►
From YouTube: Microcontrollers and Electronics with Mitch Altman
Description
Mitch Altman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Altman) presents on electronics and microcontrollers for total newbies. Presented at the September 2020 Open Source microfactory Build Camp. https://www.opensourceecology.org/steam-camp-sept-2020/
-----------------
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A
A
What's
there
to
conform
to
your
ideas
and
then
from
there
you
get
more
ideas
and
you
can
see
more
of
what's
online
and
you
can
just
keep
learning
and
playing
and
growing.
And
you
know
that's
what
I've
been
doing
all
my
life
and
that's
the
greatest
way
to
learn.
I
just
three
weeks
ago
got
a
kitten
and
he's
15
weeks
old
now
and
I've
been
watching
the
process
of
him
playing,
of
course,
he's
playing
to
learn
how
to
be
a
vicious
killer.
A
A
A
On
the
phone,
I
can
do
close-ups
of
some
wiring
that
we'll
do
later,
but
the
first
part
of
my
presentation
will
be
my
slides
here,
which
includes
some
videos
and
me
talking
about
stuff.
So
if
you
have
any
questions
along
the
way,
please
interrupt
me
feel
free
to
just
yell.
I
won't
be
able
to
see
the
chat
very
well,
so
please
just
unmute
your
mic
and
yell
and
say
hey
and
any
point
along
the
way.
A
A
This
on
my
screen
now
is
real
contact
information.
Please
feel
free
to
make
use
of
it
anytime
for
any
reason,
because
I'm
way
happy
to
help
anyone
any
way
I
can
so
please
ask
if
I
can
help
I
will
and
it
doesn't
have
to
be
about
electronics.
It
can
be
about
anything.
I've
been
depressed
for
the
first
half
of
my
life,
and
I
know
about
that.
A
So
if
you
have
questions
on
that
or
whatever
I'm
totally
happy
to
help
in
anything
that
I
can
help
with
so
we're
gonna
go
over
a
lot
of
things
in
this
presentation.
So
that's
all
the
stuff
in
writing,
but
I
have
pictures
which
make
it
easier.
First,
I'm
going
to
have
an
intro
about
me
and
then
an
intro
about
arduino
and
what
it
is
and
why
it's
cool
and
then
I'll
have
a
simplified
model
about
everything
you
need
to
know
about.
A
Electronics,
and-
and
I
mean
everything
so
normally
I
have
a
part
of
this-
is
about
how
to
solder
I've
taught
the
workshop.
I
don't
know
hundreds
of
times
now
since
2008.
and
when
I
do
it
live.
I
also
teach
people
how
to
solder,
and
people
actually
make
their
own
arduino
from
a
kit,
and
that's
this
put
this
together
and
then
we
actually
use
this
to
do
the
arduino
stuff,
I'm
not
going
to
show
how
to
starter
now.
A
But
if
you
want
to
you
can
download
my
stuttering,
comic
book
and
everything
I
do
is
open
source
everything,
including
how
I
make
a
living.
So
you
don't
have
to
be
just
someone
doing
stuff
for
fun.
That's
a
fantastic
thing
to
do.
Open
source
is
also
good,
as
martin
also
pointed
out
for
profit
corporations.
Do
it.
My
corporation
is
for
profit,
but
it's
really
small.
A
A
A
So,
let's
see
that
was
on
the
phone
I'm
going
to
go
over
the
arduino
software,
which
is
also
free
and
open
source,
super
easy
to
download
on
mac
os
windows
and
then
I'll
show
you
the
simplest
program
and
how
to
hack
that,
and
if
you
can
do
that,
then
you
can
hack
any
of
the
arduino
programs
and
you
do
not
need
to
have
ever
programmed
ever
in
your
life
to
be
able
to
hack
on
arduino
programs.
Arduino
was
created
so
that
non-geeky
artists.
That
was
the
original
idea.
A
A
This
is
a
program
on
the
screen
right
now,
but
the
arduino
people
don't
call
it
a
program.
They
call
programs
sketches
because
artists
don't
program
they
sketch
right.
So
I
think
that's
actually
silly,
but
if
you
play
with
arduino,
you
got
to
know
these
things
and
it's
okay.
So
this
is
an
arduino
sketch.
A
If
you've
never
seen
a
schematic
before,
but
I'll
show
you
that
it's
actually
really
easy,
and
once
you
know
how
to
read
a
schematic,
then
you
can
take
the
information
here
and
put
it
on
the
breadboard
like
this
and
that's
a
tv
be
gone,
remote
control
which
I'll
explain
in
a
little
bit.
But
if
you
can
make
this
and
I'll
show
you
how
to
make
this
as
an
example
project,
just
one
out
of
hundreds
of
thousands
or
millions
of
projects.
A
So
after
we
go
through
all
that,
then
I'll
show
you
how
you
can
make
your
own
arduino
on
a
solderless
breadboard,
so
that
you
can
you
don't
have
to
buy
one,
although
nowadays
buying
an
arduino
is
incredibly
cheap,
but
why
order
stuff
all
the
way
from
china?
If
you
can
do
stuff
at
home,
so
anyways
after
you
making
our
a
tv
gone,
which
you'll
be
able
to
do
by
the
end
of
the
workshop?
Definitely,
then
you
can
go
all
over
the
world
wherever
you
are
and
turn
tvs
off
in
public
places.
A
A
A
D
B
C
A
D
A
Good,
okay,
great
so
now
you
can
see
me
and
my
my
my
crazy
hair
and
whatever
so.
The
main
thing
now
is
the
slides
anyways,
but
but
seeing
me
smile
is
always
wonderful
yep.
So
let
me
just
say
a
bit
about
me
and
some
of
my
philosophy
which
overlaps
with
martinez
very
well,
I
think,
which
is
why
we're
playing
together
today.
A
So
I've
been
a
geek
all
my
life
and,
like
I
said
earlier,
the
first
half
of
my
life
was
like
totally
depressed
and
I
was
a
tv
addict
and
I
tried
to
escape
my
pain
into
television.
I
just
watched
tv
all
the
time
I
eventually
quit
and
all
these
other
things
that
I
did
to
try
to
avoid
my
pain.
That
was
when
I
was
25
and
it
took
many
years,
but
I
eventually
learned
to
live
a
life
I
love
living
and
in
2003.
A
I
actually
ended
up
quitting
all
of
the
work
that
I
did,
which
was
kind
of
cool.
I
did
lots
of
cool
things
as
a
consultant.
You
know
I
was
one
of
the
people
who
created
virtual
reality.
It
was
all
an
accident,
but
we
created
virtual
reality
and
coin
coined
the
phrase
virtual
reality
because
it
didn't
exist
in
1986
and
and
I
worked
on
voice
recognition
and
video
graphics
generation
before
there
were
video
cards,
and
that
was
also
in
the
80s.
A
To
me
it
was
cool,
but
it
wasn't
exciting.
It
wasn't
passion
my
passion,
so
I
quit
all
that
to
explore
what
it
might
be
that
I
was
passionate
about,
and
I
didn't
know
what
that
would
be
or
how.
I
would
continue
to
make
money
to
support
myself,
but
it
turned
out
that
this
way,
weird
idea
about
turning
tvs
off
in
public
places
was
the
thing
that
ended
up
making
me
a
living,
and
it
was
a
project
that
I
was
just
obsessed
with
in
a
year
that
I
gave
myself
to
explore.
A
Anyway,
I've
you
know,
a
few
friends
have
made
a
living
for
17
years
kind
of
kind
of
cool,
so
yeah
and
then
in
2007,
because
of
tv
be
gone.
I
was
invited
to
lots
and
lots
of
places
to
give
talks
and
one
of
the
places
I
was
invited
to
give
a
talk,
was
a
hacker
conference
and
I'd
never
really
heard
of
hacker
conferences
before
I've
heard
the
word
hacker
used
in
good
ways
and
bad
ways.
But
what
do
you
do
at
a
hacker
conference?
A
And
I
was
inspired
to
do
that.
So
I
did
that
with
a
bunch
of
other
friends
and
we
created
noisebridge,
which
is
that
round
red
circle.
That's
our
logo
and
it
became
one
of
the
first
us
hacker
spaces
and
early
hacker
space
in
the
u.s,
and
it
became
an
example
for
others
to
follow
and
yeah,
and
it's
still
going
there's
a
lot
of
long
stories
there.
But
I
won't
go
into
that.
A
And
since
I
manufacture
in
china.
I
started
doing
it
in
china
as
well,
and
meeting
people
in
the
ministry
of
education
in
china
and
there
they
wanted
to
improve
the
chinese
education
system
so
that
people
could
actually
learn
rather
than
just
take
tests
and
that
started
spreading
to
other
places
in
the
world.
A
We
can
do
so
much
more
if
we
have
time
and
energy
to
do
things
that
we
feel
are
important
and
if
we
can
make
money
enough
money
and
and
get
enough
other
resources
doing
what
we
love
to
keep
doing
living
our
lives,
including
doing
what
we
love
like.
What
could
be
better
and
that's
what
I
would
love
to
see.
A
A
So,
and
so
I
mentor
people
all
over
the
world
as
well.
I
have
that
little
thing
in
the
bottom
of
my
screen
be
a
happy
worker.
We
don't
have
to
just
struggle
to
make
enough
money
and
get
enough
resources
to
live
our
lives.
It's
not
necessarily
true
that
everyone
has
the
opportunities
to
do
this,
but
if
you
can
make
the
opportunities
make
the
time
explore,
do
cool
stuff.
A
A
A
I
now
live
in
berlin,
where
I'm
talking
from
right
now,
but
that's
my
contact
information,
otherwise
feel
free
to
call
me
email
me
anytime.
For
any
reason,
I
also
have
a
free
service,
which
I
encourage
all
of
you
to
make
use
of.
If
you
ever
find
yourself
in
a
position
where
you
don't
like
your
job,
please
contact
me.
I
am
really
good
into
talking
people
into
quitting
jobs.
They
don't
like.
A
C
A
A
Here's
me
teaching
50
people
how
to
solder
and
it's
fun
to
come
together
with
people
and
learn,
and
that's
what
we're
doing
here
today
so
see
these
people
are
happy
and
they're
only
learning
how
to
blink
a
light
doesn't
take
much
to
make
people
happy
yeah.
So
let
me
talk
a
bit
about
an
intro
to
arduino.
Arduino
is
based
on
a
computer
chip
and
the
technical
word
for
a
computer
chip
is
microcontroller.
A
A
None
of
them
are
happy
names,
but
this
one's
name
is
18328p
and
that's
what's
on
the
least
expensive
arduino
boards-
and
this
is
a
microcontroller
like
many
others,
it's
a
complete
computer
on
a
chip
and
all
it
does
like
all
computers
is
run
programs.
That's
all
any
computer,
guys,
no
matter
how
big
or
small
the
computer
is.
It
just
runs
a
program.
A
A
B
A
So
that's
a
project
of
mine.
I
make
a
bunch
of
kits
electronic
kits
so
that
people
of
all
ages
and
any
skill
level
can
learn
to
solder
and
make
something
cool.
So
the
project
that
didn't
the
video
didn't
play
was
just
blinking
lights
that
make
colored
lights
that
follow
your
hands,
it's
kind
of
like
a
weird
art
project,
so
you
can
have
waves
of
color
following
your
waving
hands
and
it's
kind
of
fun.
A
The
music
synthesizer
kit
is
arduino
based,
so
you
can
use
the
free
arduino
software
to
reprogram
in
different
sounds
so
you
can
play
all
sorts
of
different
music.
You
can
make
beautiful
sounds
you
can
make
nasty
noise.
You
can
do
all
sorts
of
cool
things.
So
you
know
those
are
just
some
of
my
projects.
Of
course,
tv
gone
is
another
project.
I
have
a
kit
for
that.
I
don't
make
any
money
doing
the
kits.
A
Tv
gone
is
my
favorite
project,
it's
just
a
remote
control
and
it's
on
remote
control,
like
any
other
except
remote
controls,
as
you
can
see
here,
have
all
of
those
buttons
all
of
those
buttons
are
useless
like.
Why
are
all
those
buttons
there?
When
you
have
a
tv,
the
only
button
you
need
is
the
off
button.
A
It's
a
very,
very
simple
project.
It's
just
a
microcontroller
and
five
other
parts,
including
a
button
and
a
battery
and
a
remote
controls,
work
with
invisible
light,
called
infrared
and
the
tip
of
the
the
tip
of
the
micro,
the
tip
of
the
tv
be
gone
where
you
can
see
the
weird
trippy,
yellow
and
blue
stripes
coming
out.
That's
an
infrared
light.
A
An
infrared
led
spans
many
off
codes,
first
from
the
most
popular
tv
which
is
sony
and
then
the
second
most
popular
which
is
phillips
and
then
the
third
most
popular
which
is
panasonic
and
on
and
on
and
on
until
it
goes
through
all
of
the
tvs
and
then
it
turns
itself
off
waiting
for
you
to
push
that
button
again
to
make
the
world
a
better
place
for
everybody
right.
So
that's
tv
gone
and
I'm
gonna
show
you
how
that
works,
and
that's
again
just
an
example.
A
Once
you
see
how
tv
gone
works,
you
have
enough
information,
you
can
do
hundreds
of
thousands
of
way
way
cool
projects,
even
if
you
don't
think
tv
be
gone,
is
cool.
I
don't
understand
why.
But
if
you
don't
think
it's
cool,
it
gives
you
the
information
anyways,
so
that
you
can
do
your
own
cool
thing.
A
So
if
you're
interested,
you
can
just
search
on
on
youtube
on
your
favorite
browser
and
you
can
find
lots
and
lots
and
lots
of
videos
of
people
turning
tvs
off
with
tv
gone
anyways.
The
tv
gone
doesn't
have
this
microcontroller,
it
has
a
different
microcontroller,
but
it's
it's
they're,
all
basically
the
same
thing:
they're
a
computer
on
a
chip
and
they
can
be
programmed
to
control
the
parts
connected
to
its
pins
on
a
tv
on
those
parts
are
controlled
to
turn
tvs
off
in
a
microwave
there's.
A
A
A
So
arduino
has
the
microcontroller
and
on
the
edge
of
the
board,
you
can
see
those
holes,
those
connectors
with
holes
on
the
top
and
the
bottom.
Those
are
holes,
you
can
push
a
part
or
a
wire
into
those
holes
and
it
automatically
through
the
board,
connects
to
the
pins.
It's
super
easy
to
connect
the
parts
to
the
microcontroller
that
way.
A
A
The
yellow
board
is
made
by
me
and
my
friend
tully.
He
lives
in
china
and
has
access
to
lots
of
cool
resources
there,
and
he
made
this
board
for
me
for
my
workshops
that
we
people
can
solder
together,
but
lots
of
people
make
clones
and
they're
really
really
cheap.
Now,
like
three
euros
yeah
and
they
come
in
all
shapes
and
sizes,
and
the
cool
thing
with
open
source
is
people
usually
sometimes
people
just
copy
just
total
copy,
and
that's
fine
but
lots
of
times.
A
A
I
just
did
a
quick
search
and
took
a
screenshot
and
shrank
the
screen,
so
I
could
see
more.
These
are
just
like,
maybe
50
or
70
or
so
projects,
but
there
are
hundreds
of
thousands
of
them
anything
from
blinking
lights,
to
flying
machines,
to
robots
to
silly
things
like
making
your
toilet
tweet
when
it
flushes
anything
you
can
think
of
is
probably
already
done
and
if
it
isn't
something
like
it
probably
is,
and
maybe
one
at
one
part
of
this
project,
another
part
of
this
project.
A
You
can
all
combine
that
to
make
yours,
just
maybe
you
have
to
do
some
parts
on
your
own
and
with
just
some
information
which
I'll
show
you
in
this
workshop
plus
learning
on
your
own.
You
can
do
anything
so
yeah,
that's
the
one
me
and
paulie
my
friend
in
china
make,
but
that's
that's
pretty
much.
What
arduino
is
and
why?
I
think
it's
cool,
and
hopefully
you
do
so
any
questions
on
what
arduino
is
and
why
it's
cool
and
why
you
might
want
to
use.
A
A
A
A
We
can
use
these
really
cheap
little
parts
to
change
the
world
and
that's
magic
and
you
don't
have
to
be
a
magician
who's
trained
all
of
their
life.
You
don't
have
to
go
to
university
for
12
years,
like
I
did,
although
it's
nothing
wrong
with
that,
you
can
do
that.
I
did
it.
I
had
a
lot
of
fun.
I
also
wasted
a
lot
of
time,
but
with
just
a
few
concepts
and
playing
around
a
bit,
you
can
do
amazingly
cool
awesome.
Magic
electronics
is
named
after
electrons.
A
Electrons
are,
according
to
quantum
these
particles
that
don't
exist,
but
they
have
a
bunch
of
energy
flying
around
an
atom
which
also
an
atom's
nucleus,
which
also
doesn't
exist,
but
the
electrons
which
don't
exist
have
a
probability
of
existing
a
certain
spot
in
space,
with
a
certain
amount
of
energy
sort
of.
Maybe
we
will.
A
That
is
what
does
all
of
the
magic
that's
called
bucket.
That's
the
technical
definition
of
a
circuit.
You've
all
heard
that
word
before.
That's
actually
what
it
means
in
electronics,
so
electrical
engineers
are
actually
really
insecure
people,
so
they've
made
up
lots
of
words,
some
of
which
we
use
in
everyday
life,
most
of
which
we
don't
and
they
try
to
confuse
people
with
it,
because
they
think
if
people
are
confused,
that
they'll
have
job
security,
but
I'm
going
to
go
over
some
of
this
stuff
so
that
you
won't
be
by
it.
A
It's
actually
totally
easy.
So
we
push
electronics
around
and
around
and
these
things
that
don't
even
exist
that
just
come
from
our
imagination
can
change
the
physical
world
to
make
the
world
change,
hopefully
for
the
better.
So
these
obstacles
in
their
path
are
electronic
parts
as
the
electrons
go
around
and
through
those
obstacles
each
part,
depending
on
what
it
is,
has
some
energy
to
do
cool
things.
If
the
parts
are
connected
in
the
right
way,
then
the
project
does
something
cool
and
the
world
becomes
a
better
place.
A
A
A
One
double
a
battery
has
a
lot
of
energy
to
push
electrons
around,
and
if
you
look
on
the
double
a
battery,
you
can
see
on
the
upper
right
of
the
battery.
There's
a
little
plus
sound,
a
little
plus
sign.
That
means
it's
the
plus
side
of
the
battery
and
on
the
lower
side.
The
left
side
of
the
battery
is
a
minus
sign
and
if
you
put
oh
yeah
and
then
on
the
battery
under
where
it
says
alkaline
under
the
e
you
can
see
it
says
1.5
v
v
that
stands
for
volts.
A
That's
the
amount
of
push
a
double
a
battery
can
give
electrons
one
and
a
half
volts.
So
that's
a
lot
of
volts
and
it
can
push
electrons
around,
but
you
can
see
in
the
battery
pack.
I've
got
three
of
them,
so
that's
three
one
and
a
half
volt
batteries
and
okay.
So
I'm
going
to
get
into
a
bit
of
math
now
there
won't
be
much
math
in
today's
presentation,
but
here's
some
math
one
double
a
battery
is
one
and
a
half
volts.
A
C
A
Is
a
dead
physicist,
we
name
everything:
electronics
that
called
dead,
physicists,
so
volts,
alexander
volta.
He
did
a
lot
of
cool
things
for
nowadays,
most
people,
if
they've
heard
it
all,
is
volts
the
amount
of
push
we
can
give
electrons.
Okay,
so
here's
here's
electrons
being
pushed
around
with
one
double
a
battery:
the
double
a
battery
pushes
the
electrons
around
and
around
and
around
and
depending
on
the
depending
on
the
obstacles
in
their
path.
The
electrons
in
this
circle
in
this
circuit
are
going
at
a
particular
speed.
A
The
speed
of
the
electrons
is
called
current,
measured
in
amps
and
that's
named
after
andre
marie
ampiel.
Another
dead
physicist.
So
amps
is
just
a
measurement
of
the
current
and
current
is
just
the
speed
of
the
electrons.
So
amps
is
just
the
speed
of
electrons.
If
we
have
one
amp,
that's
really
fast,
electrons,
spinning
around
and
running
around,
but
if
we
have
two
amps
it's
twice
as
fast.
A
If
we
have
three
amps
it's
three
times
as
fast
as
one
amp
right,
so
one
and
a
half
volts
can
push
current
push
electrons
around.
That's
that's
current,
measured
in
amps,
okay.
So
if
we
have
the
battery
pack,
though,
with
three
double
a
batteries
with
four
and
a
half
volts,
that's
pushing
the
electrons
around
with
three
times
the
push
three
times
the
volt
three
times
the
push.
A
A
A
So
you
we
don't
usually
don't
want
to
do
that,
so
there
are
parks
whose
only
job
it
is
is
to
slow
down
electrons
to
resist
the
flow
of
electrons
to
resist
the
current
to
limit
the
current
and
those
parts
are
called
resistors
resistors
slow
down
the
flow
of
electrons
they
slow
down.
They
limit
the
current,
less
amps,
okay,
so
that
happy
person
in
a
mud
bath
at
the
top.
A
A
That
electron
is
just
about
to
get
into
the
mud
and
once
they
get
into
the
mud,
even
though
they're
running
really
quick
lots
of
amps,
it
slows
that
electron
down
and
the
electrons
are
actually
super
super
super
close
to
one
another,
so
the
one
behind
it
is
slowed
down
to
the
exact
same
speed
and
the
one
behind
it
and
the
one
behind
it
and
the
one
behind
it.
All
of
the
electrons
in
the
complete
circle
in
the
complete
circuit
are
slowed
down
the
same
amount
by
that
resistor.
A
Okay.
So
that's
what
resistors
do
they're
like
a
happy
person
in
a
mud
bath
for
the
electrons
they
slow
down
those
electrons,
and
I
want
to
point
out
that
it
doesn't
matter
if
the
electron,
if
the
resistor
is
a
little
bit,
shifted
to
the
left.
It's
still
the
same
circuit.
The
resistors
are
still
going
the
exact
same
speed,
whether
the
elect
whether
the
resistor
was
in
its
original
spot
or
shifted
over
a
little
bit.
They
can
be
even
over
here
off
to
the
right.
A
A
A
It
took
me
four
and
a
half
years
of
university
to
learn
ohm's
law,
but
now
you've
gotten
that
in
about
45
minutes,
ohm's
law
is
this
relationship
that
you
now
know.
If
you
push
on
electrons
with
volts,
they
move
they
move
fast
and
the
speed
is
amps
current,
measured
in
amps
and
resistance
slows
them
down.
Oh-
and
I
didn't
mention,
of
course,
ohm
he's
a
dead
physicist
he's
the
he's
the
unit
of
of
resistance.
So
georg
om
figured
all
of
this
out
a
long
time
ago.
A
We
name
it
now
with
all
of
the
dead,
physicists,
ohm's
law,
so
that
relationship
you
now
know,
but
it's
also
stated
with
math.
I
won't
be
using
this
today,
but
you
should
be
aware
of
it.
Volts
equals
amps
times,
ohms,
okay
and
electrical
engineers
being
insecure
as
they
are,
they
don't
say:
v
equals
a
times
r.
A
They
say
e
equals
I
times
r
as
it
shows
there.
Can
you
see
that
on
the
bottom?
I
don't
know
if
the
videos,
okay
cool,
so
he
dead,
physicists
a
long
time
ago,
didn't
call
him
volts
and
times
and
and
ohms,
because
they
weren't
dead.
Yet
so
they
call
it
electromotive
force
intensity
and
resistance,
so
e
equals
I
times
r
and
if
you
play
with
electronics,
you'll
probably
see
that
written.
A
But
if
you're
going
to
be
doing
complicated
projects.
Eventually,
if
you
keep
playing
with
this,
you
do
want
to
know
ohm's
law
and
be
able
to
use
it,
because
you
want
to
be
sure
that
something
won't
fail
at
a
critical
time.
If
you're
an
artist,
you
know
you've
got
3
000
people
at
your
installation,
you
don't
want
it
to
break
with
magic
smoke
going
away
right.
So
you
want
to
be
able
to
prove
mathematically
that
it'll
work
or
if
something
is
critical
in
space
or
for
someone's
life
support
system,
etc.
A
A
A
Have
you
can
see
the
one
all
the
way
to
the
right
that
that
whitish
block
there's
four
and
you
can
see
the
horseshoe
there,
four
ohms,
the
big
black
one
says
180
ohms
and
then
the
ones
off
to
the
left
have
colored
bands
on
them.
Those
colored
bands
with
the
normal
resistors,
with
wires
coming
out
of
them.
A
That's
called
color
code
to
tell
you
how
many
ohms
they
have
and
nowadays,
unlike
when
I
was
a
kid
you
don't
have
to
memorize
the
color
code
chart
you
can
just
ask
the
internet
and
it
will
tell
you
and
many
projects.
They
already
show
you
the
color
code
so,
and
it
just
says
so,
but
it's
kind
of
fun
to
color
codes,
because
they're
colorful,
it's
cool
okay.
So
you
should
be
aware
of
that.
A
Most
parts-
oh
yeah,
so
you
now
know
some
parts,
I'm
going
to
show
you
just
a
few
more
parts
and
if
you
know
those
few
parts
and
put
them
together
in
some
cool
ways,
then
you
can
do
anything
so
and
I'm
going
to
use
tvb
gone
to
show
you
how
to
do
that.
But
before
we
get
to
some
new
parts,
let's
go
over
the
parts
we
already
show
already
know
with
a
little
more
information,
a
power
supply.
A
D
A
Things
flow,
but
they
flow
in
the
wrong
direction
and
magic
smoke
might
go
away
or
things
might
heat
up.
If
you
hook
up
the
batteries
the
battery
pack
to
the
atmega328p
microcontroller,
it
gets
so
hot
that
if
you
touch
it
even
for
a
quarter
of
a
second
you'll
get
a
blister,
but
these
chips
are
very
well
made,
they're
very
robust.
So
if
you
let
it
cool
down
again,
it'll
work
again,
every
time
it's
kind
of
amazing,
but
you
usually
don't
want
to
do
that
either.
A
So
you
want
to
be
aware
that
you
must
hook
up
the
power
supply
the
right
way,
which
is
why
they
have
a
red
wire
and
a
black
wire.
So
you
can
hook
it
up
correctly
and
I'll
show
you
that
how
to
do
that
really
soon,
but
if
it
matters
how
to
connect
a
power
sup,
a
part
whether
it's
a
power
supply
or
another
part,
that
part
is
said
to
be
polarized
and
it
has
polarity
okay,
so
the
power
supply
a
battery
power
supply
is
polarized.
It
has
polarity
it
matters
how
you
hook
it
up.
A
So
here
is
that
circuit
again,
with
the
happy
electrons
going
round
and
round
and
round
you
can
see
on
the
on
the
on
the
picture
that
the
power
supply
switch
is
on,
so
the
electrons
are
being
pushed
in
the
correct
direction
with
the
black
wire
on
the
left
and
the
red
wire
on
the
right
in
this.
In
this
circuit,
okay,
the
black
wire
is
minus,
the
red
wire
is
plus
and
that's
not
because
red
means,
plus
by
some
objective
aspect
of
the
universe.
It's
just
convention,
okay,
so
not
always,
but
almost
always
in
electronics.
A
So,
and
we
have
to
be
aware
with
the
I-
we
want
the
red
wire
and
the
black
wire
to
go
the
correct
place
and
every
project
might
be
a
little
different
that
way,
but
we
want
the
red
to
be
plus
and
the
black
to
be
minus
and
electronic
engineers
are
insecure.
Like
I've
said
a
few
times,
so
we
don't
call
the
red
wire
just
the
red
wire,
we
have
different
names
for
it.
We
don't
call
the
black
wire
just
the
red
black
wire.
A
A
A
So
if
I
say
that
this
is
30
centimeters,
what
does
that
mean?
It
means
30
centimeters
from
the
tabletop,
but
from
the
ground.
It's
like
a
130
centimeters.
We
need
a
reference
point
and
the
reference
point
is
usually
the
ground
and
it's
the
same
with
voltage.
So
if
the
red
wire
is
four
and
a
half
volts,
it's
four
and
a
half
volts
from
the
black
wire
from
the
ground,
cool,
so
ground
is
really
important.
A
A
E
A
Yeah,
so
for
ac,
it
doesn't
matter
because
it
goes
back
and
forth
and
back
and
forth
and
back
and
forth
and
back
and
forth,
yeah
yeah.
You
see
it
also
doesn't
matter,
but
if
you
want
to
keep
it
in
your
mind,
just
choose
one
direction
and
keep
it
consistent
a
long
time
ago
the
dead
physicists
when
they
were
alive,
they
thought
that
electrons
were
positively
charged.
A
A
You
don't
want
it
coming
out
of
the
red
wire
into
the
black
on
another
part
of
your
circuit
and
a
more
complicated
circuit
like
this
circuit.
Here
has
two
electronic
parts,
plus
the
power
supply,
and
it's
just
one
circle,
but
in
all
projects
that
are
useful,
there
are
actually
lots
of
circles
and
they
can
all
be
powered
from
one
power
supply
and
they'll
interact
with
one
another
as
well.
Quite
often
so,
if
you
want
to
think
about
it
in
your
head,
it's
like
water
flowing
through
pipes
in
a
certain
direction.
A
The
electrons
are
like
the
water
droplets
through
a
pipe,
and
you
know
you
just
want
to
think
that
it
comes
out
of
the
pump
and
then
sucked
back
into
the
other
side
of
the
pump.
So
in
modern
electronics,
we'd,
say
comes
out
of
the
black
wire
and
into
the
red,
but
you
can
think
of
it.
The
other
way
too,
it's
totally
fine
cool,
yeah,
yeah
great
so
back
to
resistors,
are
not
polarized.
A
A
A
Electrons
can
go
in
a
diode
one
way
and
flow
almost
as
if
the
diode
isn't
even
there
in
one
direction,
but
in
the
other
direction
they
can't
go.
They
can't
go
that
way
at
all.
That's
what
diodes
do
so.
Diodes
are
used
for
a
bunch
of
different
things,
but
normally
in
electronics.
We
don't
use
diodes
so
often,
but
we
do
use
a
special
kind
of
diode
and
you've
all
seen
this
millions
of
times
in
your
life,
whether
you're
aware
of
it
or
not.
A
It's
a
special
kind
of
diode
that
when
the
electrons
flow
in
the
directions
they
can
flow,
meaning
the
current
is
flowing
in
the
direction
that
it
can
flow
through
the
diode
they
emit
light,
which
is
why
these
special
kinds
of
diodes
are
called
light
emitting
diodes
d
for
short,
okay,
but
they
are
diodes.
Oh
yeah,
back
back
to
this
one,
so
the
the
regular
diodes
are
polarized,
so
it
matters
which
way
you
put
them
in.
They
have
a
bar
on
one
side.
It.
C
A
Okay
and
again
so,
like
I'm,
going
through
all
this
stuff,
I
want
you
to
have
a
feel
for
how
this
works.
You
don't
have
to
memorize
all
of
this.
If
you
want
to
take
notes,
it's
totally
fine,
these
slides
that
I'm
going
to
show
you
I'm
you
can
download
them
later.
I
have
a
a
link,
I'll
show
you
and
I
can
put
it
in
the
chat
as
well,
so
you
can
get
it
easier,
so
you
can
download
all
this.
A
A
For
now,
don't
worry
about
it
in
different
kinds
of
electronic
circuits.
You
do
things
for
different
reasons,
and
I'm
not
really
going
to
go
over
that
today,
because
there's
a
lot
of
other
information
that
I'm
going
to
give
you
and
that's
like
just
a
little
bit
more
advanced
so
for
now
just
know
that
there's
a
plus
and
a
minus
side
and
the
people
who
do
design
the
circuit
do
it
in
a
certain
way.
A
You
are
going
to
see
how
to
hook
up
an
led,
though,
which
will
answer
that
question
at
least
in
a
practical
way
for
today
is
that
okay,
great
so
an
led,
is
a
diode
electrons
only
flow
in
one
way,
current
only
flows
in
one
way.
Those
two
statements
were
exactly
the
same
using
the
different
words
current
flows
into
the
minus
and
out
the
plus,
using
the
modern
version
of
electronics,
modern
model
of
electronics.
A
A
They
don't
call
wires
coming
out
of
parts
wires.
They
call
them
leads,
so
they
lead
to
the
part.
So
there's
a
long
lead
and
a
short
lead.
The
short
lead
is
minus,
so
we
always
call
them
leads
and
on
a
chip,
they're
often
called
pins
and
maybe
on
some
others,
so
they're
either
leads
or
pins
and
parts.
A
Okay,
so
leds
come
in
lots
of
colors.
You
cannot
change
that
color
they're
manufactured
with
modern
semiconductor
physics
and
that
take
quant
takes
quantum
to
be
a
certain
color.
You
can
have
leds
that
have
red,
green
and
blue
and
with
different
amounts
of
brightness
for
red,
green
and
blue.
You
can
change
the
color,
but
a
single
led
has
one
color
that
are
that's
determined
by
the
manufacturer.
A
A
So
light
above
violet
is
called
ultraviolet.
We
it's
light.
It
shines
on
things,
but
our
eyeballs
can't
see
it,
but
if
it
finds
on
some
materials
they
fluoresce,
it
looks
like
they're
glowing
in
the
dark
and
normally
in
american
english.
That's
called
a
black
light
and
if
you
go
to
a
weird
store
in
a
mall,
you
might
see
jimmy
hendrix
on
black
velvet
blowing
under
a
black
light.
That's
ultraviolet
and
there's
also
oh
and
ultraviolet.
A
It
burns
your
skin,
especially
if
you
have
very
one
like
me,
so
I
have
to
be
careful
with
that,
but
an
led
with
ultraviolet
there's,
no
way
you
can
get
hurt,
there's
not
enough
energy
there
to
do
anything
harmful
and
similarly
for
infrared,
which
is
below
red.
That's
light
that
we
cannot
see,
but
it
is
light
it
can
shine
on
things
and
the
sun
has
very
very
large
amount
of
energy
of
infrared
as
well,
and
that
is
absorbed
in
your
skin
and
that's
why
it
feels
hot
except
in
berlin
in
winter.
A
So
infrared
is
invisible
light
that
is
used
in
remote
controls
for
televisions
and
you
blink
that
infrared
with
very
very
short
intervals,
but
very
specific
intervals
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
at
just
the
right
rate
so
that
when
a
sony
tv
sees
that
sequence
of
light
infrared
light,
turning
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
at
the
right
rate,
it
turns
off
and
makes
the
world
a
better
place
and
then
phillips
and
panasonic
and
all
these
others
have
different
intervals
and
different
ways
of
blinking
light.
But
it's
just
infrared
light.
A
Blinking
on
and
off,
and
on
and
off
an
interesting
thing
about
leds
is
you
can
control
the
brightness
with
the
amount
of
current
so
with
the
speed
of
the
electrons
going
through
it?
So
if
the
electrons
are
going
through
it
slowly
very
little
current,
then
the
it'll
emit
photons,
so
you'll
see
light
coming
out,
but
it'll
be
very
dim.
We
can
put.
A
So
we
usually
don't
want
to
do
that,
and
in
order
to
guarantee
that
we
don't
do
that,
we
almost
always
put
a
resistor
in
line
with
the
led
to
guarantee
that
the
led
will
be
a
certain
brightness
and
will
never
burn
up
okay.
So
that's
a
resistor
in
line
with,
and
it
doesn't
matter
if
it's
on
the
plus
side
or
the
minus
side,
the
same
circuit
again
remember
the
the
happy
person
in
the
mud
bath
can
be
anywhere
in
the
circle
same
with
this.
A
It
can
be
the
plus
side
or
the
minus
side
and
electrical
engineers
and
their
insecurities
again.
We
have
different
words.
So
two
parts
in
in
line
with
you.
We
don't
call
that
in
line
in
electronics,
we
call
that
in
series
it
can
be
two
or
more
parts
all
in
a
line.
Those
are
parts
in
series
with
one
another.
So
if
you
play
with
electronics,
you'll
hear
that
word
and
two
or
more
parts
across
or
are
called
in
parallel.
A
And
if
you
play
with
electronics,
you'll
hear
that
too
okay,
so
here's
a
resistor
in
series,
an
led,
it
happens
to
be
on
the
long
lead.
Do
you
remember
if
the
long
lead
is
plus
or
minus
plus,
plus
yeah
longer,
is
plus
a
positive
thing
to
be
long?
I
guess
so
so
there
it
is.
How
do
you
make
the
led
light
up
right
now?
It's
not
lit
up,
because
there's
no
energy,
there's
no
electrons
flowing
through
it
to
make
it
work.
A
We
have
to
have
a
power
supply,
pushing
the
electrons
through
the
led
to
make
it
light
up.
Okay
and
the
it's
quantum
physics
which
is
totally
bizarre
stuff
to
make
that
light
up.
It
goes
through
there.
It's
called
exciting
the
the
semiconductor
material,
and
then
it
gets
it.
It
absorbs
energy
and
then
it
lets
go
of
the
energy
and
puts
out
a
photon.
It
does
that
zillions
of
times
a
second,
and
we
perceive
that
as
photons
hitting
eyeballs,
which
looks
like
light
for
our
little
brains.
A
What
color
is
it
well,
it
depends
on
how
they
manufactured
it.
We
don't
know
what
color
this
led
is.
Yet
until
we
let
make
it
light
up,
so
how
do
we
make
it
light
up?
Well,
we've
got
a
power
supply
with
a
black
and
a
red
wire
right.
Now
you
can
see
that
the
power
supply
is
off.
You
can
see
the
switch
is
off.
That's
always
a
good
idea
when
the
power
supply,
when
you're
hooking
it
up
to
your
circuit,
the
first
time
you
have
it
off.
A
A
A
You're
right,
so
we
want
to
have
that
on
the
short
wire,
because
we
have
to
have
the
minus
side
of
our
led
be
negatively
charged
and
the
long
positive
wire.
The
long
positive
side
of
the
diode
be
positively
charged
so
that
the
electrons
are
sucked
across
the
diode
junction
as
they
call
it
in
semiconductor
physics,
so
that
the
current
flows
in
the
direction
it
can
flow
and
thus
emit
photons,
which
we
we
will
perceive
as
light.
A
There's
the
red
wire
going
to
its
proper
place
toward
you
know,
there's
a
resistor
in
series,
but
it's
hooked
up
towards
the
positive
wire
and
the
black
goes
towards
the
minus
short
wire
lead.
Okay,
now
we'll
turn
the
power
supply
on
green
as
it
turns
out,
and
the
electrons
are
flowing.
That's
the
little
dotted,
yellow
lines
the
electrons
go
out
of
the
black
wire
into
the
short
lead
through
the
led
making
it
emit
photons
through
the
resistors
in
series.
A
A
C
A
A
So
that
means
there's
three
volts
here:
that's
enough
volts
to
make
this
led
light
up,
and
this
side's
plus
the
shiny
side
and
then
this
side
here
is
the
minus
side.
So
I
want
to
hook
up
the
led
so
that
in
like
what
color
is
this,
you
can't
tell
there's
no
color
on
the
plastic,
usually
or
quite
often
anyways,
there's
a
colored
plastic
to
show
you
the
human.
What
color
the
led
will
light
up,
but
this.
A
A
I
don't
have
a
resistor
in
series
to
ensure
to
guarantee
no
magic
smoke
goes
away,
but
the
led
did
not
burn
up
and
that's
because
these
kind
of
batteries
are
called
coin
cells
because
they're
kind
of
a
shape
of
a
quarter
or
a
euro
coin
in
in
europe
because
of
the
chemistry
involved
in
manufacturing.
These
there
is
an
internal
resistance,
that's
not
there
purposefully,
but
it
is
there
and
that
resistance,
I
know,
is
enough
to
guarantee
that
this
led
does
not
burn
up.
A
It
just
shines
really
bright
and
you
can
see
it's
directional
so
like
as
I
move
it
back
and
forth,
you
can
see
it
gets
brighter
and
dimmer,
as
it
gets
pointed
towards
the
camera
or
not,
leds
are
directional.
They
have
a
lens
at
the
top
here
to
focus
the
light
and
some
are
very
sharply
focused.
Some
are
very
broadly
focused.
A
We
have
a
resistor
in
series,
though
no
problem
a
a
a
resistor
with
enough
resistance.
Okay,
so
yeah.
So
there's
there's
a
circuit
in
concept
and
then
one
in
that
I
actually
held
in
my
hands
that
you
could
see
we're
going
to
do
the
same
exact
circuit
again,
except
with
an
infrared
led
there.
It
is
on
the
screen.
A
There's
the
black
wire
going
to
the
short
minus
lead
the
red
wire
going
through
a
resistor,
so
no
magic
smoke
goes
away
to
the
long
plus
lead
and
the
power
supply
is
on
so
that
led
that
infrared
led
is
actually
shining
super
bright,
infrared
light
out
into
space.
It's
just.
We
can't
see
it
because
our
eyeballs
don't
respond
to
it.
A
Okay,
so
that
that's
that's
what
we're
going
to
be
getting
through,
but
when
it's
on
it
makes
the
electrons
flow
just
the
same
as
the
green
one.
We
just
can't
see
it
so
yeah
a
code
for
infrared
remote
control
is
just
infrared
light,
turning
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
at
particular
intervals,
and
it
can
be
used
not
just
for
tvs
but
to
control
left
right
for
a
remotely
controlled
car
or
whatever
you
want
to
do
so.
A
Let's
see
here
is
a
video
of
tv
gone.
So
if
you
push
the
button
on
the
tv
on,
you
can
see
a
little
red
light,
blinking
every
time
that
little
red
light
blinks,
that's
an
infrared
remote
control
code
coming
out,
the
infrared
of
the
infrared
led,
and
you
can
see
it
flickering
because
my
video
camera
on
my
phone,
I
did
this
video
with,
is
not
very
good.
A
A
There
are
hundreds
and
hundreds
and
hundreds
of
off
codes
that
took
me
a
year
and
a
half
of
my
life
to
co,
to
collect
and
program
into
a
microcontroller
to
control
that
led
to
turn
tvs
off.
Of
course,
it's
open
source.
No
one
has
to
take
a
year
and
a
half
of
their
life.
To
do
that
ever
again,
it's
all
online!
You
can
download
it
do
whatever
you
want
with
it.
A
A
The
little
ones
charge
up
quicker
and
discharge
quicker,
the
big
ones
charge
up
slower
because
it
takes
a
while
for
them
to
fill
and
they
discharge
slower.
The
ones
on
the
right
are
the
big
ones.
The
ones
in
the
left
are
little
ones
the
ones
on
the
left.
The
leads
are
the
same
length.
It
doesn't
matter
which
way
you
put
them
in
they're,
not
polarized
the
ones
on
the
right,
they're
little
like
little
cans,
they're,
usually
black,
but
sometimes
they're,
yellow
or
blue
or
other
colors
doesn't
matter
the
color.
A
A
A
C
A
A
There's
also
ones
that
are
slide
switches
and
there's
ones
that
can
work
for
like
for
lights
in
your
room.
Those
are
called
toggle
switches
just
like
these
little
ones
here
so
switches,
they're,
easy,
just
pieces
of
metal
touching
their
knobs
and
then
the
coolest,
the
coolest
part
is
a
microcontroller
which
is
hundreds
of
thousands
of
transistors
and
I'll
show
you
transistor
at
the
end,
but
they
are
connected
together
in
such
a
way
that
it
creates
a
computer
which
is
a
complete
computer
on
a
chip
which
can
run
a
program.
A
B
A
A
I'm
not
going
to
get
it
much
into
that
today,
but
there
are
now
open
source,
fpga
chips
and
there's
open
source
software
for
configuring
them,
and
that
is
the
basis
for
a
laptop
which
is
a
a
kickstarter
project
or
a
crowdsource
one
of
these
kind
of
things,
crowdsource
kind
of
funded
projects.
I
can't
remember
the
name
now,
the
laptop
but
a
completely
open
source
laptop,
it's
kind
of
expensive
and
it's
not
as
good
as
one
you
can
buy.
But
it's
from
what
what
people
are
telling
me?
B
A
But
18328,
as
far
as
I
know,
no
one's
created
one
of
those
that's
completely
open
source,
but
it's
kind
of
close
because
in
china
there
are
people,
copying
all
sorts
of
chips
and
even
though
there's
no
open
source
license
the
people
who
make
them
share
all
these
different
aspects
of
the
electronics
ecosystem
in
china.
They
do
share
with
one
another,
because
it's
advantageous
for
all
of
them
to
do
it
and
they
do
have
it
online.
A
A
If
you
know
the
part
number
they're
not
printed
on
there,
so
when
you
buy
an
led,
it's
good
to
make
sure
that
you
remember
the
part
number
or
write
it
down
or
leave
it
on
the
bag
that
the
leds
are
in
or
a
little
drawer.
So
but
the
chips
have
the
number
printed
on
it.
So
you
can
always
look
that
up
and
you
don't
have
to
read
those
data
sheets,
because
the
people
who've
created
projects
with
them
as
a
beginner
anyways.
A
You
don't
have
to
the
people
who
created
projects
have
either
made
use
of
other
people
reading
it
with
the
projects
they
downloaded
or
they
did
it
and
it
already
works.
If
you
play
with
projects
enough,
you'll
eventually
have
to
read
a
data
sheet
and
it
can
get
kind
of
complicated.
But
a
lot
of
stuff
is
easy
like
knowing,
which
pin
is
which
okay?
So
that's
something.
B
A
Yeah
yeah
18
mega
328ps
are
are
copied
okay,
so
any
chip
can
be
copied
you
with
acid.
You
can
melt
away
the
the
ceramic
or
plastic
cover
to
expose
the
semiconductor
and
then
layer
by
layer.
You
can
use
an
electron
scanning
microscope
to
look
at
what's
going
on
there
and
then
recreate
it
and
that's
what
they've
done
so
chips
that
are
popular
enough,
that
they
can
make
money
from
they
will
and
they
do
and
they
are.
B
A
Okay,
yeah
and
there's
talks
of
this.
So
there's
there's
some
really.
You
know
if
you're
into
it,
there's
really
cool
hacker
conferences
that
have
been
around
for
a
long
time.
There's
hope
hackers
on
planet
earth,
I'm
one
of
the
organizers
for
that
every
two
years
in
new
york
city.
We
just
had
it
only
online
this
year,
just
like
we're
online
now
here
for
this.
A
That
was
in
the
end
of
july,
beginning
of
august
and
they're
all
of
the
talks
for
all
of
the
years
it's
been
going
on
since
96
are
online
for
free.
You
can
download
and
there's
lots
and
lots
of
different
topics
and
and
even
longer
than
that
has
been
going
on.
The
chaos
computer
club
puts
on
the
chaos
communications
congress
this
year
would
have
been
their
37th
gonna
be
online
in
the
end
of
december,
but
they've.
A
If
you're
interested,
you
can
look
up.
Travis
goodspeed
on
either
ccc
chaos,
computer
club
or
on
hope,
hope.net
hackers
on
planet
earth.net
hackerhope.net
and
find
his
talks,
but
you
can
also
find
talks
on
zillions
of
other,
very,
very
interesting
topics
for
beginners
all
the
way
up
to
super
super,
specific
technical,
whiz
kind
of
stuff,
and
also
just
on
politics
and
society,
or
music
or
food,
or
lots
of
interesting
stuff
yeah.
So
back
to
the
microcontroller.
A
All
of
these
pins
have
specific
functions
to
find
out
what
they
all
those
functions
are
you
have
to
read
the
data
sheet
or
you
can
just
rely
on
the
project
that
you
can
look
at
for
free
and
download
for
free
online,
but
for
today
we'll
just
consider
that
all
of
the
pins,
except
for
pin
seven
and
eight
and
nine
and
ten
which
I'll
show
you
later
are
input,
pins
or
output.
Pins,
and
I'm
gonna,
explain
that
next,
but
pin
seven
and
eight
are
special
pins.
A
A
So
it
goes
from
pin
one
in
the
lower
lower
left
two
three
four
five,
six
seven
and
eight,
which
I
have
arrows
pointing
to
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
see
at
the
right
and
then
the
other
side
of
the
chip
has
pins
two
which
you
can't
see
in
this
picture.
But
they
go
just
across
from
pin
across
from
pin
15
14
is
pin
15,
and
then
it
goes
down
to
pin
28,
which
is
across
from
pin
one
so
just
counter
clocks.
D
A
We
don't
know
what
that
program
is
and
for
now
don't
worry
about
how
to
get
the
program
in
there.
I'll
show
you
that
when
we
get
to
the
arduino
software,
which
is
which
is
what
that
software
does,
but
for
now
just
know
that
it
can
get
there,
and
even
when
the
chip
is
brand
new
and
no
one's
put
a
program
in
there.
A
A
A
First,
and
once
you
know
that,
then
that's
easy,
then
you'll
see
that
input
pins
are
also
easy,
so
output,
pins,
oh
before
I
get
to
that,
just
to
be
aware,
there
are
two
kinds
of
electronics,
there's
analog
and
digital
with
digital
electronics,
which
is
what
we
use
with
computers.
Things
are
either
on
or
off
on
means
power,
supply
voltage
in
our
case,
if
we're
using
the
battery
pack,
that
means
four
and
a
half
volts.
So
it's
either
four
and
a
half
volts
or
ground
zero
volts.
A
A
A
I'm
not
going
to
talk
any
more
about
analog.
Today,
though
digital
is
way
easier
to
learn
and
computers
use
digital.
So
we
can
do
so
so
so
much
with
it
and
again
insecure
electrical
engineers
on
and
off
power
and
ground,
low
and
high
zero
and
one.
These
are
all
different
words
for
the
exact
same
thing
and
they're
all
used
interchangeably
and
everyone
who
uses
this
a
lot
uses
them
all.
A
So
you'll
hear
me
using
these
words,
but
it
just
means
there
either
is
voltage
or
there
isn't
or
there
is
current
or
there
isn't
so
high
on
one
power
ground
blow
off
zero.
Those
are
all
the
same:
okay
on
or
off
higher
low.
Okay
back
to
this
output
pin,
how
do
we
make
a
pin
and
output
pin?
Well
now
we
get
to
our
program.
A
It's
just
one
line
in
our
program
and
that
line
of
our
program
says:
yo
microcontroller
make
a
pin
an
output
pin
and
we
tell
it
what
pin
and
I'm
just
arbitrarily
showed
on
the
screen
we're
going
to
make,
pin
13
an
output
pin.
We
can
do
any
of
the
other
pins
too,
but
I
just
chose,
pin
13.,
so
the
line
in
our
program,
one
line,
says
yo
microcontroller
pin
13
is
now
an
output
pin.
Now
it's
an.
D
A
Pin
and
it
stays
an
output
pin
for
as
long
as
the
power
is
on
or
we
can
later
have
a
line
that
says
yo,
microcontroller
pin
13
it's
now
an
input
pin
you
can
do
that.
Usually
you
just
set
it
as
an
output,
pin
usually
near
the
beginning
of
your
controlling
program
and
then
leave
it
there,
but
there
are
applications
where
you
might
want
to
change
it,
and
I've
actually
done
that.
A
A
A
If
it's
on
there's
voltage
on
that
pin
and
if
there's
voltage
on
that
pin
it
can
be
connected
to
an
led
or
anything
else,
and
then,
as
long
as
there's
a
complete
circuit
for
the
electrons
to
flow
in
it
flows
from
the
output
pin
then
to
ground,
then
it
can
turn
an
electronic
part
on
like
an
led
and
make
it
light
up.
And
then,
when
you
make
that
pin
low
off,
the
led
has
no
voltage.
A
So,
let's
look
at
the
first
project
with
a
microcontroller
and
so
far
I've
only
been
talking
about
microcontrollers
and
not
arduino,
okay,
arduino
really
soon.
But
this
is
just
about
electronics,
not
arduino
ins
in
in
particular,
although
this
is
applicable
to
arduino.
So
are
any
any
of
you.
Software
geeks.
A
A
A
The
short
leads
minus
connected
to
the
black
minus
lead
of
the
power
supply.
The
long
lead
through
a
resistor,
so
no
magic
smoke
goes
away
to
the
the
long
plus
or
to
the
plus
red
wire
of
our
power
supply.
Then
turn
it
on
and
the
electrons
flow
around
and
around
and
around
and
photons
are
emitted
from
the
led
in
this
case
green
and
it
they
flow.
And
then,
if
you
turn
the
switch
off,
there's
no
voltage
anymore,
so
there's
no
electrons
being
pushed
so
no
energy.
The
led
turns
off.
A
A
A
One
of
our
circuits.
One
circle
for
electronic
electrons
to
flow
is
the
power
supply
on
the
left,
going
through,
pin
seven
and
eight
and
around
and
around
inside,
of
the
microcontroller
and
backs
recycled
through
the
batteries
and
around
around
that
the
microcontroller
do
its
thing
to
run
programs
and
control
pins
with
parts
connected
to
them.
A
A
A
You
can
make
sounds
with
it.
It's
hard,
you
can
touch
them.
Software
running
on
bigger
computers
is
far
away
from
the
hardware.
You
can't
really
touch
it.
So
that's
called
software.
The
program
inside
of
a
microcontroller
is
closer
to
the
hardware,
not
as
far
away
as
software.
So
that's
between
hard
and
soft
and
it's
actually
called
firmware.
A
That's
the
technical
term,
so
the
program
in
a
microcontroller
isn't
called
software.
It's
called
firmware
and
again
I
mentioned
earlier
in
a
arduino.
It's
called
a
sketch
because
that
isn't
supposedly
isn't
scary
for
non-geeky
artists
all
right.
So
what
about
our
firmware?
Well,
I
already
told
you
about
what
it
is.
So
the
first
thing
we
do
it's
a
very,
very
short
program.
The
first
line
is
yo
microcontroller
pin
13
is
now
an
output
pin.
A
So
now
it's
an
output,
that's
the
one
our
led's
connected
to,
and
then
the
next
line
is
yo
microcontroller
make
that
output
high.
Now,
there's
voltage
there
and
the
the
electrons
go
out
out
the
microcontroller
through
the
led
and
resistor
and
back
to
the
power
supply
and
around
and
around
and
around
and
around,
and
it
lights
up,
because
there's
voltage
there
pushing
electrons
there's
current
the
led
emits
photons
it's
on.
In
this
case
it's
red
okay,
then
we
go
yo,
microcontroller,
pin
13
that
output
pin
make
it
low.
A
C
A
A
A
A
If
we
want
to,
we
can
then
wait
another
while
with
another
delay
and
then
loop
back
to
the
top,
we
don't
make
it
an
output.
Pin
again
it's
already
an
output
point.
We
can
just
make
the
led
high
again
and
then
wait
a
while
and
then
turn
it
off
wait,
a
while
and
then
loop
back
to
making
it
high
and
then
the
led
blinks
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
like
this
one.
A
So
yeah,
that's
that's
really
it!
So
that's
how
microcontrollers
work-
and
you
know
it's-
it's
actually
easy
and
it's
way
fun.
Arduino
makes
doing
all
of
this
easy
because
it
makes
it
easy
to
connect
parts
ends
and
it
makes
it
easy
to
put
a
program
in
but
there's
let's.
Let's
just
continue
now.
The
first
time
you
make
an
led
blink
is
pretty
exciting,
but
after
a
few
seconds
it's
boring
because
it's
just
an
led
pink.
A
So,
let's,
let's
hack
on
this
hello
world
program,
to
make
it
more
interesting,
but
first
there's
just
three
more
parts.
I
want
to
show
you
that
you'll
need
to
know.
So
this
is
a
crystal.
This
is
what
tells
the
microcontroller
exactly
how
fast
to
go
and
there's
inside
of
the
microcontroller
is
some
circuitry
called
an
oscillator
which
controls
the
speed
of
the
instructions.
A
The
internal
oscillator
goes
at
eight
million
times
a
second
and
it's
not
super
accurate.
If
we
want
good
accuracy,
which
we
need
to
turn
tvs
on
and
off
reliably,
which,
of
course
we
want
to
do
because
we
need
to
turn
tvs
off
remember
and
then
we
need
something
called
a
crystal
or
the
next
part
I'll
show
you,
but
a
crystal
is
super
accurate
and
you
can
get
more
and
more
and
more
accurate
by
getting
by
paying
more
and
more
money
for
our
purposes.
A
We
don't
need
super
accurate
crystals
little
crystals
like
this
are
fairly
inexpensive.
This
one's
16
million
times
a
second
and
times
per
second
is
called
hertz
named
after
oh
what's
his
name.
I
forget
his
first
name,
but
anyways
he's
a
dead
physicist,
so
that
just
means
times
per
second
and
it's
in
this
case
it's
million
times
a
second
which
is
megahertz
16
megahertz,
and
this
next
part
is
a
cheaper
part,
but
works
just
as
well.
A
If
we
don't
need
high
accuracy,
so
this
for
a
tv
to
turn
off
reliably,
we
can
do
that
with
a
ceramic
resonator
which
is
shown
here,
and
it's
just
a
lot
of
resistors
and
capacitors
connected
together
inside
of
there.
There's
three
leads.
The
two
outside
ones
are
like
the
two
leads
of
a
crystal.
Oh,
I
wanted
to
talk
about
crystal
just
just
a
little
more
inside
of
here
is
actually
a
quartz
crystal
it's
an
actual
quartz
crystal
precision
cut
so
that
when
you
put
vol.
A
At
16.00
million
times
a
second
16
megahertz
and
the
together
with
the
oscillator
circuitry
in
the
microcontroller,
the
ceramic
resonator
does
the
same
electronics
function.
There's
nothing
physically
vibrating,
though
so
those
two
outside
leads
connected
to
the
microcontroller
and
the
middle
one
connected
to
ground
will
do
the
same
thing.
It
costs
less
money,
it's
less
accurate,
but
it's
accurate
enough
for
our
purposes.
A
B
A
The
microcontroller
has
a
built-in
oscillator
and
if
you're,
okay
with
eight
megahertz
oscillation,
that's
not
very
accurate
and
if
you're
just
blinking
an
led
slowly,
you
don't
need
accuracy.
And
then
you
don't
need
that
extra
part
for
an
arduino,
though
we
also
need
a
ceramic
resonator
or
a
crystal
for
enough
accuracy
to
be
able
to
communicate
with
it
from
our
laptop
or
tablet.
So
we
can
program
it
because
that
takes
some
fairly
accurate
timing
as
well.
A
B
A
Problem,
yes,
okay,
okay,
you
can
definitely
do
that.
So
it's
it's
a
little
bit
weird
though,
because
so
so
this
is
an
aside.
Don't
worry
about
if
this
makes
sense
or
not
for
everybody
there's
certain
parts
of
the
microcontroller
chip
here,
which
you
have
to
program
in
a
special
way
and
those
are
called
fuse
bits
and
that
reconfigures
some
of
the
hardware
to
be
a
little
bit
different.
A
So
if
you
want
to
blink
an
led,
you
can
program
the
chip
to
blink
an
led
without
the
ceramic
resonator,
and
then
you
put
it
into
your
circuit
without
the
ceramic
resonator,
you
have
to
make
sure
that
while
it's
in
your
programming
environment,
you
do
the
fuse
bits
correctly.
So
if
that
doesn't
make
sense,
don't
worry
about
it.
There's
always
always
always
more.
You
can
learn,
no
matter
how
much
you
know,
there's
way
more
to
learn,
but
you
don't.
A
In
order
to
do
lots
and
lots
and
lots
of
incredibly
cool
stuff,
just
with
what
I'm
showing
you
today,
you
know
I've
been
doing
this
all
my
life
and
there's
still
way
more.
I
can
learn,
that's
for
sure,
so
yeah
and
that's
one
of
the
things
that
makes
playing
with
electronics,
really
cool
and
and
one
one
of
the
things
I
love
about.
Microcontrollers
is
it's
hardware
and
software,
because
you
have
to
have
a
controlling
program
and
and
the
hardware,
so
it
just
brings
all
these
worlds
together.
It's
just
it's
really
awesome.
A
D
A
Let's
hack
on
hello,
world
and
and
I'm
not
going
to
draw
wires
on
on
the
screen
anymore,
the
pictures
won't
have
all
the
wires
because
it
gets
kind
of
messy,
but
you
can
just
imagine
rather
than
having
just
one
output
pin.
We
can
have
two
one
is
connected,
as
shown
here
just
like
before,
with
hello
world,
to
pin
13
to
a
red
led
and
then
another
pin
and
I'll
I'll
just
say.
A
Let's
use,
pin
three
is
connected
to
an
infrared
led
to
control
blinking,
an
infrared
led
and,
of
course
it's
an
led.
So
we
want
to
ensure
that
no
magic
smoke
goes
away.
So
we
put
a
resistor
in
series
with
it
and
it
does
not
matter
which
wire.
We
connect
that
to
remember
that.
I
just
happened
to
do
it
to
the
the
long
plus
lead
just
just
kind
of
a
lot.
Most
people
do
with
that,
but
it
doesn't
have
to.
A
That
the
tvb
gone
is
working,
then
it
can
blink.
The
infrared
led
on
pin
3
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
to
be
an
off
code
for
a
phillips
and
then
just
blip
the
red
led.
So
we
know
it's
working
and
then
make
the
infrared
led
and
pin
3
go
on
and
off
and
on
and
off
to
be
the
right
rate
to
turn
off
a
panasonic
and
then
blip
the
red,
led,
etc,
etc,
etc
for
toshiba,
fujitsu,
samsung,
lg
and
all
those
other
tvs.
A
It's
actually
just
a
hack
of
hello
world,
but
the
thing
is,
it
doesn't
tell
you
it
it
it's.
We
have
to
tell
the
microcontroller
when
to
do
that.
Otherwise,
if
it's
being
run
by
batteries,
it's
going
to
make
the
batteries
go
dead
because
and
it's
just
in
our
pocket
or
whatever
or
in
a
drawer,
because
we're
not
even
out
in
the
world
where
we
and
of
course
we
don't
have
a
tv.
We
need
to
turn
off
at
home
because
it's
already
off
but
or
better
than
better
yet
like
for
me.
A
A
A
Likewise,
we
can
hook
the
red
wire,
a
red
wire,
from
pin
to
our
input,
pin
to
the
red
power
wire,
which
is
also
powering
the
microcontroller.
That's
okay,
and
if
we
ask
the
microcontroller
right
now,
with
one
line,
just
yo
microcontroller
pin
2
is
it
higher?
Is
it
low
it'll
report
back
high
like
this,
and
I
just
want
to
point
out.
The
color
of
the
wire
is
just
plastic
coating
that
has
nothing
to
do
with
the
electronics
again.
A
Different
microcontrollers
can
be
configured
in
different
ways.
You
have
to
read
the
data
sheet,
but
in
this
one
I
already
know,
if
you
tell
it
so,
when
nothing
is
connected
to
it,
that's
called
floating
high.
There's
a
built-in
resistor
connected
to
all
of
the
pins
which
pull
it
high.
When
nothing's
connected
to
it,
so
if
we
ask
it
right
now,
if
the
microcontroller
is
high
or
low,
it
will
report
back
high.
A
A
It's
floating
high
when
I'm
not
pushing
the
button.
But
when
I
push
the
button
it
makes
it
low,
because
when
I
push
the
button
it'll
be
connected
ground
I'll
show
you
that
in
a
sec
here
it
is
okay.
So
remember
a
switch.
Is
these
two
pieces
of
metal
they're
either
open
when
I'm
not
pushing
the
button
or
when
I'm
pushing
the
button?
It
connects
the
two
pieces
of
metal
together
and
then
I
let
go
and
a
spring
makes
it
pop
up?
A
A
D
A
Hi,
it's
floating
not
connected
to
anything,
so
it
reports
back
hi.
But
now,
if
I
push
the
button,
the
yellow
wire
is
I'm
pushing
the
button.
The
yellow
wire
is
connected
to
the
black
wire.
Now,
because
the
two
pieces
of
metal
are
connected,
here's
the
yellow,
here's,
the
black
wire,
the
yellow
and
black
wires
are
connected.
Oh
that's!
A.
A
A
A
D
A
A
Okay,
so
that's
that's!
How
tvb
gun
works
and
that's
how
we
can
tell
it
when
to
do
its
thing
on
the
left
is
the
hardware-
and
I
described
that
already
we
have
the
visible
red
led
it
doesn't
matter
what
color
it
is.
The
invisible
infrared
led.
Each
of
them
have
a
resistor
in
series.
So
no
magic
smoke
goes
away.
I
haven't
a
switch
between
a
pin
tune
ground.
The
led
visible
is
on
inserting
ground.
The
invisible
infrared
is
on,
pin,
3
and
ground.
A
The
controlling
firmware
is
written
on
the
right
side,
so
we
have
the
free
top
lines,
just
initialize
everything.
So
we
have
our
two
output
pins
and
input
pin,
and
then
we
have
the
part
of
the
program
that
is
waiting
for
us
to
push
the
button.
Let's
just
say:
look
at
pin
two:
is
it
high
or
low?
If
it's
high,
we
have
to
wait
if
it's
low,
then
we
can
go
to
the
rest
underneath
and
the
that
just
does
what
I
already
said:
blip
the
visible
led.
A
A
A
A
It
will
take
the
small
amount
of
current
that
the
that
the
output
pin
is
capable
of
giving
and
amplify
it
to
a
large
amount
of
current
to
make
the
infrared
led
turn
on
and
off
very
brightly,
so
yeah
and
again
leds
get
brighter
and
brighter
and
brighter
with
more
and
more
current,
and
we
want
to
make
sure
we
limit
it.
So
the
magic
smoke
doesn't
go
away.
So
to
do
that
we
need
a
transistor
and
here's
a
transistor.
A
This
is
from
a
data
sheet.
This
transistor's
name
is
2n3904,
but
there
are
a
lot
of
different
ones
at
work.
Transistors
are
very,
very
interesting,
fascinating
quantum
devices
that
don't
work
with
classical
physics,
but
according
to
quantum
they're
particles
that
don't
they're
devices
within
which
particles
that
don't
exist
flow
through
barriers,
they
can't
cross.
C
A
I
think
it
was
richard
feynman
that
says
anyone
who
claims
to
understand
quantum
physics
hasn't
studied
it
enough.
So
anyways
a
transistor,
though,
can
just
be
considered
a
current
amplifier
and
it
has
three
leads:
they're
technically
called
emitter
basin
collector.
But
right
now
I'm
just
calling
it
ground
input
and
output.