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A
A
A
This
is,
we
are
a
think
tank
and
we
work
as
a
fellowship
to
promote
systems
thinking
for
environmental
and
social
justice,
and
what
does
a
think
tank
do
well
we're
very
keen
on
large
pieces
of
white
paper
of
a3
paper
that
we
hold
up
having
scooped
a
large
amount
of
words
across
it,
and
we
try
to
think
somehow
other
about
the
systems
in
which
we
inhabit
and
how
they
work.
A
This
example
of
me,
working
with
a
group
in
india,
on
trying
to
do
a
what's
called
a
rich
picture.
One
of
the
easiest
parts
of
doing
systems
thinking
is
to
just
sort
of
draw
out
what
it
is
you're
trying
to
look
at
and
explore.
A
Well,
let's
start
thinking
about
the
systems
and
quite
a
bit
about
systems
about
processes
and
patterns,
seeing
patterns
in
the
world
we
live
in
and
how
we
can
work
with
these
and
relate
them.
I
use
them
as
analogies
for
other
situations,
and
here
is
a
mud
flap,
and
it's
quite
interesting
to
see
that
this
is
a
channel.
That's
been
cut
deeper
and
deeper,
and
the
question
arises
well.
How
does
that
channel
start
like
that,
and
why
is
it
deep
like
that?
A
A
Another
interesting
aspect
of
systems-
thinking
is
my
broom.
I
use
this
quite
a
lot
to
explain
what
we're
dealing
with
over
his
lifetime.
My
broom
has
had
three
new
heads
and
three
new
handles,
so
is
it
the
same
broom
the
first
boom
I
started
out
with
well,
no
because
it's
been
renewed
everywhere,
but
it's
still
my
broom
and
it's
the
idea
of
that
broom
has
persisted,
and
that
idea
is
a
system
that
handle
the
head
and
me
form
a
system
and
often
with
a
purpose
when
we
use
the
word
system
in
everyday
life.
A
Well,
it
goes
on,
and
I
think
we
all
know
examples
like
this
right
away
through
the
health
system,
which
we
are
very
much
concerned
about
today
and
ecosystems,
cultural
systems,
urban
systems,
computer
systems,
they
can
be
real
and
hard
solid
things
like
the
heating
system
in
your
house,
or
they
can
be
sort
of
very
difficult
things
to
actually
understand,
as,
for
example,
in
the
human
body,
the
immune
system.
A
Where
is
it?
Can
you
pick
it
up?
Can
you
take
it
out
and
fix
it?
No,
it's
a
very
difficult
concept
of
a
it's,
a
it's,
a
concept
that
we've
created
ourselves
and
that's
an
important
thing
for
systems,
because
when
we
refer
to
it,
it's
not
things
in
the
world
so
much
as
a
way
of
organizing
organizing
our
thoughts
about
the
world.
A
We
know
there
are
huge
number
of
connections
and
relationships
going
on,
but
there
are
many
tools
and
methods
that
can
improve
how
we
think
about
this
and
how
we
do
the
thinking
and
that's
where
system
scene
comes
in.
So
in
many
ways
it's
not
difficult
stuff
at
all.
It's
what
we
do
naturally,
but
we
can
do
it
better.
A
One
of
those
important
systems
we're
concerned
with
today
is
the
earth
system
and
our
systems,
because
our
multiple
systems
within
our
world
and
the
fact
that
life
is
incredibly
dependent
on
a
vast
number
of
systems
continuing
to
work
to
our
advantage.
A
This
interconnectedness,
sometimes
known
as
the
web
of
life,
is
what
we're
about
and
it
leads
on
to
the
idea
of
an
ecocentrism.
We
are
humans.
We
are
part
of
that
web,
but
we
are
not
at
the
center
of
it.
We
depend
on
so
much
of
what
goes
on
in
the
rest
of
the
world
in
that
vastness
of
the
oceans
and
the
vastness
of
the
lands
that
support
us,
whether
the
rainforests
or
deserts
or
whatever
they're
all
part
of
a
very
complex
system
called
the
earth.
A
And,
of
course,
we
know
that
systems
modelling
has
been
used
a
great
deal
in
looking
at
the
climate
and
we're
all
fairly
well
familiar
with
pictures
like
this,
showing
a
huge
number
of
different
models
that
have
been
developed
by
universities
and
think
tanks
and
academies
all
over
the
world
to
try
to
model
in
computer
term
computer
ways,
actually
what
the
climate
might
do
in
the
future.
A
And,
of
course
we
are
familiar
with
these
types
of
picture
which
don't
look
very,
but
they
actually
worrying
and
distressful
showing
how
we
are
on
track
for
significant
warming
of
the
planet
with
severe
consequences.
A
So
systems
thinking
has
gone
into
a
lot
of
this.
It
is
very
hard
level
of
systems
thinking,
usually
it's
computer
modeling,
where
we
need
of
huge
data
sets
and
a
huge
number
of
assumptions
and
equations
that
are
put
together.
The
computers
run
for
hours
and
hours
trying
to
generate
the
outcomes
and
models
we
want
to
see
actually
happening
and,
to
certain
extent,
this
graph
here
shows
you
a
large
number
of
models
all
pretty
much
within
the
same
pattern.
A
Again,
systems
thinking
has
been
used
a
great
deal
to
look
at
the
rest
of
the
world
and
particularly
in
sort
of
our
human
terms,
of
how
we
are
using
the
world
and
and
what
we
are
doing
to
it,
and
a
famous
report
came
out
in
the
1970s
from
the
top
of
rome
looking
at
the
limits
to
growth,
projecting
forward,
what's
going
to
actually
happen
with
food,
industrial
output,
global
pollution
levels
and
things
like
the
non-renewable
resources
remaining
to
us
on
this
planet
and
these
models.
A
However
much
you
know,
you
tweak
the
assumptions
and
change
them.
They
all
started
to
show
pretty
much
the
same
pattern
that
we
will
continue
for
quite
a
while
until
well.
I
don't
know
20
30ish
and
then
we
start
to
hit
the
buffers
and
collapse,
and
that
picture
that
you
can
see
there.
Population
declining
and
everything
else
declining,
including
pollution,
because
less
people
less
pollution
starts
to
kick
in
2013
onwards.
A
Now
this
this
model
was
in
1972,
predictably
crude
now,
in
our
terms
nowadays,
but
we've
continued
to
update
it
and
30
years
later
there
was
a
complete
revision
revisiting
of
the
model
and
it
showed
pretty
much
the
same
pattern
again,
maybe
with
slightly
different
timings.
A
A
This
picture
leads
us
to
think
very
much
of
what's
called
the
anthropocene
and
it's
sort
of
a
concept
that
defines
the
period
we're
in
where
human
activity
has
now
become
the
dominant
influence
on
the
climate
and
the
environment,
and
even
the
geological
record,
which
will
have
a
nice
layer
of
plastic
in
it
for
future
geologists.
Many
millions
of
years
from
now.
A
And
this
again
is
the
kind
of
picture
with
sort
of
being
projected
with
calamity
happening
catastrophes
happening
pollution,
carrying
on
and
quite
a
lot
of
well
significant
damage
done
to
human
beings,
as
well
as
the
environment.
A
A
A
A
And
they
interconnect,
and
that
may
be
one
of
the
real
reasons
why
tackling
climate
change
is
so
difficult.
We
see
that
demographic
change
drives
many
many
things.
Population,
growth
and
shifting
patterns
of
population
determine
a
great
deal
and
we
need
energy
and
food
absolutely
essential
to
keep
the
wheels.
Turning
quite
literally,
we
need
financial
information
systems
to
keep
the
wheels
turning
metaphorically.
A
A
A
Climate
change,
a
symptom-
yes,
indeed,
it's
the
consequences
of
the
interactions
of
these
mega
trends
and
the
systems
of
the
world
from
growing
inequality
to
breaching
the
boundaries
of
the
planet,
for
maintaining
the
environment
for
life
to
thrive.
Climate
change
is
one
of
these
consequences
and
it
becomes
a
driver
of
other
changes
itself.
It
leads
to
food
insecurity,
migration,
health
impacts,
extreme
weather
events
and
so
on.
A
Problems
problems.
Yes,
we
have
increasing
complexity,
faster,
changing
and
greater
variety
of
things
actually
happening
in
the
world
and
in
all
these
interconnected
problems,
we
have
a
very
technical
word
for
them
in
systems.
Thinking
they're
called
messes
and
that's
what
they
are.
They
become
very
messy
and
difficult
to
understand.
They're,
not
clear-cut,
easy
things
to
solve,
and
these
problems
also
have
another
label
or
attached
one
from
there
called
wicked,
because
they're
they're
incomplete
they're,
contradictory
and
they're
changing
all
the
time.
You
you
push
something
here,
something
else
pops
out
there.
A
A
Mind
now,
one
of
the
things
we
also
try
to
deal
with
is
the
fact
that
we
work
at
different
scales
both
at
geographic
level
and
in
chronological
terms,
we
see
here
that
I
can
just
shift
this
little
picture
over
here
for
a
minute.
A
We
have
the
global
long-term
view.
Some
of
the
things
we've
been
talking
about
already:
climate
change,
sea
level,
rise,
food
security
issues,
resource
depletion,
etc,
the
long-term
global
picture.
Now
we
don't
live
there.
We
live
back
down
here
you
here
today
day
to
day.
This
is
what
we
are
about,
trying
to
live
each
day
as
it
comes
with
a
vague
feeling
of
what
the
global
long
term
is
about.
A
So
this
this
sort
of
structure,
we
call
the
proximity
grid.
How
close
it
is
to
us
today,
you
can
sort
of
start
to
expand
it,
there's
sort
of
a
local
area
which
you
live,
there's
a
national
level
which
in
which
you
live,
and
we
all
live
in
the
globe
itself,
and
we
also
look
forward
a
little
bit
into
the
short
term,
then
the
medium
term,
maybe
the
long
term.
A
A
We
have
the
un
sustainable
development
goals,
there
are
goals,
they
are
sort
of
ways
to
actually
define
our
intentions
and
what
we
would
like
to
see
actually
happen,
but
they
are
that
that
another
10
years
to
go
before
we
have
to
start
thinking
about
another
set
of
goals
at
the
national
level.
A
We
get
into
this
target
setting
within
those
goals,
our
most
government
levels
for
the
unaccountable
for
that
it's
outside
an
election
cycle,
because
if
you
shift
down
into
the
short
term
at
the
national
level,
staying
in
power
and
getting
re-elected
is
the
order
of
the
day
we
go
down
to
local
level.
We
actually
see
that
we
have
city
planning
processes
and
economic
development
targets
within
this
medium
term.
This
is
where
actually,
we
can
almost
jump
over
from
the
global
goals
down
into
this
local
level.
A
It's
well
worth
dwelling
on
this
proximity
grid
and
trying
to
work
out
where
you
can
influence
things
and
where
you
can
derive
your
ideas
from
the
short
term
crisis
in
multiple
locations
over
here
is
an
interesting
thing
to
actually
consider
the
global
level
a
lot.
We
can
learn
from
what
other
communities
trying
to
do
right.
A
So
it's
system
change,
it's
not
climate
change
that
we
should
be
concerned
about.
This
was
a
lovely
banner
set
up
in
the
city
of
bristol,
where
we
know
where
we
are,
I'm
afraid
it's
gone
now
the
system
didn't
change.
A
We
have
to
ask
ourselves
how
how
do
systems
change
well
different
ways?
Often
you
know
nothing
is
done
and
we
end
up
with
a
sudden
collapse.
Sudden
changes.
We
reach
a
critical
mass
or
tipping
point.
We
have
phase
changes.
A
A
A
A
Of
course,
we
have
changes
actually
happening
in
systems
around
relationships
and
the
connections
of
people.
These
are
what
we
might
call
structural
changes,
all
kinds
of
things
again,
something
will
be
quite
sudden,
you
know
sort
of
forming
networks
and
splitting
up
with
things.
A
Of
course,
we
can
have
much
more
defined
and
intentional
change
to
the
rules.
We
have
the
policies
and
the
norms
that
have
evolved
even
fashion
is
a
rule.
It's
a
kind
of
a
informal
way
of
defining
how
you
should
do
things,
but
again
they
can
shift.
Life
is
a
game.
A
A
We
may
be
very
happy
to
remain
in
our
situation
and
if
it's
stable,
it's
going
to
stay
for
a
long
time,
but
if
we
are
an
unstable
point,
we
may
want
to
remain
there
and
it
may
take
a
great
deal
of
effort
to
prevent
change
actually
happening.
So
actually
we
have
to
think
about
what
is
it
you
want
to
do?
Do
you
actually
sometimes
want
to
prevent
change
happening?
A
Dare
we
intervene?
It's
a
philosophical
question,
because
the
consequences
of
intervening
could
never
be
known
for
sure
before
you
do
it,
so
we
actually
have
to
ask
ourselves.
Are
we
prepared
to
accept
that
we
might
be
wrong?
A
And
many
civil
society
organizations
community
groups
need
to
influence
the
public
policy
agenda.
This
is
where
the
role
of
systems
thinking
comes
in.
A
We
may
want
to
raise
awareness
of
problems
and
issues
or
advocate
possible
changes
that
we
think
are
a
good
direction
to
go
in,
and
this
is
where
systems
thinking
can
provide
some
rationale
and
some
clear
pictures
of
what's
going
on,
and
we
have
to
need
that
data
and
evidence
increasingly
important
nowadays
to
actually
have
evidence
as
a
basis
for
making
decisions
and
choice,
and
we
want
to
demonstrate
the
need
for
the
change
as
well.
This
is
going
systems.
A
Thinking
can
actually
come
in
here
because
by
trying
to
advise
and
influence
activities
and
make
them
more
effective,
it's
it's
really
important.
We
do
explore
the
full
consequences
of
the
actions
that
we
are
proposing
and
that's
the
role
of
systems
thinking
to
try
to
get
in
deeper
and
deeper
into
these
questions,
but
again
without
humility
that
we
never
know
for
certain.
What
we're
doing.
A
This
is
a
famous
little
bit
of
systems
thinking
and
it
shows
what
we
call
the
systems
iceberg
where,
by
the
top
out
of
the
water,
where
we
can
see
it
all
actually
happening.
Are
the
events?
What's
just
happened,
what
is
happening
now?
We
have
a
poor
polar
bear
sitting
on
his
little
bit
of
an
iceberg,
and
we
react
to
these
things.
We
that's
our
level
of
reaction.
A
Something
is
a
problem.
We
have
to
fix
it
now,
but
underneath
that
we
have
this
sort
of
anticipation
level,
we
look
for
patterns
of
behavior.
How
do
these
changes
actually
happen
over
time?
What's
generating
those
patterns
and
trends?
Think
back
to
that
channel
through
the
mudflat?
A
It
was
a
pattern
that
we
see
in
many
many
different
situations.
What's
the
pattern
underneath
what
this
event
is
now
what's
what's
causing
this
the
iceberg?
Melting
away,
like
that,
the
slow
change
has
actually
happened
through
global
warming,
underneath
that
we
have
what's
influencing
the
patterns.
What
are
the
relationships
between
the
parts?
What
are
the
structures
of
the
system
beneath
this?
A
What's
going
on
in
the
world?
That's
creating
that
global
warming,
in
other
words
right
now
right.
The
base
of
this
iceberg,
most
of
which
is
invisible,
like
icebergs,
are,
are
the
mental
models
we
hold
and
the
beliefs
and
the
values
of
the
societies
and
the
systems
that
underlie
what
we're
dealing
with
and-
and
this
is
where,
if
we
pursue
this
sort
of
iceberg
with
it
with
a
polar
bear
on,
it
is
the
assumptions
about
our
economies
and
the
way
we
live
our
lives.
A
A
A
little
bit
of
theory
here
systems
theory,
there
are
roughly
four
different
types
of
systems,
thinking
and
they're
quite
easy
to
explain
in
a
way
one
first
one
is
about
seeing
and
improving.
A
This
is
where
we
actually
model.
What's
going
on,
we
try
to
understand
the
much
more.
The
physicality
of
the
world
often
called
hard
systems
thinking.
This
is
where
we
would
be
using
the
analogy
of
the
the
heating
system
in
your
house,
which
is
hardwired
and
is
a
very
physical
thing
that
we
can
actually
improve.
A
We
can
invent
new
ways
of
making
it
clever
and
clever,
but
that's
that's
a
sort
of
level
which
is
extremely
important
because
we
live
in
a
very
complex
world,
with
vast
amounts
of
technology
everywhere
so
being
able
to
model
at
that
level
is
really
important.
A
The
next
sort
of
type
of
system
thinking
led
on
from
that
because
it
it
sort
of
looks
at
the
purposes
we're
exploring
what's
actually
the
the
ideas
and
the
world
views
of
people,
and
a
lot
of
that
is
trying
to
share
world
views.
A
If
you
go
to
a
group
of
people
together
and
start
looking
at
the
systems
in
which
they
they
work,
particularly
the
organized
systems,
whether
it
is
out
actually
in
work
or
in
life
generally,
everybody
will
have
a
different
world
view.
A
Everybody
will
see
the
world
differently
and
there's
a
very
famous
phrase
in
systems,
thinking
that
you
will
never
understand
the
world
until
you
see
the
world
through
the
eyes
of
another,
so
getting
to
understand
what
the
world
looks
like
from
other
people's
points
of
view
is
extremely
important.
Part
of
systems
thinking
leading
on
from
that
was
opening
up
the
whole
idea
that
systems
embody
in
a
sense
power
and
control.
A
There's
a
lot
of
discrimination
in
our
systems
in
this
world.
We
marginalize
groups
of
people,
we
put
boundaries
around,
we
work
within
the
boundary
only
and
we
don't
understand
what's
going
on
and
the
effect
on
other
people
outside
it.
So
this
this
whole
area
of
emancipatory
systems,
thinking
is
really
incredibly
important
and
is
where
I
spent
a
lot
of
my
time.
Looking
at
these
things-
and
the
last
nervous
system
thing
is-
is
rather
nice
because
it's
creativity,
it's
about
breaking
the
molds,
using
our
emotions
and
new
ways
of
knowing
having
a
bit
of
fun.
A
In
a
sense,
it's
often
labeled
post-modern
systems
for
obvious
reasons,
but
it's
it's
that
idea
of
trying
to
promote
diversity
in
order
to
come
up
with
new
ways
of
seeing
how
systems
can
operate
and
change.
A
So
how
might
systems
thinking
help
and
what
we
want
to
do
sharing
perspectives
in
the
long
term,
that's
system
dynamics
whether
it's
scenario,
building
thinking
about
what
different
shapes
the
world
might
take
in
the
future
horizon
scanning
work
which
which
we
very
keen
on,
is
actually
understanding
what
people
are
thinking
about,
the
future
working
with
those
opinions
and
trying
to
shape
what
what
might
be
coming
towards
us.
A
A
lot
of
the
systems.
Thinking
is
about
this
exploring
purposes,
though,
why?
What
are
people
doing
and
why
are
they
doing
it?
Can
we
help
share
these
perspectives,
but
things
like
rich
pictures?
I
mean
it
sounds
simplistic
in
a
way
to
get
people
around
the
table
and
draw
out
the
situation,
but
amazing.
What
actually
comes
out
when
you
share
that
process
of
trying
to
draw
a
picture
of
what
the
system
is
exploring
consequences
against
system?
A
Modeling
is
very
important
here,
so
we
can
actually
try
different
options
to
see
what
actually
happens
to
the
system
in
our
model.
But
it's
also
very
much
about
the
where
this
critical
thinking
comes
from
this
emancipation.
Trying
to
think
through
who
is
deciding
things
and
or
who
isn't
who's
been
left
out
of
things?
Where
is
the
power
and
control
that's
going
on,
and
in
that
creative
process?
We
often
look
to
generate
opportunities,
and
one
area
that
is,
I
find
really
useful,
is
called
appreciative
inquiry
where
we
start
with
a
positive.
A
Participation,
simultaneity
is
a
strange
concept.
Maybe,
but
you
know
often,
we
can't
make
a
change
unless
others
make
a
change
at
the
same
time
and
getting
that
sort
of
coordination
to
actually
happen
is
really
important,
which
leads
us
through
to
these
ideas
of
trust
and
diversity
and
common
ideals.
A
The
explorations
and
reflections
of
the
needs
all
the
time
and
we
do
move
a
lot
into
the
world
of
ethics
and
philosophy
around
systems.
Thinking
and
there
are
non-linear
asynchronous
non-obvious
changes
will
emerge
from
whatever
you
decide
to
do.
We
have
things
like
the
butterfly
effect
of
a
tiny
change.
Here
can
have
a
magnified
effect
elsewhere.
There
are
lag
effects.
We
changed
the
way,
nothing
didn't
happen,
so
we
move
on
and
change
again,
but
that
first
thing
we
did
does
have
an
effect.
It's
being
delayed,
it's
a
lag
in
the
system.
A
We
often
take
one
step
backwards
to
take
two
forwards
and
that's
often
called
the
j
curve
effect
where
it's.
Actually,
you
know
you
change
something.
The
situation
seems
to
get
worse
before
anything
gets
better
and
there
are
all
kinds
of
rebound
effects
that
one
was
not
aware
of
before
and
started,
which
leads
to
to
the
message
that
systems
thinking
is
about
taking
action
and
then
reflecting
on
it,
and
we
need
this
continual
process
of
learning
about
the
system.
A
It's
not
a
straightforward
matter.
What
can
I
do
this?
Is
all
this
question
really
and
it's
quite
remarkable
how
systems
thinking
does
often
come
back
to
you
yourself
from
what
you
think,
and
I
would
recommend
thinking
about
your
own
personal
development,
reflective
practices
examining
your
own
prejudices
and
motivations
trying
to
develop.
What's
called
systems,
intelligence
inquiring,
all
the
time
asking
what
others
think
of
the
system
and
critique
call
everything
into
question?
Never
stop
asking
questions,
so
don't
assume
that
there
are
solutions.
A
If
anybody
says
to
you,
the
solution
to
this
is
that
we
need
to
do
something,
stop
it
and
turn
it
around
the
other
way.
If
they
think
there's
a
need
to
do
something,
it
implies
a
lack
of
something
else
what's
lacking
and
when
you
start
thinking
about
the
lack
in
the
system
mode
and
the
need
to
do
something,
you
start
to
start
down
a
pathway
called
sometimes
the
seven
wise
you
ask
yourself.
Why
do
we
lack
that
when
you've
answered
that
you
know?
Why
do
we
have
that
problem?
A
Why
do
we
have
that
problem
with
that
problem?
All
the
way
down
until
about
seven
layers,
deeper,
you've
got
a
network
of
why
questions
asking
what's
going
on
that
leads
to
the
lack
that
produces
you
thinking
that
what
we
need
is
this,
because
that
we
need
is
often
the
beginning
of
a
new
set
of
even
more
complex
and
difficult
problems.