►
Description
Finance, Administration, and Economic Development Committee Meeting
Agendas can be found at https://beaufortcountysc.gov/council/council-committee-meetings/index.html
A
A
B
A
The
motion
all
right,
thank
you,
Ms
dabernacle,
in
a
second,
the
second
any
discussion,
see
no
discussion
is
any
objection
to
us
approving
those
and
seeing
no
objection
they
all
will
be
approved.
Move
on
to
our
citizens
comment:
I,
don't
think
we've
had
anyone
sign
up
online.
Is
there
anyone
in
the
audience
that
would
like
to
address
some
our
committee,
seeing
no
one?
We
will
then
move
on
then
to
number
seven
on
our
agenda,
which
is
division
update
from
assistant
County,
Administrator
Mr
Dale
butts
Mr
butts.
C
You
Mr
chairman
good
afternoon,
everyone
just
a
couple
of
brief
points
about
the
finance
division.
Couple
of
things
that
are
going
on
the
the
assessor's
office
is
on
target
for
the
September
1st
county-wide
mail
out
of
assessment
notices.
Ebony
Sanders
has
been
making
the
rounds
this
summer
throughout
the
county,
to
educate
our
citizens
on
the
process
of
reassessment
and
what
to
expect
and
think
thank
you
all
actually
for
holding
meetings
in
your
districts
and
giving
her
the
the
opportunity
to
speak.
C
One
thing
that
several
council
members
have
requested
is
a
monthly
financial
report
showing
departmental
expenditures
that
is
coming
starting
in
September,
and
the
plan
is
to
present
those
at
the
finance
committee
meetings.
A
reminder,
however,
that
anyone
can
currently
view
the
County's
Financial
reports
and
the
spending
portal
by
going
to
the
County
website
and
clicking
transparency
where
you
can
find
links
to
both
of
those
reports.
B
E
Hope
so
I
hope
so
yeah.
Thank
you,
yeah
I'll,
second,
that,
because
you
gave
me
some
really
fast
service
with
that
lady
who
had
the
tax
issue
and
I
talked
to
her
and
everything's
calmed
down,
and
now
we
just
have
to
address
the
issue
of
the
refund
committee
and
try
and
find
out
if
I
can
how
that
circles
around
so
that
the
overpayment
can
be
available.
So.
A
A
All
right,
so,
let's
go
ahead
with
recommend
of
approval
of
an
ordinance
authorizing
the
Hilton
Head
number
one
Public
Service
District
in
South
Carolina
to
issue
not
exceeding
23
million
of
General
obligation,
bonds
and
providing
for
other
matters
related.
There,
too
I
think
we
have
the
firm
of
Pope
Flynn.
If
you
can
good
give
tell
us
your
name,
I've
never
mentioned
before
yep.
G
They
are
seeking
to
issue
General
obligation,
bonds,
this
process
I
know
the
council
is
very
familiar
with.
We
just
finished
doing
it
for
Fripp
Island.
These
are
General
obligation,
bonds
that
will
be
issued
secured
by
the
taxes
levied
within
the
district.
The
commission
of
the
district
is
elected
and
therefore
you
know
appointable
accountable.
Excuse
me
to
their
constituents
as
far
as
taxes
go
and
tax
rates
and
those
sort
of
things
the
public
service
district
has
a
history
of
really
responsible
fiscal
spending
and
really
reasonable
projects.
They're
resourceful.
G
We
were
just
discussing
some
grant
money
that
they
have
received
and
they're
really
able
to
stretch
those
dollars.
A
lot
of
this
also
is
for
emergency
preparedness
and
kind
of
strengthening,
strengthening
their
resiliency
I'm,
going
to
let
Pete
the
executive
director
speak
to
the
projects,
but
if
you
have
any
questions
as
far
as
the
process
goes,
I'm
happy
to
speak
to
that,
we
are
looking
for
a
recommendation
on
these
two
separate
items
today,
after
that,
when
it
goes
to
full
Council.
G
The
first
thing
we'll
be
adopting
a
resolution
calling
for
a
public
hearing
and
then
first
first
reading
of
an
ordinance
that
will
require
three
total
readings
and
a
public
hearing
on
the
matter.
After
that,
it
will
then
get
kicked
back
to
the
Public
Public
Service
District
to
work
through
the
remaining
items.
H
Thank
you,
Sarah,
and
thanks
to
the
committee
for
having
us
I'm
Pete
Marty,
the
general
manager
of
Hilton
Head
PSD.
Our
group
with
us
today
includes
our
chair,
Frank
torano,
one
of
our
newer
Commissioners
Andy
Paterno,
and
also
our
finance
manager,
Amy
Graybill,
so
I
kind
of
get
the
fun
part
I'll
run
through
with
you.
What
we
actually
intend
to
do
with
this
with
this
funding
and
what
the
situation
is,
so
the
PSD
just
just
a
refresher.
You
know
it's
really
performing
six
different
key
functions
there
on
the
island.
H
It's
It's
tap
water
production,
it's
water
treatment.
We
do
treatment
of
brackish
groundwater
via
reverse
osmosis
method,
a
plant
we
have
on
the
North,
End
Jenkins
Island
and,
of
course,
it's
a
water
distribution,
utility,
all
the
towers
and
meters
and
valves
and
Mains,
and
all
that
we're
also
the
sanitary
sewer
utility.
So
sanitary
sewer
collection
system,
a
lot
of
sewer,
lift
stations
in
our
service
area,
no
topography
to
move
Wastewater
around.
We
have
to
pump
it
everywhere.
H
H
It's
a
special
purpose:
District
under
Carolina
law
and
it's
governed
by
seven-member
Board
of
Commissioners,
they're
elected
general
election
cycle
and
the
voting
districts
that
they're
elected
from
are
comprised
just
the
PSD
service
area.
But
they
are
a
municipal
election
you'd
see
right
after
a
Town
Council
on
the
ballot.
H
So
the
key
thing
that's
going
on
the
PSD
applied
for
and
was
the
recipient
of
a
10
million
dollar
Grant
from
the
South
Carolina
infrastructure
investment
program,
the
skip,
which
really
is
AKA.
The
arpa
monies
allocated
to
the
state
which
the
state
then
set
aside
for
water
Wastewater
storm
water,
the
the
general
assembly,
put
it
all
into
a
competitive
grant
program.
The
utilities
had
to
apply
and
be
successful
in
the
in
the
competitive
grant
program.
H
Our
projects
are
really
two
key
things:
one
is
the
expansion
and
really
the
build
out
of
our
reverse
osmosis
drinking
water
treatment
facility
there
on
Jenkins,
Island
and
then
the
second
thing
is
the
construction
of
a
second
aquifer,
storage
and
Recovery.
Well,
ASR.
We
call
the
technique.
We
have
one
of
these
already
we'd
like
to
build
a
second
one
and
bracket
the
service
area.
H
With
this
large-scale
Supply,
it's
key
for
not
only
meeting
our
day-to-day
demands,
but
it's
key
for
our
resiliency
and
our
hurricane
recovery
there,
so
in
in
total,
the
projects
for
our
application
purpose
were
estimated
at
17
million,
so
10
million
dollar
Grant
and
looking
at
you
know
at
least
we're
anticipating
a
seven
million
dollar
local
match.
That
would
have
to
come
into
play
to
actually
complete
these
projects.
That's
all
part
of
the
competitiveness
of
the
Grant
application.
H
The
state
was
really
looking
for
local
match
local
leverage
and
showing
what
you
were
going
to
put
on
the
table
locally
to
make
these
long-term
projects
happen.
The
key
with
these
is:
they
are
long-term
water
supply
projects
really
for
the
future
of
the
island.
They
benefit
the
entirety
of
the
service
area,
they're,
not
neighborhood
projects,
they
are
for
the
entirety
of
the
system,
and
you
know,
as
Sarah
touched
on,
you
know
a
lot
of
needs,
but
really
meet
and
Peak
demand
for
tap
water.
H
We
still
are
facing
salt
water
intrusion
into
the
freshwater
part
of
the
aquifer
at
Hilton
Head,
so
we
Face
the
loss
of
the
freshwater
Wells
that
we're
still
clinging
to
so
doing.
Something
like
expanding
the
reverse
osmosis
plant
is
key
for
replacing
the
loss
Supply
and
then,
as
we
mentioned,
it's
key
for
our
hurricane
resiliency.
Our
recovery
speeding,
recovery
from
storms,
we
also
the
reverse
osmosis
technique-
is
really
important
for
protecting
the
public
water
supply
from
pfas
contamination.
That's
something
that
you've
probably
been
hearing
about
lately
in
the
news.
H
It's
forever
chemicals
that
can
get
into
various
Water
Supplies,
particularly
like
surface
water
supplies.
It
makes
the
groundwater
Supply
very
key
and
then
an
extra
layer
is
that
reverse
osmosis
treatment.
It's
it's
the
it's
right
now
the
leading
barrier,
technology
against
pfas
contamination,
and
then
a
lot
of
this
too,
is
the
more
that
the
island
can
handle
its
own
demands,
especially
peak
season.
H
If
any
of
you
are
ever
in
the
area,
we'd
love
to
love,
to
give
you
a
visit
to
it.
But
it's
it's
membrane,
filtration
of
brackish
groundwater.
Our
plant
right
now
treats
four
million
gallons
a
day.
It
produces
four
million
gallons
a
day
of
drinking
water,
and
this
project
will
expand
it,
build
it
out
to
six
million
gallons
a
day,
which
was
its
envisioned
capacity
when
the
plant
was
launched
back
in
09
and
then
the
other
thing
we
like
to
do
there
believe
it
or
not.
H
To
do
the
expansion
we
have
to
construct
a
fourth
raw
Water
Production
well
into
the
brackish
aquifer
to
to
yield
the
water
that
will
get
us.
This
extra
two
million
gallons
a
day
of
capacity
in
the
plant,
the
town
of
Hilton
Head
Island,
is
working
very
well
with
us
on
this.
Looking
like
we'll,
actually
place
the
well
the
new
well
on
Town,
owned
property,
south
side
of
William,
Hilton
Parkway,
the
old
Welcome
Center
parcel,
that's
called
next
to
the
crazy
crop,
so
the
aquifer
stores
in
recovery.
Well,
this
is
a
the
photo.
H
Is
our
current?
Well,
it's
located
inside
hhp
at
our
our
Royal
James
facility,
so
we're
looking
to
build
a
second
one
of
these
again
working
with
the
town
of
Hilton,
Head
Island
and
placing
it
on
land
that
they
own
called
the
Ashmore
tract
pretty
big
tract
of
land.
That's
actually
adjacent
to
the
psds,
our
fence
line
at
our
wastewater
treatment
plant,
so
kind
of
just
a
project
where
we're
going
to
push
our
fence
line
a
little
bit
drill
this
new
well
and
it.
H
What
ASR,
really
this
is
a
nice
slide
I
think
shows
the
comparison
so
you're
storing
you're,
using
it
to
store
already
treated
drinking
water
down
in
the
brackish
part
of
the
aquifer,
and
you
build
a
bubble
of
the
treated
drinking
water
using
the
aquifer
itself.
As
your
storage
Zone.
What's
so
impressive
about
it
is
like
the
photo
says
you
build
a
big
ground,
concrete
ground
storage
tank
or
you
can
put
about
two
million
gallons
in
it
with
the
ASR.
H
Well,
you
can
put
260
million
gallons
in
it
and
then
what
it's
doing
is
it's
yielding
about
2
million
gallons
a
day
of
Supply
during
the
summer
months.
Well,
our
current
ASR
well
was
really
really
critical,
for
example
in
our
recovery
from
Hurricane
Matthew,
because
you're
able
to
have
that
kind
of
large-scale
Supply
waiting
for
you
underground.
After
the
loss
of
power
to
re-energize
everything
and
and
put
the
water
back
in
the
distribution
system,
repressurize
the
water
distribution
system,
which
is,
is
key
for
the
recovery.
H
So,
in
addition
to
the
skip
projects,
the
potential
funding
here
could
also
be
used
for
a
couple
key
things.
One
is:
we
are
facing
the
relocation
of
our
large-scale
drinking
water
transmission
pipeline
that
connects
us
to
the
mainland.
We
are
told
by
the
dot
it
will
have
to
be
relocated
as
part
of
the
us-278
corridor
project.
H
The
pipeline
is
buried
underneath
the
riverbed
of
the
Intracoastal,
basically
right
to
the
south
of
the
current
Bridges
and
under
the
Dot's
current
plan,
it
would
be
to
lay
the
the
pilings
on
top
of
the
pipeline,
so
you
know
we
do
have
the
relocation
act
in
play
on
that
four
and
a
half
percent
funding
should
come
from
the
dot
Transportation
budget
for
the
relocation
of
the
wet
utilities.
Nonetheless,
there's
the
potential
there
for
local
local
bird
and
to
cover
the
relocation
of
the
pipeline.
H
The
other
thing
that
can
be
done
with
the
PST
still
has
the
ability
to
purchase
some
additional
wholesale
water
capacity
from
Beaufort
Jasper,
so
this
this
Capital
could
be
put
toward
that.
We
also
have
a
suite
of
wastewater
treatment.
Plant
upgrades
collection
system
upgrades
again
they're
projects
that
benefit
the
entirety
of
the
system,
so
the
Project
funding
here,
it's
really
a
limited
millage
impact,
because
the
way
our
current
debt
picture
and
our
ability
to
wrap
this
around
the
current
debt.
H
But
you
see
on
your
screen
there
what
we're
at
right
now
with
our
actual
millage
and
what
the
estimated
would
be
you
know
putting
this
putting
this
debt
on
boils
down
to
about
four
dollars.
You
know
new
four
dollars
on
a
hundred
thousand
dollars
of
assessed
value
on
on
a
primary
home,
so
that's
kind
of
the
tax.
The
tax
impact
that
we're
looking
at.
H
E
A
E
A
H
So
from
from
the
bond
is
how
we
would
cover
that
local
match
and
we're
in
a
world
because
of
the
skip
projects
where
you
know
the
money
was
put
on
the
street
last
summer,
we
had
to
do
our
application
found
out
in
the
fall.
This
all
has
to
be
expended
under
the
skip
program
by
December
of
2026.,
so
we
are
right
now
in
the
throes
of
our
design,
our
permitting
Etc
of
the
projects
leading
to
bidding
the
projects
early,
2025.
or
2024
I'm.
H
Sorry,
so,
with
the
bids
in
hand
is
when
we
all
know
okay,
what
does
the
local
match?
Actually
look
like
and
we're?
At
you
know,
the
borrowing
is
is
taking
us
to
what
we
what
we
can
handle
with
our
with
our
debt
load,
but
that
is
that
is
how
it'll
have
to
play
out
is
get
the
bids
in
hand
see
what
that
local
skip
match
is
actually
gonna
based.
G
If
you'll
notice
in
the
ordinance
we
list
the
projects
that
this
money
can
be
spent
on
and
the
ordinance
is
also
drafted
for
a
not
exceeding
23
million
dollars
and
the
reason
why
there's
perhaps
a
little
bit
of
mismatch
is
kind
of
twofold
one.
Certainly,
as
Pete
said,
everyone
Engineers
everyone
that
we've
talked
to
professionals
is
expecting
the
estimates
to
be
significantly
increased
because
of
the
rush
in
which
everyone's
got
to
get
these
projects
done.
G
But
the
other
reason
is
a
little
bit
of
utility
there
from
the
public
service,
District's
professional
fees,
for
instance
my
fee
and
the
financial
advisor
that
they
will
pay.
The
thought
is
that
they
ask
for
a
little
bit
more
money.
They
go
through
this
process
once
where
we
come
before
you
as
Council,
and
then
they
have
the
approval
to
spend
the
bond
money
on
these
enumerated
projects
that
are
listed
in
the
ordinance.
So
they
may
not
in
2025,
immediately
issue
23
million
dollars
worth
of
debt.
G
They
may
issue
what
they
need
and
then
hold
a
little
bit
back.
Look
at
their
millage
as
debt
in
the
future
rolls
off.
Perhaps
they
will
issue
more
for
some
of
these
projects,
but
it
will
not
exceed
23
million
and
it
will
only
be
the
projects
listed
in
ordinance,
but
it
saves
them
a
little
bit
of
money
in
case
in
two
years.
They
realize
they
need
to
issue
more
debt
rather
than
paying
my
firm's
fees,
the
financial
advisors
fees
to
come
back
before
you
and
do
this
process
all
over
again.
G
A
F
Coin,
you
can
issue
bonds
up
to
23
million,
we'll
have
10
million
in
hand,
and
yet
you
still
don't
know
what
the
actual
cost
is
going
to
be,
which
is
why
you're
hedging
your
bet,
it
could
be
significantly.
You
could
use
all
33
million
dollars.
Okay,
that's
number
one
Hank!
You
may
know
this
when
we
were
doing
the
arpa
funding.
I
believe
PSD
came
before
us
for
the
generator
for
a
million
dollars
correct.
H
But
what
we
ended
up
doing
with
that,
we
came
before
you
with
two
projects,
one
being
the
generator
one
being
the
a
new
water
booster
station
at
our
Lego
mutton
site,
the
one
million
quickly
became
discernible
was
no
going
to
be
nowhere
near
to
actually
perform
both
those
projects.
So
we
pivoted
to
do
the
do
the
booster
station
project,
with
the
with
the
one
million
arm
allocation,
put
the
RO
generator
into
the
skip.
A
E
H
A
A
Recommend
approval
of
a
resolution
ordering
a
public
hearing
to
be
held
on
the
issuance
of
not
exceeding
23
million
dollar
aggregate
principal
amount
of
General
obligation,
bonds
to
the
Hilton
Head
number
one
Public
Service
District,
providing
for
the
publication
of
the
notice
of
such
public
hearings
and
other
matters
relating
here
too,
and
is
there
so
moved?
Is
there
a
second?
Well
second
Mr
chairman
all
right.
Thank
you
any
any
additional
discussion
seeing
no
discussion.
This
will
be
approved
without
objection.
I
see
no
objection
that
also
has
been
approved
all
right.
A
Those
would
be
design
Ruby
review
board
that
is
Chris
Feldman
recommendation.
Approval
to
also
to
design
review
board
is
Eric
Wall
snovich
to
the
airports
board
the
appointment
of
James
Starnes,
also
to
the
airport's
board
appointment
of
Rich
sells
and
to
the
Planning
Commission
appointment
of
Eugene
Myers,
and
is
there
any
reason
that
someone
would
want
to
vote
on
those
separately.
A
M
E
L
A
All
right
and
and
Sarah
is
the
website
up
to
date
on
on
openings
for
commissions
and
again,
that's
what
that's
where
the
public
can
go.
Look
on
our
website
for
commissions.
They
don't
have
open
seats
and
obviously
that's
where
people
can
apply
or
contact
your
your,
your
County
council
person
to
also
get
application
for
that
or
or
Miss
Brock.
So
is
there
any
objection?
I
didn't
see
any
objection
before
so
we'll
go
ahead
and
pass
these
committee
members
yeah
all.
E
N
K
N
First
of
all,
I
think
I'd
like
to
thank
you
all
for
your
Forward
Thinking
when
you,
when
you
look
at
the
project
that
we're
going
through
right
now,
it
didn't
just
happen.
We
foresee
a
need
years
ago
that
water
was
becoming
a
problem
on
Hilton
Head.
To
give
you
an
example,
we
had
12
Wells
we're
down
to
two,
so
we
have
to
get
water
from
some
place
and
so,
rather
than
wait
until
you
had
no
water,
we
figured
to
be
proactive
and
I
have
to
commend.
N
My
commission
and
my
general
manager
for
thinking
about
this
water
is
a
extremely
important
resource
and
a
time
kind
of
evaporates
when
you're
looking
to
do
something
so
I
want
to.
Thank
you
very
much
for
understanding
where
we're
going.
What
we're
looking
to
accomplish
and
I
just
want
to
prepare
you
that
down
the
road,
we're
probably
going
to
look
to
do
another
reverse
osmosis
plan,
because
we're
just
not
going
to
have
enough.
A
S
K
T
Closes
out
a
350-year
legacy
of
coastal
fortifications
in
Port
Royal
sound
beginning
in
the
mid
16th
century.
It
also
represents
the
closing
chapter
of
America's
coastal
defense
system
before
the
dawn
of
air
power.
Fort
Fremont
is
an
example
of
the
most
advanced
military
technology
of
its
time.
It
would
parallel
the
B-17
and
aircraft
carrier
of
World
War
II.
The
F-35
of
today
Fort
Fremont
was
an
important
part
of
the
Beaufort
culture
very
similar
to
Paris
Island
and
the
Marine
Corps
Air
Base.
Today,.
U
U
It
became
the
first
capital
of
Florida
and
they
explored
the
back
country
from
this
location
for
more
than
a
century,
with
the
object
of
building
a
highway
from
This
Magnificent
Harbor
to
Mexico
City.
So
the
sound
was
known
to
the
Spaniards.
It
was
known
to
the
French,
who
actually
got
here
first
and
followed
and
created
the
first
Protestant
colony
in
the
New
World
on
Paris
Island
over
my
shoulder
and
that
colony
was
a
failure.
The
Spaniards
replaced
them.
U
It
was
part
of
Spanish
Florida
when
the
English
arrived
150
years
later,
and
this
was
became
as
a
consequence,
a
Battleground
in
the
18th
century,
between
Spanish
interests
in
Florida
and
Saint
Augustine
and
the
English
colony
in
Carolina
and
in
Charleston
and
back
and
forth.
These
wars
went
many
of
them,
Naval
Wars,
many
of
them,
employing
as
all
the
sailors
Knew
by
then
the
magic
of
Port
Royal
South.
When
the
Civil
War
came,
Confederates
defended
the
harbor,
but
it
was
basically
indefensible
against
large
Naval
forces.
U
in
a
four-hour
cannonade,
which
would
have
been
deafening
from
where
we're
sitting
Was
Heard
for
miles
from
Savannah.
Nearly
to
Charleston
it
was
called
The
Day
of
the
big
gun
shoot
during
the
Civil
War.
This
Harbor
that
we're
looking
at
was
filled
with
ships.
It
would
be
hundreds
of
ships
in
this
Harbor
there
was
a
thousand
foot
dock
with
a
railroad
on
top
off
of
Hilton
Head.
U
U
So
this
was
a
major
U.S
government
installation
in
the
heart
of
the
South.
It
was
the
headquarters
of
the
U.S
army
Department
of
the
South.
But
more
importantly,
it
was
the
headquarters
of
the
United
States
Navy
South
Atlantic,
blockading
Squadron,
so
the
biggest
ships
in
the
Navy
were
here,
and
so
it
became
and
and
that's
really
where
the
story
of
Fort
Fremont
starts
with
that
huge
Civil,
War
military
operations
and
installations
on
Hilton
Head
on
Saint
Helena
Island,
on
Paris
Island
and
in
Beaufort.
V
After
the
Civil
War
we're
going
to
see
a
massive
change
in
technology,
that's
going
to
revolutionize
the
military.
During
the
Civil
War,
we
had
Ironclad
ships,
we
had
rifle
cannons,
but
they
were
all
made
out
of
iron
and
they
were
not
terribly
effective,
but
it's
technology
is
going
to
change
after
the
Civil
War.
We're
going
to
see
steel
produced
and
steel
is
much
harder.
So
now
we
have
a
new
materials
to
make
armor
out
of
her
ship.
So
we
can
have
these
armored
ships
made
with
steel
and
a
much
more
resistance.
V
A
shot
because
I
have
steel.
I
can
make
stronger
barrels
for
my
guns.
I
can
rifle
and
machine
these
much
better
and
the
rifling
is
the
spirals
are
cutting
the
barrel
that
allows
it
to
shoot
further
with
more
accuracy,
and
we
can
also
now
have
breech
loading
guns
that
can
lock
from
behind.
So
I
can
load
my
gun
from
behind
I
don't
have
to
drive
the
whole
black
powder.
Muzzle
loading
Cannon
head
before
now.
I
can
fire
much
more
rapidly
if
I
compare
they're
done
of
1890
to
The
Guns
of
1860.
V
for
the
same
caliber,
the
same
diameter
gun
of
the
1890
gun
will
be
able
to
fire.
Projectile
is
four
times:
heavier
can
shoot
it
three
times
further,
can
put
it
in
with
greater
precision
and
can
put
it
through
much
more
armor
than
anything
we
had
in
1860s
World
difference.
A
military
historian,
ER
Lewis
would
say
that
the
change
between
the
Civil,
War
and
1890
in
artillery
technology
was
the
greatest
that
would
be
seen
since
invention
of
artillery
in
the
14th
century
to
the
introduction
of
the
nuclear
projectile
in
the
1950s.
V
So
there's
been
a
huge
change
in
gun
technology.
At
the
same
time,
it's
not
just
the
steel
but
also
the
powder
that
fires.
These
guns
is
different.
We
have
new
chemical
makeup
and
so
like
cordite
is
invented
now
and
it's
still
a
widely
used
military
explosive.
Even
today,
smokeless
power
is
invented
during
this
period
of
time,
and
it's
not
just
chemical
composition,
but
it's
the
details
of
how
you
make
the
grain
how
fast
they
burn.
So
much
like
the
skill
of
firing.
V
A
solid
rocket,
solid
fuel
rocket,
it's
that
same
kind
of
technology
has
been
developed
in
these
gunpowder
and
this
new
powder.
So
if
weapons
of
this
day
are
much
much
greater,
they
would
be
the
great
killing
machines
of
World
War
One,
most
of
the
casualties
on
the
battlefields,
World
War
one
would
come
from
artillery.
V
V
They
are
now
equipped
with
these
fine
long-range
guns
and
they
now
become
the
dominant
threat
of
the
late
19th
early
20th
century.
This
is
the
threat.
The
French
and
English
would
bombard
cities
like
Cairo
and
reduce
them
to
Rubble
because
they
were
unable
to
defend
them.
So
this
is
how
the
world
was
seeing
the
threat
from
this
new
technology.
Big
battleships,
are
the
threat
of
the
era
and
new
guns
and
fortifications
on
the
ground
or
what
you
have
to
have
to
defend
against
them.
U
One
of
the
most
important,
but
first
things
that
happened
after
the
Civil
War
is
they
built
a
railroad
to
Port
Royal
sound
which
didn't
exist.
It
was
the
first
connection
of
the
Sea
Island
to
the
mainland.
The
advantage
that
railroad
is
it
brought
cold,
Port,
Royal
South.
So
when
the
coal
was
delivered,
the
Navy
followed.
V
In
1872,
Robert
Smalls
was
in
the
South
Carolina
legislature
and
he
pushed
through
a
resolution
to
the
Secretary
of
War,
calling
for
them
to
put
a
Navy
station
on
Paris
Island
and
eventually
he
would
go
into
Congress
where
he
would
continue
his
support
for
a
Navy
station.
Here
in
the
Beaufort
Court
Royal
area.
They
eventually
opened
a
Navy
station
here
and
a
cooling
station.
U
They
created
in
the
1890s
on
Paris
Island,
the
largest
Dry
Dock
in
the
United
States.
This
is
the
period
when
the
U.S
Navy
was
switching
from
sail
to
steam.
All
the
Navies
of
the
world
need
the
coaling
station.
This
was
the
principal
coaling
station
because
of
the
railroad
for
the
Caribbean
and
South
American
U.S
fleets.
This.
V
Would
be
the
biggest
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk?
In
fact,
it
is
the
only
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk
Virginia,
that's
capable
of
taking
these
new
modern
battleships
of
these
new
modern
armored
Cruisers.
So
this
becomes
at
this
point
a
strategic
Navy
Basin
that
it
provides
coal
and
it
provides
top-line
support
to
the
ships
and
they
can
repair
the
hulls
of
even
the
biggest
ships
in
the
U.S
Navy.
V
Following
Civil
War
National
strategy
and
emphasis
in
the
United
States
shifted
from
to
recovery
from
war,
and
all
of
our
Coastal
fortifications
went
into
neglect.
The
military
was
busy
taming,
the
west
and
Coastal
defenses
became
something
that
was
no
longer
important
and
the
rest
of
the
world
technology
is
moving
forward
and
they're
developing
these
battleships
they're
developing
new
high
quality
artillery,
and
this
is
going
on
worldwide
and
in
1885
president
Grover
Cleveland
appointed
Endicott
board.
V
This
was
headed
by
secretary
War,
Endicott,
William
Endicott,
and
the
board
would
meet
initial
report
in
1886
and
they
said
the
conditions
of
our
Coastal
defenses
were
just
unbearably
cannot
be
allowed
to
stay
like
that,
and
they
made
recommendations
for
fortification
and
improvements.
They
identified
29
places
that
needed
fortifications
and
11
of
which
were
critical
in
that
list
of
29,
Savannah
and
Charleston
on
the
list.
But
Beaufort
is
not
on
the
list.
U
So
the
USS
Maine
was
here
on
patrol
and
in
the
harbor
and
while
they
were
in
the
harbor
several
times,
they
entertained
the
local
population.
So
the
merchants
and
the
social
leaders
and
the
political
leaders
of
Beaufort
were
invited
to
come,
have
lunch
with
the
captain
of
the
ship.
Captain
sigsby
and
the
officers
got
to
know
the
people.
The
people
got
to
know
the
officers.
The
crew,
which
was
large,
would
go
ashore
on
payday
and
make
friends
with
everybody
in
town.
V
At
that
point,
somebody
in
the
war
department
realized
that
we
had
this
big
Dry
Dock,
the
only
Dry
Dock
in
the
south
that
could
take
on
and
repair
these
big
Capital
ships
that
were
in
our
Navy
we're
going
to
start
operations
against
a
power
in
the
Caribbean,
and
this
fort
was
totally
undefended
and
that's
what
put
Fort
Fremont
on
the
map
we
had
to
have
a
fort
here
to
defend
the
coaling
station,
and
especially
this
big
Dry
Dock,
as
well
as
this
fine
Harbor.
That's
here.
U
And,
of
course,
that
event
which
killed,
300
or
more
Sailors
on
the
ship
was
very
much
followed
by
the
local
news
media
and
very
much
lamented
by
the
many
friends
of
the
crew
had
made
here.
The
destruction
of
the
USS
Maine
was
a
personal
matter
to
Beaufort
and
to
Port
Royal
South
and
of
course
it
was
the
Spanish-American
War
and
the
attempt
to
defend
this
Harbor
again,
which
led
to
this.
The
creation
of
Fort
Fremont,
the
United
States
declared
war
on
Spain
in
in
April,
1898
and.
V
By
early
may,
we
had
temporary
batteries
in
place
here,
submarine
mines
were
in
place
and
in
the
summer
they
would
actually
place
the
mines
across
the
Beaufort
river.
Behind
me,
the
temporary
batteries
were
a
temporary
expedient.
They
were
located
to
my
left
about
a
thousand
yards.
They
immediately
began
construction
of
what
would
become
Fort
Fremont.
The
large
batteries
would
House
of
large
guns
battery
four
Nance,
the
rapid
fire
guns.
The
smaller
battery
was
completed
by
June
of
1898.
U
V
P
Well,
Fort
Fremont
was
named
for
a
Major
General
John
Fremont.
He
was
actually
a
local
boy,
so
to
speak.
He
was
born
and
grew
up
in
Savannah
Georgia,
just
south
of
us,
and
went
to
college
in
the
College
of
Charleston
up
just
north
of
us
in
Charleston.
He
served
in
the
Army
and
primarily
initially
as
a
Explorer
as
army.
Forts
were
generally
named
for
army
officers
and
he
was
connected
locally.
P
We
are
sitting
in
the
number
three
gun
position
of
a
three
gun
battery
Jessup,
which
had
three
10-inch
disappearing
carriage,
large
caliber
guns,
breach
loading
guns.
Their
purpose
was
to
engage
the
warships
that
might
be
entering
the
harbor
and
Port
Royal
sound
we're
here
now
at
the
second
battery
that
was
part
of
Fort
Fremont.
This
is
battery
for
Nance
was
named
for
Army
officer
that
was
actually
killed
during
the
Spanish-American
War
during
the
Battle
of
San
Juan
Hill
battery
for
an
ants
mounted,
two
British
made
4.72
inch,
Armstrong
quickfire
guns.
P
They
were
called
quick
fire
because
they
loaded
were
loaded
with
a
complete
cartridge
and
it
in
time
of
action.
They
could
fire
four
two
six
rounds
per
minute.
The
purpose
of
battery
Finance
was
to
defend
the
Minefield,
which
was
the
other
component
of
the
Endicott
Coast
artillery
or
or
Coast
defense
system,
a
Minefield
with
controlled
mines
controlled,
meaning
that
they
were
connected
electrically
to
Shore
and
could
be
fired
on
command
from
Shore.
P
That
control
station
would
have
been
probably
shared
with
the
plotting
room
and
in
order
to
protect
the
Minefield.
Obviously,
an
enemy
would
want
to
interfere
with.
That.
Might
send
vessels
small
ships
in
here
at
night
to
try
to
interfere
and
this
battery
would
take
those
vessels
Under
Fire.
If
there
was
some,
there
was
suspected
that
they
were
doing
something
to
interfere
with
the
mines,
such
as
pulling
up
the
cables
and
cutting
those
the.
V
D
For
the
soldiers
at
Fort,
Fremont
was
disciplined
and
regimented.
They
even
had
meal
times
were
specified
lengths
of
time
15
minutes
for
lunch.
15
minutes
at
breakfast,
20
minutes
of
supper.
They
had
to
practice
their
skills.
They
were
training
and
doing
maintenance
constantly.
If
you
can
imagine
with
these
big
guns,
they
had
to
have
skills
in
and
practice
the
skills
in
artillery
mind
laying
signaling,
which
involved,
in
our
case
at
Fort,
Fremont
the
use
of
the
fire
control
tower,
which
was
pretty
sophisticated
and
advanced
signaling
technique.
D
Then
they
also
had
to
practice
the
typical
military
skills
marching
and
drilling
Small
Arms,
fire,
first
aid
and
so
forth.
In
addition
to
that,
they
also
had
participated
in
athletics.
They
had
physical
training
PT
and
they
also
had
sports
teams.
So
this
was
to
keep
them
physically
fit
so
that
they
could
continue
their
their
duties
because
they
were,
it
was
pretty
rigorous
at
Fort,
Fremont.
V
When,
eventually,
the
decision
was
made
to
move
a
dry
dock
and
the
cooling
station
in
the
Navy
station
up
to
Charleston,
then
this
fort
no
longer
became
significant.
There
was
nothing
left
here
that
was
to
be
protected.
At
that
point,
1911
the
last
troops
were
transferred
out
and
the
fort
was
closed.
U
In
1901,
the
mayor
of
Charleston
and
the
United
States
Senator
Pitchfork
Ben
Tillman
from
South
Carolina,
wanted
this
to
move
from
Beaufort
County
to
Charleston
County,
because
there
are
more
votes
in
Charleston
County
and
the
mayor
wanted.
The
U.S
Corps
of
Engineers
in
the
Navy
to
dredge
the
harbor
in
Charleston,
because
battleships
in
those
days
required
26
feet
of
water,
Charleston's
natural
Harbors,
15
feet
of
water.
Port
Royal
is
30..
You
know
what,
in
order
for
Charleston
to
sustain
its
Port,
it's
commercial
Port.
It
had
to
dredge
the
harbor.
U
U
V
The
fort
did
its
job
as
a
deterrent
for
anybody
that
wished
to
attack
these.
It
provided
protection,
in
fact,
the
whole
endicotta
system,
although
never
challenged
in
this
era.
Here
in
the
United
States,
provided
some
300
major
guns,
Coastal
guns,
to
protect
major
areas
and
left
the
United
States
at
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
with
his
well-defended
Coastline
as
any
place
in
in
the
world.
But.
U
I
I
would
just
like
to
say
that
it's
a
magnificent
artifact
of
an
era
and
it's
an
era
that
has
been
neglected.
The
turn
of
the
20th
century,
the
naval
station
across
the
river
here,
and
so
it's
a
it's
a
piece
of
History,
that's
disappearing
and
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
preserved
it
for
the
use
of
the
public
and
as
a
memorial
to
that
moment
in
history,
Fort.
T
Fremont
closes
at
350-year
story
of
Homeland
Security
addressing
European
imperialism
in
the
19th
century.
It's
a
tale
of
how
geography,
technology
and
National
Security
creates
a
transition
for
America
to
become
a
global
power.
It's
also
a
wonderful
snapshot
of
America.
In
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
a
valued
partnership,
working
in
tandem
to
preserve
the
fort's
integrity
and
promote
the
historical,
natural
and
cultural
aspects
of
the
Court
most
important,
we're
always
looking
for
creative
ways
to
enhance
visitor
experience.
K
O
X
X
AB
AA
O
Water
east
of
the
Continental
Divide
drains
to
the
Atlantic,
while
water
west
of
the
Divide
flows
to
the
Pacific
and
one
drop
of
rain,
can
cross
many
different
watersheds
along
the
way,
as
runoff
flows
into
rivers,
streams
and
storm
drains.
The
water
picks
up
trash
dirt
bacteria,
toxic
chemicals
and
fertilizers,
creating
pollutants
that
is
extremely
hazardous
to
the
environment
and
the
consequences
of
polluted
runoff
exist
worldwide.
O
O
J
Many
cases
people
mistakenly
identify
large
discharge
pipes
in
the
water
as
the
problem,
but
that
may
not
be
the
problem
it
may
be
coming
from
agricultural
runoff.
It
may
be
coming
from
storm
water
runoff
over
parking,
lots
and
impervious
surfaces.
Every
Watershed
is
different
and
you
need
to
look
at
each
Watershed
in
its
own
terms
and
then
think
systematically
about
how
you
remediate
how
you
clean
up
that
watershed.
O
AA
AE
Pollutants
in
the
water
affect
Surfers
because
we're
actually
the
indicator
species
with
all
the
pollutants
when
we're
in
the
waters
we're
ingesting
it
through
our
skin
in
our
mouth.
Even
if
people
don't
take
a
swab,
Olive
water
and
still
getting
into
our
systems
our
ears
any
orifice
on
your
body
and
it
causes
infections,
it
can
cause
colds
sore
throats
at
the
very
least
I.
AA
AG
O
AA
AE
O
O
The
flood
of
27
massive
levies
were
put
in
place
and
while
they
helped
protect
the
Lower
Mississippi
River
Basin
from
flooding,
the
levees
and
other
human
activities
would
ultimately
harm
the
Watershed
in
unforeseen
ways.
The
gulf
state
of
Louisiana
is
the
Terminus
of
the
Mississippi
River,
the
mighty
Watershed
that
drains
41
percent
of
the
area
of
the
lower
48
states
into
the
Gulf
of
Mexico.
AD
S
S
O
So
what
exactly
is
causing
this
dead
zone
in
the
Gulf
hypoxia
develops
when
an
area
of
water
receives
excess
pollutants,
primarily
an
overabundance
of
nutrients
which
produce
large
algae
blooms
that
die
off
and
lead
to
low
oxygen,
and
since
the
Mississippi
gets
fed
by
tributaries
that
flow
through
31
states.
That
adds
up
to
a
staggering
volume
of
contaminated
runoff.
J
AD
AJ
R
It's
just
rotten.
This
is
just
a
fact
of
of
life.
The
way
we
treat
our
water
systems
because
we
use
them
as
our
garbage
dumps,
we
use
them
to
dilute
our
pollutants
and
things
like
that
and
it
flows.
Downstream
I
believe.
The
statistic
is
that
if
you're
in
New
Orleans
the
water
that
is
going
by,
you
has
passed
through
human
guts,
something
like
three
or
four
times
before
it
gets
to
you
incredibly.
R
O
S
O
The
hypoxic
Zone
will
take
more
than
saving
our
Wetlands.
Reducing
nutrient
runoff
in
the
Mississippi
River
Watershed
is
the
heart
of
the
problem.
It
it's
an
issue
involving
over
half
the
states
in
the
nation
and
a
vast
array
of
Industries,
particularly
farming,
which
uses
nitrogen-rich
fertilizer
to
grow.
AI
AD
O
O
In
January
of
1996,
one
of
the
most
devastating
winter
storms
in
history,
slams,
the
East
Coast
two
feet
of
snow
dumps
on
New
York
and
throughout
the
Northeast
Corridor
schools,
airports
and
roads
are
shut
down
by
the
time
it's
over.
The
blizzard
and
resultant
flooding
caused
three
billion
dollars
in
losses
and
187
lives
are
taken
and
in
the
Catskill
Mountains
of
Upstate
New
York,
the
snow
melt
triggers
another
potentially
devastating
crisis.
M
AL
I
What
we're
looking
at
here
is
a
main
tributary
of
the
esophage
creek
during
flooding.
We
were
seeing
a
lot
of
sediment
coming
out
of
the
stream.
The
clay
gets
into
the
water
column
and
it
becomes
very
turbid,
and
then
it
makes
it
very
difficult
to
treat
and
clean
that
water
so
from
a
water
quality
perspective.
We're
very
concerned
about
erosion,
the.
M
We
have
a
very
exciting
program
with
the
Watershed
agricultural
Council,
where
we
are
working
with
local
farmers.
We
look
at
how
they're
handling
the
animals
so
that
the
runoff
associated
with
manure
fertilizer
and
that
that
farm
activity
isn't
getting
into
the
the
streams
around
our
reservoirs.
This.
Q
Water
here
is
basically
the
water
you're
going
to
be
drinking
down
in
the
city
and
I
feel
I've
got
a
responsibility
to
try
my
best
to
keep
it
clean
for
when
it
gets
down
there.
It
used
to
be
when
it
rained
here
on
the
farm.
The
water
that
ran
away
from
the
the
back
of
the
barn
here
was
full
of
mud,
manure,
and
it
would
just
run
Brown
and
right
into
the
Stream
two
years
ago.
We
would
spread
every
day,
we'd
have
to
take
it
out,
spread
it
on
the
fields.
Q
O
AN
AK
O
AE
AM
J
Paved
concrete
surfaces
asphalt,
parking,
lots
sidewalks.
The
question
is:
do
we
need
to
have
as
many
as
we
do,
because,
to
the
extent
that
you
have
too
much
impervious
surface,
the
water
is
not
retained
on
site,
it
doesn't
soak
into
the
ground,
it
runs
off,
picks
up,
speed
carries
pollutants
and
contaminants
into
the
water
body.
One.
O
Strategy
for
preventing
stormwater
runoff
is
occurring
at
the
new
Ford
Rouge
Center
in
Dearborn
Michigan.
This
remodeled
truck
plant
is
covered
by
a
green
roof.
The
size
of
eight
football
fields
planted
with
a
porous
ground
cover.
It
reduces
the
amount
of
polluted
runoff
released
into
the
Watershed.
AO
J
AC
You
change
your
used
motor
oil,
you
don't
dump
it
into
the
street
everybody's
got
to
clean
up
after
their
pets.
Obviously,
that's
a
big
concern.
Fertilizers,
herbicides
pesticides
make
sure
you
don't
use
them
anytime,
there's
any
chance
of
rain
coming
up
in
the
near
future
when
you're
irrigating,
your
lawn
in
your
garden,
make
sure
that
you're
not
over
spraying
and
causing
all
those
chemicals
to
end
up
getting
into
the
storm
drain
system.
The
only
way
we're
going
to
solve
the
problem
is,
if
everybody
does
their
part,
we.
O
O
AP
It's
almost
like
a
horror
movie
when
you
think
that
the
vampires
did
and
all
of
a
sudden
they
come
up
out
of
the
casket,
and
he
said,
damn
I
thought
I'd
put
a
stake
in
your
heart.
I
thought
that
the
worst
and
most
pernicious
heinous
aspects
of
anti-black
white
supremacy
were
long
gone
and
I
was
naive
about
that
and
we've
seen
him
rise
in
hate
speech.
AP
Anti-Semitism
anti-gay
attitudes
and
people
when
people
become
frightened,
particularly
about
their
economic
future,
they
look
for
scapegoats
and
the
scapegoats
traditionally
have
been
Jewish
people,
women,
gay
people
and,
of
course,
in
this
country,
people
of
color.
So
it's
a
a
moral,
a
lesson:
let's
don't
go
back
to
what
happened
with
the
roll
back
to
reconstruction.
L
AP
It
was
one
of
the
greatest
heroes
of
the
Civil
War
and
reconstruction
served
five
non-consecutive
terms
in
Congress
because
he
was
constantly
being
accused
yet
of
stealing
money
and
misappropriating
funds.
They
were.
There
was
a
mythology
sanctioned
by
the
discipline
of
History
located
at
Columbia
University
called
the
Dunning
School,
led
by
historian
Professor
Dunning,
and
they
found
every
way
to
traduce
the
achievements
of
black
people,
and
that
has
only
been
undone
by
historians
since
Dubois
published
black
reconstruction
and
most
notably
under
the
leadership
of
another
Columbia.
AP
Professor
professor
Eric
foner,
with
whom
we
made
a
reconstruction
series.
He
was
our
chief
consultant
plus
we
have
over
40
historians,
doing
modern
Cutting
Edge
scholarship
on
reconstruction
that
whom
we
feature
in
the
series.
So
it's
very
much
a
collective
series
and
it's
very
much
a
Counterpoint
to
the
received
interpretations
of
reconstruction
fabricated
by
the
Dunning
School.
L
AP
Carolina
was
Ground
Zero
for
reconstruction
because
it
was
a
majority
black
state,
the
there's,
a
famous
1872
lithograph
of
the
first
colored
Senator,
and
the
members
of
the
House
of
Representatives
and
three
of
those
men
in
that
lithograph
were
from
South
Carolina.
When
Richard
T
Greener
graduated
from
Harvard,
the
first
black
man
to
graduate
from
Harvard
in
the
class
of
1870.
Where
was
the
land
of
opportunity?
Was
it
in
New
York?
Was
it
in
Boston?
AP
Was
it
in
Philadelphia
Charleston,
came
to
Charleston
and
went
to
Colombia
and
served
on
the
faculty
and
took
law
classes
there?
The
a
black
man
from
England
from
Liverpool
England,
Robert,
Brown,
Elliott
I,
came
to
to
Boston
in
1867.
The
British
Navy
could
smell
the
opportunity,
headed
straight
to
South
Carolina
and
worked
for
Richard
Harvey
Kane's
newspaper
then
was
elected
to
congress
very
eloquent
man,
and
this
was
where
it
was
at.
This
is
where
it
was
happening
and
when
I
interviewed
representative
Clyburn
his
office
in
the
in
the
Congress.
AP
I
mean
it's
like
a
museum
you
go
in
there
and
all
these
brothers
are
on
the
wall,
and
we
talked
about
the
fact
that
South
Carolina
had
a
black
majority
in
the
House
of
Representatives.
You
can't
imagine
that
now,
South
Carolina,
even
in
the
18th
century,
was
called
negro
country.
It
was
a
black
State
and
very
soon
that
was
dismantled.
So
it's
no
surprise
that
many
of
the
most
vicious
battles
over
race
occurred
here,
because
it
was
an
attempt
to
control
this
black
majority.
I
went
to
Calhoun
College
in
Yale.
A
Executive
session
before
I
do
that?
Is
there
any
one
there
anyone
that
wants
to
make
any
type
of
action
from
our
items
in
executive
session?
No
seeing
none.
The
one
item
that
we
did
have
that
we
do
want
to
talk
about
is
about
cotton,
Hall
and
I'll.
Try
to
this
board.
If
you
want
to
come
forward
I'm
going
to
try
to
real
quick,
explain
what
I
heard
and
what
I
understand
is
that
the
cotton
Hall
purchase
we
approved
4.5
million
dollars
for
that
purchase.
A
A
So
again
we
just
want
to
clear
up
and
make
sure
that
everyone
understands
exactly
what
is
going
on
with
with
this
so
again
being
being
transparent.
We
still
want
the
transaction
to
occur
so
again.
That's
why
there's
no
action
coming
out
of
that
out
of
that
committee
meeting.
If
you
want
to
make
sure
that
I've
said
that
correctly.