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From YouTube: Committee on Labor and Civil Service 10-14-2020
Description
The Committee on Labor and Civil Service of the Council of the City of Philadelphia held a Public Hearing on Wednesday, October 14, 2020, at 1:00 PM, in a remote manner using Microsoft® Teams to to hear testimony on the following items:
200098 Resolution authorizing the Committee on Labor & Civil Service to hold hearings regarding the safety and well being of workers in the Sanitation Division of the Streets Department.
A
A
I
now
note
that
the
hour
has
come
rachel.
Will
you
please
call
the
role
to
take
attendance
members
that
are
in
attendance?
Will
please
indicate
that
you
are
present
when
your
name
is
called
also
just
say
a
few
brief
words
when
responding
so
that
your
image
will
be
displayed
on
the
screen.
When
you
speak.
F
A
B
A
I
will
note
for
the
record
at
this
time
that
we
will
use
the
chat
feature
available
in
microsoft
teams
to
allow
members
to
signify
that
they
wish
to
be
recognized
in
order
to
fully
comply
with
the
sunshine
act.
The
chat
feature
must
only
be
used
for
this
purpose
before
I
asked
rachel
to
call
up
the
first
panel
for
resolution
number
two:
zero:
zero,
zero,
nine
eight.
I
have
a
few
opening
comments
that
I
would
like
to
make.
A
A
Before
most
of
us
even
knew
what
the
coronavirus
was
and
had
no
idea
what
covet
19
meant.
Indeed,
if
you
read
the
entire
text
of
this
resolution,
there
is
not
one
single
mention
of
covet
19,
but
there
is
a
mention
of
other
hazards
that
sanitation
workers
face
each
and
every
day
on
the
job,
and
that
is
important
for
me
to
note
for
the
record,
because
I
want
to
note
that
we
were
not
sort
of
responding
with
emotion
simply
because
of
the
moment
and
or
because
of
cove
and
a
crisis
came.
A
A
A
Another
reason
for
this
hearing
is
that
I
met
with
some
constituents
of
mine
who
are
sanitation.
Employees
to
them
working
on
a
trash
truck
was
a
good
job,
a
one
with
reliable
hours,
good
pay
and
benefits,
and
one
that
I
know
of
on
a
personal
note,
because
before
I
was
born
as
often
stated
in
my
family,
I
had
an
uncle
jimmy
and
uncle
lonzo,
who
were
both
employees
of
the
sanitation
department
and
listening
to
my
grandmother
and
matriarchs
of
my
family
talk
with
them
and
their
work
with
the
city.
A
But
suffice
it
to
say
our
sanitation
employees
are
still
out
there
working
day
in
and
day
out,
through
rain
and
sleet
and
snow
and
100
plus
degree
days
all
with
the
threat
of
covet
19
looming
over
them
and
yes,
covert
is
certainly
a
hazard
to
them
right
now,
maybe
even
the
biggest
hazard
but
once
covert
is
gone
and
we
have
a
vaccine.
There
will
still
be
other
hazards
remaining.
A
My
hope
is
that
this
hearing
is
what
we
can
use
to
begin,
exploring
what
it
may
mean
for
our
sanitation
workers
to
get
some
sort
of
environmental
stress,
pay
or
exposure
pay
for
the
difficult
job
that
they
do
before
we
get
started.
I
want
to
reiterate
something
that
my
resolution
says
and
I
want
to
state
this
for
the
record
mayor,
jim
kenney
should
be
commended
for
remaining
committed
to
keeping
our
city
clean
streets.
A
A
Whenever
I
talk
with
members
in
the
department
who
work
in
the
sanitation
department,
when
I
talk
to
the
leadership
salaam
and
and
charles
carrington,
I
was
very
clear
that
I
did
not
want
this
hearing
to
turn
into
any
sort
of
blame
a
blame
game
where
we
sort
of
just
pointing
fingers
about
who
didn't
do
what?
Because
I
will
referee,
if
I
have
to
do
that,
but
instead
I
want
this
to
be
a
hearing
that
gives
counsel
the
opportunity,
as
well
as
the
public
at
large,
to
learn
more
about
the
job.
G
Good
afternoon,
chairperson
parker
and
members
of
the
labor
and
civil
service
committee,
my
name
is
carlton
williams,
commissioner
of
the
department
of
streets,
I'm
here
to
offer
the
following
testimony
on
resolution
20098
sponsored
by
council
member
parker.
I
am
joined
today
by
deputy
commissioner
for
sanitation,
keith
warren
and
deputy
commissioner
for
administration,
christopher
newman.
As
you
all
know,
and
has
was
pointed
out
by
councilmember
carson
with
the
covet
outbreak,
the
department
of
streets
has
been
challenged
with
delivering
all
its
core
services,
including
the
collection
of
curbside
trash
and
recycling.
G
Increased
household
tenants
from
residents
staying
at
home,
as
well
as
staff
attendance
issues,
cost
longer
than
usual
delays
to
our
collection
cycle
and
the
sanitation
division.
Throughout
the
course
of
the
pandemic.
Our
sanitation
workers
have
continued
to
serve
the
city
on
the
front
lines.
Their
health
and
safety
remain
a
top
priority
for
the
department
prior
to
the
pandemic.
The
department
distributed
the
following
personal
protective
equipment
and
safety
gear
to
sanitation.
G
Employees
in
the
field,
including
steel
toe
boots,
to
prevent
punctures
from
sharp
objects,
reflect
vests
in
clothing,
optimize
visibility
in
traffic,
hard
hats
for
transfer
and
transfer
stations,
gloves
construction
and
print
proof,
eyewear
face
mask
disposable
and
respiratory
provided
per
assignment
coveralls
rain
suits
hand.
Sanitizers
neoprene
suits
an
m95
mask
different
to
any
worker
assigned
to
any
special
collection,
such
as
removing
moon
hazard
items
like
furniture
infested
with
bed
bugs
or
trash
piles
and
opening
opioid
campus.
In
order
to
protect
the
health
and
safety
of
our
employees.
G
The
department
requires
a
minimum
of
laborers
and
drivers
to
wear
steel.
Toe
boots,
gloves
reflective,
vests
and
drivers
are
required
to
wear
hard
hats
and
dump
sites
representing
a
209
000
cost
investment
for
fy20
not
including
covet
related
additional
purchase
items
which
total
an
additional
230
000
from
april
2020.
To
present
our
commitment
to
the
protective
safety
of
our
employees
is
reflected
in
the
department's
injury
statistics,
which
show
that
the
vast
majority
of
our
employee
entry
claims
are
not
the
result
of
the
lack
of
ppe.
G
Since
march
1st
2020,
we
have
purchased
and
distributed
thousands
of
additional
ppe
items,
including
disposable,
face
masks,
reusable
reinforced
cloth,
masks,
face
shields
hand,
sanitizers
and
other
disinfectants,
such
as
bleach
and
germicide,
to
clean
trucks
and
other
high
touch
areas.
On
the
issue
of
hazardous
pay,
we
sympathize
with
calls
to
provide
additional
pay
for
frontline
workers
who
continue
to
put
their
lives
on
the
line
during
the
covet
19
pandemic.
However,
any
proposal
for
hazardous
pay
for
the
sanitation
team
or
any
city
workers
would
need
to
be
supported
outside
funding
from
state
and
federal
sources.
G
As
with
many
other
municipalities,
philadelphia
is
facing
one
of
the
greatest
financial
downturns.
The
city
has
ever
seen
as
a
reminder.
The
city
did
ensure
contract
extensions
for
all
four
municipal
unions
during
the
cove
pandemic.
Despite
the
financial
challenges,
we
faced
that
one
year
extension
provided
all
representative
employees
with
a
percentage
raise
and
in
most
cases,
a
one-time
bonus
for
sanitation
workers.
Specifically,
they
received
a
two
percent
raise
and
a
one-time,
750
dollar
bonus.
In
addition,
all
front
line
workers
employed
with
the
city
continue
to
be
eligible
for
overtime
per
union
rules.
G
All
city
workers
have
access
to
covet
testing.
There
are
dozens
of
testing
sites
available
throughout
the
city
of
philadelphia.
That
list
has
been
posted
publicly
on
fuller.gov
slash
testing
throughout
the
pandemic.
The
city's
health
insurance
covers
the
covet
19
test
for
fy
21,
the
city
faced
an
unprecedented
budget
shortfall
of
nearly
750
million
dollars,
while
the
majority
of
the
deficit
was
closed,
with
reductions
to
departmental
budgets
not
related
to
staff.
Unfortunately,
a
minimum
number
of
workers
were
required
to
be
laid
off.
There
are
no
further
cuts
planned
at
this
time.
G
We
will
continue
to
work
with
state
and
federal
officials
to
bring
all
relevant
resources
to
the
city
of
philadelphia,
as
we
continue
to
battle
this
pandemic.
Over
the
last
15
years,
the
department,
sanitation
division
has
increased
17
percent
from
94.6
million
in
fiscal
year,
2006
to
110.9
million
in
fiscal
year
2021.
G
In
addition,
the
divisions
class
100
employee
compensation
budget
has
increased
by
27
percent
during
the
same
period
from
45.3
million
to
57.5
million.
However,
if
you,
a
review
of
actual
expenditures
shows
that
overall,
real
costs
have
increased
considerably
beyond
initial
budgeted
amounts.
The
divisions,
actual
overtime
overall
expenditures
have
increased
by
25
from
92
million
in
fiscal
year,
2006
to
114
million
in
fiscal
year,
2020.
G
class
100,
employee
compensation
costs
have
even
been
even
been
more
dramatic,
with
the
40
increase
during
that
same
period,
from
44.6
million
in
fiscal
year,
2006
to
62.7
million
in
fiscal
year
2020..
The
notable
difference.
Notable
difference
generally
reflects
the
volatility
experience
throughout
the
years
and
overtime
expenditures
which
have
risen
dramatically,
particularly
since
fiscal
year
2013..
G
It
is
important
to
point
out
that
all
salary
increases
for
our
union
represented
employees
have
been
in
line
with
applicable
collective
bargaining
agreements.
In
addition,
an
overall
assessment
of
long-term
division
budget
increases
should
be
reviewed
in
the
context
of
sanitation
share
of
the
city's
total
budgetary
resources
throughout
the
years,
particularly
recent
years
where
we
have
been
fortunate
to
obtain
significant
funding
funding
increases.
For
example,
this
same
15-year
period
has
shown
a
recent
return
to
sanitation
staffing
levels.
G
We
have
not
experienced
since
fiscal
year
2006
from
an
average
staff
count
of
1236
that
fiscal
year
to
an
average
staff
account
of
1255
in
fiscal
year
2020..
During
the
economic
downturn
of
the
great
recession,
we
experienced
a
decline
in
staffing
from
fiscal
year
2008
until
fiscal
year
2010,
where
thereafter
we
consistently
average
of
one
between
1
150
and
1
160
sanitation
employees,
but
the
only
notable
exception
during
fiscal
year
2015
when
we
averaged
1
140
employees,
because
we
did
not
have
enough
compactors
to
staff
crews.
G
The
recent
resurgence
of
the
increased
sanitation
staffing
is
a
significant
achievement,
as
it
demonstrates
the
administration's
commitment
to
sanitation
operations,
including
an
effort
to
return
to
more
comprehensive
street
cleaning
operations.
To
date,
this
this
fiscal
year,
fy
2020,
for
example,
we
have
1
265,
full-time
sanitation,
employees
and
150
temporary
employees
for
a
total
of
1
390
employees.
G
The
current
staffing
levels
allow
us
to
better
meet
our
goals
of
one
tile
collections
as
we
enter
the
seventh
month
of
this
pandemic
and
collect
trash
and
recycling
tonnages
averaging
30
more
than
the
previous
year
to
date,
budget
cuts
as
a
result
of
the
pandemic
have
not
impacted
citywide
curbside
collections.
Citywide
mechanical
sweeping,
however,
has
been
eliminated
over
the
next
five
years.
Our
commercial
corridor
cleanup
program
remains
in
place.
We
will
continue
to
utilize
our
existing
resources
and
partnership
strategies
with
other
agencies
to
improve
litter
conditions
across
the
city.
A
Thank
you,
commissioner
williams,
and
I
just
for
the
record
want
keith
warren,
because
we
just
want
to
make
sure
that
we
can
hear
them.
Keith
warren,
our
deputy
streets,
commissioner
of
sanitation.
Keith.
Can
you
just
say
something
so
that
we
can
see
you?
Okay,
you
good
all
right,
hi,
keith
and
and
christopher
newman
deputy
streets.
Commissioner
for
the
administration?
A
C
A
A
I
am
looking
at
your
testimony
and
I
want
to
just
start
here.
You
say
that,
prior
to
the
pandemic
of
the
department
distributed
the
following
ppe
and
safety
gear
to
sanitation
employees
in
the
field,
you
talked
about
the
boots,
the
vest,
the
clothing,
the
hard
hats,
the
gloves,
the
eyewear
the
face
mask
the
coveralls.
The
rain
suits
the
hand
sanitizers
the
neoprene
suits.
A
Did
I
say
that
right,
neoprene
neoprene
suits
their
95
masks
were
given
to
any
worker
assigned
to
special
collection,
such
as
removing
hazardous
items
like
furniture
infested
with
bed
bugs
or
trash
piles
and
opioid
encampments.
Can
you
please
just
clarify
for
me:
did
you
provide
all
of
this
protective
gear
before
covet
was
in
existence.
G
That's
correct
council
person,
parker
that
was
before
kobet
that
was
offered
to
us
as
our
standard
uniform
issuance
certain
items
because
of
the
jobs,
as
mentioned
earlier,
like
the
opioid
encampments,
where
there
is
a
possibility
of
even
more
hazards
by
picking
up
needles
or
there's
an
opportunity
for
the
mechanical
sweeping
program.
With
the
increased
dust
that
was
generated,
we
got
additional
equipment,
but
the
standard
gear
that
you
see
and
have
in
front
of
you
is
what
we
offer
to
all
of
our
employees
that
join
the
department.
A
G
That's
correct,
so
the
gear
that
you
had
is
standard.
We
had
to
all
employees
when
covet
hit.
We
invested
another
230
000
in
additional
equipment
and
that
included
the
protective
face
shields
the
additional
hand
sanitizer
the
the
masks,
several
types
of
masks.
We
were
limited
in
being
able
to
get
mass
in
competition
with
other
essential
service
agencies
in
terms
of
n95
mass
that
we
tried
to
get
in,
but
we
try
to
get
as
much
of
that
equipment
to
our
employees
as
quickly
as
possible
during
the
pandemic.
A
Let
me
ask
you
this:
I
appreciate,
in
your
testimony
you're
empathizing
with
cause
to
provide
additional
pay
for
our
front
line
workers
who
continue
to
put
their
lives
on
the
line
during
this
covet
19
pandemic.
With
this
being
said,
let
me
ask
you:
are
you
aware
of
any
other
municipalities
in
the
nation
that
have
a
provided
some
sort
of
hazard
pay
to
sanitation
workers,
either
pre-covert
or
postcovid?
G
Right
so,
prior
to
covet,
I
do
not
know,
and
we
will
have
to
look
into
what
other
municipalities
have
chris
newman.
My
deputy
commissioner
of
sanitation
does
have
comparable
salary
and
data
that
shows
the
equivalent
to
what
our
employees
and
will
testify
that
it's
on
prior
with
other
municipalities
around
the
country.
I
don't
know
if
that
includes
an
additional
hazard
pay
package.
G
So
that's
something
that
we
would
have
to
look
at
prior
to
covet
during
covet
after
a
pre-postcove
when
the
pandemic,
or
at
present
cove
situations,
there
have
been
municipalities
that
offer
some
kind
of
incentive-based
hazardous
pay
for
municipalities
in
some
areas.
I
know
the
city
of
atlanta,
I
looked
into
it.
I
know
the
city
of
baltimore
also
was
looking
into
it
as
well.
So,
commissioner,.
A
Let
me
let
me
just
ask
for
the
record
that
you
that
that
your
office,
if
you
could
provide
that
information
to
us
and
and
if
you
could
do
it
with
comparable
municipalities
right
because
we
literally
want
to
compare
apples
to
apples
and
if
your
department
will
be
able
to
give
us
that
information,
so
we
can
distribute
that
to
members
of
council.
That
would
be
extremely
helpful
in
helping
us
to
inform
our
future
decision
making.
A
G
G
That
was
a
program
that
employed
at
least
40
people
throughout
the
year
that
gave
them
a
pathway
into
the
streets
department,
whether
it
was
sanitation
or
whether
it
was
in
highway
or
other
transportation
opportunities,
but
most
of
the
jobs
actually
were
external
to
sanitation
and
sanitation
did
not
get
the
number
of
cuts
that
the
rest
of
the
department
had
to
endure.
So
I'll.
Allow
chris
newman
to
give
you
the
details
and
specifics.
C
Yes,
thank
you,
commissioner.
We
we
laid
off
about
15
future
trackers.
They
were
the
remaining
future
trackers
that
were
in
our
program
at
that
time,
and
we
did
have
some
interns.
They
were
mostly
engineering
interns
that
we
also
let
go.
I
believe
there
was
about
six
to
nine
of
them
at
the
time,
and
that
was
it.
So
no
no
civil
service
employees
cancel
one.
A
Okay,
thank
you
again.
It's
important
that
we
get
all
of
this
on
the
record
now
and
again,
when
I
think
about
when
we
and
I'm
being
intentional,
I
want
you
to
know
so
that
folks
get
this
is
not
sort
of
you
know,
post
covet,
piling
you.
We
are
not
johnny,
come
lately
to
being
concerned
about
hazard
pay
for
sanitation
workers,
and
so
the
data
that
you're
providing
now
particularly
relative
to
those
who
are
laid
off
just
acknowledging
that
they
work
for
interns
in
the
engineering
department.
The
public
didn't
know
that.
A
I
know
I
didn't
know
that
when
you
talked
about
that
being
15
future
trackers,
I
didn't
know
that
either
so
that
informs
our
our
thinking
as
well.
The
last
area
and
I'm
looking
in
the
chat
box
for
my
colleagues
to
note
when
they're
interested
in
asking
some
questions.
I
want
to
just
correct
your
testimony
just
a
little
bit
here
when
you
speak
to
the
increase
in
spending
in
the
streets
department
since
2006.
A
now,
as
my
resolution
said,
according
to
an
analysis
conducted
by
the
city
council's
technical
staff,
that's
our
tech
staff
and
adjusting
for
inflation
funding
for
the
streets
department
and
specifically
its
sanitation
division,
has
been
in
essence
effectively
flat
for
about
the
the
for
at
least
the
past
15
years.
Now.
It
appears,
commissioner,
that
your
testimony
did
not
take
into
account
inflation
when
reporting
the
spending
figures.
So
I
just
want
to
go
through
these,
because
I
had
my
office
to
run
some
numbers,
and
here
is
what
they
found.
A
A
In
addition
to
that,
when
we
used
a
45.3
million
dollar
in
2006
spending,
that
would
be
58.49
million
dollars
in
2020
in
2020.
That
is
effectively
flat,
funded
as
compared
to
2000,
2006
and-
and
I
could
go
on
with
all
of
those
numbers
that
you
gave.
Commissioner,
I
guess
you
see
where
I'm
going
you're
reporting
them,
but
we
did
not
adjust
for
inflation
in
those
numbers.
A
So
for
my
colleagues,
you
know,
even
when
we
look
at
class
100
employee
compensation
cost
increase,
they
hasn't
actually
been
that
steep,
because
if
we
look
at
this
44.6
million
in
in
2006
dollars,
that's
actually
57.6
million
in
2020,
if
the
actual
spend
was
62.7
million
in
fiscal
year,
20.
That
is
just
over
an
eight
percent
increase
in
salary
as
compared
to
fiscal
year.
06
and
that's
not
a
40
increase.
A
An
8
increase
in
salary
cost
over
15
years
does
not
seem
to
be
extreme
to
me,
particularly
if
we
added
19
jobs
and
including
cost
of
of
living
increases.
So
again,
commission
I
appreciate
your
putting
that
on
on
the
record,
but
depending
on,
if
you
adjust
for
inflation,
those
numbers
you
know
would
would
move
the
next
thing.
The
hazards,
your
testimony,
speaks
extensively
to
hazards
of
covet
19,
but
less
to
other
hazards
that
sanitation
workers
face.
A
G
Got
you
thank
you,
council
person,
parker
for
your
comments.
First
of
all,
I
want
to
say,
for
the
record
you're
correct:
we
did
not.
Our
budget
is
not
adjusted
according
to
inflationary
numbers
and
our
budget
office
can
answer
those
questions
in
reference
to
how
our
budget
is
allocated
in
respect
to
other
city
agencies
in
an
entirety.
So
that's
basically
how
we
came
up
with
our
numbers
that
differentiates
for
which
you
stated
earlier
so
you're
absolutely
correct
in
those
areas.
I
just
wanted
to
acknowledge
that.
G
Secondly,
in
terms
of
the
biggest
hazards,
our
employees
face
each
day,
it's
the
type
of
equip
material
and
the
amount
of
material
that
they
collect
on
a
daily
basis.
If
you
get
in
touch
with
the
city's
risk
management
division,
they
can
give
you
the
number
of
injuries
which
we
think
is
an
indicator
of
how
our
employees
are
impacted
each
and
every
day,
and
the
biggest
threat
to
our
workers
is
the
weight
and
the
amount
of
material
that
they
collect
on
a
daily
basis.
G
It's
not
so
much
the
ppe
why
that
is
a
critical,
important
component,
the
data
that
we
see
suggest
that
the
way
our
employees
handle
material
and
the
way
people
set
out
their
trash
and
the
amount
of
material
causes
further
injuries
than
injuries
related
to
ppe.
So
I
I
would
say
that
is
a
big
concern
for
us,
because
those
injuries
are
severe
normally
their
back
injuries,
their
long-term
injuries
and
these
injuries
are
definitely
threats
to
their
long-term
health
and
viability.
And
so
we
want
to
make
sure
that
those
things
are
addressed.
G
I
am
not
minimizing
the
fact
that
those
other
hazards
do
exist.
The
needles
that
are
out
there
that
they're
constantly
picking
up
the
type
of
debris
and
the
hazardous
material
that
people
place
out
in
trash
is
also
a
big
issue
for
our
workers.
The,
but
the
biggest
impact
that
we're
had
is
injuries
to
our
employees
while
doing
doing
the
work
out
there.
I
just
want
to
say
for
a
record:
it
is
an
extremely
dangerous
job.
I
was
out
there
again
this
summer,
working
with
our
guys
throwing
trash.
G
I
experienced
some
of
the
challenges
that
they
faced
and
I
can
tell
you
that
it
was
very
grueling
in
the
hot
summer
months,
where
they're
out
there
working
each
and
every
day.
So
I
appreciate
you
having
this
hearing
to
discuss
it
and
coming
up
with
ways
that
we
can
address
and
keep
our
employees
safe
for
the
benefit
of
everybody,
including
our
workers.
F
Thank
you
so
much
madam
chair,
and
thank
you,
commissioner
williams
and
deputy
commissioner
warren
and
all
of
the
sanitation
workers
who
are
represented
on
the
call
carrington.
It's
so
good
to
see
you
and
mr
salam.
I
just
wanted
to
ask
for
the
record
about
the
steel
toe
boots.
Okay,
you
mentioned
that
each
year
each
sanitation
worker
receives
a
voucher
for
steel
toe
boots.
F
F
Because
I
mean
city
hall,
so
the
the
wi-fi,
but
at
any
rate
I
wanted
to
get
that
on
the
record,
because
I
had
an
opportunity
to
go
out
with
the
sanitation
crew
over
the
summer
and
see
the
arduous
work
that
they
are
undertaking,
particularly
in
this
moment,
but
even
prior
to
covid.
As
the
resolution
sponsor
has
stated
and
made
a
majority
leader,
I
just
want
to
commend
you
for
the
timeliness
of
this
resolution
that
was
introduced
before
covent
and
before
we
knew
of
the
challenges
that
we
would
be
facing.
G
C
Council
person
richardson,
I
would
I
would
estimate,
and
I
would
have
to
get
you
a
specific
cost,
but
I
would
estimate
that
it
wouldn't
be
that
much
of
an
impact
on
our
budget
because
of
the
size
of
our
budget.
It
probably
would
be
somewhere
between
ten
thousand
to
eighteen
thousand
dollars
total
for
the
year.
E
Thank
you
very
much,
madam
chair
and
good
afternoon,
commissioner.
I
also
want
to
share
all
of
our
colleagues
in
saying
and
expressing
gratitude
for
all
the
work
that
you've
been
doing.
This
has
been
incredibly
difficult
times,
and
I
know
how
important
it
is
to
our
entire
city
that
your
department
be
at
the
top
of
our
priority
list.
So
thank
you
very
much.
One
of
my
questions
was
about
whether
the
department
requires
its
workers
to
wear
masks.
G
G
E
And
do
you
standardize
the
type
of
mass
that
they
wear
like?
Is
it
an
n95
or
a
certain
type,
just
because
they're
they
are
one
like
very
exposed
to
a
lot
of
things,
they're
out,
obviously
a
lot,
and
so
is
there
like
a
quality
to
the
type
of
mass
that
you
can
guarantee
and
there
and
that
there
that
the
department
provides
directly
to
them.
G
So
that's
a
good
question
with
the
n95
mask
that
we
purchased
in
the
beginning
became
very
limited
in
quantity
because
of
the
demand,
especially
around
hospitals
and
other
emergency
response
personnel,
and
so
we
tried
to
get
an
equivalent
or
something
that
was
at
least
equal
in
value
or
close
to
it
as
possible
to
keep
our
employees
safe
because
it
wasn't
available.
It
made
it
very
difficult
for
us
to
obtain
and
achieve,
but
we
we
did
our
best
through
procurement
to
procure
as
many
masses
we
possibly
could
that
were
highest
quality.
E
I
know
that
that
was
one
of
the
issues
that
that
gets
raised.
I
mean
in
part,
because
I
mean
all
of
us
are
wearing
masks
right
and
I
think
we
we
all
now
I.
I
am
also
learning
like
what
a
difference
it
is
to
be
able
to
have
a
mass
that
gives
you
enough
space
to
be
able
to
breathe
and
do
your
work
and
speak
articulately
and
clearly
and
ones
that
just
kind
of
like
cover
your
face.
E
You
know,
there's
a
big
difference
in
terms
of
the
ability,
especially
when
you're
doing
strenuous
work,
they're
doing
heavy
lifting
and
breathing
in
a
lot.
So
one
of
the
concerns
has
been
if
they
have
like
a
low
quality
mass.
It
makes
it
almost
impossible
to
do
the
work,
because
you're
just
I
mean
you're
heaving.
E
You
know
like
I've
seen
you
know
talk
to
a
lot
of
folks,
and
you
know
I
know
a
lot
of
my
colleagues
have
gone
out
already
and
have
just
talked
about
the
physical
exertion
of
it
makes
the
quality
of
the
mask
really
important,
and
is
that
something
that
you
might
be
presenting
to
either
the
administration
or
to
councils?
As
one
of
the
priority
areas
for
you.
G
Many
of
our
employees
complained
about
the
difficulty
it
was
to
wear
them
and
to
do
that
work,
especially
in
temperatures
that
exceeded
nearly
100
degrees
at
times,
so
it
made
it
very
hard
for
them
to
breathe
just
to
do
their
jobs
on
a
daily
basis.
So
I
think
we
need
to
continue
to
explore
what
is
the
best
type
of
mass
to
give
to
a
worker
in
this
type
of
environment.
G
It
may
work
well,
for
you
know
medics
and
and
doctors,
but
it
may
not
work
well
for
someone
who's
out
there,
throwing
15
or
16
tons
of
trash
in
100
degree
heat
every
day.
It
may
pose
its
own
additional
health
qualities
for
people
who
may
have
breathing
emergencies
or
heart
conditions
that
you
know
where
they
can't
get
enough
air.
It
may
cause
them
difficulty
breathing.
E
E
A
A
This
was
not
for
us
to
point
point
fingers
here,
commissioner
williams,
let
me
say
this
specifically
to
you
and
your
team:
if
there
was
any
city
department
that
caught
hell
is
catching
hell,
you
know
post
covet,
it
has
been
the
streets
department.
We
know
that
you
have
done
your
best.
I
mean
one
minute.
Somebody
is
posting
a
picture
on
facebook
recording
what
looks
like
tons
and
tons
of
trash
that
are
being
short
dumped
in
neighborhoods
across
the
city.
A
All
of
the
district
council
members
I
know,
and
and
some
at
large
are
texting
and
calling
you
saying
this
has
got
to
be
cleaned
up.
Rodents
are
everywhere,
your
team
is
responding,
our
sanitation
workers
are
out
there,
so
we
want
to
say
a
special
thank
you
to
you,
your
team
and
and
all
of
the
workers
and
we'll
hear
from
them
in
a
second.
Are
there
any
other
questions
for
this
panel
from
my
colleagues?
A
A
I
want
to
say
to
you,
charles,
and
to
you
omar,
when
I
think
back
to
that
conversation
on
that
second
floor
in
the
back
room
of
that
cluttered
room
with
all
of
those
boxes
sitting
at
that
table,
there
weren't
any
cameras
there
we
weren't
on
social
media.
You
know
it
covet
wasn't
around,
but
we
had
a
chance
to
have
a
discussion
about
the
hazards
that
sanitation
workers
were
facing
on
a
daily
basis.
I
committed
to
you
during
that
time.
A
We
would
make
sure
we
bring
that
issue
to
light
for
all
council
members
and
the
public
to
be
made
aware
of
unfortunately
covet
further
exacerbated
those
hazards
and-
and
that
brings
us
here
today-
so
I
want
to
say
a
special
thank
you
to
you,
charles
and
omar,
for
what
you
shared
during
that
time
and
ask
you
all
to
proceed
with
your
testimony,
omar.
If
you
are
scheduled
to
go
first.
H
H
We
did
have
this
conversation
about
hazardous
situations
prior
to
kobe,
because
the
job
has
always
been
hazardous.
I
think
that
two
things
that
that
covet
showed
us
was
that
it
brought
forth
a
lot
of
the
issues
that
sanitation
department,
as
well
as
other
divisions,
were
having,
but
it
also
showed
us
that
we
need
to
work
together,
and
this
needs
to
be
a
collective
effort,
and
I
will
say
that
you
know,
even
though
it
might
have
been
some
trials
and
tribulations
some
tough
times.
H
The
city
has
responded
better
as
far
as
some
of
the
ways,
these
will
address
some
of
the
issues
with
colgate,
but
again
to
go
back
to
my
so.
My
original
statement
is
this
issue
goes
way
beyond
kova,
that
that
article
that
councilwoman
parker
recorded
was
actually
an
interview
that
I
did,
which
we
did
an
interview
based
off
of
what
was
going
on
down
in
kingston.
As
far
as
what
was
happening
with
the
opioid
crisis
and
one
of
the
things
we
talked
about
an
example
of
equipment
and
how
it
can
be
important.
H
H
One
of
the
questions,
one
of
the
things
that
was
answered
or
were
asked,
was
what
was
one
of
the
most
the
first
types
of
hazards
that
employees
face.
Well,
one
of
the
things
actually
is
the
trucks.
If
you
look
at
the
the
fumes
that
the
trucks
breathe
off
or
they
sent
out
when
I
started
21
years
ago,
the
trucks
were
ran
off
of
this
basic
crew
diesel
fuel.
H
Now
that
ran
off
of,
what's
considered,
to
be
a
biodiesel
fuel
which
is
better
for
the
environment,
but
it's
also
more
combustible,
meaning
that
there's
a
higher
probability
that
there
can
be
an
explosion
based
off
of
the
truck.
That's
why?
If
you
look
at
our
new
trucks,
they
actually
have
an
island
mechanism,
whereas,
though,
if
the
truck
idles
for
more
than
20
minutes
the
truck
cuts
off
because
the
longer
the
truck
runs,
the
more
probable
it
is
to
combust.
H
H
We
have
people
who
have
different
health
elements
at
home
and
the
city
doesn't
require
residents
to
separate
their
diapers.
If
they
have
someone
in
the
house
who's
a
cancer
patient
or
has
some
types
of
other
diseases,
that's
why
a
lot
of
our
trust
come
up.
We
call
it
hot
or
they
already
think
they
have
radiation
issues,
but
the
fact
of
the
matter
is
the
entire
time
that
I've
been
decisively
employed
over
21
years.
H
We
got
to
get
out
there,
we're
the
only
department
we're
only
division
in
the
city
of
philadelphia
that
flips
from
one
one
job
to
another,
meaning
we
go
from
collecting
trash
to
picking
up
snow
within
a
matter
of
hours,
but
as
it
goes
to
the
weather
conditions,
I
know
I'm
talking.
Forgive
me
for
talking
all
over
the
place
when
you
go
to
the
weather
conditions,
whether
it's
100
degrees
or
whether
it's
minus
5
degrees,
we're
out
there
working
rain,
sleet
or
snow
and
the
types
of
things
that
guys
pick
up
on
a
daily
basis.
H
I
think
one
of
the
biggest
problems
that
we
have
is
that
we
don't
do
a
good
enough
job
as
far
as
educating
the
public
as
far
as
what
they
can
put
out
and
what
they
should
put
out.
We're
told
that
our
guys
must
collect
everything
we
had.
We
had
a
big
buck
crisis,
whereas,
though
we
had
guys
who
were
taking
bed
bugs
home,
the
cities
didn't
pay
these
guys
to
have
their
homes
fumigated
when
they
ran
into
this
crisis.
This
is
something
that
was
the
expense
that
they'd
eat
themselves.
H
So,
at
the
end
of
the
day,
we're
just
really
asking
for
our
employees
to
actually
be
treated
with
some
type
of
respect
in
the
job
that
they
do
be
be
put
on.
The
level
that
does
this
job
is
the
I
think
it's
the
fifth
most
dangerous
job
in
america,
behind
loggers
fishers
and
some
other
types
of
jobs.
Fifth,
most
dangerous
and
fifth
post
hazard
job.
We
have
a
very,
very,
very,
very
low
life
expectancy
rate
after
retirement,
if
our
guys
make
it
to
retirement
on
average
they
visit
about
three
years
afterwards.
H
H
I've
told
the
story
all
the
time
I
had
one
of
the
hardest
things
I
had
to
do
was
go
out
there
and
bury
some
or
speak
at
a
guy's
funeral
who,
who
I
really
consider
to
be
a
friend
a
guy
who
was
a
pitcher
of
health,
worked
out
every
day
played
simply
pro
football
until
he
was
about
45
years
old
and
then
out
of
nowhere.
He
contracts,
cancer
and
within
a
matter
of
months,
he's
dead
and
gone,
and
something
really
tough
to
do
is
to
try
is
to
stand
over.
H
Somebody
who
you
love,
you
care
about.
Somebody
who
you
work
with
for
10
15
years,
and
you
got
to
look
at
family
life,
tell
them
it's
going
to
be
okay
and
nobody
has
the
answers
to
how
we
got
it,
and
I
think
that
we
need
to
invest
in
more
studies
to
find
out
about
the
things
that
we're
picking
up,
and
I
just
think
that
it
needs
to
be
a
more
human
aspect.
That's
to
put
on
the
job
that
sanitation
workers
don't,
and
I'm
done
that's
my
speech.
Thank
you.
A
Thank
you,
omar
for
your
testimony,
omar.
We
usually
hear
from
the
entire
panel,
but
I
know
someone
rachel
mentioned
your
phone
might
die
and
before
your
phone
dies.
I
just
want
to
make
sure
that
I
was
clear
and
what
I
heard
you
say.
Did
you
tell
me
that
the
the
trucks
are
fueled
with
biodiesel
fuels
that
are
more
environmentally
safe,
but
the
fuel
in
it
of
itself
is
more
dangerous.
I
just
want
to
make
sure
I'm
clear,
and
I
want
you
to
explain
that
on
the
record.
H
Yes,
that's
exactly
what
I'm
saying
if
you
look
at
the
fuel
that's
put
in
the
truck
it's
it's
more
green,
it's
better!
It's
better
for
the
economy,
but
if
you
research,
like
I
did
on
on
the
side
effects
of
biodiesel
fuel,
the
longer
it
it
it
runs
or
is
agitated
as
a
problem,
it
has
a
higher
probability
of
becoming
combustible
now
that
that
probability
is
very
low.
But
it's
still
it's
still
a
possibility.
A
Okay,
I
know
I
just
needed
you
to
get
that
on
the
record,
because
I
know
there
is
someone
sitting
at
home.
Listening
to
this
testimony
saying
wait
a
minute.
The
city
has
moved
to
some
environmentally
safe
refuel,
but
what
we're
hearing
is
that
it's
potentially
more
dangerous-
and
I
know
just
like
when
I
was
just
listening-
I
said:
wait.
We
we
need
to
understand
where
we
were
going
here.
So
no,
I
appreciate
you
clarifying
that
that,
for
the
record,
charles,
are
you
here.
D
Good
afternoon,
madam
chair,
my
name
is
charles
carrington,
president
of
the
local
420
team,
I'm
speaking
to
you
from
experience
when
it
comes
to
many
things
that
myself
and
my
membership
face
on
a
daily
basis,
without
doubt
downplaying
the
hard
work
of
any
other
essential
job
that
the
many
other
city
workers
perform.
I
want
to
tell
you
about
the
hard
work
that
the
members
of
local
427
provide.
D
We
are
constantly
exposed
to
hazardous
and
waste
conditions
on
a
constant
basis.
Throughout
this
opioid
epidemic,
our
members
not
only
swept
clean,
flushed
and
serviced
these
so-called
hot
spots.
We
had
to
service
them
as
well
by
collecting
rubbish
and
recycling
in
those
areas
it
had
disposed
of
needles,
feces
and
all
kinds
of
unwanted
materials
in
it.
We
have
to
keep
a
constant
watch
for
speeding
vehicles
that
try
to
get
around
our
trucks
so
that
we
don't
get
hit.
D
D
Many
encounters
happen
when
citizens
become
angry
at
our
members
because
they
set
out
stuff
that
we
do
not
collect
or
they
may
set
out
stuff.
That
is
excessive.
This
becomes
an
issue
and
many
of
our
members
have
to
have
have
had
weapons
or
some
type
of
things
pulled
out
on
them.
You
know,
while
working
we've
been
asking
for
hazardous
paid
prior
to
this
pandemic,
and
we
deserve
it
far
after
the
pandemic.
We
only
we.
D
We
are
the
only
department
that
service
every
house
every
week
on
a
daily
basis
when
the
positive
cases
begin
to
rise
in
the
city
of
philadelphia.
No
one
was
told
that,
if
you're
positive,
don't
set
out
your
right,
your
rubbish
or
your
recycling,
we
still
have
to
service
those
houses.
So
again,
I
ask
you,
please
take
into
consideration
this
resolution
so
that
the
members
of
local
427
can
be
recognized
and
possibly
compensated
for
the
hard
work
that
they
perform
on
a
daily
basis.
Thank
you
for
your
time.
A
I
Name
is
chiquita
oregon,
I'm
part
of
sanitation
city
wide
division.
I've
been
in
with
the
city
for
18
months,
with
them
18
months.
I
have
encountered
a
lot
of
hazardous
materials
as
far
as
I'm
working
downtown
in
city
city
with
the
belly,
which
is
trash
cans
downtown
somebody
smeared
excuse
my
language
all
over
the
handle.
I
So
with
that
being
said,
I
would
have
to
still
service
the
can,
because
that's
my
job,
but
that's
that's
hazard,
to
touch
that
the
the
person
poop
that's
on
the
handle
now
only
have
one
pair
of
gloves.
So
I
mean
after
that
one
pair
of
gloves.
I
would
have
to
go
back
to
the
yard
to
get
another
pier
and
with
that
being
said,
I
like
to
do
overtime,
so
I'm
throwing
trash
and
kissington.
I
We
got
a
rhythm
we
throwing
trash
throwing
trash,
but
in
kensington
you
got
to
slow
down
and
examine
the
trash
because
it's
needles
sticking
out
not
just
laying
in
the
trash
sticking
out.
So
if
you
were
to
throw
the
the
bag
of
trash
into
the
to
the
hopper
that
needle
could
go
into
one
of
your
partners
or
somebody
else
on
the
street
and
also
being
a
part
of
citywide,
we
also
got
to
use
blowers.
I
But
when
it
comes
to
the
hazardous,
I
think
our
job
is
hazardous.
What
we
do
is
hazardous
and
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
the
people
that
we
work
for,
which
is
the
city
of
philadelphia.
They
acknowledge
that
we
have
a
dangerous
job
and
and
and
when
it
comes
to
them
they
when,
when
they
say.
Thank
you.
I
appreciate
that
because
we
do
have
a
job
that
has
to
be
done.
A
A
Okay,
all
right!
Well,
listen
why
we
still
have
charles
omar
and
shaquita.
Here
I
wanna
go
back
to
something
that
commissioner
williams
noted.
He
noted
that
it
is
that
the
weight,
the
the
the
weight
of
the
bags
that
you
are
picking
up,
that
that
in
and
of
itself,
has
become
a
major
hazard
for
sanitation
department
employees.
A
Yes,
okay,
now
I'm
going
to
ask
you
a
question,
and
this
is
really
from
a
layman's
perspective
as
we
talked,
and
you
know
we're
communicating
with
people
all
over
the
city
and
we
see
a
difference
in
the
amount
of
trash
that
are
trash,
that's
on
the
ground
and
you
can
almost
measure
it
by
zip
code.
So
one
day
I
personally
drove
through
some
areas.
I
won't
tell
you
where
they
were
the
only
thing
I'll
say
to
you
is
this
and
I
want
you
to
you
because
you're
on
the
ground,
doing
it
on
a
daily
basis.
A
I
want
you
to
tell
me
whether
or
not
my
observation
was
correct.
I
noticed
that
there
were
smaller
amounts
of
trash
on
the
ground
where
the
residents
who
lived
and
lived
in
those
areas
when
they
put
their
trash
out
in
high
quality
trash
bags.
Let
me
give
you
an
example:
some
people
in
different
neighborhoods
go
to
home
depot
and
they
buy
something
that
is
extremely
expensive
call
contractor
bags
contractor
bags,
and
there
are
some
people
who
will
only
put
their
trash
out
in
contractor
bags.
A
But
then
you
go
to
another
community
where
you
know
that
person
is
trying
to
figure
out
whether
or
not
they're
gonna
buy
eggs,
bread,
milk
and
meat
and
they're
saying
well,
I
don't
have
any
money
to
go,
buy
any
30
contractor
bags.
I'm
gonna
go
to
my
dollar
store
and
get
some
bags,
so
when
they
are
they
trying
to
be
responsive
to
a
certain
degree
they
put
their
trash
in
in
a
bag.
But
it's
not
as
strong
as
the
contractor.
Bad.
Tell
me
from
your
your
eye
level
review.
I
A
A
You
can
go
into
neighborhoods
and
see
who
has
the
ability
to
afford
high
quality
trash
bags
versus
those
who
are
putting
their
trash
out
in
less
quality
trash
bags,
and
it
is
impacting
your
job
so
so
you're
saying
that
we
would
add
value
if
we
developed
some
kind
of
campaign
for
the
public
to
say
hey
if
you
know
that
your
trash
bags
are
not
as
strong
as
you
would
like
for
them
to
be,
don't
load
them
up
or
and
or
maybe
we
can
give
some.
Like
very
practical
advice.
A
D
Definitely
councilwoman,
I
think
that
would
be
greatly
helpful
and
we
should
definitely
explore
that
because
that's
the
problem
that
we
run
into
a
constant
basis.
People
buy
these
dollar
store
bags
and
they
put
so
much
stuff
in
them
and
then
they
put
them
out
and
when
our
guys
go
to
grab
them
they
bust
and
we
clean
up
as
much
as
we
can.
You
know
we
clean
up
as
much
as
we
can,
but
we
do
have
a
time
limit
on
everything
and
we
have
a
weight
requirement.
A
Got
it
got
it?
Colleagues
all
right,
do
it
councilwoman
again
is
okay.
That
looks
like
that's
from
the
first
round.
Any
of
our
colleagues
have
any
any
other
questions
for
this
panel
again
want
to
stay
for
the
record
to
charles
omar,
shakita
and
aetna.
Thank
you
all
so
very
much
for
what
you
do
also
have
to
say
to
to
to
pete
matthews.
A
A
Sort
of
like
I.
I
know
I
see
the
I
see
clip.
Who
else
do
we
see
a
councilwoman
gilmore
richardson,
it's
another
crew
that
we
see
they
come
write
the
tickets,
I'm
brain
freeze.
What
is
it
sweet?
We
tweet.
We
see
the
sweep
officers
there,
but
it's
just
a
light
bulb.
Just
went
off.
I
said:
wait
a
minute.
A
Maybe
people
would
feel
differently
if
they
saw
you
know
the
folks
who
are
actually
on
the
ground,
picking
up
the
trash
in
the
uniform
talking
to
them,
and
if
we
talk
about
an
educational
campaign,
why
shouldn't
it
be
those
of
you
who
are
on
the
ground
doing
the
work?
Actually,
you
know
promoting
the
educational
campaign.
You
know
I'm
a
visual
learner,
so
charles
and
shaquita
imagine
this
is
a
bag.
That
is
not
very
strong
and
you
you
filled
it
up
to
the
top
and
when
we
pick
it
up,
all
the
trash
comes
out
right.
A
A
F
F
I
had
the
opportunity
to
be
out
with
three
of
your
members
in
kensington,
specifically
around
the
issues
that
you
notice
chiquita,
and
it
is
an
arduous
job
to
do,
and
we
stayed
out
for
three
days
in
the
summer
in
the
heat,
and
I
just
want
to
let
you
know
that
we
appreciate
the
work
that
you
all
do
and
we
look
forward
to
continuing
to
work
with
you
and
advocate
on
your
behalf.
So
I
just
wanted
to
say.
Thank
you.
Thank
you,
madam
chair.
Thank
you.
Thank
you.
Thank.
A
They
are
exposed
to
cold,
wind
and
or
heat.
The
work
setting
would
be
expected
to
include
exposure
to
environmental
slash
traffic
pollution
as
well
as
natural
uv
exposure.
When
sweeping
with
a
push
broom
or
using
a
leaf
blower,
there
would
be
the
potential
for
bio-aerosol
exposure
used.
Needles
are
found
in
the
course
of
tasks
performed
by
workers
in
public
sector
departments
of
public
works,
streets,
repairs,
sewer
collections,
maintenance,
waste,
water
treatment
facilities
and
parks
departments.
A
Needle
stick.
Injuries
may
also
occur
when
extricating
needles
from
the
broom
bristles
or
in
engaging
in
the
retrieval
for
disposal
of
improperly
disposed
needles.
So
let
me
just
ask
you
all
before
we
go
in
professor
brown's
testimony.
She
speaks
extensively
to
the
hazards
of
needles
and
syringes,
and
you
all
talked
about
like
like
the
weight.
Do
you
consider
these
right
now,
pre
and
post
covert,
to
be
some
of
your
biggest
threats
that
you're
facing.
I
D
D
C
D
After
I
was
by
a
needle
for
something
to
go
home
and
tell
my
wife
of
15
years
that
we
have
to
use
protective
sex
for
the
next
six
months
to
a
year,
while
I
go
through
the
necessary
precautions
to
make
sure
that
I
don't
have
anything.
This
was
pretty
cool
and
we
get
some
more
doors
and
it's
going
to
be
here
forever.
A
Okay,
henry
say
hello,
I
think
henry
is
that
you
I
might
do
you
have
on
a
yankees
hat.
Can
we
yes
ma'am?
Yes,
ma'am
good
afternoon?
Everyone
all
right!
Thank
you
for
being
here
and
I'll
talk
to
you
later.
We're
gonna
get
that
new
york,
yankees
hat
straight.
We're
gonna
work
on
that
later
on,
but
thank
you
so
much
for
being
here.
We
we
appreciate
you
let
character.
I
also
want
to
get
this
on
the
record
charles,
because
we
mentioned
this
during
our
meeting
that
some
people
use
the
term
hazard
pay.
A
But
I
want
to
just
note
for
the
record
I,
like
the
term
environmental
stress,
pay
or
exposure
pay.
Some
people
like
just
has
to
pay,
but
if
you,
if
you're
looking
at
how
you
describe
it,
especially
when
I
think
about
professor
brown's
testimony-
that's
like
environmental
stress,
because
it's
not
just
a
hazard
in
one
in
one
way
and
or
exposure
of
pay,
and
so
in
thinking
about
like
a
pay
system,
you
know
like
who,
who
would
get
environmental
stress
pay
and
do
you
know
what
other
sanitation
workers
get
across
the
country.
D
D
Excuse
me,
because
you
know
when
you
say
nothing,
it
tears
a
lot
of
people
and
I
knew
the
city
once
they.
You
know
confirmed
that
our
job
is
it.
They
feel
as
though
they
open
up
the
door
to
lawsuits
and
stuff
like
that,
but
they
do
recognize
that
we
are
exposed
to
all
kind
of
thing
on
a
different
basis.
A
A
A
Okay,
there
being
no
one
else
here
to
testify
on
this
resolution.
This
concludes
the
the
labor
and
civil
service
committee.
For
today
I
want
to
say
a
special
thank
you
to
all
of
my
colleagues
for
attending
and
all
of
those
who
testified
this
public
hearing
on
resolution
number
two:
zero,
zero,
zero.
Nine
eight
is
recess
to
the
call
of
the
chair.
Thank
you
all
very
much.
Let
me
just
say
this
to
you:
427
pete
administration,
not
pointing
fingers.