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A
Recording
okay
recording
here,
okay,
so
welcome
everybody
to
the
open
source
microfactory
startup
camp
today
we're
going
to
cover
some
basics
of
3d
printing.
So
it's
an
economics
related
topic.
What
do
the
numbers
look
like
if
you're
talking
about
economically
significant
production,
meaning
either
for
your
own
self,
for
your
household
or
as
an
enterprise
to
produce
for
the
local
economy?
A
So
let's,
let's
start
with
that,
let's
look
at
now
what
the
costs
involved
are,
and
that
means
there's
three
things
primarily
that
you
look
at,
which
is
the
machines,
the
feedstocks
and
the
energy,
to
run
that
and,
of
course,
there's
human
time
on
top
of
that,
but
right
now
breaking
that
down
into
those
categories.
Let's,
let's
look
at
some
of
those
numbers
and
also
we'll
cover
not
only
the
plastic
part,
which
is
main
main
way.
A
I'll
start
with
start-up
costs,
revenue,
basics.
So
what's
the
startup
cost
of
getting
into
3d
printing?
Well,
you're
gonna
have
to
have
a
3d
printer.
That
cost
will
probably
be
around
$1000,
maybe
$500,
there's
definitely
low
cost
cheapo
printers
from
China
for,
like
$200,
maybe
they're,
not
necessarily
recommended
for
what
we
want
to
do
for
us.
Our
printer
is
500
dollars
in
parts
for
the
open
source,
ecology,
d3d,
good
printers
out
there,
for
example
like
Lowe's,
but
many
other
ones,
but
all
right,
let's
say
around
$1,000.
A
If
you
build
it
yourself,
you
can
do
that
for
our
printer,
which
is
designed
for
industrial
grade
of
top-line
parts
and
we're
actually
releasing
the
version
1911
pretty
soon
we'll
get
that
out.
Next
few
days
that
we
just
finished
the
machine
and
it's
next
easier
to
build
more
powerful,
a
more
accurate
model,
five
hundred
dollars
in
parts,
if
you
buy
it
off
the
shelf,
probably
a
thousand,
if
you
buy
one
of
our
kits,
we
sell
for
like
eight
hundred,
we
were
selling
them
for
before
and
no
that's
that's
it
so
with
a
thousand
dollars.
A
Now
what
about
feedstock?
So,
let's
talk
about
feedstocks,
you
can
get
feedstocks
for
about
fifteen
dollars,
a
kilo,
fifteen
twenty
dollars,
a
kilo
we
get
ours,
I've
been
getting
stuff
from
matter.
Hackers
get
like
ten
or
twenty
rolls
at
a
time
which
cost
fifteen
dollars
per
kilogram.
So
two
dollars
well
$15
for
two
pounds
so
about
seven
dollars:
fifty
cents,
a
pound,
rough
figure
being
ten
dollars
a
pound.
So
that's
not
cheap!
A
A
Energy
costs
are
for
a
printer
are
about
you're
running
about
a
hundred
or
two
hundred
watts
for
a
printer
and
the
main
costs.
There
are
forty
watts
for
the
heater
element
for
extrusion.
So
that's
that's
the
main
part
you're
running
stepper
motors,
which
only
take
like
10
or
20
watts.
Now
so
a
small
hundred
watt
power
supply.
A
We
use
a
hundred
watt
power
supply,
but
we
have
an
external
key
bit,
so
the
heat
bed
can
take
a
lot
of
energy,
so
typical
heat
beds,
maybe
maybe
200
Watts
on
our
printer.
We
actually
use
a
500
watt
heat
bed,
but
it's
also
insulated.
So
you
actually
talk
about
eco
eco,
friendly
printing
art,
he'd
bet
actually
and
I
actually
don't
know
of
any
other
printer
in
a
world
that
has
an
insulated
heated
bed,
but
we
have
two
inches
of
rock
wall.
A
Insulation
of
there
are
so
that
all
the
heat
goes
up
into
the
build
platform,
as
opposed
to
escaping
through
the
sides
or
bottom,
but
if
we
use
five
hundred
watts
as
the
power
of
the
element
that
only
stays
on
for
a
fraction
of
the
time,
like
20%
of
the
time,
ten
ten
percent
of
the
time
and
depending
on
a
temperature
of
the
room.
So
but
you
can
say
hundred
to
two
hundred
watts
for
a
printer
now,
you
can
also
print
without
a
heated
bed,
so
you're
under
a
hundred
watts.
A
If
you're
printing,
a
PLA
on
without
a
heated
bed,
that's
possible,
so
let's
take
an
average
figure
of
a
hundred
watts.
So
how
much
does
that
cost?
Well,
a
hundred
watts
at
current
energy
cost
is
one
cent
an
hour.
So
it's
about
ten
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
if
you're
running
a
hundred
watts,
that's
one
tenth
of
a
kilowatt.
It's
one
cent
per
hour.
So
if
you
and
order
the
extruding,
the
second
part
is
what
are
the
extrusion
rate
so
that
one
cent
to
begin
with
is
pretty
insignificant
in
terms
of
energy
costs.
A
If
you
talk
about
a
full
spool
of
two
pounds,
an
average
printer
with
a
regular
standard
printers
out
there,
they
they
can
push
through
about
a
pound
per
day.
I
mean
pound
or
maybe
two
pounds
a
day.
So
one
roll
would
last
you
like
24
to
48
hours
but,
let's
say
let's
say
48
hours,
so
you're
spending
48
hours
times,
1
cent
about
50
cents
out
of
the
whole
spool
of
$15
or
$20.
A
Now,
let's
talk
about
a
little
bit,
extrusion
rate,
so
in
a
standard
small
printers
that
exists
out
there,
the
typical
rate
is
about
1
pound
per
hour.
Sorry
I'm
at
one
pound,
one
spool
per
1
pound
per
24
hours,
so
1
pound
figure.
It's
let's.
Let's
look
at
the
day
as
a
typical
scalp.
Is
you
talking
about
prints
that
can
take
a
long
time
in
printing,
after
all,
is
relatively
slow,
so
pound
for
24
hours?
That's
the
standard
nozzles!
If
you
look
at
some
of
the
larger
nozzles
so
there's
we
use
e3d
volcano
nozzles.
A
A
That
means
you're
going
through
it
like
two
or
three
spools
in
one
day,
like
thirty
dollars
of
material.
Now,
there's
the
next
one
available
off
the
shelf
of
a
super
volcano
nozzle,
which
is
actually
much
larger
nozzle.
It's
80
watts
for
that
nozzle
in
particular,
but
that
the
super
volcano
nozzle.
So
Google's
super
volcano
err.
So
let
me
share
my
screen
and
let's
go
to
the
wiki.
A
So
these
are
the
larger
ones
you
can
see.
The
length
of
these
is
much
longer
than
a
standard
heater
block,
so
this
is
yeah.
This
is
so
what
the
block
looks
like.
So
it's
quite
long,
it's
about
two
inches
or
so
standard
blocks
are
like
1/2,
1/3
1/4
the
size
of
this.
But
this
is
yeah.
That's
it's
pretty
large,
but
this
can
do
20
pounds
per
day.
So
that's
the
baseline,
so
you're
thinking
well,
what's
the
limit
in
terms
of
the
practical
things
you
can
do
well,
something
that
weighs
20
pounds?
A
Well,
you
can
be
printing
if
you
had
the
feedstock
4
into
2
by
4
of
lumber
plastic
lumber,
that's
about
20
pounds
or
so
depending
on
an
infill.
So
that's
the
kind
of
production
rate
you're
talking
now.
This
is
big.
Very
few
people
still
use
this
most
common
printers
are
one
pound
per
day,
which
is
not
a
lot,
but
if
it's
automated
that's
what
makes
sense
because
you're
not
doing
the
work.
The
printer
is.
A
Let's
talk
a
little
bit
about
that
for
a
second,
so
I'm
gonna
show
you
some
of
the
numbers
here
more
specifically,
the
basic
point
is
if
you're
caught.
If
your
spool
of
wires
filament
is
costing
you
say
twenty
dollars,
you
cannot
cost-effectively
print
a
two
by
four
piece
of
lumber.
Now,
that's
also
once
again
talking
if
you're
going
industrial
and
actually
starting
to
print
usable
construction,
materials
and
so
forth,
it
would
cost
you
if
a
2x4,
that's
in
plastic,
weighs
ten
or
twenty
pounds
well,.
A
Like
ten
kilos,
five
kilos,
it's
like
a
hundred
bucks
per
2x4,
absolutely
not
doable
because
you
can
get
a
two
by
four
piece
of
lumber
for
like
three
dollars
at
the
lumber
store,
so
you'd
be
paying
much
much
more.
So
there's
a
very
strong
case
for
making
your
own
plastic
recycling
and
manufacturing
local
communities
and
a
lot
of
people
kind
of
critique
that
all
you'll
never
get
to
those
kinds
of
industrial
volumes
that
the
mainstream
system,
the
700
billion
dollar
plastic
economy,
produces.
It's
like
a
lot
of
people
are
skeptical
about
it.
A
But
well
that's
exactly
the
case.
It's
not
about
one
person
doing
it,
but
it's
about
many
many
people
all
over
the
world
and
recycling
and
cleaning
up
an
environment
which
does
make
a
lot
of
sense.
If
you,
if
you
can
include
the
environmental
circular
economy.
Aspects
in
that
package
so
pointed
is
plastic.
Filament
is
not
affordable
for
larger
objects.
Eight
peg
bucks
a
pound,
so
a
plastic
fence
post
would
cost
you
like
twenty-five
dollars.
A
Well,
fence
post,
like
a
light,
light
fence
post
talking
about
a
a
10
pound
2x4
for
like
real
construction,
people
make
plastic
decks
or
whatever
is
area
around
the
swimming
pool.
That
does
not
rot
it's
great
for
the
aquaponic
greenhouse,
while
you're
talking
about
ten
pounds.
It's
like
80
bucks,
that's
very
expensive,
so
we
need
to
start
making
our.
A
So
that
means
it's
a
high
priority
to
get
the
recycling
infrastructure
in
place
and
that's
one
of
the
priorities
after
we
release
the
printers
this
coming
month
by
the
end
of
this
year,
we'll
be
working
on
both
the
torch
table
and
the
recycling
infrastructures
to
very
powerful
aspects
of
this
entire
game,
especially
as
we're
going
to
the
incentive
challenge
to
make
the
3d
printed.
Cordless
drill,
professional-grade,
open
source
made
from
recycled
plastic.
That's
our
goal,
so
we'll
definitely
be
getting
into
this
for
the
launch
of
that
that
incentive
challenge
in
September
2020.
A
So
let's
take
a
look
at
what
the
costs
are.
If
you
look
at
some
papers
out
there
documenting
the
costs
of
electricity,
what
does
it
take
to
do
attentive
to
to
print
so
at
10
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
if
you
use
10
cents
per
kilowatt
hour?
As
your
standard
cost
the
cost
of
my
electricity,
it
gets
pretty
high.
If
now
that's
that's
five
dollars
in
electricity.
That
means
you're
spitting
out
that
one
piece
of
lumber,
so
ten
cents-
that's
50
hours.
A
Well,
that
does
not
include
so.
The
electricity
costs
there,
five
dollars
for
a
piece
of
2x4
lumber,
that's
quite
a
bit!
That's
as
much
as
you
can
adjust
electricity
in
that
cost
you
as
as
much
as
what
you
get
a
piece
of
lumber
at
the
store.
So
what's
the
deal
there?
That's
that
was
done
with
a
smaller
nozzle.
A
Well,
half
a
day
is
only
twelve
hours.
That's
that's
1.2
kilowatt
hours
about
a
1
kilowatt
hour
of
electricity
used,
that's
10
cents!
So
if
you
go
to
the
much
larger
nozzles,
it
becomes
much
more
practical
to
print
larger
objects,
because
the
amount
of
electricity
you're
using
in
a
supervolcano
versus
a
tiny
heater
nozzle.
It's
still
like
the
supervolcano
is
only
80
watts.
The
standard
nozzles
are
all
either
30
or
40
watts.
A
So
there's
not
much
difference
in
electricity
usage
by
the
nozzle
itself,
but
the
real
difference
is
the
drastic
increase
in
print
speed,
which
makes
the
larger
nozzles
practical
for
large
objects.
So
this
is
the
practical
implications,
are
use
a
large
nozzle,
even
using
off-the-shelf
electricity.
If
you're
not
off-grid
or
don't
have
PV
panels
or
alternative
energy,
you
can
still
cost-effectively
produce
things
like
a
2x4
lumber
in
which
your
electricity
is
gonna,
cost
you
10
cents
to
do
that
using
a
supervolcano
nozzle.
A
So
you
go
to
larger
nozzles
as
a
start.
The
case
we
make
for
going
off
grid.
Actually
the
great
learnings
from
the
CD
go
home,
but
the
system
for
the
city
go
home,
cost
$3,000
for
in
materials
cost
that's
not
including
your
labor,
but
total
materials
cost
for
three
kilowatts.
We
paid
$3,000
$3,000,
so
a
dollar
a
kiloton
dollar
a
watt
price
ticket.
If
you
look
at
the
expected
lifetime
of
those
of
those
solar
panels,
we
are
getting
about
three
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
as
our
production
cost
and
it's
actually
better
than
it.
A
If
you
can,
if
you
can
go
through
that,
but
there's
a
thing
you
want
to
look
at
is
point
number
two:
their
cost
of
electricity
production,
so
I
fully
detailed,
exactly
what
we're
doing
in
a
CD
go
home
and
the
number
that
we
come
up
with
is
1.2
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
in
our
PV
system.
That's
off-grid!
So
that's
pretty
close
to
free
I
mean
it's
about
10x,
lower
than
grid
costs.
A
That,
of
course,
is
from
a
DIY
system,
so
we're
not
counting
our
labor
and
so
forth,
but
let's
say
between
1.2
cents
and
3
cents
per
kilowatt
hour
for
the
electricity
costs
using
photovoltaics,
which
now
are
very,
very
cheap.
So
the
point
is
Solar
3d,
printing
off-grid,
3d,
printing,
renewable
energy,
3d
printing,
that's
all
game
right
now
that
might
not
have
been
a
game
a
decade
or
two
ago
when
PV
was
10
times
or
a
hundred
times
more
expensive
right
now.
Pv
is
really
really
cheap.
Go
to
sauna.
Let
calm!
A
That's
where
we
get
our
panels,
but
they
have
panels
frequently
have
PV
finished
panels
under
50
cents,
a
watt
so
study
those
numbers
and
go
from
there
because
you
might
be
excited
to
pursue
more
solar.
So
here
I
done
this
page
here
I
talked
about
more
about
a
supervolcano
nozzle
20
pound
per
day
extrusions
so
that
essentially
talking
to
2x4
so
we're
talking
about.
A
A
A
But
at
that
level,
if
you're
talking
about
a
super
volcano
and
low
cost
electricity
under
point
two
cents,
a
pound
of
energy
cost
of
printed
plastic,
so
you
can
take
a
look
at
those
numbers.
I
mean
by
all
means.
If
any
of
those
are
wrong,
just
let
me
know
too,
but
I'm
keeping
notes
and
some
of
them
basically
use,
because
you
have
to
look
back
at
the
you
know:
does
it
make
sense?
Is
it
economically
or
energetically
efficient?
A
So
both
your
time,
the
amount
of
energy
you
put
in
there
where
you're
getting
your
materials
from,
but
the
bottom
line
here
is
that
energy
cost
is
quite
negligible
effectively
free
compared
to
the
material
costs.
So
with
that
that
that's
that's
the
basic
summary
of
the
economics,
which
means
the
practical
implications.
Being
you
can
do
practical
printing
of
large
object
that
energy
is
not
the
limit.
A
You
can
start
a
business,
making
common
things
like
plastic,
two
by
fours,
starting
a
recycling
cycling
center
in
your
community,
with
fully
open
source
machines,
we're
developing
that
full
open-source
tool
chain.
Do
it:
okay,
let's
go
into
other
materials.
What
about
concrete
and
earth
for
housing?
So
concrete
on
earth
for
housing,
there's
good
examples
out.
There
definitely
of
of
3d
printing
uses
being
used
for
construction.
You
can
google
that
and
things
like
the
concrete,
printed
houses,
definitely
doable
or
you
can
talk
about.
So
this
is
kind
of
like
this
square
structures.
A
It's
somewhat
cheating
when
you
talk
about
a
3d
printed
house,
because
the
walls
of
a
house
are
effectively
20%
of
the
cost.
So
yeah,
that's
good,
but
still
you
know
if
you
talk
about
cost
savings,
not
super
super
impressive
unless
you're
doing
more
than
the
walls
using
3d
printing,
so
such
as
a
eyespace
Factory
is
a
great
example.
So
take
a
look
at
that.
A
So
look
at
this
so
when
you
start
printing,
like
a
be
Prince's
house
in
a
hive,
looking
kind
of
a
structure,
this
is
proposals
for
Mars,
and
these
are
proposals
for
Earth.
So
actually
this
kind
of
prototype
has
been
crowdfunded.
This
is
actually
I.
Don't
think,
that's
the
built
one,
that's
just
a
model,
but
that's
been
Kickstarter,
funded
and
they're
going
forward
with
this.
So
building
these
kinds
of
homes,
which
is
quite
interesting
now.
The
good
news
for
us
is
also
that
we're
gonna
build
a
structure
like
this.
A
Actually,
the
we're
planning
a
steam
camp
in
Hong
Kong,
with
a
collaborator
Cesar
Harada
from
Maker
Bay
in
Hong,
Kong
who's,
also
a
TED
fellow
friend,
but
we're
doing
a
steam
camp.
That's
going
forward
for
March
9th,
where
we're
gonna
be
building
one
of
these
structures
like
this
except
smaller.
Not
not
this
large
this
here.
A
This
is
like
this
is
multiple
stories,
we're
looking
to
do
something,
that's
about
maybe
eight
feet
by
wide
by
15
feet,
high
or
so
so,
an
initial
prototype
actually
using
our
Universal
access
as
the
motion
system
and
and
a
clay
extruder.
So
that's
that's
exciting
I
mean
you
can
do
this
and
here
in
the
case
of
buildings,
it
boils
down
to.
Essentially,
this
is
no
longer
like
3d
printing.
A
That
I
mean
this
is
really
materials,
so
you're
talking
about
cement,
mixers,
concrete
trucks,
large,
you
know,
equipment,
tractors
or
bulldozers
for
digging
this
off
you're
digging
up
clay
I
mean
that's.
That
gets
to
be
quite
an
endeavor
where
the
supporting
equipment
infrastructure
is
really
the
big
part
of
it.
The
printer
is
just
one
one
small
part,
so
Mick
seeing
the
delivery
of
that
mud
through
nozzles
that
gets
into
heavy
equipment
and
kind
of
stuff.
We
do
with
the
global
village
Construction
Set.
A
Now,
in
a
case
like
this
Mars
habitats
thing,
if
you
talk
about
both
walls
and
roof
and
possibly
foundation
being
3d
printed,
then
you've
gone
more
than
half
of
the
cost
of
the
house
is
now
truly
3d
printed.
So
that's
like
yeah
wow,
that's
pretty
impressive.
Typically,
the
large
costs
of
a
house
also
include
the
you
know.
A
You
got
your
windows
and
doors
and
the
interior
finishing,
but
if
you
can
save
60%
on
the
build
of
a
house
using
3d
printing,
that
would
be
good
if
that
is
low,
cost
assuming
you've
got
access
to
feed
stacks,
but
these
feedstocks
are
not
free.
As
I
mentioned,
you
need
to
have
the
equipment
to
access
them
concrete.
If
you
get
that
delivered
to
your
site,
that's
still
$100
per
cubic
metre
per
cubic
yard.
It's
not
that
cheap.
A
It's
like
a
cubic
yard
weighs
like
3,000
pounds
or
1,000
kilograms
close
about
there
just
still
talking
about,
let's
say
a
thousand
kilograms
for
$100
you're
talking
about
10
cents,
a
kilogramme.
The
weight
adds
up.
It's
not
not
free
and
heavy
moving
of
materials,
but
it's
doable
I
think
a
lot
of
there's
a
lot
of
people
getting
into
3d
printing
of
houses.
That's
definitely
a
craze.
How
real
that
becomes!
We
don't
know
there
have
been
some
pretty
large
buildings.
A
A
So
let's
get
into
other
map
materials
like
metal.
So
you
might
be
thinking,
ok,
plastic!
Yes,
we've
seen
a
lot
of
that.
We've
seen
some
houses,
but
what
about
metal?
And
if
you
look
at
the
basic
economics
of
metal,
it's
actually
quite
attractive
because
you
can
get
so
okay.
First
of
all,
what
is
metal
printing
right
now,
printing
is
where
you
suspend
a.
A
Nozzle,
that's
a
you
can
do
that
simply
as
using
a
MIG
welder
on
a
3d
printer
gantry
axis,
so
something
that
looks
like
this
3d,
printing
and
metal
means
that
instead
of
an
extruder
head,
you've
got
a
welder
like
a
MIG
welder
with
wire
feeds.
So
instead
of
the
plastic
wire
feed,
you've
got
metal,
wire,
feed
and
electricity,
sending
currents
so
you're
welding,
you're,
depositing
metal
in
a
three-dimensional
shape.
So
you
might
think
okay,
what's
what's
that
good?
For
it's
not
super
precise,
it's
it's!
Maybe
three
millimeters
two
millimeters
precise
as
far
as
its
resolution.
A
But
if
you
talk
about
large
structures,
it
certainly
makes
sense.
So
if
you
think
about
welding
wire
plus
well,
there's
plus
3d
printing,
there
are
huge
opportunities
that
get
into
real
large
infrastructure
projects
such
as
a
windmill
Tower.
So
let's
look
at
a
win:
a
windmill
Tower,
so
filament
metal,
filament.
Now
you
can
get
it
a
typical
costing
book
are
about
a
dollar
a
pound.
So
this
is
now
metal
a
dollar
a
pound
on
Alibaba.
A
If
you
go
to
the
store
of
the
source
in
China,
you
get
up
down
to
like
50
cents
per
pound
for
the
film,
but
think
about
the
MIG
welder
on
a
system
on
a
gantry
system
like
maybe
the
Marsha
Terra,
those
3d
printed
houses,
but
a
a
gantry
that
goes
vertically.
So
you
can
think
about
think
about
a
windmill
tower
printed
in
place.
A
24,000
pounds
at
the
very
least
its
competitive
with
what
you
can
do
with
metal.
Now,
if
you
talk
about
these
large
metal
tube
sections,
you
need
cranes
and
things
like
that:
delivery
to
the
side.
So
there's
huge
infrastructure
and
logistics
costs
involved
in
that.
So
if
you
can
print
that
on-site,
perhaps
that's
one
of
the
main
advantages
there,
where
you
can
reduce
costs,
but
the
welding
wire
is
completely
affordable.
A
A
If
you
go
through
the
numbers
400
hours,
so
if
you
leave
that
printer
going
for
17
days,
you've
got
a
200-foot
windmill,
Tower,
not
bad.
If
you
didn't
have
to
do
that,
I,
don't
you
know
think
about
doing
that
in
17
days,
if
you
have
that
equipment
in
the
community
yeah,
that's
that
sounds
a
fordable
in
terms
of
time,
at
least
especially
if
it's
doesn't
have
to
be
managed
too
much.
A
Of
course,
the
infrastructure
to
do
that
is,
of
course,
a
lot
of
details,
but
I
don't
see
why
this
would
necessarily
happen
like,
for
example,
there's
examples
of
3d
printed
metal
bridge.
Let's
see
3d
printed
metal
bridges,
so
that
kind
of
application
is
getting
out
there.
Yeah,
like
you,
can
if
you,
google,
some
pictures,
images,
3d
printed
metal
bridge,
there's
one
that's
actually
in
real
use.
A
I
think
I
can't
tell
whether
that's
that's
a
fake
one
or
not,
but
there's
basically
like
the
robotic
printers
that
do
that
they
can
support
themselves
on
the
bridge,
but
one
that's
that
is
real.
Oh
here's!
Here's
one!
This
one
is
a
3d
printed
bridge
a
real
picture
in
a
real
city.
That's
somewhere
in
Europe
and
Amsterdam,
but
using
robotic
arms
to
do
3d
printing,
like
that.
So
that's
for
people
walking
on
that!
They're
like
this.
Okay,
that's
real,
that's
real
there!
So
that
was
a
demo
I!
Guess
that's
nuts!
A
So
if
you're
thinking
large
infrastructure
and
you,
you
can't
see
how
you
would
get
those
huge
window,
Milhouse's
I,
I,
think
about
that.
We
have
a
lot
of
wind
farms
around
where
we
are
and
it's
like.
Well,
how
do
you
do
that
in
any
kind
of
a
way
without
say
the
without
really
the
industrial
system
around
well,
3d,
printing
and
welding
wire,
using
small
machines
on
towers,
can
get
you
to
do
that
now,
as
part
of
you
to
go,
don't
go
to
metal
metal.
A
That's
you
know
you
have
to
have
a
welder,
that's
not
something
you
do
in
the
earth
in
your
living
room,
maybe
necessarily
with
the
fumes
and
everything
but
fiber
reinforced
plastics
are
actually
one
other
part.
That's
very
strong,
so
fiber,
reinforced
plastic
like
like
carbon
fiber
or
glass,
fiber
embedded
in
plastics.
Like
nylon,
you
can
get
parts
as
strong
as
aluminum,
so
there's
people
doing
that
like,
for
example,
you
can
right
now
get
this
a
subscription
for
this
printer.
A
It's
called
desktop
metal.
This
is
not
metal,
it's
called
fiber
LT,
but
you
can
rent
one
of
these
for
$3,500
$3,500
per
year.
I'm
sure
there's
other
costs
like
like
the
feedstock
as
well,
but
you
can
be
pronouncing
parts
as
strong
as
aluminum
on
a
small
desktop
printer.
So
that's
that's
pretty
interesting.
As
you
see,
day
by
day,
the
power
of
3d
printers
is
increasing
and,
of
course,
we've
gone
through
a
certain
hype
curve
of
3d
printers.
But
that's
because
yeah,
it's
not
all
there
yet,
but
it's
it
can
be.
A
If
you
talk
about
printing
the
one
of
the
sad
things
actually
found
about
3d
printing,
that
kind
of
really
dawned
on
me
these
days,
this
a
regular
3d
printer
without
a
heated
enclosure,
you're
really
printing
you're,
not
really
that
capable
like
you,
can
do
PLA,
you
can
do
TPU,
you
can
do
PE
TG,
but
forget
about
anything
else.
Like
abs,
I
mean
really
forget
about
it.
It's
like,
unless
you're
very
close
to
the
bed
and
making
small
parts.
Yes,
you
can
print
some
ABS
I
think
there's
a
lot
of
hype
in
them.
A
You
know
just
mice
take
on
it.
Is
you
can't
print
up
any
kind
of
a
larger
structure
without
having
an
enclosed
building
bur?
So,
basically,
all
the
consumer
printers
that
are
out
there
you're
limited
to
like
three
materials.
You
know,
abs,
is
not
part
of
the
game.
Yes,
you
can't
print
tiny
objects
in
ABS,
but,
for
example,
we
try
to.
We
have
a
leaf
Eliminator
on
our
aquaponic
greenhouse
that
we
printed
in
ABS.
The
thing
completely
collapsed.
Delaminated.
A
We
ended
up
paint
using
PLA
to
do
that
to
print
that
that
that
works
well,
it's
got
thin
walls
and
it's
like
a
box
six
inch,
cubed
box
structure,
but
no
way
for
a
higher
temperature
material
like
abs,
so
just
kind
of
gauge
your
expectations,
the
the
whole
3d
printing
industry,
on
a
consumer-grade
where
people
advertise
you
can
print
any
material
is
pretty
hyped
up.
Now
you
can
do
the
fiber
reinforced
plastics,
those
work
well
without
delaminating
and
are
quite
strong.
That's
that's
pretty
good
they're
also
much
more
expensive.
A
But,
yes,
you
can't
print
like
TPU
ninjaflex.
Yes,
absolutely
some
rubber
parts,
yes
very
good,
a
PLA,
but
everyone
just
prints
pretty
much
PLA,
only
because
you're
completely
limited
without
a
heated
bill
chambers.
So
the
case
is
they're
very
much
for
a
heated
build
chamber
where
you
can
now
get
into
practical
production
of
just
about
anything.
A
So
if
you
see
that
printing
has
not
taken
off
that's
part
of
the
reason,
I
would
say
the
main
in
our
view
studying
like
how
do
you
take
3d
printing,
more
into
the
industrial
scene
and
local
production,
its
recycling
filament
for
filaments
is
missing
a
good
rubber,
fast,
rubber
extruder
is
missing.
There
are
some,
but
rubber
extruder
does
not
currently
exist.
That
can
print
three
millimeter
rubber.
A
Now
I,
here,
III
D
saying
no
way
hey
we
printed
with
with
rubber
yeah.
It's
not
the
fastest
rates,
we're
talking
about
now,
getting
this
to
industrial
rates
of
production
so
close
to
like
those
20
pounds
per
day
rates
when
you
print
with
rubber,
you
typically
have
to
print
much
slower
and
that's
because
the
design
of
the
current
extruders
typically
has
a
quite
a
long
distance.
Even
in
the
printers
then
extruders
like
the
e3d
titan
arrow,
which
we
use
they're
still
it's
not
by
no
means
optimized
for
rubber.
A
So
that's
one
missing
link
where
you
can't
really
print
well
on
a
commercial
scale
and
rubber.
Maybe
some
of
the
more
advanced
industrial
printers
have
that,
but
I've
never
seen
that
the
open
source
and
consumer
out
consumer
3d
printing
world.
The
third
major
thing
is
the
heated
build
chambers,
high
temperature
built
chambers,
so
not
only
enclosed,
but
high
temperature
so
think
about
120
C
for
a
built
chamber
which
is
beyond
the
temperature
of
your
electronics
can
handle.
A
So
you
have
to
have
a
different
design,
but
that
allows
you
to
do,
for
example,
glazing
and
polycarbonate,
but
forget
about
it
if
you're
trying
to
do
that
without
an
enclosure
in
terms
of
replicable
high-quality,
so
we're
definitely
working
on
that.
The
high-temperature
enclosures
is
one
of
the
things
you
can
look
at
our
design
on
a
wiki.
You
can
study
that
we've
got
a
concept,
that's
actually
quite
easy
to
implement.
You
can
study
that
I'll.
A
Let
us
know
what
you
think,
but
this
is
the
high
temperature
heated
enclosure
that
is
perhaps
the
next
greatest
leap
of
open-source
3d
printing.
That
we
can
take
will
have
this
within
probably
a
few
months.
We're
not
there
yet
right
now,
right
now
we're
getting
the
main
line
of
3d
printers
out
there
into
product
ization.
This
is
our
next
big
deal
on
3d,
printing,
okay,
because
if
you
have
that
high
temperature
heated
enclosure,
you
can
talk
about
now
common
products
out
of
any
materials
without
the
limitations
of
the
elimination.
A
Like
you
know,
of
course
people
say:
yes,
you
can
print
and
many
many
materials,
but
with
the
case
for
those
is
typically
you're
right
on
a
bed
where
it's
still
very
hot
you've
got
the
heat
from
the
bed,
still
allowing
you
to
print
well
on
that,
but
for
practical
purposes,
it's
fair
to
to
generalize
that
you're
very
limited
in
materials
at
this
point
without
a
heated
enclosure.
Now,
if
you
do
get
the
heated
enclosure,
then
you
can
talk
about
printing.
Let's
talk
about
what
we're
highly
interested
in
is
common
objects.
Nothing
exotic!
A
A
Well,
our
case
is
that
yeah,
absolutely
you
want
to
be
do
that
doing
that
as
a
local
business,
if
you
develop
the
high
quality
control,
if
you
have
the
high-temperature
enclosure,
which
does
not
exist
today
in
the
consumer
market,
but
the
promise
is
common
common
objects.
Take
a
look
at
Google
Menards
and
see
four
inch.
Pvc
elbow
it's
about
$10,
hey!
It's
about
two
pounds
of
material!
A
You
know
for
the
amount
of
time
you
spend
printing,
it
doesn't
make
sense.
Well,
it
doesn't
make
sense
if
you're
it,
you
don't
have
a
reliable
system
and
you're
babying
the
print,
but
in
a
much
higher
higher
quality
system
that
allows
you
for
industrial
productivity,
even
printing
things
that
are
your
cheapo
20
cent.
Plumbing
fittings
will
make
sense
so
say
they
take
ten
minutes
each
you
make
on
a
20.
You
know
you
make
say
ten
of
them
an
hour.
You
know
five
of
them
an
hour.
A
A
So
it's
definitely
worth
pursuing,
definitely
doable
it's.
It
will
take
a
lot
of
development
to
get
there,
but
that's
the
that's
the
promise
to
get
the
high
quality
up
and
we
definitely
welcome
your
feedback
on
I
mean
what
do
you
think
about
this?
I
mean
this
is
not
saying
anything
particularly
revolutionary,
but
a
lot
of
people
will
people
in
the
main
industrial
system
would
be
like?
Oh
yeah
well,
you'll
never
compete
with
centralized
production
and
all
of
that
it's,
but
the
truth
is
it's
all
a
choice.
A
How
do
we
want
to
do
this
and
then,
of
course,
technically
wise
developments
can
be
made
to
make
either
case
doable
is
in
a
centralized
production
case,
you're,
creating
a
throwaway
Society
if
you're
doing
a
local
case.
You've
got
the
other
advantages
of
recycling
and
and
custom
design
or
training,
local
people,
local
jobs
and
so
forth.
So
there's
a
much
bigger
picture
if
you
integrate
the
social
environmental
aspects
to
your
the
way
you
do
things.
A
This
does
begin
to
make
sense,
and
it's
part
of
the
next
economy
that
we'd
like
to
create
and
opens
open
source
economy
so
yeah,
but
without
even
going
to
the
the
low-cost
low-margin
pushing
the
limits
for
production
of
common
objects.
Look
at
some
of
the
possibilities
already,
if
you
don't
have
your
own
filament
you're,
not
using
recycled
materials,
look
at
the
possibilities
of
what
happens
already
within
the
world.
So
this
is
a
here's.
A
paper.
A
Okay,
so
Michigan
Tech,
that's
dr.
Joshua
Pierce,
he's
publishing
a
lot
of
papers
on
the
economics
of
3d
printing,
but
basically
taking
like
he
basically
took
20
common
household
objects
like
a
shaver,
a
phone
case,
whatever
a
bunch
of
plastic
objects
and
maybe
some
cooks
or
whatever.
But
in
this
paper
he's
showing
that
for
20
objects
that
just
about
everybody,
buys
in
a
single
year,
you'd
be
saving
between
300
and
2000
dollars.
On
these
20
objects.
A
And
this
is
only
20
items
for
20
items
that
you
would
make
in
one
a
year.
Okay,
so
basically
it
would
cost
the
typical
consumer
I
mean
look
at
these.
Look
at
these
figures.
It
would
cost
you
you
go
to
Walmart.
You
pay
three
hundred
twelve
dollars
to
almost
two
thousand
dollars
to
buy
twenty
things,
but
it
cost
you
eighteen
dollars
in
filament
to
make
them
in
a
weekend.
Okay,
that's
real,
but
why
is
this
then
not
happening?
Why?
Why
is
this
not
all
over
the
place?
Why
is
everybody
not
doing
it?
A
So
a
lot
of
different
details
or
the
fact
that,
like
in
this
shaver
thing,
you
still
have
to
fit.
You
know
the
shaving
blade
to
this
3d
printed,
part
and
stuff
like
that,
and
it
may
not
fit
because
of
tolerances
so
details.
But
these
are
quality
control
points
that
we
can't
address
with
distributed
quality
control,
perhaps
producing
a
turnkey
package,
turnkey
consumer
production
package,
where
you
provide
the
printer
all
the
files
and
the
whole
infrastructure
wait
where
that
can
be
done
with
actually
less
time
than
it
takes
you
to
go
to
Walmart.
That
is
possible.
A
It's
not
a
far
cry,
but
just
not
how
old
so
I
think
a
lot
of
it
would
be
cultural
that
we're
not
used
to
that.
Maybe
we
don't
have
access
to
the
custom
thing
and
we
need
right
there
like,
for
example,
say
we
take
a
look
at
these
twenty
items
covered
in
the
paper,
and
so,
let's
take
a
look
at
I've
got
this
paper
here.
Let's
take
a
look
at
what
some
of
these
items
are.
Are
there
any
pictures
here.
A
Yeah,
whatever
these
are,
let's
see
what
are
it's
not
a
lot
of
pictures
in
there,
but
but
yeah
the
list
is
there.
It's
so
like
things
are
silly
stuff
like
silly
common
stuff,
I
mean
shower.
Curtain
rings,
showerhead
key
hanger,
iPad,
stand
safety,
razor
train
track,
train
track,
toy
paper,
towel
holder,
spoon,
holder,
various
things,
but
no
common
things.
They
would
take
you
there's
all
the
details
in
the
paper,
but
I'd
say
to
make
that
really
practical,
a
well
curated
design
repositories,
common
open
source,
high
power
production
equipment.
A
A
Numbers
there
are
pretty
staggering,
where,
if
you
read
that
it's
like
okay,
why
isn't
everybody
do
it?
And
yes,
there
are
practical
boundaries,
but
also
I
think
a
lot.
A
lot
of
that
is
cultural,
too.
We're
not
used
to
doing
that
or
we
don't
have
the
time
we
got
to
go
to
work.
We
got
to
pick
up
the
kids
or
whatever
design
our
next
freakout
file.
A
We
don't
have
time
for
that,
but
definitely
doable
so
and
there's
another
paper
for
printing
rubber
objects
like
a
rubber,
mallet
or
other
things,
so
definite
high
potential
in
there
and
it's
to
be
created.
The
economics
are
there
like
if,
in
summary,
if
you
do
have
access
to
off-the-shelf
material,
you
can
make
things
that
make
high
value
objects
that
that
are
quite
competitive
or
things
that
like.
A
If
it
doesn't
exist,
then
you
need
some
custom
fitting,
like
we've
done,
that
for
aquaponics
and
other
things,
custom
things
that
don't
exist
at
a
market,
that's
where,
yes,
absolutely.
It
makes
a
lot
of
sense
using
off-the-shelf
filament
at
$15,
a
spool.
It
does
make
sense
for
much
larger
objects.
You
do
you
end
up
having
to
make
your
own
filament
or
do
that
from
the
recycled
stream.
So
that's
now
getting
more
advanced
for
infrastructure.
A
That
does
not
really
exist
in
an
open
source,
but
the
potential
is
there
and
that's
what
we're
working
on
so
join
this
and
get
involved
in
this,
because
if
you
want
to
build
your
own
local
community,
because
plastic
is
can
think
of
generalizing
quite
a
bit,
there's
plastic,
ceramic
and
metal.
Those
are
like
to
remain
in
biomass,
three
or
four
main
components
of
civilization.
Plastic
is
huge.
It's
in
nearly
a
trillion
dollar
industry.
A
So
definitely
enough
of
it
to
go
around
and
a
lot
of
it
that
we
can
start
cleaning
up
an
environment
from
all
the
waste
plastic-
that's
out
there,
but
that
would
require
some
equipment.
That's
open
source
to
do
that
everywhere,
a
low
cost,
so
you
get
involved.
So
let
me
know
what
you
think
about
this
basic
intro
to
the
economics
of
3d
printing
comments
below.
Please
include
them
and
we'll
see
you
next
time
at
the
open
source
micro
factory,
startup,
camp,
bye,
bye,.