►
Description
Special Called Meeting of County Council August 24, 2023, 11:00 AM
Agendas can be found at https://beaufortcountysc.gov/council/council-committee-meetings/index.html
A
Special
meeting
of
County
Council
for
today,
Thursday
August,
24th
2023.
Would
the
clerk
call
the
attendance.
C
D
E
F
A
Allegiance
I
pledge
allegiance
to
the
flag
of
the
United
States
of
America
and
to
the
Republic
for
which
it
stands.
One
nation,
under
God,
indivisible
with
liberty
and
justice
for
all
public
notification
of
this
meeting,
has
been
published,
posted
and
distributed
in
compliance
with
the
South
Carolina
Freedom
of
Information
Act.
Will
a
member
of
council
move
and
second
the
approval
of
today's
agenda?
Second
Mr
Dawson
made
the
motion
Mr
McKellen
made
the
second
duly
motioned
and
seconded.
Is
there
any
discussion
seeing
no
discussion?
This
will
be
approved
without
objection
and
there
are
no
objections.
A
Obviously
we
do
not
have
any
citizen
comments
that
I
see
from
the
audience
and
nobody
else.
So
we
will
proceed
to
a
motion
for
the
executive
session.
Pursuant
to
South
Carolina
code,
section
30-47
A2
to
engage
in
discussions
and
negotiations
incident
to
proposed
contractual
Arrangements
may
I
have.
A
M
tabick
makes
the
motion
Miss
Howard
makes
the
second
duly
motioned
and
seconded.
Is
there
any
questions
seeing
none?
This
will
be
approved
without
objection,
and
we
have
no
objections.
It
does
say
that
there
will
be
matters
arising
out
of
executive
session
I
doubt
seriously
that
we
will
have
any
matters
arising
out
of
executive
session,
but
we
will
come
out
here
to
adjourn
the
meeting
after
the
executive
session
and
that
is
scheduled
to
take
as
long
as
two
hours.
We
are
now
in
executive.
H
I
J
For
premine
closes
out
a
3
350e
Legacy
of
coastal
fortifications
in
Port
Royal
sound
beginning
in
the
mid
16th
century.
It
also
represents
the
closing
chapter
of
America's
coastal
defense
system
before
the
dawn
of
air
power.
Fort
Fremont
is
an
example
of
the
most
advanced
military
technology
of
its
time.
It
would
parallel
the
B17
and
aircraft
carryer
of
World
War
II
the
F35
of
today
Fort
Fremont
was
an
important
part
of
the
Buford
culture
very
similar
to
Island
and
the
Marine
Corps
Airbase.
J
K
In
1525
the
Spaniards
named
this
sound
and
this
Harbor
Santa
Elena.
They
called
the
navigational
point
laun
to
Santa
Elena,
the
point
of
Santa
Elena,
and
what
the
Spanish
explorers
discovered
is
that
Port
Royal
sound
is
a
unique
piece
of
geography.
It's
the
deepest
natural
Harbor
south
of
the
Chesapeake
Bay,
possibly
south,
of
New
York,
the
channel
into
Port
Royal
sound.
This
I
find
a
remarkable
geological
fact.
K
That
became
the
first
capital
of
Florida
and
they
explored
the
back
country
from
this
location
for
more
than
a
century,
with
the
object
of
building
a
highway
from
from
This
Magnificent
Harbor
to
Mexico
City.
So
the
sound
was
known
to
the
Spaniards.
It
was
known
to
the
French,
who
actually
got
here
first
and
follow
and
created
the
first
Protestant
colony
in
the
New
World
on
Paris
Island
over
my
shoulder
and
that
colony
was
a
failure.
The
Spaniards
replaced
them.
K
It
was
part
of
Spanish
Florida
when
the
English
arrived
150
years
later,
and
this
was
became
as
a
consequence,
a
battle
ground
in
the
18th
century,
between
Spanish
interests
in
Florida
and
St
Augustine
and
the
English
colony
in
Carolina
and
in
Charleston
and
back
and
forth.
These
wars
went
many
of
them,
Naval
Wars,
many
of
them,
employing
as
all
the
sailors
Knew
by
then
the
magic
of
Port
Royal
sound
when
the
Civil
War
came,
Confederates
defended
the
Harbor,
but
it
was
basically
indefensible
against
large
Naval
forces.
K
So
the
US
Navy
made
it
their
principal
Target
during
the
beginning
of
the
Civil
War,
and
sent
the
largest
flotilla
of
ships
assembled
by
the
United
States
Navy
in
the
19th
century,
into
Port
Royal
sound
on
nove
November,
7th
1861
in
a
4our
canonade,
which
would
have
been
deafening
from
where
we're
sitting
Was
Heard
for
miles
from
Savannah.
Nearly
to
Charleston
it
was
called
The
Day
of
the
big
gun
shoot
during
the
Civil
War.
This
Harbor
that
we're
looking
at
was
filled
with
ships.
There
would
be
hundreds
of
ships
in
this
Harbor.
K
There
was
a
tht
dock
with
a
railroad
on
top
off
of
Hilton
Head.
The
military
installation
was
Mammoth.
There
were
13,000
US
soldiers
on
Hilton
Head,
which
we're
looking
at
the
largest
population
on
Hilton
Head
until
1974.
So
this
was
a
major
US
Government
installation
in
the
heart
of
the
South.
It
was
the
headquarters
of
the
US
Army
Department
of
the
South.
K
But
more
importantly,
it
was
the
headquarters
of
the
United
States
Navy
South
Atlantic,
blockading
Squadron,
so
the
biggest
ships
in
the
Navy
were
here,
and
so
it
became
and
and
that's
really
where
the
story
of
Fort
Fremont
starts
with
that
huge
Civil,
War
military
operations
and
installations
on
Hilton
Head
on
St
Helena
Island,
on
Paris
Island
and
in
bu.
L
After
the
Civil
War
we're
going
to
see
a
massive
change
in
technology,
that's
going
to
revolutionize
the
military.
During
the
Civil
War,
we
had
Ironclad
ships,
we
had
rifled
cannons,
but
they
were
all
made
out
of
iron
and
they
were
not
terribly
effective,
but
its
technolog
is
going
to
change
after
the
Civil
War.
We're
going
to
see
steel
produced
and
steel
is
much
harder.
So
now
we
have
a
new
materials
to
make
armor
out
of
for
ships.
L
So
we
can
have
these
armored
ships
made
with
steel
and
a
much
more
resistance
to
shot
because
I
have
steel.
I
can
make
Stronger
barrels
for
my
guns.
I
can
rifle
and
machine
these
much
better
and
the
rifling
is
the
spirals
that
are
cut
in
the
barrel.
That
allows
it
to
shoots
further
with
more
accuracy,
and
we
can
also
now
have
breach
loading
guns
that
can
lock
from
behind.
So
I
can
load
my
gun
from
behind
I
don't
have
to
go.
L
Have
the
whole
black
powder
muzzle
loading
Cannon
I
had
before
now,
I
can
fire
much
more
rapidly.
If
I
compare
the
gun
of
1890
to
The
Guns
of
1860
for
the
same
caliber,
the
same
diameter
gun,
the
1890
gun
will
be
able
to
fire
projectile
as
4
times.
Heavier
can
shoot
it
three
times.
Further,
can
put
it
in
with
greater
precision
and
can
put
it
through
much
more
armor
than
anything
we
had
in
1860s
World
difference.
L
A
military
historian,
ER
Lewis
would
say
that
the
change
between
the
Civil,
War
and
1890
in
artillery
technology
was
the
greatest
that
would
be
seen
since
invention
of
artillery
in
the
14th
century
to
the
introduction
of
the
nuclear
projectile
in
the
1950s.
So
there's
been
a
huge
change
in
gun
technology.
At
the
same
time,
it's
not
just
the
steel
but
also
the
powder
that
fires.
These
guns
is
different.
We're
having
new
chemical
makeup
and
soort
of
like
cordite
is
invented
now
and
it's
still
a
widely
used
military
explosive.
L
Even
today,
smokeless
powder
is
invented
during
this
period
of
time,
and
it's
not
just
chemical
composition,
but
it's
the
details
of
how
you
make
the
grain
how
fast
they
burn.
So
much
like
the
skill
of
firing,
a
solid
rocket,
solid
fuel
rocket.
It's
that
same
kind
of
technology
has
been
developed
in
these
gunpow
and
this
new
powder.
So
our
weapons
of
this
day
are
much
much
greater.
They
would
be
the
great
killing
machines
of
World
War
I,
most
of
the
casualties
on
the
battlefields
of
World,
War
I
would
come
from
artillery.
L
So
the
world
has
seen
a
huge
change
in
artillery
and
that's
tied
into
changes
in
ships.
We
now
have
steel,
armored
ships
they're
all
steam
powered.
They
are
now
equipped
with
these
fine
long
range
guns
and
they
now
become
the
dominant
threat
of
the
late
19th
early
20th
century.
This
is
the
threat
the
French
and
the
English
would
bombard
cities
like
Cairo
and
reduce
him
to
Rubble
because
they
were
unable
to
defend
them.
So
this
is
how
the
world
was
seeing
the
threat
from
this
new
technology.
L
Big
battleships
are
the
threat
of
the
era
and
new
guns
and
fortifications
on
the
ground
or
what
you
have
to
have
to
defend
against.
K
Them
the
one
of
the
most
important
and
first
things
that
happened
after
the
Civil
War.
Is
they
built
a
railroad
to
Port
Royal
sound
which
didn't
exist?
It
was
the
first
connection
of
the
sea
Islands
to
the
main,
the
advantage
of
that
railroad.
Is
it
brought
coal
to
Port
Royal
sound?
So
when
the
coal
was
delivered,
the
Navy.
L
Followed
in
1872,
Robert
Smalls
was
in
the
South
Carolina
legislature
and
he
pushed
through
a
resolution
to
the
Secretary
of
War,
calling
for
them
to
put
a
Navy
station
on
Paris
Island
and
eventually
he
would
go
on
to
Congress
where
he
would
continue
his
support
for
a
Navy
station.
Here
in
the
Buford
Port
Royal
area.
They
eventually
opened
a
Navy
station
here
and
a
coing
station.
K
They
created
in
the
1890s
on
Paris
Island,
the
largest
Dry
Dock
in
the
United
States.
This
is
the
period
when
the
US
Navy
was
switching
from
sail
to
steam.
All
the
Navies
of
the
world
need
coaling
station.
This
was
the
principal
coaling
station
because
of
the
railroad
for
the
Caribbean
and
South
American
us
fleets.
This
would
be.
L
The
biggest
Dry
Dock
south
of
norfol-
in
fact
it
is
the
only
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk
Virginia,
that's
capable
of
taking
these
new
modern
battleships
and
these
new
modern
armored
Cruisers.
So
this
becomes
at
this
point
a
strategic
Navy
base
in
that
have
provides
coal
and,
and
it
provides
Topline
support
to
the
ships
and
they
can
repair
the
hulls
of
even
the
biggest
ships
in
the
US.
L
Navy
following
the
Civil
War
National
strategy
and
emphasis
in
the
United
States
shifted
from
to
recovery
from
war
and
all
of
our
Coastal
fortifications
went
into
neglect.
The
military
was
busy
taming,
the
west
and
Coastal
defenses
became
something
that
was
no
longer
important
in
the
rest
of
the
world.
Technology
is
moving
forward
and
they're
developing
these
battleships
they're
developing
new
highquality
artillery,
and
this
is
going
on
worldwide
and
in
1885
president
Grover
Cleveland
appointed
indicot
board.
L
This
was
SEC
headed
by
Secretary
of
War,
indicot,
William,
indicot
and
the
board
would
meet
and
issue
a
report
in
1886
and
they
said
that
the
conditions
of
our
Coastal
defenses
were
just
unbearable.
They
cannot
be
allowed
to
stay
like
that
and
they
made
recommendations
for
for
fortification
and
improvements
identified,
29
places
that
needed
fortifications
and
11
of
which
were
critical
in
that
list
of
29,
Savannah
and
Charleston
are
on
the
list.
But
Buford
is
not
on
the
list.
It'll
take
international
events
to
bring
Buford
into
the
play
of
of
modern
Fort.
K
Technology,
so
the
USS
main
was
here
on
patrol
and
in
the
harbor
and
while
they
were
in
the
harbor
several
times,
they
entertained
the
local
population.
So
the
merchants
and
the
social
leaders
and
the
political
leaders
of
Buford
were
invited
to
come,
have
lunch
with
the
captain
of
the
ship.
Captain
sigsby
and
the
officers
got
to
know
the
people.
The
people
get
got
to
know
the
officers.
The
crew,
which
was
large,
would
go
ashore
on
payday
and
make
friends
with
everybody
in
town.
K
So
it
was
a
very
social
un
arrange
ment
between
the
towns,
Port,
Royal
and
Beford,
and
the
ship
so
the
main
left
here
it
went
and
reprovisioned
it
refueled
in
Key
West
and
then
went
the
90
Mi
across
to
Havana
into
the
harbor
and
blew.
L
Up
this
inflamed
the
already
hot
passions,
both
in
Cuba
and
here
in
the
United
States.
At
that
point,
somebody
in
the
war
department
realized
that
we
had
this
big
Dry
Dock,
the
only
Dry
Dock
in
the
South
that
could
take
on
and
repair
these
big
Capital
ships
that
we're
in
our
Navy.
We
were
going
to
start
operations
against
a
power
in
the
Caribbean,
and
this
fort
was
totally
undefended
and
that's
what
putt
Fort
Fremont
on
the
map.
L
K
Of
course,
that
event
which
killed
300
or
more
Sailors
on
the
ship
was
very
much
followed
by
the
local
news
media
and
very
much
lamented
by
the
many
friends
that
the
crew
had
made
here.
The
destruction
of
the
USS
main
was
a
personal
matter
to
Buford
and
to
Port
Royal
s,
and
of
course
it
was
the
Spanish
American
War
and
the
attempt
to
defend
this
Harbor
again,
which
led
to
the
the
creation
of
Fort
freman.
The
United
States
declared
war
on
Spain
in
in
April
1898
and.
L
By
early
may,
we
had
temporary
batteries
in
place
here,
submarine
mines
were
in
place
and
in
the
summer
they
would
actually
place
the
mines
across
the
buett
river.
Behind
me,
the
temporary
batteries
were
a
temporary
expedient.
They
were
located
to
my
left
about
a
th000
yards.
They
immediately
began
construction
of
what
would
become
Fort
Fremont.
The
large
batteries
would
house
the
large
guns
battery
fourn,
the
rapid
fire
guns.
A
smaller
battery
was
completed
by
June
of
1898.
K
In
the
1898
everybody
body
in
town
went
to
war,
they
had
a
naval
militia
unit,
South
Carolina
Naval
militia
unit
and
they
were
absorbed
by
the
Navy.
Many
of
them
ran
tugboats
from
here
to
New
York
to
Key
West,
which
was
the
principal
support:
Base
Tampa
Key
West
for
the
US
Army
operations
in
Cuba,
peace.
L
Was
declared
by
the
end
of
1898
and
the
remainder
of
Fort
Fremont
would
not
be
finished
until
early
1899
and
the
first
soldiers
would
arrive
from
the
regular
army
at
that
point.
In
March.
M
1899
well,
Fort
Fremont
was
named
for
Major
General
John
Fremont.
He
was
actually
a
local
boy,
so
to
speak.
He
was
born
and
grew
up
in
Savannah
Georgia,
just
south
of
us,
and
went
to
College
in
the
College
of
Charleston
up
just
north
of
us
in
Charleston.
M
He
served
in
the
Army
and
primarily
initially
as
a
u
Explorer,
as
army
forts
were
generally
named
for
army
officers
and
he
was
U
connected
locally.
This
is
more
than
likely
why
the
fort
was
named
for
him.
N
The
fort
was
constructed
on
a
site
directly
across
the
river
from
the
Island
naval
station
and
the
site
selected
was
170
Acres,
which
included
the
two
artillery
batteries.
Fort
Fremont,
of
course
had
battery
foress
and
battery
Jessup,
but
then
adjacent
to
the
battery
site
was
an
administrative
quadrangle,
very
typical
military
type.
Administrative
Square.
M
We
are
sitting
in
the
number
three
gun
position
of
a
three
gun
battery
battery
Jessup,
which
had
three
10-in
disappearing:
Carriage
large
caliber
guns
breach
loading
guns.
Their
purpose
was
to
Engage
The
warships
that
might
be
entering
the
harbor
and
Port
Royal
sound
we're
here
now
at
the
second
battery
that
was
part
of
Fort
Fremont.
This
is
battery
for
Nance
was
named
for
a
army
officer
that
was
actually
killed
during
the
Spanish
American
War.
M
During
the
Battle
of
San
Juan
Hill
battery
forance
mounted
two
British
made
4.72
in
Armstrong
quickfire
guns.
They
were
called
quickfire
because
they
loaded
were
loaded
with
with
a
complete
cartridge
and
it
in
time
of
action.
They
could
fire
four
to
six
rounds
per
minute.
M
The
purpose
of
battery
forance
was
to
defend
the
Minefield,
which
was
the
other
component
of
the
endicot
coast,
artillery
or
or
Coast
defense
system,
a
Minefield
with
controlled
mines
controlled,
meaning
that
they
were
connected
electrically
to
Shore
and
could
be
fired
on
command
from
Shore.
That
control
station
would
have
been
probably
shared
with
the
plotting
room
and
in
order
to
protect
the
Minefield.
M
Obviously,
an
enemy
would
want
to
interfere
with
that
might
send
vessels
small
ships
in
here
at
night
to
try
to
interfere,
and
this
battery
would
take
those
vessels
Under
Fire.
If
there
was
some,
there
was
suspected
that
they
were
doing
something
to
interfere
with
the
mines,
such
as
pulling
up
the
cables
and
cutting
those.
L
O
Battleship
the
life
for
the
soldiers
at
Fort,
Fremont
was
disciplined
and
regimented.
They
even
had
meal
times
were
specified
lengths
of
time
15
minutes
for
lunch.
15
minutes
at
breakfast,
20
minutes
at
supper.
They
had
to
practice
their
skills.
They
were
training
and
doing
maintenance
constantly.
If
you
can
imagine
with
these
big
guns,
they
had
to
have
skills
in
and
practice
the
skills
in
artillery
M
laying
signaling,
which
involved
in
our
case
at
Fort,
Fremont
the
use
of
the
fire
control
tower,
which
was
a
pretty
sophisticated
and
Advanced
signaling
technique.
O
Then
they
also
had
to
practice
the
typical
military
skills
marching
and
drilling
Small
Arms,
fire,
first
aid
and
so
forth.
In
addition
to
that,
they
also
had
participated
in
athletics.
They
had
physical
training
PT
and
they
also
had
sports
teams.
So
this
was
to
keep
them
physically
fit
so
that
they
could
continue
their
their
duties
because
they
were,
it
was
pretty
rigorous
at
Fort.
L
Freemont,
when,
eventually
the
decision
was
made
to
move
the
dry
dock
and
the
coing
station
and
the
Navy
station
up
to
Charleston,
then
this
fort
no
longer
became
significant.
There
was
nothing
left
here
that
was
to
be
protected
and
at
that
point
1911,
the
last
troops
were
transferred
out
and
Fort
was
closed.
K
In
1901,
the
mayor
of
Charleston
and
the
United
un
States
Senator
Pitchfork
Ben
Tillman
from
South
Carolina,
wanted
this
to
move
from
Buford
County
to
Charleston
County,
because
there
are
more
votes
in
Charleston
County
and
the
mayor
wanted.
The
US
Corp
of
Engineers
in
in
the
Navy
to
dredge
the
harbor
in
Charleston,
because
battleships
in
those
days
required
26
ft
of
water
Charleston's
natural
Harbor
is
15
ft
of
water.
Port
Royal
is
30
feet
of
water.
In
order
for
Charleston
to
sustain
its
Port,
its
commercial
Port,
it
had
to
dge
the
harbor.
K
Well,
if
they
get
get
the
Navy
up
there,
they
get
the
core
of
engineers
to
Drudge
the
harbor
that
was
the
play
and
the
the
play
for
Pitchfork
Ben
Tilman.
The
US
senator
in
1900
was
that
he'd
get
a
whole
lot
more
vot
from
votes
from
the
largest
city
in
South
Carolina.
So
it
was
a
political
commercial
operation
and
they
moved
the
n
and
it
was
done
boom
like.
L
That
the
fort
did
its
job
the
deterrent
for
anybody
that
wished
to
attack
these.
It
provided
protection,
in
fact,
the
whole
indicot
system,
although
never
challenged
in
this
era.
Here
in
the
United
States,
provided
some
300
major
guns,
Coastal
guns
to
Pro,
protect
major
areas
and
left
the
United
States
at
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
with
as
well-defended
Coastline
as
any
place
in
in
the
world.
I.
K
I
would
just
like
to
say
that
it's
a
magnificent
artifact
of
an
era
and
it's
an
era
that
has
been
neglected.
The
turn
of
the
20th
century,
the
naval
station
across
the
river
here,
and
so
it's
a
it's
a
piece
of
History,
that's
disappearing
and
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Buford
County
have
preserved
it
for
the
use
of
the
public
and
as
a
memorial.
To
that
moment
in
history,.
J
Fort
Fremont
closes
a
350e
story
of
Homeland
sec
security
addressing
European
imperialism
in
the
19th
century.
It's
a
tale
of
how
geography,
technology
and
National
Security
creates
a
transition
for
America
to
become
a
global
power.
It's
also
a
wonderful
snapshot
of
America.
In
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Buford
County
have
a
valued
partnership,
working
in
tandem
to
preserve
the
fort's
integrity
and
promote
the
historical,
natural
and
cultural
aspects
of
the
fort
most
important.
We
are
always
looking
for
creative
ways
to
enhance
visitor.
P
It's
civilization
versus
Nature's,
Fury
raging
blizzards
bury
cities
under
thousands
of
tons
of
snow
howling
hurricanes,
tear
apart
Coastal
communities
with
wind
and
rain,
and
flash
floods
wipe
entire
towns
off
the
face
of
the
Earth.
As
the
skies
clear
people
begin
to
pick
up
the
pieces,
but
after
the
storm
Insidious
damage
is
still
being
done.
Our
most
vital
natural
resources
under
assault,
our
nation's.
Q
E
Watershed,
a
wated
where
people
go
to
the
bathroom
sweating.
R
Q
S
P
All
water
east
of
the
Continental
Divide
drains
to
the
Atlantic,
while
water
west
of
the
Divide
flows
to
the
Pacific
and
one
drop
of
rain,
can
cross
many
different
watersheds
along
the
way
as
runoff
flows
into
rivers,
streams
and
storm
grains.
The
water
picks
up
trash
dirt
bacteria,
toxic
chemicals
and
fertilizers,
creating
a
soup
of
pollutants
that
is
extremely
hazardous
to
the
environment
and
the
consequences
of
polluted
runoff
exist
worldwide.
P
P
X
In
many
cases,
people
mistakenly
identify
large
discharge
pipes
in
the
water
as
the
problem,
but
that
may
not
be
the
problem
it
may
be
coming
from
agricultural
runoff.
It
may
be
coming
from
storm
water
runoff
over
parking,
lots
and
impervious
surfaces.
Every
Watershed
is
different
and
you
need
to
look
at
each
Watershed
in
its
own
terms
and
then
think
systematically
about
how
you
remediate
how
you
clean
up
that
Watershed.
S
What
we
did
find
was
at
the
outlets
of
storm
drains,
no
matter
where
they
were
up
and
down
the
bay.
If
there
was
a
flow
of
runoff
into
the
surf
zone,
those
people
that
were
swimming
in
those
areas
definitely
experienced
higher
incidences
of
illnesses.
The.
Y
Pollutants
in
the
water
affect
Surfers
because
we're
actually
the
indicator
species
with
all
the
plutons
when
we
were
in
the
water
we're
ingesting
it
through
our
skin
and
our
mouth.
Even
if
people
don't
take
a
swallow
of
water,
it's
still
getting
into
our
systems
our
ears,
any
orifice
on
your
body
and
it
causes
infections.
It
can
cause
colds
sore
throats
at
the
very
least.
S
P
It
tastes
funky
for
sure.
Every
day
the
City
and
County
of
Los
Angeles
perform
a
battery
of
tests
to
keep
the
public
informed
about
water
quality
in
the
Santa
Monica
Bay
Cesar
arzadon
Begins
the
monitoring
process
each
morning
by
taking
a
series
of
Coastline
water
samples,
then
it's
back
to
the
lab
for
analysis.
AB
Most
of
the
bacteria
that
you're
going
to
see
you're
going,
it
comes
from
fuses
and
when
you
put
under
the
UV
light
you're
going
to
see
a
different
kind
of
color,
it's
a
fluorescent
sign
that
there
is
a
bacteria
and
that
one
is
called
eoli
that
one
definitely
is
feces
from
animals
or
it
could
be
humans.
Also.
P
S
How
you
apply
pesticides,
or
not
in
your
garden,
how
you
wash
your
cars,
making
sure
that
you
don't
throw
cigarette
butts
out
onto
the
street.
Y
Do
not
dump
things
on
the
ground,
especially
oils
or
any
chemical
pollutants.
Pick
up
after
your
dogs,
a
lot
of
people
don't
realize
how
important
that
is,
and
just
be
a
conscientious
Citizen
and
don't
leave
anything
on
the
ground.
P
It
was
a
flood
of
apocalyptic
scale,
26,000
square
miles
of
the
Lower
Mississippi
Valley
inundated
by
water,
more
than
200
lives
lost
and
600,000
people
displaced
from
their
homes.
The
flood
of
1927
was
the
most
disastrous
in
US
history,
and
its
effects
are
still
felt
today.
After
the
flood
of
27,
massive
levies
were
put
in
place
and
while
they
helped
protect
the
Lower
Mississippi
River
Basin
from
flooding,
the
levies
and
other
human
activities
would
ultimately
harm
the
Watershed
in
unforeseen
ways.
G
W
G
G
P
So
what
exactly
is
causing
this
dead
zone
in
the
Gulf
hypoxia
develops
when
an
area
of
water
receives
excess
pollutants,
primarily
an
overabundance
of
nutrients
which
produce
large
algae
blooms
that
die
off
and
lead
to
low
oxygen?
And
since
the
Mississippi
gets
fed
by
tributaries.
That
flow
through
31
states
that
that
adds
up
to
a
staggering
volume
of
contaminated
runoff.
X
W
AG
It's
like
a
rusty,
color,
stanky
rotten.
Looking,
you
see,
Fish
just
swimming
sideways
gasping
for
air
and
stuff
like
that,
and
when
you
pull
up
the
Nets,
not
one
shrimp
alive,
all
dead
orange
the
fish
they
they
rotten
like
melting
away
and
stuff
like
that,
can't
breathe
stuff
and.
V
It's
just
rock.
This
is
just
a
fact
of
of
of
life.
The
way
we
treat
our
water
systems
because
we
use
them
as
our
garbage
dumps.
We
use
them
to
dilute
our
pollutants
and
things
like
that
and
it
flows.
Downstream
I
believe.
The
statistic
is
that
if
you're
in
New
Orleans
the
water
that
is
going
by,
you
has
passed
through
human
gut,
something
like
three
or
four
times
before
it
gets
to
you.
V
P
AF
Once
that
salt
water
travels
up
these
channels
and
overflows
the
banks
of
these
channels
out
into
freshwater
systems
such
as
the
Cypress
swamp,
that
salt
water
sits
out
there
around
the
roots
of
these
trees
and
kills
them,
they
cannot
survive
salt,
water,
they're,
freshwater
plants.
P
Eliminating
hypoxic
Zone
will
take
more
than
saving
our
Wetlands.
Reducing
nutrient
runoff
in
the
Mississippi
River
Watershed
is
the
heart
of
the
problem.
It's
an
issue
involving
over
half
the
states
in
the
nation
and
a
vast
array
of
Industries,
particularly
farming,
which
uses
nitrogen-rich
fertilizer
to
grow
its.
W
P
P
Runoff
in
January
of
1996,
one
of
the
most
devastating
winter
storms
in
history,
slams,
the
East,
Coast,
2,
ft
of
snow
dumps
on
New
York
and
throughout
the
Northeast
Corridor
schools,
airports
and
roads
are
shut
down
by
the
time.
It's
it's
over.
The
blizzard
and
resultant
flooding
caused
$3
billion
in
losses
and
187
lives
are
taken
and
in
the
Catskill
Mountains
of
Upstate
New
York,
the
snow
melt
triggers
another
potentially
devastating
crisis.
AA
AH
I
figured
that
we
were
probably
our
own
separate
water
system
than
from
upstate
I'd,
rather
be
drinking
water
from
upstate
than
the
Hudson
River.
P
Preserve
the
purity
of
the
reservoirs
and
enforce
the
Safe
Drinking
Water
Act,
the
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
presented
the
Big
Apple
with
two
options:
either
build
and
maintain
a
$6
billion
facility
to
filter
all
of
the
city's
tap
water
or
fund
a$1
billion
program
to
protect
the
Watershed
from
polluted
runoff.
When.
H
What
we're
looking
at
here
is
a
main
Tri
of
the
Esopus
Creek
during
flooding.
We
were
seeing
a
lot
of
sediment
coming
out
of
the
stream.
The
clay
gets
into
the
water
column
and
it
becomes
very
turbid,
and
then
it
makes
it
very
difficult
to
treat
and
clean
that
water
so
from
a
water
quality
perspective.
We're
very
concerned
about
erosion.
P
AI
This
water
here
is
basically
the
water
you're
going
to
be
drinking
down
in
the
city
and
I
feel
I've
got
a
responsibility
to
try
my
best
to
keep
it
clean
for
when
it
gets
down
there.
It
used
to
be
when
it
rained
here
on
the
farm.
The
water
that
ran
away
from
the
the
back
of
the
barn
here
was
full
of
mud,
manure,
and
it
would
just
run
Brown
and
right
into
the
stream.
Two
years
ago,
we
would
spread
every
day,
we'd
have
to
take
it
out,
spread
it
on
the
fields.
AI
P
AI
Storage
for
6
months
of
the
year
now
we
can
store
it
spread
it
when
it'll
do
the
most
good
to
us
for
first
izer
and
we
don't
have
to
spread
it
every.
AK
Day
I
worked
with
Tim
on
the
plan
to
develop
the
improvements.
We're
going
to
make
plan
really
belongs
to
the
farmer
and
it's
a
collaboration
of
their
ideas
and
what
technical
advice
we
can
bring
to
the
program.
But
the
farmer
makes
the
decision.
P
X
Paved
concrete
surfaces
asphalt,
parking,
lots
sidewalks.
The
question
is:
do
we
need
to
have
as
many
as
we
do,
because,
to
the
extent
that
you
have
too
much
impervious
surface,
the
water
is
is
not
retained
on
site,
it
doesn't
soak
into
the
ground,
it
runs
off,
picks
up,
speed
carries
pollutants
and
contaminants
into
the
water
body.
P
U
They
slop
the
lot
in
such
a
manner
that
all
the
flow
goes
towards
this
Landscaping,
where
basically,
the
polluted
runoff
can
percolate
into
the
ground
and
get
filtered
than
going
straight
onto
the
street
into
the
storm
grain
system
and
really
a
very
simple
approach
to
cleaning
up
our
runoff
in
urban
areas.
X
People
need
to
take
responsibility
for
the
the
state
of
our
Waters
and
Water.
Conservation
is
one
area
where
they
can
do
that
as
a
committed
citizen.
All
those
things
your
mom
told
you
take
a
short
shower,
don't
let
the
water
tap
run
while
you're
brushing
your
teeth.
U
You
change
your
Ed
motorol,
you
don't
dump
it
into
the
street
everybody's
got
to
clean
up
after
their
pets.
Obviously,
that's
a
big
concern.
Fertilizers,
herbicides
pesticides
make
sure
you
don't
use
them
anytime,
there's
any
chance
of
rain
coming
up
in
the
near
future
when
you're
irrigating,
your
lawn
and
your
garden,
make
sure
that
you're
not
overspraying
and
causing
all
those
chemicals
to
end
up
getting
into
the
storm
drain
system.
The
only
way
we're
going
to
solve
the
problem
is,
if
everybody
does
their
part,
we.
P
AM
AN
Of
black
Freedom,
followed
by
an
alt-right
roll
back
a
president
immediately
following
Abraham
Lincoln,
who
refused
to
renounce
white
supremacy,
a
conservative
Supreme
Court
that
effectively
undid
the
power
of
the
14th
and
15th
amendments.
AN
What's
that
sound
like
contemporary
times
contemporary
times,
so
it
was
obvious
that
we
could
teach
our
fellow
citizens
in
America
about
the
perilous
moment
in
which
we're
living
by
analogy
through
telling
the
story
of
reconstruction
and
its
roll
back
and
I
first
started
thinking
about
it
after
the
horrible
murders
of
Reverend,
clementa
Pinkney
and
the
other
Innocents
at
mother,
Emanuel
Church,
because
the
justifications
that
Dylan
rof
summoned
for
his
actions
were
very
reminiscent
of
racist
rhetoric
about
black
people.
Immediately
following
the
Civil
War
and
following
reconstruction
and
I
was
shocked.
AN
It's
almost
like
a
horror
movie
when
you
think
that
the
vampires
did
and
all
of
a
sudden
they
come
up
out
of
the
casket,
and
you
think,
damn
I
thought.
I
put
a
sake
in
your
heart.
I
thought
that
the
worst
and
most
pernicious
heinous
aspects
of
anti-black
white
supremacy
were
long
gone
and
I
was
naive
about
that
and
we've
seen
a
rise
in
hate
speech,
anti-Semitism
anti-gay
attitudes
and
people.
AN
When
people
become
frightened,
particularly
about
their
economic
future,
they
look
for
scapegoats
and
the
scapegoats
traditionally
have
been
Jewish
people,
women,
gay
people
and,
of
course,
in
this
country,
people
of
color.
So
it's
a
a
moral,
a
lesson:
let's
go
go
back
to
what
happened
with
the
roll
back
to.
AM
AN
Well
w
we
Deo
wrote
a
book
in
1935
called
black
reconstruction,
and
one
chapter
is
called
the
propaganda
of
history
and
he
analyzes
how
white
historians
had
written
about
reconstruction,
and
that
was
part
of
the
rollback
to
create
a
myth.
Mythology
of
black
incompetence
that
black
men
had
been
elected
to
office
and
couldn't
properly
serve
that
black
voters
had
been
manipulated
by
Northern,
Scallywags
and
carpet,
baggers
that
basically
they
were
tools
and
pawns
that
they
were
dishonest.
AN
Robert
Smalls
was
one
of
the
greatest
Heroes
of
the
Civil
War
and
reconstruction
served
five
non-consecutive
terms
in
Congress
because
he
was
constantly
being
accus
yet
of
stealing
money
and
misappropriating
funds
they
were.
AN
There
was
a
mythology
sanctioned
by
the
discipline
of
History
located
at
columia
university,
called
the
Dunning
School,
led
by
historian
Professor
Dunning,
and
they
found
every
way
to
traduce
the
achievements
of
black
people,
and
that
has
only
been
undone
by
historian
since
Duo
publish
black
reconstruction
and,
most
notably
under
the
leadership
of
another
Columbia
professor
professor
Eric
foner,
with
whom
we
made
a
construction
series.
He
was
our
chief
consultant
plus
we
have
over
40
historians,
doing
modern
cutting
Ed
scholarship
on
reconstruction
that
whom
we
feature
in
the
series.
AN
So
it's
very
much
a
collective
series
and
it's
very
much
Counterpoint
to
the
received
interpretations
of
reconstruction
fabricated
by
the
Dunning
school.
Well,.
AM
AN
Carolina
was
Ground
Zero
for
reconstruction
because
it
was
a
majority
black
State,
the
U
there's,
a
famous
1872
lithograph
of
the
first
colored
Senator,
and
the
members
of
the
House
of
Representatives
and
three
of
those
men
in
that
lithograph
were
from
South
Carolina.
When
Richard
T
Greener
graduated
from
Harvard,
the
first
black
man
to
graduate
from
Harvard
in
the
class
of
1870.
Where
was
the
land
of
opportunity?
Was
it
in
New
York?
Was
it
in
Boston?
AN
Was
it
in
Philadelphia
Charleston,
came
to
Charleston
and
went
to
Colombia
and
served
on
the
faculty
and
took
law
classes
there?
The
a
black
man
from
England
from
Liverpool
England,
Robert,
Brown
Elliott,
came
to
to
Boston
in
1867,
with
the
British
Navy
could
smell
the
opportunity,
headed
straight
to
South
Carolina
and
worked
for
Richard
Harvey
Kane's
newspaper
then
was
elected
to
to
Congress
very
elequent
man,
and
this
was
where
it
was
at.
This
is
where
it
was
happening
and
when
I
interviewed
representative
kber
his
office
in
the
in
the
Congress.
AN
Yeah
I
mean
it's
like
a
museum.
You
go
in
there
and
all
these
brothers
are
on
the
wall
and
we
talked
about
the
fact
that
South
Carolina
had
a
black
majority
maity
in
the
House
of
Representatives.
You
can't
imagine
that
now,
South
Carolina,
even
in
the
18th
century,
was
called
negro
country.
It
was
a
black
State
and
very
soon
that
was
dismantled.
So
it's
no
surprise
that
many
of
the
most
vicious
battles
over
race
occurred
here,
because
it
was
an
attempt
to
control
this
black
majority.
AN
AN
AM
What
do
you
feel
were
the
most
important
and
most
significant
aspects
of
reconstruction,
the
real
positives.
AN
The
estab,
the
establishment
of
black
social
institutions,
particularly
the
churches,
fraternal
organizations,
social
organizations,
the
fact
that
so
many
of
the
slaves
wanted
to
get
married
and
legalize
their
love
relationships.
The
the
taking
out
of
ads
and
newspapers
to
reunite
families
and
the
fact
that
80%
of
the
eligible
black
men
in
the
South
registered
to
vote
in
what
I
call
the
First
Freedom
Summer
the
summer
of
1867
and
500,000
of
them
cast
their
votes
in
the
general
election
of
1868
for
ulyses
S
Grant.
That's
amazing
and
people
form
schools
historically
black.
AN
T
AM
Particularly
was
spearheaded
here
in
our
state
by
Robert
Smalls
right
there,
weren't.
AN
Public
Statewide
Public
School
Systems
and
the
Reconstruction
governments,
particularly
in
South
Carolina,
particularly
as
designed
by
Robert
Smalls,
established
Statewide
Public
School,
Educational
Systems,
which
hadn't
been
done
before,
which
is
a
shock
to
people.
And
that's
because
black
people
understood
the
value
of.
AM
AN
In
modern
times,
yeah
it
is,
and
it's
we
have
to
any
society-
is
judged
by
the
quality
of
its
public
education,
and
we
as
Americans
should
be
embarrassed
at
how
how
we've
allowed
our
public
schools,
which
are
populated
by
brilliant
teachers
so
motivated,
but
they're,
underpaid
and
underresourced,
and
we
should
be
ashamed
of
that.
AM
You
know
people
have
a
general
idea
that
the
collapse
of
reconstruction
was
solely
in
the
hands
of
the
cell.
That's
not
true
is.
AN
It
no
the
collapse
of
reconstruction
was
a
conspiracy
between
economic
interests
and
political
interests
in
the
north
and
in
the
South
they
said.
12
years
is
enough.
There
was
a
p
economic
Panic
of
1873,
which
was
called
the
first
Great
Depression
and
people
looked
around
and
said
why
we
spend
all
our
money
on
these
Negroes
in
the
South.
AN
Let
them
Thrive
they're
free
now,
and
they
acted
Barrel
as
if
200
years
of
slavery
could
be
wiped
out
with
no
reparations
with
with
with
no
benefits
given
no
40
acres
in
a
mule,
no
help
that
each
of
these
people
were
on
their
own,
not
only
that
new
forms
of
Oppression
were
institutionalized
debt,
P,
andage,
sharecropping,
the
rise
of
the
clan,
the
rise
of
the
cook,
terrorism
and
so
very
much
reconstruction
is
about
issues
that
still
Royal
our
society
today,
who
has
the
right
to
be
a
citizen
who
has
the
right
to
be
an
American?
AN
AN
That's
why
Dylan
McGee
and
I
made
this
the
series
and
with
PBS
we'll
get
and
I
am
on
the
road.
You
know:
I
flew
down
to
Buford
from
Harvard
I.
Did
my
official
duties
I
jumped
on
JetBlue
and
came
down
here,
because
I
wanted
a
South
Carolina
screening
to
remind
people
that
this
is
Ground
Zero?
The
then
is
now
and
I
want
to
do
one
in
Charleston
and
I
want
to
do
one
at
the
Pen
Center
as
well.
AN
First
of
all,
I
want
reconstruction
modules.
First
I
want
reconstruction
modules
to
be
created
and
in
the
classroom,
so
that
reconstruction
is
as
Central
to
a
course
in
American
history
as
a
civil
war
is
or
World
War,
I
or
World
War
II
reconstruction
was
our
first
experiment
with
interracial
democracy
and
it
was
crushed
and
the
only
way
that
we're
going
to
survive
as
a
society
is,
if
we
fashion
forms
of
interracial
democracy
and
collaboration
that
allow
a
multiplicity
of
voice,
sexual
orientations,
religious
beliefs,
Etc
gender
identities
to
thrive
and
live
in
harmony
and
peace.
AN
AO
Beau
good
afternoon,
everyone
I
think
it's
my
turn.
Is
that
that's
correct?
Is
it
my
turn
all
right
all
right?
There
are
so
many
people
here
today
and
it's
as
I've
said
to
so
many
people
here
today.
There's
so
many
of
you
who
have
been
involved
in
this
and
as
we
go
through
today,
we
want
to
try
to
recognize
as
many
of
you
as
as
we
can.
If
we
miss
anybody,
I
want
to
apologize
in
advance
because
I
know
that
there
are
lots
of
people
that
are
maybe
we're
going
to
overlook.
AO
Who
did
had
a
large
part
in
this
is
but
anyway,
let
me
start
off
say
good
afternoon,
and
thank
you
for
coming
out
to
this
grand
opening
and
and
welcome
to
the
long
anticipated
I
think
that's
reasonable
long
anticipated
opening
of
Crystal
Lake
Park.
It's
been
in
the
work
since
what
2005
I
think.
AO
So
it's
long
anticipated
I
want
to
make
a
few
comments
about
the
history
and
the
long
voy
that
many
of
you
have
made
or
been
on
in
order
to
get
to
this
point
today
for
the
grand
opening
of
this
25
acre
passive
Park,
that
Buford
county
has
invested
about
$3.5
million
in
of
your
tax
dollars.
Putting
the
U
the
pieces
of
this
park
together
took
over
5
years.
AO
The
first
parcel
was
purchased
in
2004,
and
that
was
a
4
and2
acre
piece
which
included
Butler,
Marine
I,
don't
know
how
many
of
you
remember:
Butler,
Marine!
It's
where
that
that
current
building
is
was
part
of
Butler
Marine,
but
that
that
was
our.
That
was
our
first
toe
in
the
water
that
4
and
A2
Acres
and
then
the
second
purchase
was
from
the
well
purchase.
Donation
was
from
the
Stewart,
Foundation
I
know
dick
Stewart's.
Here
the
Stewart
Foundation
donated
eight
of
the
12
acres.
AO
We
got
from
them,
including
the
actual
Lake
itself,
which
was
a
huge
benefit
to
his
whole.
Another
5
Acres
was
purchased
in
2005
from
the
DU
priest
family
in
2007,
the
Robinson
family.
We
purchased
another
1.2
acres
and
finally,
in
2009
we
purchased
2
and2
Acres
from
the
Catholic
dasis
of
Charleston,
which
gave
us
a
complete
25
acres,
which
is
what
we
have
here
today.
AO
Meanwhile,
in
2006,
the
County
Council
authorized
financial
and
staff
support
for
the
development
of
Crystal
Lake
property
as
a
passive
Park
and
progress
began
in
Nest
that
was
2005
in
2011.
AO
A
Citizens
committee
was
formed
in
cooperation
with
the
Buford
County
Planning
Department,
to
finalize
planning
efforts
and
obtain
Community
input
and
feedback,
and
let
me
take
a
moment
to
recognize
at
least
some
of
the
folks
who
were
members
of
friends
of
of
Crystal
Lake
Park,
who
worked
tirelessly
and
many
many
thank
times
thanklessly,
to
bring
us
this
beautiful
Park
that
we
have
here
today,
I'm
going
to
name
as
many
as
I
can
and
if
I've
missed
any
I
apologize,
Frank
Gibson
was
Treasurer,
Peggy
Allard
was
President,
Rick
Curts
was
involved,
Clarence
Washington,
Joe,
Allard,
Michael,
Brock,
Jim
Hicks
who's,
not
with
us
today.
AO
For
those
of
you
who
are
yesterday,
we
buried
his
wife.
So
we
understand
why
he's
not
here
with
us
today,
but
he
was
a
huge
part
of
this
creation
of
this
park.
AO
Margaret
dietro
I
think
for
the
school
district,
Laura
Lee,
Pat
Harvey,
with
the
with
Lipa
and
some
other
Lipa
members
and
supporters,
Father
Andrew
of
of
the
St
Peter's
Catholic
church
and,
of
course,
the
the
builders
Buford
construction
I
believe
leth
leth
Webb
was
the
manager
at
the
time
to
do
the
building,
upgrade
and
Steve
Patterson
of
Patterson
construction
did
the
boardwalk
and
Andrew
Andrews
engineering
was
heavily
involved
and
the
architect
was
Robert.
AO
Montgomery,
the
the
Final
Phase
of
construction,
the
boardwalk
and
Trail
began
in
2018
and,
of
course,
the
renovations
to
the
to
the
Butler
Marine
building
was
the
first
phase
of
construction
of
the
boardwalk
and
pier,
and
that
started
in
2012.
Another
group
that
I
want
to
recognize
two
groups
actually
are
the
Master
Gardeners
and
master
naturalist,
who
volunteered
and
planted
the
and
M
and
maintain
the
pollinator
Garden.
AO
So
let
me
just
start
by
asking
how
many
natural
start
with
Master
Gardeners
how
many
Master
Gardeners
you
raise
your
hand
quite
a
few.
Thank
you
very,
very
much
and
I
I
know
everyone
here
appreciates
the
value
of
pollinators.
I
have
the
largest
grapefruit
Orchard
in
Buford
County,
so
I
particularly
appreciate
the
pollinators,
and
then
we
have
the
master
naturalist.
How
many
master
naturalist
are
here
if
you
would
raise
your
hand,
be
identified?
AO
Thank
you
very
much
for
all
the
work
you
all
have
done
and
continue
to
do
to
make
this
park
a
beautiful
place.
The
Buford
County
open
land
trust
and
the
Buford
County,
Soil
and
Water
Conservation
District
began
occupation
of
that
building
in
2017,
and
they
have
been
and
continue
to
be
excellent
stewards
of
the
building
in
the
park.
AO
They
provide
security,
they
provide
orientation
and
a
lot
of
services
for
the
folks
who
come
here
to
see
the
park
also
want
to
give
a
big
shout
out
to
the
Buford
County
staff
members
past
and
present,
who
work
tirelessly
on
this
project.
Again,
I
may
not
get
them
all
if
I,
don't
if
I,
don't
I
apologize,
I
want
to
start
with
Tony
chrisell
who's
standing
right
there.
AO
Who
was
our
director
of
development
for
many
many
years,
and
he
was
a
Visionary
on
this
project
and
no
telling
how
many
hours
countless
hours
and
sweat
and
tears
he
put
into
this
into
this
project.
Antonia
I
want
to
thank
you,
Stephanie
nade,
who
you've
seen
I,
know
she's.
Here
there
she
is,
who
is
our
director
of
passive
parks
and
who
is
very
actively
involved
and
will
continue
to
be
very
actively
involved
in
this
park
in
the
future
and
our
engineering
department.
AO
We
had
Wes
Campbell
and
Rob
MC,
I
haven't
I,
don't
know
if
they
there.
He
is
right
there.
Thank
you
very
much.
Thank
you
for
all
you
all
did
and
our
director
of
properties,
Mark
Rosen,
now
I,
know
he's
here.
H
AO
Thank
you
very
much
and
Eric
Greenway.
Our
current
director
of
development
who's
also
put
a
tremendous
amount
of
work
into
this
and,
of
course,
Patterson's
construction.
I
think
I
might
have
mentioned
them
already.
The
Green
Technology
that
was
used
to
renovate
the
old
Butler
Marine
building
I,
don't
know
if
how
you
all
remember
what
it
looked
like,
but
it
needed
a
lot
of
help
and
we
used
green,
really
Green
Technology,
and
that
was
used
and
it
was
so
successful
that
bu
county
is
now
receiving
refund
checks
from
Dominion
Energy.
AO
So
there
you
go,
it
works,
green
energy
works,
green,
that's
green
technology
work
and
yes,
that
will
be
used
to
offset
your
taxes.
So
don't
worry
about
that.
You'll
see
the
small
reduction
in
your
tax
bill
and,
finally,
I
think
everybody's
aware
of
the
diversity
of
wildlife
that
we
have
here.
We
don't
know
it
all.
We
have
egrets
herens
and
hangas
corar
migratory
and
res
and
and
Resident
song,
birds,
alligator
and
deer
that
we
know
of
and
who
knows
knows
who
or
what
else
may
move
in
out
there.
AO
So
we'll
kind
of
keep
you
posted
as
that
develops
and
who
might
take
up
residence
in
this
beautiful
location.
But
again,
I
want
to
thank
you
all
for
being
here
today
and
let's
cut
the.
AK
AP
AO
AO
I
I
I
I
I
AQ
The
Oldtown
master
plan
was
devised
in
probably
or
2006
right
around
there.
We
were
starting
to
see
the
growth
effect,
our
small
town,
coming
West
off
of
Hilton
Head
and
moving
its
way
into
bluon
and
bluon
was
just
this
small
somewhat
of
a
square
mile,
but
growing.
So
we
decided
to
put
some
money
and
a
lot
of
our
efforts
into
what
is
called
the
Oldtown
master
plan.
It
was
adopted
in
2006
and
it
really
is
a
blueprint
for
all
of
our
policies,
improvements
and
improvements
in
our
historic
district.
So
the
Garin
house
is
behind
us.
AQ
It
is
a
historical
structure,
it's
the
probably
the
last
freedman's
Cottage,
that's
on
the
river,
so
you
look
at
it
and
people
think
tear
it
down.
Well
again,
if
you
go
back
to
this
Oldtown
master
plan,
it
would
tell
you,
enhance
your
structures,
put
your
time
and
effort
and
your
money
into
places
that
can't
be
duplicated.
Z
My
wife
and
I
live
here
in
bluon,
and
this
has
been
a
a
piece
of
property
that
we've
looked
at
since
about
2008
and
before
the
restoration
and
renovation
started,
and
something
that
we've
been
interested
in
seeing
progress
over
time.
Well,
it's
it's
very
interesting.
The
the
the
house
has
been
called
the
Garvin
house
for
just
kind
of
folkal
or
vernacular
and
as
Melanie
marks,
my
wife
went
through
the
the
genealogy.
It
became
clear
that
his
real
name
was
Cyrus
Garvey,
but
through
transfer
of
deeds
and
other
other.
Z
AR
You
know
the
history
says
that
he
built
the
house
in
1870
shortly
after
you
know
his
freedom
on
property
that
belonged
to
Joseph
Boehner,
who
was
a
plantation
owner
his
summer
home,
was
here
on
this
property,
but
his
Plantation
was
near
or
possibly
in
the
bounds
of
petal
Bluff,
the
development
and
somehow
Cyrus
was
able
to
work.
This
land
build
his
house
in
1870,
but
didn't
get
deeded
the
property
until
1880
by
Joseph
Bayard.
When
you
think
about
this
house-
and
he
was
living
here
in
the
view
that
he
had
it's.
Z
AS
Help
well,
what
brings
us
to
bluon
is
This
Magnificent
house.
Here
the
Garvin
house
we've
been
working
as
as
director
of
the
Peta
trust
I'm,
all
over
the
state,
working
with
municipalities
and
and
communities,
and
and
this
has
been
on
our
radar
ever
since
I
came
on
in
2007,
and
this
was
an
amazing
story.
This
family,
after
Freedom,
were
able
to
build
their
own
lives
here
in
their
own
property
U.
This
is
kind
of
a
unique
situation
because
most
of
the
properties
we
work
with
do
get
turned
into
private
homes.
AS
This
is
one
where
it
really
is
going
to
be
like
a
museum
situation
where
the
place
is
saved
and
the
community
can
participate
in
learning
about
it
and
the
town
can
leverage
it
as
part
of
their
historic
character
that
is
so
known
in
blued.
So
well,.
R
Basically,
when
we
took
over
this
project,
there
was
a
stabilization
project
which
basically
means
where
the
6X
six's
cribbing
carries
a
steel
beam
that
pretty
much
runs
through
the
length
of
the
house.
So
you've
got
one
here
and
you've
got
one
pretty
much
that
runs
down
the
center,
and
this
was
basically
to
give
support,
because
you
can
see
the
structure
got
to
the
point
of
where
it
really
couldn't
stand
by
itself.
R
Now
this
is
new
product,
but
what
we've
done
is
we
were
a
able
to
salvage
all
of
the
original
flooring,
so
we
basically
removed
it
from
the
house
wrapped
it
up
documented
it
numbered
it
so
that
it
can
go
back
down
in
the
same
place
and
what
we'll
end
up
doing
is
painting
the
plywood
floor
black
so
that
you
can't
see
down
through
the
cracks
and
it
gives
the
illusion
of
what
it
used
to
look
like
we'll
install
as
much
of
the
original
stuff
as
possible
same
thing
with
the
siding.
R
So
you
can
see
it's
not
too
hard
to
pull
down
it's
almost
completely
off,
but
we'll
take
this
down
photograph.
It
document
it
and
we
put
it
back
in
the
same
place.
This
is
some
of
the
original
old
beam
and
basically
it's
anywhere
from
6
in
to
6
and
1/2
in
cuz,
it's
all
rough
HED.
It
was
all
done
by
Axe
and
basically
or
handsaw.
So
it's
not
perfect.
R
So
it's
got
a
little
bit
of
a
stammer
a
little
bit
of
a
wave
here
and
there
so
we've
interlocked
and
tied
it
in
when
we
dug
the
footing.
We
came
across
a
lot
of
interesting
things,
so
just
various
bottles,
little
baby,
perfume
bottles
and
things
like
that.
Just
you
know
that
would
be.
You
know
precious
to
them
back
in
the
day,
and
these
are
some
of
the
old
original
Lids
from
the
canery
from
the
Oyster
Factory
I
kind
of
always
enjoyed
the
challenge
of
looking
at
something
and
trying
to
look
at
okay.
R
Why
did
they
do
this
or
how
did
it
develop
into
this
and
how
it
progressed
and
changed?
And
just
even
standing
here,
you
notice
that
this
is
exterior
siding.
So
the
original
structure
used
to
end
here
that
was
the
original
back
door,
had
a
front
porch
on
the
front
side.
So
as
time
progressed,
they
needed
more
room.
R
They
basically
just
notched
in
added
to
the
foundation,
brought
a
new
roof
out,
and
now
this
became
basically
another
room,
bedroom,
living
room
area,
kind
of
a
kitchen
area
here
and
obviously
you're
not
running
down
to
Home,
Depot
and
Lowe's.
You
can
see
they
actually
just
went
down
to
the
beach
got
sand
and
basically
mixed
a
sand
mortar,
and
you
can
see
some
of
the
oyster
shell
pieces
in
it,
and
things
like
that.
Just
that's
amazing.
R
What
they
would
do
is
basically
because
of
the
fact
we've
got
a
heavy
duty,
Foundation
like
we
have
now,
and
this
used
to
be.
Basically
what
they
would
do
is
take
a
Cypress
stump,
hopefully
Cypress,
because
it
would
last
longer-
and
this
is
1870-
but
they
would
bury
this
into
the
ground
and
then
they
would
start
all
of
heavy
beam
and
Framing
and
basically
sit
on
top
of
this.
R
You
have
Milestones
every
day
and
you
think
after
you
know,
I've
been
doing
it
for
close
to
30
years
that
you
know
it's
different
every
day
and
it's
a
challenge,
so
we
have
a
staircase
that
was
intact
so,
instead
of
having
to
remove
it,
we
kind
of
kept
it
in
place.
We
worked
under
it
around
it
in
it
and
I.
We
temporarily
secured
this
thing
eight
different
times.
While
we
put
the
floor
system
under
it
this
this
basically
is
our
racks.
R
So
when
we
actually
physically
take
something
off
the
structure,
we
want
to
know
where
it
is
and
what
it
went.
So
what
we
would
do
is
we
would
physically
remove
it
photograph
and
then
we
would
go
ahead
and
just
label
this
piece.
What
side
of
the
house
it
was
on
where
it
was
at,
and
it
basically
gives
us
a
guide
to
put
this
giant
puzzle.
You
know
back
together
again.
AS
This
is
a
restoration
most
of
the
type
of
things
that
are
done,
a
renovation
or
Rehabilitation
that
allows
them
to
be
modern
use.
We
do
modern
codes
that
had
to
be
implemented
here
because
of
its
Public
Access,
but
every
effort
was
made
to
try
to
ensure
it
communicated
what
these
people
had
to
build.
So
we
didn't
put
in
these
big
brick
Piers,
underneath
that
would
have
been
normal.
We
just
using
wooden
stumps.
This
is
what
what
they
had,
but
everything
is
worked
to
give
the
aesthetic
look
of
the
type
of
house.
Z
To
capture
a
point
in
time
to
capture
what
it
would
have
been
like
again,
this
is
a
piece
of
a
broader
picture
to
capture
what
a
family
Cyrus
Garvey
was
living
in
here
with
his
wife
and
children
in
these
reclaimed
wood.
At
the
time
it
was
reclaimed,
it
could
have
been
taken
from
houses
that
were
burned
after
the
war
ended
and
put
this
together
where
he
lived,
and
then
that's
why
the
genealogy
and
the
history
of
him
and
his
family
is
so
important
because
it
isn't
just
a
building.
Z
AS
It
communicates
a
time
and
place
that
not
many
places
do
anymore.
You
know
when,
when
in
the
low
country,
where
you
have
such
development
pressures,
usually
little
wooden
boxes
like
this
get
destroyed
and
lost,
and
so
this
communicates
something
post,
Civil,
War,
post
enslavement.
You
know
it's
about
it's
about
these
people
surviving
and
overcoming
enslavement
into
a
place
of
freedom
and
their
niche
in
property
and
their
own
house,
and
and
that
transitional
story
is
not
told
enough
in
the
state
and
we're
so
glad
it
could
be
done
here.
R
The
the
biggest
challenge,
again,
as
you
know,
is
working
in
all
of
the
old
Lumbers
and
things
like
that.
We're
to
the
exciting
part
of
it
now
we're
we're
basically
done
with
the
framing
now
we're
kind
of
putting
the
puzzle
back
together.
You
get
a
feel
for
when
they
actually
put
it
together
and
you
can
see
their
frustrations
when
they
ran
out
of
a
particular
species
of
lumber
or
something
to
use,
and
they
just
changed
up
and
still
kept
going
and
pushed
forward.
R
I
knew
the
house
would
be
here
when
we
get
back
just
the
the
methodical
way
that
we
put
it
back
together.
My
biggest
concern
was
these
beautiful
oak
trees
that
have
surrounded
this.
That
was
the
scary
part.
Cuz
I
did
come
down
here,
3
days
after
the
storm,
and
there
was
trees
and
power
lines
down.
I
couldn't
even
see
the
house.
I
I
got
down
the
road
as
far
as
I
could
and
looked
at
the
house
and
I
was
like.
Oh
my
gosh.
AR
In
November
of
this
year,
I
presented
the
town
with
our
finished
report
and
I
know.
The
town
is
planning
on
using
that
material
to
promote
the
the
history
of
the
the
house
through
brochures
through
you
know,
signage,
to
make
it
a
true
destination
for
tourists.
I
think
I
think
we
have
to
apply
the
blon
preservation
Society,
for
knowing
the
value
and
of
the
historic
Integrity
of
this
house
for
the
town.
Z
In
this
community
and
in
this
country,
these
days
is
a
very
important
thing,
because
there's
so
much
strife
and
there's
so
much
conflict
and
friction
to
actually
have
a
community
like
this
say.
This
is
important.
It's
important
to
put
our
money
here
and
it's
important
to
show
how
people
over
time
did
work
together
and
respect
each
other
and
we're
resurrecting
not
only
a
house
but
really
A
a
legacy
for
for
an
individual
that
Rose
above
a
big
challenging.
AT
F
On
November
7th
1861
Confederate
forces
were
defeated
at
the
Battle
of
Port
Royal,
one
of
the
first
Naval
battles
of
the
Civil
War
Hilton
Head,
and
later
Buford
and
Port
Royal
fell
to
Union
troops,
Planters
abandoned
the
sea
Islands
and
thousands
of
enslaved
people
escaped
from
bondage.
Hilton
Head
Island
became
the
headquarters
for
the
US
Army
Department
of
the
South
by
February
1862.
AU
AV
AU
Mitchellville
was
a
very
large
planned
built
Community.
It
was
at
least
2
mi
long
by
about
a
mile
wide
several
hundred
houses.
Just
this
part
of
the
site,
we're
working
on
now
had
at
least
36
or
38
houses
on
it.
AV
So
they
built
a
town
which
I
understand
had
broad
boulevards.
Houses
were
on
quarter,
acre
lots.
They
themselves
built
the
houses
that
they
lived
in
from
the
materials
that
were
given
to
them
by
the
United
States
Army,
and
to
think
that
they
were
the
ones
who
created
the
first
compulsory
education
system
in
the
south.
F
The
people
of
mitchelville
worked
for
the
Union
Army
during
the
war
and
the
subsequent
occupation.
When
the
Army
left
Hilton
Head
in
1868,
most
jobs
went
with
it.
Mitchellville
soon
declined
from
nearly
3,000
residents
to
just
a
few
families.
By
1880
it
ceased
to
be
a
town
by
the
mid1
1950s.
Only
Hilton
head's,
older
residents
remembered
Mitchellville
and
its
important
history.
AW
The
story
of
Mitchellville
never
really
went
away,
however.
Over
the
years
as
older
persons
died,
who
were
more
familiar
with
more
historical
details,
it
was
passed
on
to
others.
However,
it
was
never
really
pushed
very,
very
hard.
There's
still
a
need
to
reacquaint
the
current
New
Generation.
All
of
the
new
residents
of
Hilton
Head
need
to
be
totally
aware
of
the
rich.
True
history
of
Hilton
Head.
AU
There's
a
lot
that
we
know
about
Mitchellville,
but
there's
very
much
that
we
don't
know
we
have
good
maps
of
mitchelville
as
it
was
laid
out
as
the
streets
were
laid
out
in
a
grid
and
the
houses
were
built
on
it.
There
were
different
buildings,
but
we
don't
know
specifically
where
each
building
was.
We
know
where
some
of
the
stock
yards
and
the
cattle
pins
and
different
facilities
were,
but
we
don't
know
if
individual
houses
were
actually
constructed.
Was
this
a
concept
map
that
this
was
the
plan
that
they
intended
to
build?
AU
F
AP
Answer
but
we're
here
at
part
of
the
historic
Mitchellville
and
what
you
see
around
you
is
a
series
of
2
meter
x,
2,
meter,
excavation
units
put
together
what
we
call
a
block,
we're
trying
to
uncover
as
much
of
this
house
that
we
think
is
here
as
possible.
AU
Find
much
what
we're
finding
is
where
these
houses
are
or
where
the
artifacts
are
in
some
sites,
there's
stuff
scattered
all
over
the
place.
That's
not
the
case
in
Mitchellville.
Mitchellville
is
really
maybe
20
years
at
the
most
of
occupation,
and
then
it's
gone.
It's
dissipated
as
a
town.
That's
another
question,
you
know:
did
some
people
live
on
past
1880s
and
where
did
they
choose
to
live.
F
AU
AU
You
had
people
that
were
moving
from
enslavement
with
had
nothing
to
a
free
market,
eon
economy.
They
had
to
spend
their
money
on
food
and
clothing
and
the
things
that
everybody
needs
to
live
but
they're
having
money
to
spend.
They
had
disposable
income
for
the
first
time.
So
one
of
the
interesting
questions
that
we
as
archaeologists
want
to
know
is
what
were
they
buying?
What
did
they
choose
to
buy
with
with
their
money?
That's
something
that
we
don't
really
know.
F
AV
AU
AW
AE
AU
Think
about
what
that
means
to
people
that
by
law
were
not
allowed
to
read
and
write,
and
now
they
get
to
now
they
get
to
read
and
write,
and
so
these
are
the
kind
of
artifacts
that
tell
a
tremendous
story
in
in
a
in
exhibit,
and
we
can
tell
that
kind
of
thing.
So.
AS
F
The
field
investigations
are
just
the
first
step
in
the
work
being
done
to
study
this
portion
of
Mitchellville.
All
of
the
data
and
artifacts
gathered
during
this
work
will
be
analyzed
and
interpreted.
The
results
will
be
presented
in
a
written
report
that
can
be
shared
with
other
researchers
and
the
public.
AV
AX
AV
AW
We
very
pleased
that
Mitchellville,
as
seen
today,
is
coming
alive
again
in
history.
In
reality,
there
is
a
great
need
for
Mitchellville
story
to
be
in
the
textbooks
and,
of
course,
to
become
a
major
part
of
the
American
history,
a
part
of
the
history
that
all
Americans
can
enjoy
and
and
continue
to
appreciate,
because
we
see
it
as
the
dawn
of
Freedom
here
on
Hilton.
AW
K
Port
Royal
sound
is
unique.
The
largest
ships
in
the
world
could
sail
into
Port
Royal
s
and
that's
what
John
Rebo
the
French
explorer
said
said
all
the
ships
of
France,
nay,
all
the
ships
of
the
world
could
safely
ride
in
its
bounds.
It's
very
deep
and
very
unusual
and
if
you're
a
sailor
and
you
go
up
and
down
the
coast
on
the
Inland
passage
you
come
into
Port
Royal
sound.
You
know
it's
different.
You
can
smell
it.
AZ
Years,
millions
of
shells
left
by
native
inhabitants
over
thousands
of
years
years
attest
to
the
Bounty
of
its
Waters
Clovis
points,
which
are
more
than
10,000
years
old,
have
been
Unearthed
on
its
Shores.
Inevitably,
the
natural
Riches
of
the
sea,
Islands
surrounding
Port
Royal
sound,
attracted
the
great
empires
of
the
17th
and
18th
centuries.
First
Spain
arrived
in
1521,
then
France
came
ashore
in
1562.
Finally,
the
British
claimed
them
as
Carolina
in
1663
the
land
of
Charles.
After
barely
surviving
a
deadly
clash
with
the
Native
Americans,
the
settlers
demanded
protection
from
the
colonial
government.
K
Defenseless-
and
it
was
in
that
early
period
in
this
early
1720s-
that
the
people
of
bufort
said
we
need
a
fort
to
protect
us.
So
they
built
this
to
protect
the
Inland
passage
before
it
got
to
Buford,
which
is
the
reason
for
the
location
of
what
eventually
became
Fort,
Frederick
or
Fort
Prince
Frederick.
AZ
The
new
Fort
began
to
take
shape
in
1726
after
the
famous
settler
Colonel
John
barnwall,
better
known
as
Tusk
Aurora
Jack
returned
from
England
with
the
independent
company
of
foot,
a
regiment
of
British
regulars
for
the
next
7
years.
Fort
Prince
Frederick,
a
small
structure
measuring
just
125
ft
by
75
ft,
existed
as
a
typical
Frontier
style.
Log
andarn
Fort
artillery
stood
at
the
ready
to
slow
any
approach
by
the
Spanish
Fleet.
AZ
K
K
AZ
America
and
although
the
British
occupied
Port
Royal
for
a
time
during
the
American
Revolution,
the
greatest
battle
waged
by
Fort
Prince
Frederick
over
the
next
century
and
a
half
was
one
with
the
weeds
and
the
weather.
A
planter
by
the
name
of
John
Joiner
Smith
came
into
possession
of
the
land
early
in
the
1800s.
Turning
the
expanse
above
the
old
for
into
fields
of
cotton
tended
by
the
enslaved,
but
all
that
changed
in
November
of
1861.
When
Union
forces
overcame
the
Confederate
territory.
BA
When
the
port
Roy
Battle
of
Port
Royal
sound,
happened
in
the
fall
of
1861
and
the
Planters
from
the
Buford
region,
scad
as
they
call
it,
they
left
behind
between
8
and
10,000
slaves.
BB
BC
Free,
but
that
area
on
those
Bluffs
above
Fort
Frederick,
is
where
there'll
be
camps
again
throughout
the
war
and
they'll,
be
everything
from
artillery
to
infantry
encamped,
both
white
and
black
troops.
Throughout
the
area,
they
will
build
a
pier
over
top
of
the
walls
of
Fort
Frederick
out
into
the
bufor
river.
AZ
They
are
joined
by
the
famed
Harriet
Tubman,
who
brought
many
people
to
Freedom
with
the
Underground
Railroad.
She
nursed
the
Civil
War
injured.
While
she
showed
the
newly
freed
people
how
to
willingly
work
in
a
wage-based
system
rather
than
being
forced
to
labor
under
the
threat
of
the
Lash
Miss
Laura
town
established
the
pen
school
on
St
Helena
Island,
just
a
fairy
ride
across
the
sound
from
Fort
Frederick,
an
institution
that
is
still
in
operation.
Today.
AZ
BC
And
it's
very
elaborate:
they
roasting
10,
oxen
and
preparing
tables
for
4
or
5,000
people
to
come
down
to
it.
BB
K
When
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
was
read,
they
used
that
Fort
as
the
base
for
their
dock.
You
know,
and
the
dock
was
built
over,
the
top
of
the
fort
and
boats
came
in,
and
but
there
it
was
I
mean
in
ground
at
Ground.
Zero
of
that
event,
EV
and
that
event
is,
as
significant
event
has
ever
occurred
in
500
years.
History
of
this
County
certainly,
and
one
of
the
most
important
events
in
the
state's.
AZ
History,
a
devastating
hurricane
shook
the
sea
Islands
in
1893,
causing
massive
damage.
More
than
2,000
people
died,
yet
the
sturdiness
of
the
5ft
tall
and
5T
wide
walls
saved
the
fort
from
Annihilation.
Today
it
still
stands
as
the
oldest
Tabby
structure
in
South
Carolina
in
the
winter
of
2015,
archaeologist
work
to
excavate
the
remains
of
Fort
Frederick
in
preparation
for
the
day
when
it
will
be
accessible
to
the
public
by
land.
I
BD
BD
So
basically,
this
is
a
chance
for
the
citizens
of
bufort
people
that
live
in
Buford
and
people
that
work
and
and
play
in
bufort
to
come
and
meet
all
of
the
entities
that
will
be
providing
services
for
them
in
the
event
of
another
storm.
So
you
have
every
agency
out
here.
That
would
would
be
involved
in
such
an
event,
and
people
can
actually
ask
them.
Questions
directly
face
to
face
and
get
the
get
the
the
good
information
from
the
horse's
mouth.
The
emergency
management
is
a
partnership,
it's
every
agency
at
every
level.
BD
So
you
have
state
agencies.
You
have
local
agencies
for
the
city
of
bufor,
you
have
the
county,
we
all
plug
into
one
architecture
and
we
all
work
together
and
that's
really.
The
only
way
you
can
effectively
work
in
emergency
management
is
to
do
a
team
effort.
So
everybody
in
the
team
is
here
and
we're
all
on
the
same.
BE
Page,
we
are
here
from
mode
in
animal
safety,
prepar
us
for
hurricane
disaster
situations.
We
have
a
lot
of
great
information
that
people
should
obtain
just
to
know
where
to
go
in
case
of
hurricane.
A
lot
of
people
tend
to
leave
their
animals
behind.
We
have
to
do
a
lot
of
rescue.
It
ties
up
a
lot
of
our
time
so
knowing
and
being
prepared
as
to
where
to
go
and
what
hotels
accept
the
animals.
E
Hurricane,
we
are
out
here
to
work
to
with
the
other
agencies
from
buer
County,
to
inform
the
public
of
hurricane
preparedness.
By
that
we
mean
what
to
look
for
how
to
prepare
for
evacuation,
to
advise
them
to
evacuate
and
evacuate
early
and
to
make
sure
that
they
have
their
medicines.
They
take
their
animals
with
they
take.
You
know
anybody
else
with
them
that
they
are
able
to
take
with
them
just
to
help
their
neighbor.
E
You
know
get
out
of
BU
County,
because
once
the
evacuation
starts
it
it's
a
slow
process
and
people
don't
realize
how
long
it
can
take
to
evacuate
the
county
so
getting
out
early
is
what
we're
really
out
here,
trying
to
inform
the
public
about
we're,
providing
a
quick
checklist
that
we
created
the
other
day
and
that
checklist
involves
taking
items
and
things
of
importance.
E
Your
medicines,
your
food
money,
your
animals,
that
sort
of
thing,
and
just
it's
a
reminder
L
for
individuals
that,
when
with
Matthew
and
Erma,
we
had
a
lot
of
individuals
when
they
were
coming
back
to
buer
County
to
get
back
in
their
homes.
They
realized
they
didn't
have
medicines
filled.
They
didn't
have
food,
they
didn't
know
that
the
hospitals
shut
down
once
there's
a
mandatory
evacuation
in
buer
County,
so
we're
just
letting
them
know
about
that,
and
also
about
the
smart11
pro
911
program.
BD
Responders
it's
important
because
they
need
to
start
thinking
now
before
the
storm
is
coming
close.
What
they're
going
to
do
so
you
need
that
lead
time
to
prepare
and
again
you
can
find
out
information
for
any
question
questions
they
may
have
about
what
they
should
do.
If
they
have
pets
they
have.
You
know
they
have
animal
controllers
here
today
they
can
chip
the
pets.
They
can
tell
them.
Where
some
shelters
are
places,
they
can
go.
You
have
EMS
here.
BD
BD
So
it's
a
really
a
chance
for
them
to
get
their
questions
answered
to
meet
the
people
that
are
going
to
be
trying
to
take
care
of
them
and
take
care
of
the
city
and
the
county
and
wherever
they
live
here
in
in
Northern
County
during
the
storm
and
Southern
buer
County,
it's
a
chance
for
them
to
get
to
meet
those
people
and
pick
their
brains
and
find
out.
You
know
what
should
I
be
doing
and
what
will
you
be
doing
for
us
if
a
storm
should
come.
BE
E
Animals,
we're
lucky
enough
this
past
week
to
receive
a
donation
of
pet
mask
for
oxygen
masks
to
help
resuscitate
your
animals.
If
there
happens
to
be
a
structure
fire
at
your
residence
and
your
animal,
your
cat,
your
dog,
your
lizard,
becomes
a
victim
of
smoke
inhalation.
So
we
have
three
different
sizes
that
we'll
be
carrying
on
our
ambulances
and
they
can
be
hooked
up
to
our
oxygen
tanks.
They
can
also
be
hooked
up
to
what
we
call
bag
valve
masks
which
will
allow
us
to
assist
with
the
breathing
for
the
animals
in
case.
E
BE
Animal
some
people
think
that
just
having
aala
with
a
pet's
name
and
phone
number
is
enough.
We
are
saying
no,
that
it's
not.
They
need
to
do
microchipping,
which
is
why
we're
offering
free
microchipping
today,
with
that,
once
an
animal
gets
lost
and
animal
control
is
able
to
get
a
hold
of
them.
We
be
able
to
scan
them
and
all
that
information,
your
pet's
name,
the
owner,
the
phone
number
their
address
comes
with
that.
BE
BD
You
I
would
encourage
people
to
to
go
on
the
social
media
and
to
to
plug
into
all
of
these
entities
that
are
out
here.
The
Buford
Police
Department,
our
Facebook
page.
We
have
a
nixel
presence
we're
on
next
door.
The
sheriff's
office
is
as
well
so
one
of
the
the
things
that
comes
up
during
storms
and
any
kind
of
emergency
is
there's
a
lot
of
rumors
that
go
around.
BE
E
T
County,
the
board
of
voter
registration
and
elections
are
always
looking
for
ways
to
increase
voter
registration
and
increase
voter
turnout
and
in
our
community
we
have
partnered
with
some
of
our
Civic
organization
and
some
of
our
social
organization
to
help
us
educate
our
voters
on
the
importance
of
voting.
BF
We
partnered
with
the
Buford
County
Board
of
registration
and
election
in
this
project.
One
of
the
things
that
we
observed
in
South
Carolina
is
that,
like
in
other
parts
of
the
country,
not
as
many
people
who
should
be
are
registered
to
vote
and
involved
in
the
in
the
election
process.
So
we
took
a
look
at
that
young
people
in
particular,
and
how
did
they
get
involved
with
voting
and
decided?
We'd
start
there
rather
than
to
start
voter
registration
with
older
adults.
AJ
T
And
we
went
into
two
middle
schools
this
year
and
we
went
through
the
whole
process
of
voting
from
registering
to
vote
with.
Voter
registration
deadline
issuing
voter
registration
cards,
and
this
was
all
done
with
the
school
side
as
counselor.
So.
AE
As
school
counselor
I'm
also
the
adviser
for
the
leadership
groups
and
for
Student
Government
this
school
year,
I
wanted
to
involve
the
whole
school
and
give
a
real
life
experience
about
voting.
BG
You
know
voting
is
like
a
democracy
in
action.
That's
how
we
even
the
playing
field,
a
level
of
playing
field
here
in
America.
So
that's
your
one
voice,
but
bringing
many
voices
together.
You
have
the
opportunity
to
bring
change,
so
we
want
to
make
sure
our
students
had
the
opportunity
to
see
how
that
actually
all
works.
BH
The
students
they
really
got
involved,
most
of
them,
were
nervous
and
some
of
we
actually
ran
a
registration
process,
so
we
set
up
in
our
cafeteria,
maybe
for
about
two
weeks
and
the
students
were
able
to
come
over
and
visit
the
table
and
actually
fill
out.
A
voter
registration
C
card
is
what
we
called
it.
This
is.
BI
An
enlarged
version
of
the
voter
registration
application
at
the
top
it
says,
are
you
a
student
at
Robert,
Smalls,
International
Academy?
The
student
would
check
yes
or
no.
If,
yes
will
be
between
fourth
and
8th
grade
on
Election
Day
and
at
the
bottom,
they
will
need
to
review
all
the
information
that
they
filled
out
and
if
it
were
true
to
the
best
of
their
knowledge,
they
would
sign
it.
They
brought.
BJ
In
four
machines
and
and
they
set
up
in
classroom
C1,
students
were
able
to
filter
through
C1
with
their
registration
card
and
with
their
registration
card.
They
were
able
to
walk
to
the
table
signed
in
and
then
walk
over
to
the
voting
machines
to
vote
for
president
vice
president
secretary
or
Treasurer.
T
The
kids
were
ecstatic
about
doing
this
because
they
realized
at
that
moment
how
important
it
was.
The
the
candidates
were
campaigning,
they
made
posters
campaign
posters
and
they
were
going
out
giving
speeches.
BL
Students
were
allowed
to
campaign,
so
we
recorded
some
campaign
ads
for
our
morning.
Television
news
show
rsia
today,
Those
ads
rotated
and
aired
daily,
just
as
if
it
would
have
been
for
for
the
November
elections.
We
actually
got
the
ticket
from
the
Board
of
registrations,
they
print
a
ticket
with
all
the
results
from
the
polls.
So
we
got
the
poll
report
and
then
and
then
we
created
that
and
turned
that
into
a
graphic
and
shared
the
results
of
the
election.
That
way.
BF
The
votes
are
in
I
think
one
of
the
of
the
things-
that's,
maybe
not
surprising,
it
kind
of
reinforced.
The
reason
why
we're
doing
this
is
how
many
people
there
are
that
are
not
engaged
in
the
process,
because
they've
either
lost
faith
in
the
system
or
they
don't
believe
that
their
vote
counts
and
they
pass
that
on
to
young
people
such
that
young
people
now
feel,
as
though
what
difference
does
it
make
if
I
Vote
or
not
vote,
and
that's
who
we're
trying
to
work
with?
BF
BK
I
wanted
to
run
for
president,
because
I
feel
like
I
would
have
been
a
good
candidate
for
president,
so
I
ran
and
I
had
to
do
a
speech
for
to
go
on
our
daily
news,
and
so
after
I
did
the
speech
I
waited
about
a
week
or.
BG
BK
And
then
we
voted
and
I
got
the
paper
like
everyone
else
did
and
I
had
to
do.
The
paper
and
I
got
my
card
and
we
went
to
go
vote
and
and
obviously
I
voted
for
myself.
So
I
usually
see
like
my
parents,
usually
tell
me
I'm
going
to
go,
vote
and
I
always
wonder
like
what
is
it
like,
so
to
actually
get
the
experience
and
actually
use
it?
It
felt
it
felt
real.
AE
During
the
project,
the
students
where
I
was
kind
of
helping
out
at
at
the
booth
they
kind
of
came
over
and
asked,
was
it
the
poll
that
their
parent
actually
used,
so
it
kind
of
gave
them
that
real
life
experience
of
what
mom
and
dad
do
during
the
voting
voting
time.
T
In
the
past,
what
we
have
done
is
worked
with
our
aging
population.
We
went
out
to
nursing
and
assistant
living
homes,
registering
people
educating
the
residents
there
on
voting
reg
in
our
County
and
making
sure
that
they
were
all
ready
for
major
elections,
and
we've
been
doing
that
for
several
years
now
and
it's
been
very
successful
and
we
are
also
planning
to
do
it
continue
to
do
it
for
our
citizens.
T
In
the
high
school
doing
general
election
years,
we
go
out
to
the
high
school
16
and
17
year
olds,
and
we
train
them
on
becoming
poll
managers
and
they
participate
with
us
during
our
general
elections
working
the
precinct
as
a
poll
manager-
and
these
are
some
of
the
brightest
kids-
that
we
have
working
at
those
precincts
working
with
our.
BF
Citizens,
but
the
part
that
was
most
I
think
important
for
the
young
people
was
to
actually
have
them.
Vote
many
of
them
had
never
seen
a
voting
machine.
They
obviously
because
of
their
ages,
had
not
voted
so
Wendell
was
very
accommodating
in
coming
in
and
doing
a
tutorial
with
those
young
people
and
explaining
the
process.
The.
BG
Staff,
they
were
just
excited
the
students,
the
social
studies
teachers
had
the
opportunity
to
teach
some
of
the
lessons
and
just
to
show
where
things
were
in
the
50s
and
60s
and
how
voter
voter
registration
drives
came
about.
It
takes
every
every
vote.
That's
out
there
versus
just
me
saying
you
know
what
I'm
not
going
to
vote
today.
So
with
us
instilling
this
authentic
lesson
in
life
of
being
able
to
vote.
BG
BG
J
County
Fort
pront
closes
out
a
350e
legacy
of
coastal
fortifications
in
Port
Royal
sound
beginning
in
the
mid
16th
century.
It
also
represents
the
closing
chapter
of
America's
coastal
defense
system
before
the
dawn
of
air
power.
Fort
Fremont
is
an
example
of
the
most
advanced
military
technology
of
its
time.
It
would
parallel
the
B17
and
aircraft
carrier
of
World
War
II.
The
F-35
of
today
Fort
Fremont
was
an
important
part
of
the
Buford
culture
very
similar
to
Paris
Island
and
the
Marine
Corps
Airbase.
J
K
In
15
25,
the
Spaniards
named
this
sound
and
this
Harbor
Santa
Elena.
They
called
the
navigational
Point
la
Santa,
Elena,
the
point
of
Santa
Elena,
and
what
the
Spanish
explorers
discovered
is
that
Port
Royal
sound
is
a
unique
piece
of
geography.
It's
the
deepest
natural
Harbor
south
of
the
Chesapeake
Bay,
possibly
south,
of
New
York,
the
channel
into
Port
Royal
sound.
K
This
I
find
a
remarkable
geological
fact.
The
channel
has
not
changed
for
500
years,
there's
no
Inlet
on
the
southern
coast
that
hasn't
shifted
entirely
in
500
years,
except
Port,
Royal,
sound,
there's
something
geologically
different
or
one
might
say,
magical
about
Port,
Royal,
sound,
so
Spanish,
Sailors
being
the
best
in
the
world
in
their
time
found
this
place
very
early,
knew
that
for
the
Spanish
explorations
of
the
American
Southeast,
this
would
be
the
inada
the
entrance,
and
so
they
built
a
city
across
the
river
across
the
sound
from
where
we
are
on
Paris
Island.
K
That
became
the
first
capital
of
Florida
and
they
explored
the
back
country
from
this
location
for
more
than
a
century,
with
the
object
of
building
a
highway
from
This
Magnificent
Harbor
to
Mexico
City.
So
the
sound
was
known
to
the
Spaniards.
It
was
known
to
the
French,
who
actually
got
here
first
and
follow
and
created
the
first
Protestant
colony
in
the
New
World
on
Paris
Island
over
my
shoulder
and
that
colony
was
a
failure.
The
Spaniards
replaced
them.
K
It
was
part
of
Spanish
Florida
when
the
English
arrived
150
years
later,
and
this
was
became
as
a
consequence,
a
Battleground
in
the
18th
century,
between
Spanish
interests
in
Florida
and
St
Augustine
and
the
English
colony
in
Carolina
and
in
Charleston
and
back
and
forth.
These
wars
went
many
of
them,
Naval
Wars,
many
of
them,
employing
as
all
the
sailors
Knew
by
then
the
magic
of
Port
Royal
sound
when
the
Civil
War
came,
Confederates
defended
the
Harbor,
but
it
was
basically
indefensible
against
large
Naval
forces.
K
So
the
US
Navy
made
it
their
principal
Target
during
the
beginning
of
the
Civil
War,
and
sent
the
largest
flotilla
of
ships
assembled
by
the
United
States
Navy
in
the
19th
century,
into
Port
Royal
sound
on
no
November
7th
1861
in
a
4-Hour
canonade,
which
would
have
been
deafening
from
where
we're
sitting
Was
Heard
for
miles
from
Savannah.
Nearly
to
Charleston
it
was
called
The
Day
of
the
big
gun
shoot
during
the
Civil
War.
This
Harbor
that
we're
looking
at
was
filled
with
ships.
There
would
be
hundreds
of
ships
in
this
Harbor.
K
There
was
a
thousand
foot
dock
with
a
railroad
on
top
off
of
Hilton
Head.
The
military
installation
was
Mammoth.
There
were
13,000
US
soldiers
on
Hilton
Head,
which
we're
looking
at
the
largest
population
on
Hilton
Head
until
1974.
So
this
was
a
major
US
Government
installation
in
the
heart
of
the
South.
It
was
the
headquarters
of
the
US
Army
Department
of
the
South.
K
But
more
importantly,
it
was
the
headquarters
of
the
United
States
Navy
South
Atlantic,
blockading
Squadron,
so
the
biggest
ships
in
the
Navy
were
here
and
so
it
it
became,
and-
and
that's
really
where
the
story
of
Fort
Fremont
starts
with
that
huge
Civil,
War
military
operations
and
installations
on
Hilton
Head
on
St
Helena
Island,
on
Paris
Island
and
in.
L
Bu
after
the
Civil
War
we're
going
to
see
a
massive
change
in
technology.
That's
going
to
revolutionize
the
military.
During
the
Civil
War,
we
had
Ironclad
ships,
we
had
rifled
cannons,
but
they
were
all
made
out
of
iron
and
they
were
not
terribly
effective,
but
its
technolog
is
going
to
change
after
the
Civil
War.
We're
going
to
see
steel
produced
and
steel
is
much
harder.
So
now
we
have
a
new
material
to
make
armor
out
of
for
ships.
L
So
we
can
have
these
armored
ships
made
with
steel
that
are
much
more
resistance
to
shot
because
I
have
steel.
I
can
make
Stronger
barrels
for
my
guns.
I
can
rifle
and
machine
these
much
better
and
the
rifling
is
the
spirals
that
are
cut
in
the
barrel.
That
allows
it
to
shoot
further
with
more
accuracy,
and
we
can
also
now
have
breach
loading
guns
that
can
lock
from
behind.
So
I
can
load
my
gun
from
behind
I.
Don't
have
to
go.
Have
the
old
black
powder
muzzle
loading
cannon
that
I
had
before
now?
L
I
can
fire
much
more
rapidly
if
I
compare
the
gun
of
1890
to
The
Guns
of
1860?
For
the
same
caliber,
the
same
diameter
gun
the
18
1990
gun
will
be
able
to
fire
projectile
as
four
times
heavier
can
shoot
it
three
times
further,
can
put
it
in
with
greater
precision
and
can
put
it
through
much
more
armor
than
anything
we
had
in
1860s
World
difference.
L
A
military
historian,
ER
Lewis
would
say
that
the
change
between
the
Civil,
War
and
1890
in
artillery
technology
was
the
greatest
that
would
be
seen
since
the
invention
of
artillery
in
the
14th
century
to
the
introduction
of
the
the
nuclear
projectile
in
the
1950s.
So
there's
been
a
huge
change
in
gun
technology.
At
the
same
time,
it's
not
just
the
steel
but
also
the
powder
that
fires.
These
guns
is
different.
We
have
new
chemical
makeup
and
sort
of
like
cordite
is
invented
now
and
it's
still
a
widely
used
military
explosive.
L
Even
today,
smokeless
powder
is
evented
during
this
period
of
time,
and
it's
not
just
chemical
composition,
but
it's
the
details
of
how
you
make
the
grain
how
fast
they
burn.
So
much
like
the
skill
of
firing.
A
solid
rocket,
solid
fuel
rocket
is
that
same
kind
of
Technology.
That's
been
developed
in
these
gunpowder
in
this
new
powder,
so
our
weapons
of
this
day
are
much
much
greater.
They
would
be
the
great
killing
machines
of
World
War
I,
most
the
casualties
on
the
battlefields
of
World
War
I
would
come
from
artillery.
L
So
the
world
has
seen
a
huge
change
in
artillery
and
that's
tied
into
changes
in
ships.
We
now
have
steel,
armored
ships
they're
all
steam
powered.
They
are
now
equipped
with
these
find
long
range
guns
and
they
now
become
the
dominant
threat
of
the
late
19th
early
20th
century.
This
is
the
threat
the
French
and
the
English
would
bombard
cities
like
Cairo
and
reduce
them
to
Rubble
because
they
were
unable
to
defend
them.
So
this
is
how
the
world
was
seeing
the
threat
from
this
new
technology.
L
Big
battleships,
are
the
threat
of
the
era
and
new
guns
and
fortifications
on
the
ground
or
what
you
have
to
have
to
defend
against
them.
K
One
of
the
most
important
and
first
things
that
happened
after
the
Civil
War
is
they
built
a
railroad
to
Port
Royal
sound
which
didn't
exist.
It
was
the
first
connection
of
the
sea
Islands
to
the
mainland.
The
advantage
of
that
railroad
is
it
brought
Cole
to
Port
Royal
sound.
So
when
the
coal
was
delivered,
the
Navy
followed.
L
In
1872,
Robert
Smalls
was
in
the
South
Carolina
legislature
and
he
pushed
through
a
resolution
to
the
Secretary
of
War,
calling
for
them
to
put
a
Navy
station
on
Paris
Island
and
eventually
he
would
go
on
to
Congress
where
he
would
continue
his
support
for
a
Navy
station.
Here
in
the
Buford
Port
Royal
area.
They
eventually
opened
a
Navy
station
here
and
a
coing
station.