapters
of
the
2016
climate
change
scientific
assessment.
L
L
L
Changing
precipitation
patterns
under
climate
change
are
anticipated
to
increase
the
intensity
of
rainstorms,
causing
additional
erosion,
runoff
and
introduction
introduction
of
pollution
from
non-point
sources
into
surface
water
bodies.
These
may
include
sediment
nutrients,
microplastics
and
other
contaminants.
L
We
rely
on
technical
assistance
and
water
quality
improvement
projects
such
as
stream
stabilization
to
address
non-point
source
pollution.
There
may
be
an
increased
reliance
on
treatment
to
render
surface
water
sources
safe
for
human
consumption.
In
order
to
protect
human
health,
temperature
increases
can
drive
increased
in
longer
duration,
stratification
in
lakes,
including
lake
tahoe,
which
reduces
mixing
and
can
increase
potential
for
water
quality
concerns,
including
harmful
algal
blooms.
L
Our
water
quality
planning
staff
has
been
at
work
assembling
a
broadly
based
and
representative
technical
advisory
committee
to
update
the
manual
and
the
committee
held
its
first
meeting
this
past
week.
We
anticipate
bringing
the
updated
manual
before
the
state
environmental,
commission
and
state
conservation
commission
in
the
first
part
of
2023.
L
Ndep
collaborates
with
our
partners
at
dhhs
the
department
of
agriculture
and
endow
when
we
become
aware
of
harmful
algal
blooms,
and
we
work
together
to
post
signs
to
protect
human
and
animal
health.
Climate
change
could
change
where
we
need
to
monitor
for
harmful
algal
blooms
as
they
may
occur
in
places
times
or
locations.
A
F
Thank
you,
chair
watts.
I
have
two
I'm
thinking
brief
questions.
The
first
one
is
directed
to
state
engineer.
How
are
well,
I
guess
both
of
you
really
because
you're
both
the
regulatory
agencies
on
this.
But
how
do
you
guys
work
together
when
there
is
a
water
right
or
a
water
use,
change
and
request,
and
the
water
quality
standards
have
to
meet
a
specific
standard
like
the
drinking
water
standard?
F
I
I
it's
like
a
chicken
egg
thing
right,
like
the
water
rights
have
to
come
first,
but,
and
you
have
to
know
how
much
quantity
you
need,
but
also
the
water
quality
matters
for
how
the
treatment
process
will
work
and
what
the
cost
of
the
of
the
facility
will
be,
and
I
guess
I'm
kind
of
I'm
I'm
thinking
through.
How
are
we
using
these
the
state
revolving
loan
funds
to
establish
new
water
treatment
facilities
or
increase
the
treatment
requirement
for
those
facilities,
and
just
like?
K
Adam
sullivan
for
the
record,
thank
you
for
the
question.
Assemblywoman
peters,
so
you
you're,
you
bring
up
a
good
point
that
there's
there's
specific
requirements
that
a
provider
would
have
to
to
meet
that
are
either
in
the
under
the
jurisdiction
of
divisional
water
resources
or
division,
environmental
protection
or
other
entities
and
as
a
as
a
department.
We
try
to
work
cooperatively
and
we
meet
regularly
to
make
sure
we
understand.
K
What's
being
proposed
and
we've
increasingly
we've
been
able
to
streamline
the
permitting
process
so
that
there
will
be
some
cross-referencing
so
that
we
that
we
stay
within
the
the
the
boundaries
of
water
law.
But
we
also
try
to
make
this
as
functional
as
we
can
for
the
people
who
are
trying
to
navigate
these
requirements
and
and
just
serve
their
customers.
So
it's
an
ongoing
effort,
but
I
I
appreciate
you
thinking
along
those
lines.
L
Thank
you,
assemblyman
peters,
I
would
say
a
good
example
of
how
the
process
works
is
related
to
review
of
new
subdivisions
where,
where
a
subdivision
is
expanding,
there's
a
process
for
making
sure
that
there's
available
water,
as
well
as
that
there's
capacity
for
treatment
of
water
if
needed
and
treatment
of
sewage,
if
needed,
and
so
there's
there's
a
preliminary
plan
process
and
a
final
plan
process
and
those
are
those
are
processes
that
we
need
to
communicate
on
routinely,
especially
if
plans
change
or
are
abandoned,
but
so
there's
there's
an
integrated
process
for
making
sure
that
you
know
we
aren't
issuing
permits
where
water
rights
don't
exist
and
that
we
have
adequate
treatment
capacity
in
place
for
drinking
water
or
wastewater.
F
Thank
you,
for
that
is
there.
Is
that
a
formalized
process
like?
Is
it
in
the
administrative
code
or
the
revised
statute,
or
is
that
a
an
internal
process
that
you
guys
have
developed,
as
as
colleagues
under
the
department.
L
Thank
you
senator
and
peter's
greg
lovato
for
the
record,
so
having
not
grown
up
in
the
water
programs.
I
don't
I'm
not
able
to
cite
the
the
section
of
nac
but
yeah
it's
it's
there's
a
subdivision
development
requirement.
It's
somewhere
in
the
200s
of
nrs
that
all
of
us
follow
and
that
all
of
us
have
a
role
in
and
I
we
can.
We
can
follow
up
on
the
specifics
with
that
to
you
later.
F
Thank
you.
I
would
appreciate
it
and
I'd
also
appreciate,
maybe
a
connection
or
tie-in
to
the
state
revolving
loan
fund
and
how
that
plays
a
part
or
a
role
in
this.
Your
decision,
making
processes
and
and
priorities.
L
Thank
you
again
greg
for
the
record,
and
so
the
state
revolving
fund
I'm
becoming
more
and
more
familiar
with.
As
we
understand,
there's
going
to
be
quite
a
bit
more
federal
funding
coming
in
over
the
next
five
years
that
we've
been
planning
for-
and
you
know
that
program
has
a
lot
of
outreach
to
a
number
of
water
and
wastewater
treatment
systems
throughout
the
state.
L
They
create
a
priority
list
every
year.
That's
actually
posted
on
our
website.
If
you
want
to
review
that
a
list
of
all
the
projects
they've
created
over
the
years
and
or
helped
fund
over
the
years
are
on
our
website.
We
also
fund
some
pretty
innovative
financing
programs
for
states,
not
just
project
projects
that
allow
them
to.
L
You
know,
increase
the
value
of
the
funds
they
do
have,
and
so
yeah
there's
there's
a
process
ongoing
for
reaching
out
to
large
and
small
systems
throughout
the
state
to
get
them
on
the
priority
list
and
to
have
them
heard
for
approval
before
the
board
review
claims
that
meets
pretty
regularly,
where
that's
needed,
or
to
approve
those
projects.
C
Thank
you,
mr
chair,
for
the
question
and
gentlemen
good
to
see
you
here,
lot's
happening
today
in
the
state
of
nevada.
They
just
the
supreme
court,
gave
that
announcement
today
on
that
diamond
valley
decision.
So
I'm
no
state
engineer
you'll
be
interested
in
reading
that
I'm
sure
that'll
be
your
nighttime
reading
today.
C
In
any
case,
my
question
is
on
the
the
the
chart
that
you
gave
us
in
the
surface:
water
reservoir
levels
from
february
28th
and
looking
at
topaz
lake,
which
is
my
backyard
and
the
the
lakes
that
you
can
control
like
boca
and
indep,
I
think
stampede
and
all
of
those
which
are
the
waterford
northern
nevada.
This
is
done
from
february
28th.
Is
there
a
new
measurement
and
a
percent
from
that
big
water?
You
mentioned
these
extreme
water
things
that
were
had
this
year.
We
had
like
three
big
episodes.
C
C
K
Right,
adam
sullivan,
for
the
record.
Thank
you
for
the
question.
Assemblywoman
titus,
the
the
source
for
that
is
actually
the
the
nrcs
the
in
in
reno.
They
they
do
a
really
good
job
of
updating
that
data
and
compiling
it.
Statewide.
C
Good
so
hopefully
we
can
see
if
that
really
made
a
change,
because
I
think
right
what
I'm
seeing
here
and
I'd
like
to
see
something
like
even
past
a
last
year.
Capacity
like
you
know,
three
years
ago,
capacity,
those
kind
of
things
on
any
particular
day,
because
these
are
controlled
levels
in
these
particular
reservoirs.
So
it's
not
like
it's
a
natural
occurring
that
you
could
get
a
good
feel
on
really
to
where
the
water
is,
because
that
that
water
level
is
controlled.
The
topaz
lake
is
chimney.
Creek
reservoir
is
donner,
lake
is
bulk.
C
All
of
those
are
controlled
where
those
levels
are
so
I'm
just
curious
to
see
is
that's
a
that's
a
decision
to
hold
that
water
there
and
then
let
some
out
like
lahontan
is-
and
I
know
that,
there's
no
upstream
one
of
the
big
issues
with
the
carson
valley
and
the
carson
river
system
is
there's
no
upstream
place
to
hold
that
prior
to
getting
to
le
hunt.
C
So
I'm
just
curious
about
the
amount
of
flow
versus
the
the
just
just
those
kind
of
capacity
and
those
that
kind
of
information
is
just
kind
of
a
one
point:
information,
as
opposed
to
the
broad
information
so
interested
to
see
what
what
it
is
now.
K
Absolutely
this
is
just
one
snapshot
in
time
and
to
really
understand
the
system,
like
you
point
out,
they're
all
really
different.
It's
a
managed
system
and
there's
good
gauging
from
both
the
operators
of
these
reservoirs,
as
as
well
as
the
usgs
for
stream
flows,
the
nrcs
again
and
other
local
entities.
C
And
if
I
might
just
add
one
on
a
personal
note,
looking
forward
to
hearing
what
you
have
to
say
about,
since
you
were
down
in
our
valley
just
a
couple
months
ago,
giving
us
a
bad
news
story,
I'd
be
curious
to
hear
if
that
has
changed
and
where
you
are
on
curtailment
and
some
of
those
things,
especially
after
reading
this
release
from
the
supreme
court
today.
So
thank
you,
sir.
Looking
forward
to
further
conversation.
A
D
Thanks
chair,
I
knew
you
couldn't
miss
me
quick
question
adam.
We
just
had
a
presentation
from
you
at
public
lands
meeting
and
in
it
they
talked
about
the
different
models
several
of
the
people
presenting
it.
I
can't
remember
if
you
guys
did
or
not
mentioned
that
so
many
of
the
models
predict
increased
precipitation
because
of
the
climate
changes
that
we're
experiencing.
D
K
Adam
sullivan
for
the
record,
that's
right!
The
the
global
circulation
models
that
that
try
to
characterize
future
precipitation
patterns
don't
have
a
consensus
towards
whether
precipitation
would
increase
slightly
whether
it
would
decrease
slightly
or
would
stay
about
the
same
it
there.
Wouldn't
my
understanding
this
I
won't
say
this
is
my
area
of
expertise,
but
there
isn't
any
prediction
that
that
precipitation
amounts
would
dramatically
change
in
any
direction
up
or
down
that.
Therefore,
the
you
know
the
the
central
tendency
towards
all
these.
K
These
forecasts
is
that
makes
sense
to
plan
on
mean
annual
precipitation,
not
having
any
substantial
changes
over
a
long
period
of
time
and
the
and
it's
we'll
get
much
more
bang
for
the
buck.
On
preparing
for
higher
extremes
and
more
inner
annual
variability.
D
Okay,
well,
that's
actually
a
positive
thing.
You
get
the
impression
listening
to
this,
that
you
know
when
this
horrible
drought
and
where
all
our
streams
are
drying
up
and
the
whole
state's
gonna
just
blow
away
when,
in
fact,
what
you're
saying
is
it
the
averages
may
change
a
little
bit,
but
overall
we
can
kind
of
stay,
predict
the
mean
flows
or
whatever
will
be
fairly
consistent.
D
Okay,
one
other
quick
question:
I
don't
know
if
you've
water
history
because
of
these
issues,
I've
dug
into
it
extensively
for
quite
a
while,
starting
with
the
first
historical
record
I
know
of,
is
when
fremont
came
and
found
pyramid
lake,
but
he
also
at
that
time
there
was
no
winnemucca
lake.
Winnemucca
lake
was
actually
dry
as
bone
winnemucca
lake
filled
up
in
the
1860s
and
from
1860
something
to
about
1910.
We
had
a
series
of
very
wet
winters
which
we
end.
D
We
based
the
newlands
project
off
those
projects,
projections
for
the
flows
on
the
truckee,
carson
and
so
forth.
Since
then,
though,
we've
had
a
consistent
downward
trend.
I'm
just
wondering:
is
it
possible
that
we
actually
have
been
in
a
wetter
than
normal
pattern
for
a
century
or
more
and
now
we're
getting
back
into
more
a
normal
one,
as
would
it
be
indicated?
Obviously,
the
truckee
river
didn't
flow
enough
to
overflow
pyramid
lake
to
refill
winnemucca
lake
back
in
the
1840s.
D
D
Okay,
well,
I
thought
I'd
throw
it
out
there
for
fun
anyway.
It
would
be
very
interesting
for
you,
as
a
state
engineer,
to
dig
into
that,
because
obviously
long-term
trends
are
what
we're
looking
at.
I
mean
if
we
can
in
fact
show
that
nevada's
been
in
a
very
severe
drought
window
for
a
long
long
time,
then
our
concerns
over
current
levels
of
drought
may
be
exaggerated,
we're
simply
going
back
into
what
the
norm
was
for
the
state
anyway.
Thank
you,
mr
chair.
A
Thank
you
senator
hansen,
and
I
think
one
of
the
important
things
that
we
want
to
do
is
make
sure
that,
regardless
of
the
long-term
trends
that
we
make
sure
that
you
know,
people
still
have
access
to
water.
And
you
know
if,
if
some
of
these
trends
continue
or
or
worsen,
even
if
they
bump
up
down
the
road
that
could
be
lead
to
some
pretty
severe
impacts
for
for
all
of
our
constituents
and
and
for
all
nevadans
in
the
short
term,
as
well
as
potentially
in
the
long
term.
A
All
right,
so
thank
you
both
for
your
time
and
presentations
to
the
committee
today.
We're
gonna
move
on
to
the
next
item,
which
again
we're
going
to
change
the
order
of
presentations
on
our
agenda
to
make
sure
we
can
accommodate
all
of
our
presenters
today.
M
Okay,
well,
thank
you
very
much.
It's
really
a
pleasure
to
to
be
here
my
I'm
really
here
today
in
my
role
as
the
chair
of
the
american
psychiatric
association,
climate
committee
and
a
founding
member
of
the
climate
psychiatry
alliance,
which
is
a
group
of
related
psychiatrists
interested
in
the
mental
health
impacts
of
climate
change
and
raising
awareness
about
them.
M
A
M
Yeah,
you
know,
I
think
that
one
of
the
things
to
be
aware
of
is
the
number
of
people
that
are
experiencing
climate-related
anxiety
in
this
country,
and
this
is
from
the
yale
center
for
climate
communication,
a
poll
from
september
and
then
published
in
november
of
the
rates
of
anxiety
about
climate
change
overall,
in
both
america
and
in
young
americans,
about
70
of
the
public,
expresses
significant
anxiety
about
climate
change
and
about
35
percent,
express
very
severe
anxiety
or
worry
about
climate
change.
M
So
what
you
guys
are
doing
here
and
addressing
the
needs
that
people
have
and
acting
on
the
information
that
we
have
is
just
extraordinarily
important.
M
A
lot
of
the
reason
for
this
anxiety
is
something
that
we
call
in
psychiatry.
Disavowal
and
disavowal
is
one
of
the
most
pathological
defenses.
It's
the
state
of
acting
as
if
you
don't
know
something
that
is
bad.
That
is
going
on
and
pretending
that
it's
not
happening.
The
easiest
to
understand
analogy
is
the
analogy
in
a
family
where
there
is
ongoing,
for
example,
sexual
abuse
or
physical
abuse,
which
is
brought
to
the
attention
of
the
non-abusing
parent
and
the
parent.
M
Does
nothing
and
there's,
then
this
great
suppression
of
the
truth
in
the
family,
which
leads
to
a
lot
of
trauma-related
symptoms
in
the
person
that
is
experiencing
the
abuse
and
that's
actually
the
best
analogy
to
understand
disavowal
when
we
know
something
and
we
don't
act
effectively
on
it.
So
I
think,
just
from
my
perspective,
effective
action
to
solve
the
problem
is
most
important.
M
I
know
you
guys
have
had
a
number
of
presentations
on
air
pollution,
but
I
am
going
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
particulate
air
pollution
and
ozone
and
how
it
affects
the
brain.
So
this
is
a
slide
that
highlights
in
white
the
most
significant.
A
Thank
you
miss
sorry
to
interrupt
you,
but
could
you
just
speak
up
a
little
bit
louder?
A
couple
of
our
committee
members
are
having
trouble
hearing
you.
M
This
slide
shows
the
most
common
kinds
of
air
pollution
that
we
have
in
in
nevada,
about
87
of
it
is
carbon
dioxide,
another
fossil
fuel,
related
air
particles
that
have
names
like
pm,
2.5
and
pm10.
We
also
have
nitric
dioxide,
a
lot
of
air
pollution
from
pollen
and
fire
smoke.
As
we
know,
and
then
in
the
vagus
area,
we
have
ground
ozone
which
is
produced
when
temperatures
are
particularly
high
and
those
are
the
ones
that
we're
most
focused
on
in
psychiatry.
M
Air
pollution
is
associated
with
an
increase
in
depression,
about
of
about
10
after
an
air
pollution
event,
which
is
defined
as
three
days
and
an
increase
in
suicidality
presentations,
the
er
for
suicide
of
about
one
percent
for
every
one
day
of
bad
air
exposure,
some
studies
looking
at
bipolar
disorder
and
psychosis
as
well,
although
that
information
is
pretty
new,
but
I
think
the
most
important
thing
to
understand
about
air
pollution
is
its
impact
on
the
older
brain,
particularly
for
women,
and
particularly
for
women
who
carry
the
apoe4
a
risk
factor
allele
for
alzheimer's
disease,
so
in
the
in
the
older
population,
the
risk
of
alzheimer's
disease
overall
is
over
threefold
higher
when
you're
exposed
to
the
top
25
percent.
M
M
M
So
there's
significant
depression
coming
out
of
the
medical
risks
of
heat
overall
in
the
population.
If
you
look
at
facebook
posts
or
twitter
posts
or
the
kinds
of
social
media
data,
the
population
feels
more
negative
when
it
is
hot
out
and
that
can
actually
be
a
significant
contributor
to
community
well-being.
M
And
then
there
are
some
small
studies
that
suggest
an
increase
in
psychotic,
symptoms
and
mania
and
depression,
but
the
two
most
important
impacts
of
air
pollution
for
mental
health
have
to
do
with
increases
in
violence
and
in
suicide
rates.
So
this
data
is
from
one
of
many
studies,
but
from
marshall
burke,
who's
at
stanford.
Looking
at
changes
in
rates
of
suicide
and
over
a
million
people
in
mexico.
M
In
addition
to
that,
there's
about
a
one
percent
increase
in
completed
suicide,
particularly
as
you
get
towards
uncomfortable
temperatures,
and
they
estimated
in
the
study
that
the
higher
temperatures
that
we're
seeing
now
over
95
degrees,
we'll
wipe
out
the
gains
of
every
single
suicide
prevention
program
that
we
have
in
this
country
by
2050.,
so
very,
very
significant
increase
on
rates
of
suicide
and
very
significant
increase
in
rates
of
violence.
M
So
this
is
a
meta-analysis
by
solomon,
hassan,
looking
at
multiple
studies
of
multiple
different
kinds
of
violence,
and
it
is
true
for
both
group
on
group
and
individual
violence
that
the
hotter
it
is
outside
the
hotter
headed
we
get
and
the
more
likely
we
are
to
be
aggressive
with
each
other.
And
this
has
very
significant
social
ramifications
just
in
terms
of
the
number
of
expected
rates
and
homicides
salts
and
so
on
that
are
associated
with
these
very
high
temperatures.
M
So
I
think
that's
a
very
important
thing
to
keep
in
mind,
and
this
is
a
breakdown
of
the
same
study
looking
at
the
percentage
increase
in
the
different
kinds
of
violence,
as
we
have,
one
standard
deviation
increase
in
temperature
and
the
prediction
is
that
there
will
be
about
an
additional
22
000
murders,
1.2
million
aggravated
assaults,
180
000
rapes
and
2.3
million
simple
assaults
by
the
end
of
this
century,
with
unchecked
climate
change.
M
M
The
third
area
where
climate
change
has
an
impact
on
mental
health
has
to
do
with
food
insecurity
and
different
ways
that
crops
grow
when
kids
don't
have
enough
to
eat
when
people
don't
have
enough
to
eat
in
general,
their
academic
and
cognitive
performance
and
development
suffer
they
develop
poor
attention
and
more
behavioral
problems
and
there's
a
kind
of
linear
relationship.
The
hungrier
are
the
more
you're
likely
to
have
pain
marine
sadness
when
foods
go
quickly.
They
also
absorb
less
micro
nutrients
and
minerals
and,
in
particular,
for
mental
health.
Zinc
and
iron
are
very
important.
M
But
in
conclusion,
what
I
would
say
is
that
the
main
mental
health
effects
of
climate
change
really
have
to
do
with
the
intersecting
stresses
that
come
from
the
multiple
hits
of
climate
change,
on
extreme
weather,
defense,
on
heat
on
work,
productivity
and
all
the
other
things
that
that
take
a
hit.
You
know
this
week
we
had
thousands
of
flights
canceled,
we
have
100
million
americans
in
actually
life-ending
heat
without
air
conditioning.
M
Just
all
these
things
lead
to
disability
and
family
strain,
and
once
communities
and
families
start
to
fall
apart
rates
of
substance
abuse
and
child
abuse
and
other
things
go
up.
So
it's
really
about
the
intersecting
effects
of
climate
change
on
the
total
psyche
that
climate
change
is
having
the
most
effect
on
people,
and
this
will
obviously
fall
most
significantly
on
disadvantaged
populations,
particularly
the
mentally
ill.
M
So,
for
example,
in
heat
waves,
mentally
ill
are,
are
three
to
12
times
more
likely
to
die
just
because
they're,
just
not
as
well
resourced
as
other
groups,
and
I
did
forget
to
mention
actually
that
heat
is
associated
with
problems
with
psychiatric
medications
which
make
you
less
tolerant
of
heat
and
therefore
more
likely
to
end
up
in
the
emergency
room
because
you're
overheated.
So
that
was
what
I
wanted
to
say
quite
briefly,
and
I
can
now
make
myself
available
for
any
interesting
questions
that
you
have.
M
I
am
going
to
share
with
the
group
a
number
of
documents.
There
was
a
study
recently
done
by
oregon
state
looking
at
how
they
can
empower
their
youth
in
terms
of
climate
change
for
climate
distress
which
I'll
share,
and
there
was
also
a
document
prepared
by
my
group,
looking
at
a
state
emotional
response
to
extreme
weather
that
can
as
draft
legislation
for
a
massachusetts
legislature
that
you
might
be
interested
in
looking
at
in
terms
of
what
you
could
do.
But
I'm
happy
to
answer
any
questions.
A
A
One
of
the
things
that
I
find
interesting,
particularly
about
some
of
the
the
mental
health
issues
is
that
you
know
we
can
also
connect
them
back
to
education,
which
is
kind
of
the
other
large
issue
that
the
legislature
deals
with,
and
you
know
you
talked
about
some
of
the
potential
impacts
to
to
suicide,
and
you
know.
I
also
wonder
about
the
impacts
that
you
know
if
children
are
are
being
exposed
to
excessive
heat.
A
You
know
either
at
home
due
to
lack
of
adequate
air
conditioning
outside
or
or
in
the
classroom
as
well,
because
I
know
that
many
schools
have
trouble
at
times
keeping
keeping
their
their
buildings
properly
cooled
and
the
the
impacts
that
that
can
have
on
on
student
performance
and
and
learning
so
very
interesting
to
think
about
some
of
the
potential
crossover
between
some
of
these
issues.
Do
we
have
questions
from
members
of
the
committee
and
we'll
start
with
assembly,
woman,
titus.
C
Thank
you,
mr
chair.
I
appreciate
the
presentation.
Sorry,
I
missed
part
of
that.
I
needed
to
get
some
caffeine
to
help
maintain
my
alertness
through
these
this
long
afternoon.
So
I
apologize.
I
am
interested
in
your
extreme
temperatures
and
suicide
rate
increases
and
wondering
if
there's
been
interesting,
interesting
data
there
wondering
if
there's
been
any
change
in
that
with
this.
C
M
C
What's
resource,
did
you
have
with
that
one
on
the
decrease
in
depression
in
china?
I'd
love
to
see
that
if
you
could
just
send
it
to
the
committee
or
send
it
to
me,
I'd
love
to
see
that
one,
but
again
the
we
know
the
increased
drugs
increase
suicide
with
the
covet
impact.
I
was
just
wondering
if
that
the
same
rate
of
increase
temperatures
did
we
see
with
with
coverage.
Was
this
a
dramatic
increase
in
and
and
if
you
could
correlate
any
of
that,
but
thank
you
for
your
presentation
now.
M
A
Thank
you
very
much
and
thank
you
some
of
women
titus.
You
know
again.
I
think
this
just
gets
back
to
highlighting
how
much
additional
research
and
and
data
that
is
needed.
So
some
of
these
things
are
helping
raise
issues
that
I
think
should
be.
I
think
many
of
us
would
agree
should
be
looked
into
further
in
order
to
try
and
better
understand
them,
and
then
you
know
potentially
address
them.
F
Thank
you,
chair
watson.
Thank
you,
dr
house.
I
appreciate
your
presentation
and
this
issue
aria
and
one
percent
may
feel
small,
but
the
person
who's
impacted
as
that
one
percent,
or
the
people
who
are
impacted,
as
that
one
percent
and
the
feelings
within
their
families
and
their
friends,
and
the
ramifications
of
that
one
percent
being
affected
can
be
huge
in
our
community
and
result
in
greater
impact.
So
I
think
it's
important,
regardless
of
the
percentage
that
we
consider
these,
these
you
know
things
we
can
control.
F
My
question,
though,
kind
of
kind
of
goes
back
to
a
question
I
had
earlier
in
the
day
about
a
presentation
from
dri
where
they
correlated
some
spikes
and
covered
positivity
rates
at
a
hospital
with
wildfire
season,
and
you
may
not
have
the
information
today,
but
I'm
I'm
putting
this
out
here
out
there
to
the
folks
in
the
public
health
realm,
as
were
we
seeing
more
people
going
to
the
hospital
for
mental
and
behavioral
health
needs,
were
we
seeing
more
people
go
to
the
hospital
for
respite
from
wildfire
where
we
like?
F
What
was
it
wildfire
that
was
driving
people
to
the
hospital,
or
was
it
kova
driving
people
to
hospital?
And
how
much
was
that
and
a
factor
in
seeing
those
increases
in
population,
the
hospital
that
were
positive
for
covid
in
that
first
20
year
of
2020?
So
I
guess
the
correlation
did
not
hold
in
2021.
So
anyways,
I'm
curious
from
the
public
health
perspective.
Where
are
there
some
areas
where
we're
seeing
the
real
impact
of
wildfire
on
our
populations
and
what
is
it
that
they're
asking
for
and
where
can
we
par?
M
I
think
that
in
most
of
the
studies
it's
a
one
to
three
day
lag
before
somebody
comes
in
with
that
kind
of
effect,
and
so
it
may
not
be
on
the
day
of
the
fire.
These
things
do
tend
to
be
additive,
and
so,
for
example,
there's
increased
rates
of
psychosis
and
premature
birth
when
exposed
to
heat,
and
when
you
have
another
one
patient
in
labor,
who's
psychotic,
who
would
not
otherwise
be
psychotic.
Delivering
prematurely
would
not
otherwise
be
delivering
prematurely.
M
One
patient
in
with
a
stroke,
another
patient
in
with
a
suicide
attempt
and
two
patients
in
with
violence,
which
is
where
those
one
percent
end
up
going.
Then
you
have
a
hospital.
That's
got
10
more
patients
that
are
really
in
much
more
severe
circumstances
and
that
hospital
begins
to
be
strained,
but
in
terms
of
wildfire
in
particular,
the
the
basic
mechanism
of
all
of
these
things
has
to
do
with
inflaming
the
body.
M
So
when
the
tissues
are
inflamed,
whether
it's
the
lung
or
the
brain,
they
are
they're,
more
porous,
they're,
more
boggy
and
and
they
therefore
more
vulnerable
to
infection,
in
the
same
way
that
when
you
have
broken
down
skin
you're
more
vulnerable
to
getting
an
infection
at
that
site.
So
the
coveted
wildfire
thing
I
think,
works
a
little
bit
like
that.
And
again
most
of
these
studies
were
not
done
in
nevada,
so
I
wouldn't
be
able
to
speak
specifically
to
rates
of
er
admission
in
nevada.
A
Thank
you
and
I'm
I'm
sure,
I'm
echoing
some
of
the
requests
from
other
members
to
if
you
have
the
ability
to
share
some
of
those
studies
for
or
links
to
them,
so
that
folks
can
check
them
out.
We'd
we'd
appreciate
that
I
believe
we
have
a
question
from
assemblywomanhansen
and
don't
worry
I
have
you.
I've
got
you
down
next
senator
hanson.
J
J
We
talk
with
respect
to
hipaa,
though
about
what
they
see
in
the
course
of
their
work,
especially,
my
son
was
the
co-head
of
a
coveted
unit
and
don't
recall
one
single
climate-related
situation
in
the
the
work
that
they've
done,
but
I
do
have
a
daughter
that
is
a
mental
health,
professional
and
the
discussion
about
some
of
the
issues
of
depression,
anxiety
that
she's
been
able
to
share
in
a
general
sense
and
what
my
question
would
be
for
you
is
what
is
the
impact
of
social
media
more
so
when
we
talk
about
climate,
is
it
I
think
about
the
young
people,
and
this
is
what
my
daughter
has
talked
about.
J
J
Are
you
able
to
separate
that
out
from
what
you're
studying
that
when
we
say
it
might
be
related
to
climate?
Is
it
related
to
really
to
what's
happening
factually
in
the
climate,
or
is
it
their
fear
of
what
they're
seeing
on
social
media
and
of
speculation,
and
not
necessarily
facts
related
to
covet
or
climate
whatever?
J
M
Again,
you
know,
kids
are
responding
to
climate
science.
You
know,
and
climate
science
is
predicting
what's
happening
with
remarkable
accuracy,
so
I
don't
think
they're
responding
to
alarmism
in
in
the
in
the
media
when
they're
worried
about
their
climate
future.
There's
no
evidence
from
any
of
the
large
studies
that
have
been
done
in
youth
so
far
that
that
the
problem
is
the
social
media
exposure.
It's
really
their
anxiety
about,
what's
happening
to
the
planet,
about
which
they
have
great
concern
and
love.
M
You
know
they
have
great
love
for
the
natural
resources
that
we
all
cherish
as
well.
So
I
don't
think
that
that's
a
social
alarmism
is
really
the
issue.
M
J
J
A
Go
ahead,
but
if
I
may
I
I'll
I'll
gladly
give
you
the
follow-up,
but
one
of
the
things
I
just
wanted
to
get
some
clarification
on.
So
I
I
I
haven't
kept
up
with
the
you
know:
studies
on
impacts
of
social
media,
although
I'm
sure
that
there
are
I'm
sure
there
are
some
some
impacts
on
mental
health
from
that.
But
I
just
wanted
to
also
get
clarification.
So
you
book
in
your
presentation,
you
both
mentioned
anxiety
related
to
the
state
of
the
climate,
but
then
you
also
in
terms
of
of
assembly.
A
Women,
hansen's
question
also
talked
about
research
that
shows
specific
links
between
some
of
the
the
climate
related
impacts,
specifically
heat
and
air
pollution
on
brain
health
and
and
mental
health
is
that
I
just
want
to
make
sure
that's
correct.
So
there's
kind
of
two
two
separate
things
both
in
anxiety
and
then
the
specific
impacts
from
heat
and
pollution.
Is
that
correct.
M
J
Okay,
thank
you.
I
would
just
you
said
that
there's
no
necessarily
correlation
that
youth
are
stressed
by
the
social
media
and
the
climate
messages.
We
do
know
that
social
media.
There
are
studies,
mayo
has
one
in
that,
especially
with
young
women
from
the
ages
14,
and
up
that
social
media.
Since
about
2014,
when
the
study
was
released
that
they,
there
is
indeed
an
impact
on
anxiety,
depression
in
these
age
groups
and
especially
with
females.
J
So
there
there
is,
there
are
other
studies
out
there
and-
and
I
will
follow
up
for
the
committee
just
because
I
know
we're
going
along
and
I
will
get
those
sent
over
to
the
committee
and
make
sure
that
that
I
see
see
you
on
it
as
well.
So
appreciate
the
the
extra
indulgence
chair.
M
M
For
the
self-esteem
and
well-being
of
young
people,
that
is
not
any
in
any
way,
something
that
I
was
suggesting
is
not
the
case.
I'm
just
saying
that
in
the
studies
that
have
been
done
of
young
people
about
their
attitudes
towards
climate
change,
there's
no
evidence
in
those
studies
that
that
is
social
media
post.
That
is
causing
that
anxiety
that
that's
where
their
exposure
is
coming
from.
So
that
was
all
I
was
trying
to.
A
A
So
you
know
there
are
many
different
factors,
but
there
are
some
that
are
particularly
related
to
you
know:
increased
exposure
to
heat
or
air
pollution
that
are
contributing
to
again
what
you've
noted
that
we
all
agree
on
that
we're
seeing,
which
is
you
know,
some
worsening
mental
health
impacts
in
our
youth
and
in
our
community,
open
it
up
to
other
questions
from
committee.
Oh
sorry,
senator
hansen,
you're
next
go
ahead.
D
Trying
to
dodge
me
there
I
I
would
catch
up
with
you
chair.
Thank
you.
Actually,
a
follow-up
on
alexis's
question.
Having
studied
this
extensively
for
years
and
having
been
like,
like
our
daughter,
is
actually
a
psychologist,
and
you
know
she
mentioned
all
that,
but
having
done
my
own
homework
on
it,
one
thing
that's
been
very,
very
consistent
in
all.
D
This
is
what
I
would
call
apocalyptic
predictions
that
in
the
next
10
years,
if
you
heard
what's
her
name,
greta
thundberg
or
whatever
from
sweden,
her
predictions
for
all
the
young
people
are
in
10
years
the
whole
world's
collapsing.
We
don't
do
something
now.
I
can
trace
that
exact
theory
back
to
at
least
paul
ehrlich
and
his
predictions
of
the
hundreds
of
millions
of
people
starving
to
death
in
the
70s.
D
You
read
an
inconvenient
truth,
which
I've
read
extensively
in
his
other
works
as
well
same
thing,
where
a
whole
world's
collapsing,
there's
even
a
book
out
by
a
very
liberal
guy
running
for
governor
of
california
apocalypse.
Never
and
he
points
out
that
all
these
predictions
that
we've
been
telling
all
the
young
people
are
in
fact
nonsense
and
that
while
there
are
problems,
they're,
manageable
and
the
world
is
not
coming
to
an
end.
Yet
the
majority
of
the
kids
have
heard
nothing
like
the
young
lady
that
testified
here
this
morning,
when
was
she
9
or
10?
D
Excuse
me,
the
mental
health
attitudes
of
our
young
people
are
not
being
impacted
by
these
kinds
of
constant
messages
that
they're
guilty
of
using
carbon
based
fuels
and
that
they're
guilty
of
using
air
conditioning
and
driving
automobiles,
and
that's
ruining
the
plan
and
ultimately,
within
10
years,
everything's
going
to
die
from
polar
bears
on
down.
That
has
no
impact
on
mental
health
of
young
people.
A
That's
fine,
that's
okay!
I
just
wanted
to
extend
the
opportunity,
senator
hansen.
I
I
appreciate
what
you're
bringing
up
I.
I
do
think
that
the
what
was
brought
up
when
public
comment
was
spurred,
particularly
by
the
fact
that
that
students,
school
and
home
almost
burned
to
the
ground
more
than
you
know,
some
of
those
other
issues
that
you
brought
up
but
we'll.
A
D
Would
agree
with
that
particular
case,
but
when
you
talk
to
young
people
and
even
on
the
senate
floor,
the
youngest
member
there
got
up
and
said
that
the
world's
coming
to
an
end,
basically,
even
though
we're
living
better
than
ever
the
entire
planet,
but
everybody
all
the
young
people
have
been
told.
For
you
know
we
don't
do
something
within
10
years
and,
like
I
said,
you
can
go
back
for
40
50
years
with
those
kind
of
predictions
and
they've
all
been
apocalyptically
based
and
all
have
been
wrong.
Yet
the
kids
who
grew.
A
Up
in
that
environment
mentally,
I
appreciate
your
comments,
senator
and
again
the
focus
of
our
meetings
and
our
presentations
is
actually
pretty
aligned
with
what
you've
said
is
that
you
know
we
continue
to
learn
more
about
some
of
the
impacts
that
we're
having
and
we
have
been
successful
at
tackling
many
of
them
and
so
we're
trying
to
to
gather
some
information
about
kind
of
the
the
latest
research
on
what
certain
impacts
are
and
and
what
we
can
do
about
them
and
getting
away
from
you
know
those
doom
and
gloom
scenarios
towards
you
know
meaningful
and
specific
actions
that
we
can
take
both
as
the
state
government
as
well
as
individuals
and
members
of
the
community.
A
All
right
seeing
none!
Thank
you
again,
dr
haas.
Oh
actually,
I
I
do
have
one
last
question.
Sorry
before
I
let
you
go,
you
know
we're
talking
about
kind
of
the
impact
side,
but
one
of
the
things
that's
been
extremely
interesting
to
me
is
both
kind
of
the
research
and
some
of
the
emerging
action
in
using
outdoor
recreation
and
exposure
as
a
treatment
for
physical
and
for
mental
health.
A
I
know
the
state
of
new
york
has
recently
passed
legislation
kind
of
asking
different
agencies
to
come
together
and
and
look
at
ways
that
they
could
improve
that
public
health
infrastructure,
particularly
for
veterans,
so
that
when
they
get
into
the
health
care
system
and
are
having
mental
health
issues
that
we
could
actually
find
some
way
to
cover
through
our
public
health
infrastructure,
getting
them
transportation
park
passes
other
things
to
actually
help
them
get
out
and
spend
time
in
the
outdoors
as
a
way
to
help
treat
mental
health.
M
Yeah,
absolutely
I
mean
there's
abundant
evidence
of
the
therapeutic
role
that
nature
can
play
in
in
blood
pressure
and
depression
and
anxiety,
and
so
the
more
you
can
connect
people
to
those
natural
environments.
The
better.
What
you're
talking
about
is
called
social
prescribing,
where
you
have
often
a
peer
or
a
social
worker
or
a
lesser
level
of
training
required
person
that
is
connecting
the
person
up
to
their
community
and
up
to
group
involvement
and
other
things
that
are
good
for
mental
health.
M
They
also
go
to
getting
people
in
better
physical
shape
and
other
physical
benefits,
and
they
also
tie
into
the
general
trend
that
we're
trying
to
support
in
mental
health,
which
is
getting
people
out
of
the
individual
office
and
connected
to
their
communities
and
to
their
supports
in
that
way,
and
using
peers
and
and
other
kinds
of
mental
health
workers
to
give
them
non-medication
solutions
to
their
problems,
and
so
very
much
in
support
of
maximal
access
for
all
people
to
outdoor
space
of
all
kinds
and
to
animals.
M
C
A
Support
housing
because
having
shelter
is
linked
to
so
many
other
health
outcomes,
and
so
I
think
it's
it's
also
interesting
to
think
about
access
to
nature
outdoors
support
animals.
You
know
specifically
as
a
health
measure
and
how
we
can
again
bridge
the
divide
when,
when
we
think
about
some
of
the
programs
and
resources
there.
So
thank
you
for
that
all
right
with
that.
Thank
you
again,
dr
haas,
for
taking
the
time
to
present
to
us
today.
A
We
appreciate
it
we'll
now
move
on
to
the
last
item
on
our
agenda
item
number
11,
which
we
have
two
remaining
presenters
and
I
believe
first
up
we're
going
to
hear
from
a
representative
at
the
department
of
health
and
human
services.
I
believe
we
have
miss
mcdade
williams
joining
us,
so
welcome.
A
N
Good
afternoon,
members
of
the
committee
for
the
record
marlon
mcdade
williams,
deputy
director,
with
the
department
of
health
and
human
services,
some
okay,
just
trying
to
get
coordinated
here.
Thank
you
for
the
opportunity
to
be
here
today.
I
was
asked
to
address
public
health,
climate
change
and
the
role
of
the
department
of
health
and
human
services
with
nevada
tribes.
N
You
can
see
there
are
kind
of
some
of
the
topics
that
I'll
be
talking
about,
but
you
know
and
I've
you
guys
have
heard
a
lot
today.
So
I
just
put
in
a
quote
here
of
as
the
climate
continues
to
warm,
the
risk
to
human
health
will
grow,
exacerbating
existing
health
threats
and
creating
new
public
health
challenges.
N
And
you
know,
when
speaking
about
nevada
tribes,
you
have
to
understand
that
nevada
reservations
are
risk
prone
areas,
they're
isolated.
They
are
the
first
ones
subject
to
drought.
Many
of
them
are
in
deserts
and
you
know
communities
have
grown
into
them
right.
The
reservations
were
set
aside
to
move
people
away
from
the
general
population
and
as
communities
have
grown,
they've
grown
into
the
communities
or
into
the
reservations.
N
N
We
in
the
department
of
health
and
human
services
don't
do
anything
with
farming
and
ranching
or
hunting
and
fishing,
but
some
of
those
things
are
definitely
related
to
security,
and
you
know
social,
social
determinants
of
health
in
these
reserve
tribal
communities.
N
So
I
don't
want
to
go
into
a
lot
of
background
about
really
the
specifics
of
of
the
issues
on
the
reservations
I
did
link
to
in
this
next
item:
climate
changes,
tribal
and
indigenous
health
from
the
public
health
news
wire.
It
highlights
some
of
the
key
issues
that
are
concerns
for
tribal
communities,
climate
and
health,
food
sovereignty
and
access
infrastructure
and
systems,
development,
resource
extraction,
clean
air
and
clean
water.
N
If
you
look
at
this
presentation
or
this
documentation
from
the
affiliated
tribes
of
northwest
indians
called
tribal
priorities
for
solving
the
climate
crisis
again,
there
are
five
bullet
points
there
that
I
think
represent.
The
majority
of
tribes
throughout
the
west.
Expand
resources
specifically
for
mental
and
behavioral
health.
Increased
telemedicine
options
and
address
broad
brand
infrastructure
need
ensure
that
tribal
governments
have
access
to
and
control
over.
N
N
N
I
believe
this
is
in
walker
river,
where
they're
looking
at
seed
to
table
opportunities
that
they
have
in
that
community
out
insurers
and
if
you've
been
to
shers.
You
know
that
there's
a
river
that
goes
well,
there's
a
a
river
that
trickles
through
and
there's
not
a
lot
of
water
there.
So
you
know
how
they
are
able,
you
know
and
again,
and
it's
affected
their
farming
as
well.
They
don't
have
access
to
the
same
amount
of
water
right.
So
how
do
you?
N
How
do
you
sustain
your
your
cattle
and
your
horses
and
your
livestock
when
you
don't
have
the
ability
to
irrigate-
and
you
know,
farm
and
and
all
of
those
things?
So
this
is
an
effort
that
will
help.
They
believe,
help
that
community
and
continue
to
have
food
security.
There's
no
grocery
store
there
there
used
to
be,
you
know,
there's
a
there's:
a
convenience
store,
it's
basically
a
gas
station.
N
They
used
to
have
a
grocery
store.
You
know
somebody
who
it
was
his
line
of
business
and
then,
when
he
left
there
was
nobody
else
to
pick
that
up,
and
so
you
know
they
have
to
travel
whatever.
It
is
30
miles.
You
know
to
yarrington
or
40
miles
to
hawthorne
or
45
miles
to
fall
or
whatever
it
is.
It's
just
not
really
convenient
and
anyway.
So
we
also
have
funding
for
mental
and
behavioral
health.
N
We
have
chronic
disease
prevention
programs
and
we
have
the
office
of
minority
health
inequity
who
you
will
hear
from
next.
We
also
have
an
extensive
tribal
liaison
network.
We
have
them
in
each
division,
they
do.
We
do
hold
regular
meetings
with
tribal
representatives,
and
this
was
actually
passed
before
the
law
was
enacted
relating
to
tribal
consultation
and
having
tribal
liaisons.
N
I
do
want
to
say,
though-
and
I've
briefly
touched
on
this-
some
out
into
my
presentation,
but
there
is
no
job
classification
for
tribal
liaisons
in
state
government,
there's
job
classifications
for
a
help,
program,
specialist
or
a
management
analyst.
So
we
end
up
plugging
people
in
to
these
roles,
and
I
think
it
comes
at
the
expense
of
really
truly
understanding
some
of
our
tribal
communities,
because
people
who
could
fill
these
roles
from
tribal
communities
can't
get
the
positions
because
they
don't
meet
the
qualifications
of
a
health
program
specialist
or
whatever.
Those
things
are
moving
on.
N
N
So
again,
I've
linked
to
an
article
titled
pandemic,
illuminates
long-standing
gaps
in
relations
with
nevada
tribes,
an
opportunity
for
closer
ties-
and
this
actually
relates
to
efforts
undertaken
during
the
pandemic
to
and
work
with
tribes
to
get
food
to
them.
But
I
did
want
to
mention
that
they're
in,
if
you
do
have
a
chance
to
link
to
that
article,
the
opening
picture
is
is
of
duck
water
and
again
you
can
see
the
remoteness
of
of
that
area
if
you've
ever
traveled
there.
You
know
that
it's
a
dirt
road
to
get
there.
N
So
that
leads
to
the
next
point
that
the
remoteness
means
that
the
professional
staff
aren't
always
available,
so,
whether
it's
professional
staff
working
for
the
tribes
or
whether
or
not
it's
professional
staff
that
can
go
into
the
tribes
they're,
just
they're,
just
not
there,
and
so
you
know
when
we
talk
about
cultural
competences,
is
still
needed.
N
N
If
I
call
you
to
a
meeting,
you
know
you
should
be
able
to
come
to
a
meeting,
and
you
know
when
you've
got
a
tribal
chairman
who
is
doing
five
jobs
when
you
have
an
expectation
that
a
tribal
chairman
is
there
to
manage
the
day-to-day
business
of
the
tribe,
they
can't
be
running
off
to
all
these
different
meetings
to
to
try
to
carry
their
issues
forward.
So
you
know,
that's
goes
to
the
next
point:
there,
it's
disruptive
and
it's
expensive,
and
it's
even
more
expensive.
N
N
You
know
when
you
get
there,
but
it
is
quite
a
trek
and-
and
we
expect
that
goes
to
chairman
to
to
come
to
every
meeting-
you
know
to
talk
about
their
issues
and
just
you
know,
I
think
our
lenses
have
to
recognize
that
there
are
challenges
that
we
just
don't
deal
with
here
in
carson
city
and
even
you
know
traveling
to
the
reservations,
that's
what
I
did
on
this
trip,
but
it
wasn't
for
the
state.
It
was
in
a
previous
role,
but
you
know
it's
it's
just
not
sustainable
for
state
government.
N
You
know
to
consistently
go
out,
and
so
we
have
to
have
different
ways
of
doing
business
so
so
as
it
relates
to
opportunities
related
to
climate
change
and
public
health,
nevada
has
increasingly
supported
tribes,
and
it
has
resulted
in
numerous
state
laws
that
have
benefited
tribes
and
tribal
people,
and
I
think
this
has
been
an
effort,
probably
gained
strength
in
the
last
four
to
six
legislative
sessions,
and
I
think
tribes
are
better
understanding
that
you
know.
State
government
can
really
be
an
access
point
for
them
and
it
can
really
be
beneficial
for
them.
N
But
again
it's
it's.
It's
a
change,
and
so
one
of
the
ways
that
we
can
really
help
facilitate
communication
and
access
to
programs
is
embedding
staff
within
tribes
or
within
the
nevada,
indian
commission
or
the
inner
tribal
council
of
nevada,
and
that
might
help
gel
connections
and
the
nevada,
indian
commission,
director
montooth.
N
She
just
works
her
tail
off
to
to
try
to
do
everything
she
can
but
she's
a
one-person
show,
or
you
know
she
has
two
other
staff,
but
you
know
in
terms
of
the
the
policy
work,
but
you
know
she
she
doesn't
have
the
high
level
professional
staff
either
and
again
she's.
You
know
that
agency
is
a
state
agency,
subject
to
the
same
hiring
controls
that
everybody
else
has.
So
if
she
has
someone
who
would
be
good
if
they
don't
meet
the
qualifications
for
her
program
officer
position
or
whatever
it
is,
she
can't
hire
them.
N
N
You
know,
because
we
always
want
to
look
to
the
the
tribal
council
and
the
tribes
themselves
and
again
their
they're
resource,
then
so,
but
there
also
are
you
know.
If
there
are
people
out
there,
we
don't
know
where,
where
they
are,
we
don't
know
where
to
find
them.
You
know
who
could
really
participate
and
understand.
I
actually
am
appointed
to
the
state
land
use
planning
advisory
committee
as
a
member
appointed
by
the
nevada,
indian
commission.
N
N
That
can
help
do
some
of
this
work,
and
so
it's
my
appeal
to
you
know
help
us
figure
out
a
way
to
to
really
help
people
understand
what
the
opportunities
are
within
state
government
again
in
recognizing
the
remoteness
and
figuring
out
ways
to
hire
state
staff.
Get
applicants
qualified
based
on
other
experience,
while
allowing
them
to
work
at
their
home
locations
could
help
us
bridge
some
of
these
gaps.
I
did
want
to
highlight
a
success,
I'm
within
the
department
of
health
and
human
services.
N
This
happened
quite
a
few
years
ago,
where,
through
the
public
health
preparedness
program,
we
were
able
to
hire
a
tribal
liaison
on
that
position.
I
believe,
worked
in
the
director's
office,
but
it's
grown
and
extended
out
to
the
division
of
emergency
management
and
through
coven
19.
The
division
of
emergency
management
team
worked
with
tribes
and
they
were
really
the
go-to
agency
for
tribes
if
they
had
a
question.
N
They're,
like
they're,
calling
their
emergency
manager
and
dem
is
working
with
all
of
the
other
agencies
to
to
try
to
help
meet
needs
in
these
communities
and
here's
just
a
quote
from
john
bakdal,
the
deputy
administrator
at
the
division
of
emergency
management.
The
participation
and
direct
feedback
from
the
members
is
key
to
giving
dem
and
php
advice
and
guidance,
and
I
can
attest
to
how
that
works
right.
N
I've
been
through
legislative
sessions
where
a
bill
would
come
up
on
emergency
management,
and
I
would
I
would
go
to
the
tribes
and
I
would
say,
do
you
guys
know
anything
about
this
and
they'd
say
yeah.
They
already
told
us
about
this,
and
you
know
and
we're
good
with
it,
and
I
tell
you
it
was.
It
was
really
heartwarming
to
see
that
level
of
communication
with
that
agency
and
tribal
communities,
because
it
does
not
happen.
N
You
know
we
do
our
best,
but
I
can
tell
you
we
we
struggle
having
that
same
type
of
partnership
and
I
think
it's
because
they
have
have
just
they
have
a
devoted
resource
to
do
it
and
and
they're
committed
to
it.
N
So,
just
in
wrapping
this
up,
I've
often
heard
that
we
need
to
meet
people
where
they
are,
and
I
think
that's
what
we
need
to
do
with
tribal
communities
and
we
keep
wanting
to
put
a
you
know
square
hole
into
no
around
into
a
square
box
or
whatever.
That
is,
and
you
know
it's
just
not
going
to
work
right
now.
You
know
tribes
are
just
they
are
working
as
hard
as
they
can
with
the
resources
they
have,
but
they
don't
have
any
resources.
N
So
there
are
many
communities
in
nevada
where
we
need
to
apply
this
practice
and
remove
our
lens
of
expectations
that
everyone
does
things
like.
We
do
in
state
government,
so
we
need
to
analyze
opportunities
to
extend
direct
funding
and
staffing
into
communities,
build
their
capacity
and
forego
forego
some
of
the
expectations
for
managing
funding,
and
I'm
not
saying
that
they
get
to
spend
it
on
whatever
they
want.
N
But
you
know
bureaucratically
speaking,
we
can
put
up
a
lot
of
barriers
when
we
are
trying
to
issue
funding
to
people,
and
you
know-
and
I
it's
as
much
our
problem
as
it
is
the
legislature's
problem
right
when
there
are
all
these
rules
that
everybody
has
to
follow.
So
you
know
just
throwing
that
out
there,
and
I
just
finally
say
that
we
won't
make
progress
by
sitting
back
and
continuing
to
complain,
complain
that
the
tribal
communities
aren't
meeting
our
needs.
We
have
to
do
as
much
to
help
meet
theirs.
N
I
think
it
you
know
and
again
at
the
department
of
health
and
human
services.
We
are
committed
to
to
doing
that
and
we
are
trying
to
work
through
all
the
other
challenges
that
are
put
in
front
of
us
as
well,
and
you
know,
and
the
legislature
has
always
been
supportive.
So
so
I
do
very
much
appreciate
that
and
I'm
available
for
questions.
A
A
I
know
I
for
one
am
interested
in
in
following
up
to
see
what
are
some
options
that
we
have
to
improve
some
of
those
pathways
and
pipelines
into
into
public
service
and-
and
you
know,
conducting
some
of
the
professional
development
that
you
talked
about
and
I'd
hope
that
I'd
find
some
support
for
figuring
out
areas
where
there's
some
barriers
or
red
tape
that
we
could
cut
in
that.
So
we'll
open
it
up
to
members
for
questions
we'll
start
with
assemblywoman
titus,
then
we'll
go
to
assemblywomanhansen.
C
Thank
you
very
much,
mr
chair,
for
the
questions
and
deputy
director
williams.
You
are
have
been
a
steadfast
advocate
for
folks
in
the
rurals
and
the
tribes,
and
thank
you
for
staying
with
that,
and
I
always
appreciate
your
presentations
and
thank
you
a
couple
observations.
I
have
and
then
some
questions
first,
I
agree
with
you.
I
think
that
broadband
has
to
get
out
to
the
tribes,
not
just
for
telemedicine,
but
perhaps
some
of
this
education
and
being
able
to
communicate
with
tribal
members
better.
It's
tough,
I
mean
you're,
you
did
a.
C
You
stated
that
traveling
to
the
reservation
and
for
them
to
travel
here
is
difficult.
You're
speaking
to
the
four
legislators
who
travel
the
most
in
the
state,
so
to
say
that
traveling
is
an
issue
I
I
will
tell
you
that
all
four
of
us
and
the
only
other
person-
that's
not
sitting
here
that
could
be-
is
senator
gokuchiya.
We
put
thousands
of
miles
thousands
of
miles
on
our
vehicles
all
the
time
going
to
meetings
like
this
or
going
out
to
our
constituents.
I
alone
now
you
know
if
it
falls.
C
If
it
comes
to
fruition,
I
will
represent
from
douglas
county
lake
tahoe
all
the
way
down
to
dire
fish
lake
valley,
which
I've
been
traveling
the
last
couple
months.
So
the
distance
is
not
unique
to
nevadans
and
trying
to
get
here
and
make
that
an
effort.
It's
a
conscious
effort
that
we
do
that.
So
I
understand
the
traveling
difficulties
because
we,
the
four
of
us,
live
that
difficulties.
So
I
understand
that
so
getting
broadband
there.
I
certainly
support
that.
C
I
certainly
believe
in
telemedicine
and
being
able
to
educate
him
but
and
then
important
to
engage
the
youth
early
to
get
them
willing
and
know
the
options
that
there
are
to
being
to
be
an
advocate.
I
mean,
I
believe
in
advocates
for
health
care.
I
believe
an
advocate
for
the
seniors
I
believe
in
advocates
for
who
you
represent
and
believe
in
so
certainly
supported.
But
my
question
is
during
the
last
legislative
session,
maybe
the
one
before
we
passed
a
law
allowing
marijuana
dispensaries
on
tribal
lamb.
C
You
mentioned
that
their
only
income
that
the
tribes
have
or
sources
is
agriculture
food
that
the
they
have
the
problem
with
food
security,
because
it's
farming
and
ranching
and
hunting
and
fishing,
and
certainly
then,
the
tribes
that
I
know-
and
I
drive
out
to
and
know
very
well-
is
the
the
walk
river
tribe
and
the
shers
going
out
to
shores
and
know
that
they,
the
water,
sits
there
in
weber
reservoir
above
shores,
and
I
know
that
they
still
irrigate
with
this,
and
I
know
that
the
the
walker
river
is
chock-a-bock
full
of
willows.
C
So
it
doesn't
really
get
to
the
to
walker
lake
because
it's
stuck
right
there.
So
there
are
many
issues
there,
but
where's
the
money
coming
from
indian
gaming.
Where
is
it
going
to
indian
gaming
and
the
marijuana
dispensaries?
What
are
their
tribes
doing
with
that
source
of
income?
I
know
they've
gotten
a
lot
outside
money
for
broadband
and
other
things,
but
where
what
benefit
has
it
been
to
the
tribes
for
those
two
sources
of
incomes,
gaming
and
the
marijuana
dispensaries.
N
Thank
you
for
the
record,
martin
mcdade
williams,
deputy
director
department
of
health
and
human
services.
I
mean
I'm
really
not
qualified.
To
answer
that
I
mean
you
could
bring
in
any
any
particular
chairman,
but
I
think
you
have
to
recognize
that
those
economic
development
opportunities
aren't
going
to
generate
revenue
that
they
are
in
the
you
know,
larger
metropolitan
areas,
they're
going
to
generate
some
local
revenue
for
sure,
and
some
tribes
have
used
some
of
that
money.
N
To
you
know,
I
think
somebody
bought
a
a
new
fire
truck,
or
you
know
I
so
they're
they're
using
it
as
they
can
to
to
build
capacity,
and
it's
also
providing
some
local
employment,
but
I
think
the
scale
of
it
just
isn't
right.
It's
it's
way
different.
It's
way
different
than
many
of
the
larger
operations
you
know
gaming
again,
I
you
know,
I
believe
the
washoe
tribe
has
a
gaming
establishment
in
gardnerville.
N
You
know
it
competes
with
all
of
the
other
gaming
establishments
in
downtown
gardnerville.
So
you
know
it
the
the
revenue
streams
there
are
just
they're
they're
way
different
than
when
you're
in
a
metropolitan
area,
and
you
have
access
to
a
larger
population
to
to
to
buy
those
things.
So
there
are
some
opportunities
but
they're
small.
C
And
fall
that,
if
I
might
mr
chair
just
is
there
any
we
in
here
where
you
know
the
transparency
government
transparency?
We
have
to
account
for
from
our
city
the
budgets
to
county
budgets,
to
the
state
budgets.
The
transparency
has
to
be
there
on
where
that
monies
goes
and
how
it
is
being
spent
and
on
the
marijuana
funds.
C
Is
there
any
any
transparency
oversight
or
anybody
that
where
we
can
see
where
that
money
is
being
spent
and
how
the
different
tribes,
because
they're
all
independent
nations,
and
where
they're
spending
that
money
on
so
we
know
or
have
information,
or
we
that's
not
available
to
anybody?
The
tribes
are
just
their
own
nations
and
nobody
gets
to
over.
I'm
not
saying
control
it.
I'm
just
saying
knowledge
of
where
it's
being
spent.
N
For
the
record,
martin
mcdade
williams,
again
not
representing
any
specific
tribe,
but
they
they
they
do
know
where
they're
spending
it
whether
or
not
they
want
to
give
that
out
to
someone
else,
I
think,
is
a
question
for
each
of
those
tribes
that
the
system
is
set
up.
You
know
they
have
to
have
a
regulatory
body
over
particularly
for
their
cannabis
operations.
They
have
to
have
a
regulatory
body
over
that.
I
you
know.
N
I
do
know
that
tribes
don't
have
to
you
know
the
state
is
not
going
to
come
in
and
in
audit
their
records
right.
The
state
has
to
ask
permission
if
they
wanted
to
have
access
to
the
records
in
terms
of
like
the
regulatory
bodies
so
but
from
a
policy
perspective
again,
I
you
know
it's
possible
that
every
tribe
that
tribe
that
does
have
them.
If
you
ask
the
question
that
they'd
be
willing
to
share
that,
but
there's
no
requirement
that,
as
you
said,
that
they
have
to
share
it.
A
All
right,
thank
you,
we'll
move
on
to
assemblywoman
hanson
and
then
senator
hansen.
J
Thank
you
chair,
and
it's
so
good
to
see
you
miss
mcg,
miss.
J
I
know
your
name.
I
was
going
to
say
marla,
but
miss
williams
and
in
your
new
position
I
think
we're
asking
you
questions
that
might
have
applied
to
your
your
old
position,
but
you've
been
a
lifeline.
Just
a
quick
little
shout
out
to
you.
I
appreciate
I
have
a
lot
of
tribes
in
my
district
they're
near
and
dear
to
my
heart
and
and
I
feel
for
you
in
some
of
the
water
woes
and
when
I've
had
concerns
of
questions.
J
You've
always
been
really
good
about
making
sure
we,
as
legislators
are
up
to
speed
and
that
there's
a
voice
for
those
tribes
and
I've
appreciated
that
when
we
talk
about
broadband,
have
we
visited
the
idea
of
starlink
and
just
bypass
broadband
altogether?
Are
you
familiar
with
starlink
elon,
musk's
technology?
That's
satellite
driven.
J
I've
had
great
success
with
some
constituents
in
battle,
mountain
and
and
others
that
I'm
getting
where
it's
it's
really
starting
to
spread,
and
I
wonder
if
that's
something
that
we
could
look
into
and
and
I've
heard
it's
wonderful,
it's
fast,
reliable
and
that
might
solve
some
of
those
issues
for
zoom
so
that
they
don't
you
know,
members
don't
have
to
travel
in.
I
also
love
your
suggestion
that
you
know
we
come
there.
You
know
I
I
know
when
I
have
come
to
those
areas.
J
I
appreciate
it
and
I
think
it's
important
for
us
to
get
out
there.
I'm
we're
going
there
for
public
lands
out
to
pyramid
lake,
and
so
I
think
for
all
of
us.
We
need
to
make
more
of
an
effort
as
well
and
let
us
spend
six
dollars
a
gallon
going
out
to
visit
some
of
our
our
tribal
lands
here
in
the
state
of
nevada
and
get
get
that
input
directly
and
and
take
that
message
to
them.
I
had
another
question,
but
it
seems
to
have
slipped
my
mind.
J
Well,
I'll,
come
back,
the
chair's
been
very
gracious.
So
if
it
comes
back
to
my
memory,
I'll
I'll
ask
for
another
another
question,
thank
you.
N
For
the
record,
martin
mcdade
williams,
so
I
think,
as
a
you
know,
I
don't
know
anything
about
starling
personally,
I
do
know
that
there
was
a
lot
of,
and
I
don't
know
what
the
limitations
are
on
the
on
the
federal
funding
that
moved
through.
I
know
that
there
was
a
lot
of
effort
to
try
and
get
some
system
that
would
be
beneficial
for
them,
and
the
intertribal
council
of
nevada
actually
worked
pretty
closely
on.
N
You
know,
I
think,
there's
a
couple
of
issues
at
play
on
the
reservations
right,
there's
developing
just
the
infrastructure
on
the
reservation
and
then
there's
people
being
able
to
afford
to
pay
for
the
infrastructure
when
once
it
gets
there.
So
I
don't
know
exactly
where
those
things
are
at,
but
I'm
happy
to
pose
the
question.
J
And
I'll
sure,
I'm.
N
A
And-
and
I
was
just
going
to
say
that
you
know-
there's
been
a
lot
of
conversations
you
know
in
in
other
committees
and
in
the
state
about
broadband
expansion
and
some
of
those
initiatives,
and
so
we
can
have
our
staff
connect
with
the
office
of
science,
innovation
and
technology.
Who's
been
working,
a
lot
on
expanding
high-speed
internet
access,
and
you
know,
pose
those
questions
and
and
get
some
information
back
to
the
committee.
A
All
right,
let's
see,
I
think
next
we
have
senator
hansen,
then
assemblyman
ellison.
D
Thanks,
chair,
marlo,
don't
feel
bad.
I
don't
think
about
startling
here
and
my
wife's
one
pushing
all
the
time.
So
a
couple
questions
you
mentioned,
you
need
additional
staff
funding,
but
then
you
also
mentioned
you
have
a
darth
of
professionals.
Are
you
suggesting
that
we
kind
of
change
the
standards
for
staffing
so
that
you
have
more
people
that
are
available
since
you
have
a
shortage
of?
I
guess?
Officially,
you
know
trained
professionals
with
college
degrees
or
whatever
is
required.
D
Okay,
I'm
just
wondering
how
you
know
what,
but
what
I
want
to
do
is
obviously
you
need
to
get
the
staffing,
but
you've
had
some
issues
with
being
able
to
get
people.
They
either
feel
qualified
or
meet
state
standards.
Some
sort
of
the
impression
I
got
so
anyway.
We
want
to
make
sure
that
they
that
you
have
the
resources
and
the
requirements
to
fit
the
needs
of
of
the
tribes
question
on
travel
distances.
I
assume
tribes
are
definitely
would
qualify
as
underserved
communities.
D
N
For
the
record
marlon
mcdade
williams-
I
mean
it's
the
same
as
it
is
for
everybody
else.
Right
I
mean
you,
you
have
to
start
planning
what
you're
going
to
town
for
you.
N
Don't
you're
not
going
to
go
to
town
for
an
ice
cream
cone
tonight
you're,
you
know
you're
going
to
go
to
town
when
you
can
plan
it
and
you're
going
to
get
all
of
your
groceries
and
are
you
going
to
go
into
fallon
and
consider
the
prices
and
fallon,
or
are
you
going
to
go
all
the
way
into
reno
and
because
you
know
maybe
you'll
it'll
be
a
little
bit
cheaper?
There
I
mean
it's
like
everybody
else
right.
You
have
to
make
decisions
on.
What's
the
most
cost
effective
for
you
and
your
family.
D
Well,
it's
kind
of
like
everybody
else.
I
don't
have
to
drive
50
miles
to
get
to
the
grocery
store.
So
it's
a
little.
You
know
like
it's
a
lot
more
of
an
issue
for
you
on
on
a
remote
reservation.
You
know
you
drive
from
mcdermott
to
winnemucca
is
what
90
miles.
So
that's
the
closest
grocery
store,
unless
you
want
to
hit
the
convenience
store
in
nevada,
we'd
like
to
get
a
comment
back
to
the
pyramid,
lake
tribe.
You
know-
and
this
is
one
mr
chair
for
the
public
lands,
people
and
the
natural
resources.
D
Folks,
then
the
pyramid,
lake
paiute
tribe,
had
a
problem
with
them:
their
feral
horse
population.
They
had
over
500
of
them
on
the
reservation,
absolutely
tearing
up
the
entire
reservation.
The
indians
went
and
rounded
all
those
horses
up
put
them
on
trucks
shipped
them
to.
I
believe
mexico
within
two
days
problem
solved
and
believe
me
in
the
state
of
nevada.
We've
talked
about
this
issue.
D
If
we
really
want
to
follow
the
lead
of
the
indigenous
peoples
and
how
you
take
care
of
problems
of
feral
populations
of
animals,
the
pyramid,
lake
paiute
tribe,
set
a
gold
standard
that
the
state
of
nevada
and
the
bureau
of
land
management
should
should
follow.
So
please
let
them
know
that
there's
one
assemblyman
that
thinks
they
really
did
a
first
class
job
of
just
you
know:
ball
was
in
their
court.
D
H
Thank
you,
miss
marla,
I
like
calling
mcdade
and
williams
because
I
know
a
whole
bunch
of
them
names.
You
know
I
I've
cowboyed
with
most
of
these
guys.
You
know
my
age
and
younger
through
the
years
and
and
the
greatest
people
in
the
world
the
best
cowboys
in
the
world,
but
some
of
the
problems
I
see
right
now
is
the
dispensary
and
some
of
the
young
people
out
there
in
elko.
H
It's
you
can
see
the
crime
going
up
and
and
the
problems
they
have
and
then
these
young
kids
are
really
getting
in
trouble
and
I
don't
know
what
to
do
the
police.
Don't
know
what
to
do.
The
tribal
police
don't
do
anything
and
then
the
people
that
we
know
up
at
the
reservation
they
keep
calling
and
asking
for
help.
Well,
it's
a
sovereign
nation,
there's
nothing.
I
can
do
so.
H
H
Look
what
they
went
through
for
years
and
and
trying
to
get
through
there
and
they'd
have
to
drive
from
mcdermot
from
way
all
the
way
down
to
mountain
city,
and
then
they
got
the
store
back
up
there
and-
and
it
worked
really
good-
there's
got
to
be
some
kind
of
funding
to
help
get
some
of
these
stores,
and
I
know
up
in
mcdermott,
you
know
look
how
far
they
got
to
go
so
whatever
we
can
do
to
help.
N
Thank
you,
some
of
them
and
ellis,
and
I
for
the
record
martin
mcdade
williams,
through
the
fund
for
resilient
nevada,
the
settlement
dollars
for
opioid
funding.
We
do
anticipate
needing
to
be
able
to
direct
funding
opportunities
to
tribal
nations
to
help
deal
with
those
issues.
N
N
I
share
way
too
much
personal
stuff
lately,
when
I'm
testifying,
I
shouldn't
be
given
a
microphone
anymore,
but
you
know
recently-
and
I
testified
to
the
legislative
committee
on
education
on
a
personal
level.
They
there
was
a
decision
made
that
you
couldn't
wear
any
of
your
tribal
regalia.
N
While
you
were
going
through
graduation
that
doesn't
go
very
far
to
make.
You
feel
like
you're,
a
welcome
part
of
your
community
when
there's
no
cultural
recognition,
and
I
think
that's
what
I'm
trying
to
say
in
this
presentation-
is
that
you
know
we
throw
around
the
term
cultural.
I
can't
even
remember
what
it
is
now
cultural
competence.
N
It's
not
you
know,
training
people
who
didn't
grow
up
in
those
communities
to
really
understand
that
community.
Sometimes
it's
helping
those
people
in
those
communities
recognize
how
they
can
fit
into
these
systems
so
that
then
they
can
transfer
those
skill
sets
into
helping
people
in
those
communities
that
they
come
from.
H
Do
have
an
idea-
and
I
don't
know
if
that
has
ever
worked,
but
the
money
you
know
the
tribes
are
really
fighting
with
the
dispensary
and
what
they
need
to
do
is
is,
I
think,
every
tribe
that's
got.
A
dispensary
should
have
to
be
forced
to
put
x
amount
of
money
either
into
education
or
youth
programs
out
of
them
dispensaries,
because
they're
making
hundreds
and
hundreds
of
thousands
of
dollars.
You
should
see
the
cars
that
go
up
there.
H
The
one
in
jackpot
is
massive,
but
I
think
if
they
could
say,
okay,
you
guys
going
to
do
this
you're
going
to
make
this
kind
of
money
x.
Amount
of
money
has
got
to
go
into
the
youth
program
or
something,
and
that
way
you
can
control
it
and
help
them.
Kids
right
now,
they're
all
arguing
who's
where
it's
going
and
how
it's
getting
there.
A
A
All
right,
seeing
no,
no
other
questions.
Thank
you
again,
deputy
director
mcdade
williams,
for
for
taking
the
time
to
come
and
speak
with
us
today
with
that
we'll
move
on
to
the
last
presenter
that
we
have
on
our
agenda.
Today
we
have
a
representative
from
the
office
of
minority
health
and
equity.
A
O
Very
good,
very
good,
thank
you
and
and
good
afternoon
to
you,
mr
chair,
and
to
the
other
members
of
the
joint
committee.
Thank
you
so
much
for
this
opportunity.
My
name
is
tina
dortch
and
since
2018,
I've
had
the
distinct
privilege
of
serving
as
a
program
manager
for
the
nevada
office
of
minority
health
and
equity.
O
It's
a
program
that
is
also
within
the
director's
office
within
the
department
of
health
and
human
services.
So
I
thank
you
again
for
this
time
and
I've
been
asked
to
speak
on
the
subject
matter
of
an
overview
for
climate
change,
issues
related
to
environmental
justice
and
health
disparities.
O
O
Environmental
factors
when,
coupled
with
social
inequities,
well,
this
can
result
in
health
disparities
and
you've
heard
this
conversation.
You've
heard
this
said
many
times
before
today.
These
disparities
are
disproportionately
experienced
by
underserved
or
marginalized
communities,
and
these
communities
are
often
populated
by
persons
who
identify
as
black
indigenous
people
of
color.
O
More
thoughtfully,
these
trends
begin
to
emerge,
and
when
we
see
these
trends,
we
start
seeing
them
along
certain
lines,
things
like
environmental
factors
and
how
they
can
lead
to
disease
and
health
disparities
when
places
where
bipod
persons
either
live
or
they
work
or
they
play.
These
are
things
that
we
refer
to
as
social
determinants
of
health.
Well,
these
are
also
burdened
by
social
inequities
and
without
careful
attention
to
issues
of
race
and
class
climate
change
adaptation
measures,
they
run
the
risk
of
perpetuating
or
worsening
these
social
inequities.
O
Also,
another
trend
is
that
climate
change
in
nevada
can
produce
health
threats
related
to
extreme
heat,
to
air
pollution,
to
drought,
to
noxious
air
and
land
use
issues,
and
even
wildfires.
That
you've
heard
about
also
this
during
today's
hearing,
when
specifically
considering
the
example
of
extreme
heat,
this
phenomenon
disproportionately
impacts,
vulnerable
communities
and
just
state
it
plainly.
O
Now
this
is
a
category
that,
in
and
of
itself,
is
disproportionately
experienced
by
marginalized
communities,
for
example,
when
tailpipe
emissions
combined
with
sunlight
and
extreme
heat
conditions
come
together.
This
type
of
exposure
can
impact
heart
and
lung
functionality,
and
these
two
organs
are
susceptible
to
chronic
disease.
O
Extreme
heat
can
also
cause
disruption
across
social
and
economic
conditions,
which
are
experienced
much
more
severely
by
these
disenfranchised
communities,
and
so
in
order
to
act
on
these
trends,
what
we
believe
is
that
there
needs
to
be
validation
through
data
again.
The
case
is
to
be
made
that
supports
the
need
for
increased
development
of
nevada,
specific,
demographically
stratified
data.
O
At
this
time
there
have
been
localized
climate
impact
studies.
In
fact,
you
heard
from
one
I
think
was
our
first
presentation
that
was
from
the
gwen
center
and
their
report
was
entitled
strengthening
heat
resiliency
in
communities
of
color
in
southern
nevada.
That
report,
I
think,
was
completed
in
2021,
so
it's
pretty
relevant
and
rough
and
timely.
O
It
defined
extreme
heat
as
a
natural
disaster
and
provides
stratified
results
to
through
its
community
needs
assessment
and
also
a
gap
analysis
and
therefore
the
resulting
policy
recommendations.
They
were
formed
based
on
diverse
input
throughout
the
report.
Cova
19
impacts
were
also
contrasted
with
the
combination
of
marginalized
demographics
and
covet
effectively
demonstrating,
which
sub-populations
are
disproportionately
burdened.
O
Reports
and
policy
recommendations
being
predicated
on
stratified
data
is
therefore
important.
It's
in
order
to
reinforce
connections
between
climate
change
and
health
disparities
experienced
by
these
overburdened
communities
and
the
more
stratified
or
granular
these
indicators.
The
more
effectively
we
can
translate
the
resulting
data
into
knowledge
and
then
that
knowledge
into
action.
O
O
O
It
provisions
that
at
least
forty
percent
of
the
overall
benefits
of
federal
investment
and
key
programs
related
to
climate,
clean
energy,
transit,
housing,
workforce
development,
pollution,
remediation
and
clean
water
infrastructure
reach
those
marginalized
and
underserved
communities
overburdened
by
these
environmental
disparities
and
justice.
40
is
creating
an
infrastructure
to
help
get
these
resources
to
those
communities.
O
O
O
One
example
that
I
want
to
talk
about
that's
already
in
play
is
that
the
state
has
recently
been
awarded
1.9
million
dollars
in
brownfield
assessment
grant
funding.
This
is
coming
from
the
u.s
environmental
protection
agency
and
those
it's
been
four
awards
and
the
recipients
have
been
humboldt
county.
The
city
of
las
vegas
that
lost
the
henderson
redevelopment
agency
and
the
nye
county
coalition.
O
Its
membership
represents
public
and
private
organizations
who
are
committed
to
ensuring
health
and
well-being
to
diverse
communities
and
they'll,
be
holding
a
november
18th
impact
summit
and
we'll
be
putting
together
an
environmental
justice
panel.
For
that,
we'll
also
be
engaging
academia
or
institutions
that
make
up
the
nevada
systems
of
higher
education
in
she
partnering
with
academia
will
strengthen
the
work
of
this
team
and,
for
example,
nomi.
My
office
is
working
with
the
unr
larsen
institute
for
health
and
equity,
and
we
just
recently
began
a
extreme
heat
and
affordable
housing,
health
and
all
policy
pilot.
A
A
A
So
I
I
just
have
one,
I
probably
more,
of
a
comment,
but
I
just
appreciate
first
of
all
giving
us
an
update
on
the
activities
of
this
group,
especially
considering
that
it
was
formed
fairly
recently,
but
it
seems,
like
you've
already
come
quite
a
way
in
in
terms
of
planning
out
some
activities
having
some
key
goals
and-
and
you
know,
I'm
excited
to
see
how
particularly
some
of
the
stakeholder
engagement
progresses
on
this.
I
would
say
that
I
think,
there's
probably
a
lot
of
interest.
A
A
And
then
you
know,
another
thing
that
I
think
has
just
come
up
across
this
meeting
today
is,
and
that
you
mentioned
as
well
is:
is
data
and
being
able
to
you
know
to
get
data
that
shows
where
some
of
these
impacts
are,
and
while
we
are
making
progress
in
those
areas,
I
think
that
there
are
probably
still
gaps.
A
A
I
think,
ultimately,
we're
going
to
probably
need
to
get
some
of
those
folks
in
academia
that
you
just
mentioned
together
with
some
of
our
state
agencies,
because
at
the
end
of
the
day,
I
think
we
are
going
back
to
the
idea
of
silos.
We,
I
think
we
can
map
a
lot
of
different
things.
We
can
map
some
public
health
indicators
and
and
rates
of
different
health
ailments.
We
have
maps
through
our
environmental
regulator
of
air
quality
or
water
quality
discharges.
A
A
So
with
that,
I
want
to
thank
you
again
for
taking
the
time
to
present
to
us
today.
We
look
forward
to
seeing
the
the
results
of
of
your
work
and
and
to
continue
to
work
with
you
that
moves
us
to
the
last
item
on
our
agenda,
which
is
our
second
period
of
public
comment
again
to
call
in
please
dial,
669-900-6833.
A
When
prompted
please
enter
meeting
id
814-6977-2189
and
then
press
the
pound
key
and
our
broadcast
production
services,
staff
will
indicate
to
you
when
it
is
your
turn
to
speak.
Please
remember
to
clearly
state
and
spell
your
name
and
limit
your
comments
to
three
minutes.
We
don't
have
anyone
left
in
the
audience
here
in
las
vegas.
It
looks
like
everyone
is
left
in
carson
city
as
well,
if
not
head
on
up
to
the
table,
but
bps,
let's
see
if
anyone
wants
to
provide
public
comment
by
phone.
A
All
right,
thank
you
very
much.
That
concludes
our
lengthy
meeting
for
today.
Our
next
and
final
meeting
of
the
natural
resources
committee
will
be
monday
august
22nd,
and
I
want
to
note,
as
some
of
our
other
members
have
stated,
the
subcommittee
on
public
lands
will
be
holding
its
final
meeting
on
june
27th
at
pyramid
lake
with
that.
Thank
you
for
your
time.
This
meeting
is
adjourned.