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From YouTube: VT Statewide Housing: Keynote - Unlocking Zoning's Potential to Improve Vermont's Housing Stock
Description
From the organizers:
Keynote speaker Sara Bronin is a Mexican-American architect, attorney, policymaker and professor at Cornell University whose interdisciplinary work focuses on how law and policy can foster more equitable, sustainable, well-designed, and connected places. Bronin is the founder of DesegrateCT, an effort to expand housing opportunity in Connecticut by mapping zoning restrictions, promoting transit-oriented communities, advocating for sensible lot sizes for homes, and reducing bureaucracy. She is currently leading efforts to create a national zoning atlas to expand this work.
Bronin shares evidence from her work on the connections between housing and zoning and on opportunities for zoning data to better inform advocacy. She also describes how aggregating information on zoning regulations at the state and national levels can help us better understand its relationship to housing affordability and diversity and offers new hope for improving zoning decisions in the future.
Organized by Vermont Housing Finanace Authority.
For more Information: https://www.vhfa.org/
11/16/2022
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A
Thank
you,
I'm,
so
excited
to
be
here,
I'm,
going
to
start
off,
I
I,
know
of
this
concept
of
vulnerable
leadership
and
so
I'm
going
to
start
off
and
be
super
vulnerable
and
I'm.
Going
to
tell
you
about
a
moment
that
happened
in
my
closet
this
morning,
I
was
choosing
what
I
was
going
to
wear
today
and
I
I
thought
of
my
my
11
year
old
who's,
a
fashionista,
and
she
always
his
comments
on
what
I'm
wearing
and
she
calls
these.
A
My
party
pants
foreign
and
I,
pulled
them
off
my
closet
rack,
because
I
thought
today
is
a
day
for
the
party
pants.
It
has
been
four
years
since
we've
been
in
this
Ballroom
together.
For
this
event,
last
time
was
2018.
When
the
executive
director
of
the
Vermont
Housing
Finance
Agency,
was
Sarah,
Carpenter
and
I
am
Maura
Collins.
The
new
executive
director
of
vhfa
knew
for
the
past
four
years
because
we
had
a
little
pandemic
in
the
meantime.
I,
don't
know
if
you've
heard,
since
we
do
this
conference
every
other
year.
A
It
means
it's
been
four
years
since
we've
been
together
and
I'm
so
excited
to
wear
my
party
pants
with
all
of
you
and
get
a
chance
to
connect
with
you
in
real
life
and
not
just
with
you
know
the
zoom
box,
so
Pop
Quiz,
Hotshot
I'm,
starting
with
an
impromptu
poll,
we're
not
doing
the
pole
clickers
this
time,
we're
going
to
do
old-fashioned,
raise
your
hand
I've
had
too
much
technology
the
last
couple
years.
Okay,
so
raise
your
hand,
we've
done
this
conference
every
other
year
for
over
20
years.
A
A
A
A
Raise
your
hand
if
you
are
a
part
of
a
group
or
an
organization
that
has
helped
deliver
stimulus,
funding
to
vermonters
yeah
yeah
and
raise
your
hand
if
you
or
a
group
you
work
with,
are
planning
for
the
future
of
Vermont's
housing
and
communities
in
light
of
all
the
changes
over
the
last
few
years
yeah.
This
is
an
amazing
group
of
people
we
have
gathered
here
today.
A
Welcome
to
the
Vermont
Statewide
housing
conference.
You
are
all
very
welcome
whether
this
is
your
first
or
your
fifth
or
whatever
time
it
is
for
you,
because
we
need
all
y'all.
We
need
all
of
you.
This
is
an
all
hands
on
deck
kind
of
situation.
We
need
all
of
you
here
today
and
all
of
you
helping
to
address
your
piece
of
the
housing
challenge.
That's
happening
in
Vermont,
so
before
I.
Thank
our
sponsors
and
our
organizers
I
want
to
thank
you
each
of
you
for
lifting
up
your
part.
A
There
have
been
times,
especially
in
the
last
two
and
a
half
years
where
the
housing
and
Care
needs
of
our
communities
have
been
really
overwhelming.
I
think
a
lot
of
us
have
at
times
felt
that
overwhelm
and
felt
smothered
by
the
enormity
of
what's
happening
around
us,
but
in
somewhere
during
the
pandemic.
A
Someone
helped
me
remember
the
parachute
game
from
elementary
school,
where
you
know
you
have
that
slippery
parachute
of
multi-colors
and
it
was
often
round
and
everyone
grabbed
their
colored
slice,
and
we
all
would
Billow
it
sometimes
we'd
popcorn
balls
up
in
the
air,
but
the
best
part
was
when
we
all
threw
the
parachute
up
and
held
it
in
our
hands
and
then
sat
on
it
real
quick
back
when
we
could
fall
to
a
wooden
gym
floor
and
be
able
to
get
back
up.
But
the
magic
was
what
happened
inside
that
multi-colored
parachute.
A
A
So
I'd
like
to
take
this
opportunity
to
thank
the
47
sponsoring
organizations
that
made
this
conference
be
so
affordable,
they're
listed
in
the
slideshow
that
you've
been
watching
and
you're
going
to
see
them
up
again.
I
really
want
to
thank
our
Premier
sponsors
of
the
conference,
both
Raymond
James
and
the
Vermont
state
Housing
Authority.
Thank
those
organizations,
because
a
conference
of
this
size
and
caliber
can't
happen
without
their
support
foreign.
A
A
A
We
there
is
a
workshop.
That
is
not
going
to
happen
today
that
you
may
have
signed
up
for
it's
the
3
P.M
breakout
session
on
housing
discrimination,
but
thanks
to
cvoeo's,
fair
housing
project,
Jess
Hyman,
she
is
going
to
be
in
that
room
at
the
beginning
of
the
session
she's
going
to
have
handouts
and
materials
if
you're
really
interested
in
learning
more
about
housing.
Discrimination
in
Vermont
and
she'll
be
there
for
a
bit
to
answer
some
questions
and
connect
with
folks.
A
There
are
other
workshops
happening
at
that
time,
so
you
could
think
about
choosing
another
one
like
maximizing
our
impact
with
Carrie
Seacrest.
There's
the
coordination
of
Housing
and
services,
Roundtable,
preparing
Vermont
communities
for
a
more
inclusive
future
or
Washington
insights
on
development
costs
and
federal
policy.
So
there's
lots
of
other
choices
for
you,
sorry
about
that
that
change
in
schedule.
A
A
At
lunch,
we're
going
to
hear
from
a
video
from
retiring
Senator,
Patrick,
Leahy
and
you'll
be
invited
to
share
messages
of
support
with
him,
which
the
conference
organizers
are
going
to
share.
After
today's
event,
we
do
have
staff
registered
to
be
here
and
I've
seen
some
of
them
from
our
Congressional
Delegation
I
saw
well
Tom.
Berry
is
here
from
Senator
Leahy's
office.
Erhard
manka
is
here
from
Senator
Sanders
office
Congressman.
Oh
Senator
elect
well
staff
here
today,
and
our
current
delegation
has
to
be
in
DC
fighting
for.
A
A
So
they
have,
they
have
a
special
colored
indicator
on
their
name
tag.
Please
feel
free
to
go
up
and
across
them
and
ask
them
for
more
money
for
housing
and
whatever
else
comes
to
your
mind.
So
thank
you
for
being
here
today.
Legislators.
It
shows
how
important
housing
is
to
you
and
we
all
look
forward
to
working
with
you
in
the
session
to
come,
and
so
we
had
a
great
team
pulling
together.
The
conference
today
I
want
to
recognize
the
17
organizations
that
created
today's
event.
A
You
can
see
their
names
here,
I'm
not
going
to
read
them
all,
but
I
do
want
to
appreciate
that
staff
from
all
these
organizations
have
been
working
for
over
nine
months
to
put
on
this
conference
and
of
course,
I
want
to
thank
the
staff
at
the
Vermont
Housing
Finance
Agency.
Many
and
most
of
our
volunteers
today
are
vhfa
staff
and
they
help
prepare
for
this
conference,
led
by
Lori,
gilding
and
Leslie
black
plumo.
A
Thank
you
so
I've
already
mentioned
our
record
turnout
and
what
an
impressive
group
it
is
and
I
just
want
to
make
sure
we
know
what
we've
accomplished
since
we've
last
been
in
this
Ballroom.
Together,
it's
been
tremendous,
and
yet
we
know
that
it's
not
just
about
the
numbers
and
what's
happened,
but
it's
that
magic
happened
because
of
the
connections
that
we
have
and
that
we're
forming
and
so
you'll
notice
a
change
in
the
agenda
today.
A
Change
from
years
past,
if
you
are
a
repeat
customer,
is
that
we've
doubled
the
amount
of
networking
time,
there's
going
to
be
lots
of
time
in
between
sessions
to
get
together
and
connect
and
and
go
through
work
together
and
in
that
spirit,
I
think
I'm,
going
to
invite
up
Carrie
Seacrest
next
to
talk
a
bit
about
the
theme
of
the
conference
and
what
we
can
expect
in
those
in
between
sessions.
Thank
you.
B
Good
morning
and
first
on
a
personal
note,
I
really
want
to
say
thank
you
to
all
of
you
who
made
such
an
impact
in
finding
housing
for
the
most
vulnerable
in
our
state.
As
someone
who
lives
in
the
state
in
Brattleboro,
but
isn't
affiliated
with
housing,
I
really
understand
and
know
that
you
worked
above
and
beyond
the
Call
of
Duty
these
last
several
years
and
continue
to
do
so
so
from
the
bottom
of
my
heart.
I,
really
as
a
regular
citizen
want
to
say
thank
you.
B
B
The
second
thing
I
wanted
to
share
is
that
the
organizers
have
done
an
incredible
job
of
creating
Focus
for
today's
session
and
the
in
the
whole
conference
theme.
So
there's
four
questions
and
you'll
see
them
on
your
table.
Tents,
they're
in
all
of
the
rooms
they're,
also
in
all
of
the
common
areas,
and
the
idea
is
that,
throughout
the
day
with
these
handy
dandy,
beautiful
journals
that
you
reflect
on
those
questions
and
and
kind
of
walk
away
with
some
inspiration
and
we'll
be
going
through
that.
B
B
B
B
So
the
opportunity
is,
how
do
we
reward
re-weave,
Our,
Roots
and
there's
this
concept
I
want
to
share
with
you
called
in
our
social
World
about
strong
ties
and
weak
ties.
So
those
people
who
are
in
our
Inner
Circle
the
people
who
we
know
well
talk
to
all
the
time.
Those
are
our
strong
ties
and
we've
we've
got
that
Circle
of
them
and
then
there's
the
Outer
Circle
of
acquaintances
and
people
that
we
see.
B
You
know
on
occasion
that
we
know
to
say
hi
to
or
we
know
their
name,
but
we
don't
see
them
as
much
and
those
are
considered
our
weak
ties
and
for
new
information
and
ideas.
Weak
ties
are
more
important
than
strong
ones
and
how
great?
Because
we
are
at
an
event
where
we
can
create
lots
and
lots
of
weak
ties.
B
So,
if
you
think
about
it,
we've
got
that
small
connection
through
with
our
with
our
strong
ties,
but
those
people
are
all
swimming
in
the
same
information
right.
The
people
you
work
with
every
day,
your
loved
ones,
your
friends,
you
all
are
kind
of
swimming
in
that
same
pool,
whereas
we
need
the
weak
ties
to
open
up
and
give
us
friendly
opportunities
for
new
information
and
new
ideas,
and
so
from
that
perspective,
the
more
weak
ties
we
have
the
better.
B
They
actually
say
that
in
some
research
that
those
people
who
have
robust
weak
Networks
actually
feel
happier
overall
and
if
we
think
about
it
in
covid,
this
really
got
diminished
those
small
connections
with
the
local
Barista
or
the
person.
You
know
your
people
that
you
go
to
yoga
with
or
the
your
neighbors
all
of
those
connections
dissipated,
but
we
need
them
because
that
enhances
our
sense
of
belonging
in
community.
B
I
know,
for
me:
there
was
when
I
lived
in
Washington
DC
when
I
was
young
and
21.
I.
Remember
totally
feeling
intimidated
by
going
to
networking
events
and
I
used
to
play
a
game
with
myself
was
I
could
go
home
if
I
had
three
business
cards
and
so
and
so
whatever
it
is.
Your
number
of
the
day
I
invite
you
to
think
whether
it's
one
or
three
or
ten,
whatever
it
is,
but
at
each
opportunity
to
try
to
re-weave
and
meet
new
people
here
today.
B
B
There
is
also,
if
you
saw
there
are
two
big
boards,
two
sections
one
on
the
second
floor
and
one
on
this
floor
of
all
of
these
four
questions
and
they're
sticky
notes
and
their
sticky
notes
right
here
on
all
of
your
tables.
If
there's
someone
you
want
to
meet
or
if
there's
some
information
that
you
want
to
get
or
learn
about,
put
it
on
the
St,
take
the
sticky
put
it
on
those
common
boards
and
the
organizers
are
actually
going
to
try
to
help
connect
you.
B
B
After
today's
conference,
so
the
last
question,
of
course,
is
what
can
you
do
to
help
solve
the
housing
crisis
and
the
idea
is
to
think
about
one
takeaway,
and
it
could
be
something
that
you're
already
doing,
and
you
want
to
recommit
because
sometimes
we're
like
yeah
yeah
I
do
this
every
day,
but
with
that
new
energy
or
new
thought
on
it?
How
you
want
to
move
something
forward
and
it
can
be
again
in
your
work,
your
personal
or
your
community
life.
B
B
B
So,
for
our
last
few
minutes,
we've
got
about
five
minutes
left
and
the
game
we're
gonna
play
is
called
meet
a
neighbor.
So
what
I'm
going
to
invite
you
to
if
you'd
like
to
stand
up
stand
up?
Can
you
in
case
you
already
know
everybody
at
your
table,
but
just
introduce
yourself
and
your
name,
your
org?
In
what
way
do
you
support
alleviating
the
housing
crisis
in
Vermont,
and
why
did
you
say
yes
today
so
stand
on
up
me?
Make
eye
contact
with
someone
meet
someone.
B
C
I'm
the
commissioner
of
Vermont
Department
of
Housing
and
Community
Development.
It's
such
an
honor
to
be
here
with
you
today.
You
know,
after
a
few
years
off
of
this
conference,
it's
incredible
to
be
in
a
packed
room
with
everyone
in
person
that
just
warms
my
heart.
So
thanks
for
coming,
you
know.
As
many
of
you
know,
zoning
has
been
a
bit
of
a
sleepy
policy
Backwater
in
Vermont
for
many
years
now.
C
This
surprises
me
that
the
rules
that
shape
our
communities
and
Vermont's
quality
of
life
were
so
easily
ignored
for
so
long
as
we
work
together
to
build
the
housing
we
need.
Zoning
modernization
is
a
Hot
Topic
among
policy,
State
policy
makers
and
local
leaders
alike
in
a
recent
Vermont
Digger
Story
community
life
and
our
connections
to
each
other,
about
community
life
and
connections
to
each
other.
My
friend
Ben
Doyle,
who
is
the
president
of
preservation,
Trust
of
Vermont,
said
even
just
basic
zoning
minimum
lot
size
things
like
that.
C
C
She's.
Now,
working
on
a
to
create
a
national
zoning
Atlas
based
on
her
work
in
Connecticut,
hoping
we
can
talk
about
that
here
in
Vermont
Sarah's
work
can
help
us
better
understanding,
zoning's
relationship
to
housing,
affordability,
accessibility
and
diversity
and
offers
New
Hope
for
improving
zoning
decisions
in
the
future.
C
D
D
How
is
everybody
today
good,
you
guys
are
chatty,
that's
great!
That's
one
thing:
I've
noticed
in
my
short
time
in
this
room,
so
I'm
really
happy
to
see
everybody
get
together.
Thank
you,
Tamara
and
Leslie
and
vhfa
for
having
me
here
today
and
to
commissioner
Hanford
for
that
very
kind
introduction.
D
So
I'm
going
to
talk
today
about
one
of
the
many
tools
that
people
in
this
room
have
used
and
I
know
that
you
come
from
a
variety
of
backgrounds,
public
sector,
private
sector,
real
estate,
development
planning,
finance
and
I
know
that
each
of
you
has
an
interest
in
leveraging
all
the
tools
in
your
your
toolbox
to
promote
more
Equitable
and
more
housing.
So
today,
I'm
really
honing
in
on
this
one.
D
Small
piece
of
the
puzzle,
which
is
zoning
and
the
reason
is,
is
zoning,
as
commissioner
Hanford
said
really
is
the
the
zoning
codes
are
the
rules
of
the
game
game,
and
so,
unless
you
have
good
zoning
rules,
everything
else
that
you're
doing
in
all
those
other
tools
in
your
toolbox
might
not
be
able
to
be
used.
So
with
that
all
right
great
with
that
I'm
going
to
start
with
what
zoning
is.
E
D
People
have
everybody
in
this
room
is
familiar
with
zoning
right,
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
what
zoning
is
okay,
so
my
definition
of
zoning
is
the
local
government
regulation
of
land
uses
structures
and
lots,
so
sometimes
people
say
well:
zoning
is
land
use,
regulation
and,
and
that's
true,
it
does
regulate
uses.
But
it's
really
important
for
us
to
keep
in
mind
that
it
also
regulates
the
size
and
bulk
of
structures
as
well
as
the
way
that
lots
are
developed.
So
I
see
it
in
in
three
parts.
D
Really
zoning
can
also
regulate
specific
details
of
construction,
so
the
images
that
you're
seeing
here
are
images
from
Hartford,
Connecticut
or
I
was
a
Planning
and
Zoning
commissioner
for
seven
years
and
helped
to
rewrite
the
zoning
code,
and
these
are
images
of
our
new
code.
In
the
last
image
you
saw
a
map
because,
of
course,
zoning
codes
have
both
a
map
which
designates
districts
and
puts
land
in
in
specific
districts
and
text.
So
you
have
text
like
this.
This
chart
that
that
looks
at
our
our
downtown
codes.
So
where
does
zoning
come
from?
D
It
doesn't
it's
not
advancing
quite
yet
we're
a
little
behind
today,
a
little
sleepy,
but
zoning
comes
from
state
standard
zoning
enabling
acts,
and
so
those
have
been
around
for
a
century.
They
were
first
design
put
out
by
the
U.S
Department
of
Commerce
during
the
Herbert
Hoover
era
and
1920s
mid-1920s,
and
it's
pursuant
to
those
model.
State
zoning
enabling
acts
that
zoning
was
enacted
all
over
the
country
from
State
legislatures,
providing
local
governments
with
authority
to
zone.
D
I
think
the
projector
is
frozen,
so
you're
just
gonna
have
to
to
to
imagine
that
you
can
see
the
words
that
I'm
saying,
but
it
doesn't
really
matter
because
it's
it's
all
really
the
same
thing
all
right.
So
next
topic
I
wanted
to
talk
about
was
why
zoning
is
important
and
so
again
lots
of
you
raise
your
hand
you're
familiar
with
zoning.
You
know
what
the
consequences
of
zoning
are
and
so
putting
these
in,
in
maybe
big
buckets.
D
The
most
obvious
consequence
of
zoning
is
it's
its
impact
on
the
affordability
and
the
supply
of
housing,
so
fair
housing.
That's
what
the
topic
of
this
conference.
One
of
the
reasons
you
are
all
here,
but
of
course,
along
with
that
comes
zonings
consequences
on
Transportation.
So
if
we
are
regulating
Our
Land
Development
through
zoning
in
particular
ways,
we
are
regulating
land
in
a
way
that
enables
us
or
prevents
us
from
using
cars
using
mass
transit.
D
If
zoning
puts
us
puts
lots
of
uses
together
in
dense
areas
that
it
supports
Transit,
if
zoning
has
large
minimum
lot
sizes
that
promotes
sprawl
and
car
dependency,
so
zoning
has
a
huge
impact
on
Transportation.
It
also
has
an
impact
on
how
our
infrastructure
can
develop,
so
not
just
our
our
transportation
infrastructure,
but
water,
sewer,
lighting,
energy,
zoning
and
infrastructure
interact
in
really
important
ways.
D
Zoning
also
ensures
or
prevents
our
ability
to
access
nature.
So
if
we
have
zoning
that
has
things
like
an
urban
growth
boundary
where
we
develop
within
the
boundary
and
we
have
access
to
Nature
around
us,
that
is
a
way
that
we
can,
that
that
is
a
you
know
again
has
consequences.
Zoning
has
impact
on
our
food
supply
and,
of
course,
I
guess.
The
last
bucket
is
the
area
of
opportunity.
So
Economic
Opportunity
Educational
Opportunity,
all
of
these
things
are
impacted
by
zoning.
D
If
we
are
zoning
single
family,
only
residential,
only
neighborhoods,
without
a
mix
of
uses,
we're
making
it
harder
for
people
to
get
back
and
forth
between
jobs
and
and
educational
opportunities.
So
zoning
has
these
really
far-reaching
consequences
and
in
in
all
of
our
the
areas
of
economy
and
society
that
we
can
probably
possibly
think
of
and
I
think
talking
about
that
and
just
framing
it
in
that
way
is
really
important
because
otherwise
you
know:
what's
you
know?
Why
are
we
talking
about
this
possibly
Arcane
area
of
local
government
law?
D
F
D
All
right,
so
zoning
comes
in
lots
of
different
forms
and
it's
the
particulars
of
zoning
that
make
these
impacts
on
all
of
these
areas.
That
I've
just
discussed
even
more
Salient
in
some
places
more
dramatic
in
in
some
places,
and
so
this
really
brings
us
to
this
question.
How
do
we
zone
now
and
how
exactly
does
that
particular
zoning
impact,
our
lives
and
I
guess
I
would
say
that
given
zoning's
importance,
I've
just
told
you
all
of
the
different
areas
that
zoning
has
an
impact.
D
You'd
think
that
we
know
all
the
answers
to
those
questions,
but
the
truth
is:
is
that
we
we
really
don't?
We
don't
even
really
know
how
we
Zone
today,
so
you
may
be
familiar
with
one
or
two.
Well,
probably,
lots
of
you
in
this
room
are
familiar
with
lots
of
zoning
codes,
because
that's
your
area
of
specialty,
but
you
know,
do
you?
Can
you
easily
compare
jurisdictions
to
each
other?
D
Do
you
know
precisely
the
amount
of
land
that's
subject
to
different
zoning
rules
and
the
answer
is
probably
probably
not
because
we
don't
have
good
tools
to
do
that
now.
The
reason
this
question
about
zoning
became
really
has
become
really
important
to
me
over
the
last
few
years.
Of
course,
I
researched
in
this
area
I
have
for
the
last
couple
decades,
I
guess,
but
the
real
reason
that
it
became
important
was
through
this
advocacy
effort
that
I
helped
to
found
two
years
ago
in
Connecticut
called
desegregate
Connecticut.
D
So
I'm
going
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
that
effort
and
why
these
questions
became
particularly
important.
So
desegregate
Connecticut
is
an
ad
was
an
advocacy.
It
is
an
advocacy
effort
based
in
and
obviously
Connecticut
that
really
was
pushing
for
Statewide
reforms
and
convened
in
the
wake
of
George
Floyd's
murder
to
investigate
and
interrogate
how
Connecticut's
land
use
laws
impact
social
Equity.
We
expanded
our
Thinking,
Beyond
equity
and
inclusion
to
include
thinking
and
competing
conversations
about
zoning's
impact
on
prosperity
and
as
well
as
the
environment.
D
D
Who've
joined
the
movement
in
addition
to
our
seasoned
Folks
at
80,
non-profit
Coalition
members
that
have
joined
the
Coalition
and
I'm
just
going
to
pause
on
this
slide,
because
you
can
see
some
of
the
traditional
groups
that
are
involved
in
planning
and
architecture
like
the
AIA,
the
Connecticut
chapter
of
the
American
Planning
Association
environmental
groups,
like
save
the
sound
the
Sierra
Club,
as
well
as
preservation
groups.
How
many
preservations
preservations
are
represented
in
this
room?
Preservation.
Organizations.
D
The
that
organization
or
the
equivalent
I
assume
this
is
the
equivalent
has
not
been
involved
in
local
zoning
and
Statewide
zoning
conversations
in
part,
because
I
think
that
they
fear
well
what
what
might
happen
if
the
state
gets
more
involved
in
zoning
and
that's
what
desegreated
Connecticut
was
advocating
for.
But
we
were
really
fortunate
that
CCM
in
our
state
kind
of
saw
the
that
this
was
the
way
that
we
Zone
was
hurting
our
ability
to
grow
as
a
state
and
our
Town's
abilities
to
to
Really
provide
for
their
individual
residents
and
so
to
their
credit.
D
D
D
How
does
my
town
compare
to
other
other
towns
and
what
exactly
does
the
state
as
a
whole
do
when
it
comes
to
zoning
and
the
truth
is
we
could
not
answer
that
question,
so
that
was
the
question
that
kept
coming
up
over
and
over
again
and
that's
when
we
decided
that
it
was
time
for
us
to
really
start
digging
into
the
zoning
codes
themselves,
digging
into
the
data
and
trying
to
answer
that
question.
So,
as
you
know,
and
here's
those
Hartford
images
again,
zoning
codes
include
both
a
map
and
a
text.
D
So
what
we
started
to
do
with
our
team
of
actually
that
started
off
with
the
core
team
of
10
undergraduates
from
Yale.
They
started
to
gather
up
all
the
zoning
codes
in
the
state,
so
it
turned
out
well
I'll
tell
you
how
many
in
a
minute-
and
we
developed
a
Google
sheet
and
we
just
started
collecting
information
about
the
districts,
whether
they
were
mapped,
whether
they
were
an
overlay.
What
type
of
District
was
it
elderly,
housing,
affordable
housing?
Did
it
permit
one
two
three
and
four
more
family
housing?
D
So
we
we
developed
a
methodology
for
that
our
team,
and
that
was
very
an
iterative
process.
We
also
started
collecting
Maps,
so
some
maps
look
like
this
map
from
Stanford
Connecticut,
a
larger
city
which
has
a
lot
of
different
parts
and
a
lot
of
different
codes.
I
think
Stanford's
code
was
one
of
the
longest
at
400.
Pages
westport's
was
as
well
and
some
of
the
maps
look
like
this
in
the
smaller
towns,
rural
areas,
where
they
were
digitized,
but
they
wouldn't
give
us
the
file.
D
D
D
So
this
was
pretty
time
consuming,
and
so
we
ended
up
having
about
20
25
different
people,
including
GIS
professionals,
including
staff
at
UConn's,
Center
for
land
use,
Education
and
Research,
including
students,
Master
students,
law
students.
Putting
this
all
together,
and
it
was
very
ad
hoc
because
it
was
the
first
time
to
our
knowledge
that
anybody
had
ever
tried
to
pull
all
of
these
pieces
together,
the
zoning
code,
analysis
and
the
mapping
into
one
coherent
framework.
So
we,
this
is
an
image
of
Connecticut,
and
this
is
actually
an
image
of
our
zoning
map.
D
But
it
shows
the
169
towns.
We
actually
found
that
they
were
180
zoning
jurisdictions
because
of
the
legislature's
special
act,
Authority
that
had
been
giving
that
had
had
given
to
non-municipal
governments.
We
found
that,
amongst
all
of
that,
there
were
about
2600
zoning
districts
and
we
reviewed
in
total
over
32
000
pages
of
zoning
text.
This
is
not
for
the
faint
of
heart,
but
it
resulted
in
the
Connecticut
zoning
Atlas,
so
I'm
just
going
to
go
through
I.
If
you,
you
can
look
at
this
online
at
zoningatlas.org
and
then
just
click
on
Connecticut.
D
E
D
Whether
it's
primarily
residential
mixed,
a
mixed
zone
or
non-residential
Zone,
the
atlas
can
show
if
a
town,
primarily
zones
for
single-family
housing
allows
accessory
dwelling
units
or
accessory
Apartments
zones
for
multi-family
housing
zones
for
housing
are
in
a
one-half
mile
radius
around
Rail
stations,
or
we
have
a
Connecticut
fast
track.
A
bus,
Rapid
Transit
stations
near
and
around
Hartford,
and
also
shows
lot
sizes.
So
these
are
things
that
you
can
toggle
on
and
off
in
our
map.
In
addition
to
these,
we
also
collected
information
about
a
wide
range
about
a
hundred
characteristics,
including
setbacks.
D
D
We
also
found
that
only
two
percent
of
land
in
Connecticut
allows
for
four
or
more
family
housing.
As
of
right,
I
would
bet
these
numbers
are
pretty
similar
in
Vermont,
maybe
even
more
more
so
because
we
have
more
I.
Think
more
larger
cities,
if
you
consider
a
hundred
thousand
or
more
large,
which
we
do
in
Connecticut,
it's
very
large,
so
I'm
from
Houston,
so
I
have
to
give
a
little.
You
know.
D
So,
just
to
give
you
an
idea
of
how
this
works
in
New
Haven,
so
New
Haven
is
the
kangaroo
in
the
middle
there,
with
the
two
train
stations,
you'll
see
what
I'm
talking
about
see
it.
Now
that
was
one
family
house.
This
is
where
one
family
housing
is
allowed.
This
is
where
two
family
housing
is
allowed
as
of
right,
and
this
Big
Block
in
Orange
is
I,
think
elderly
housing,
two
family,
elderly
housing
only
on
existing
in
existing
structures.
So
that's
a
little
misleading.
D
Here's
where
three
family
housing
is
allowed
and
here's
where
four
or
more
family
housing
is
allowed
okay.
So
what
does
this
map
tell
you?
So
if
you
you
familiar
with
New
Haven,
you
know
that
New
Haven
is
an
urban
area.
It's
a
poor
City
compared
to
its
surrounding
suburbs.
It's
also
a
much
less
White
City
when
it
compared
to
its
surrounding
suburbs
and
East.
D
Haven
has
shares
some
of
those
characteristics,
and
you
see
that
multi-family
zoning
there
as
well
work
that
I'm
doing
right
now
with
Urban
Institute,
confirms
what
we
probably
could
have
figured
out
without
any
of
this
mapping,
which
is
that
multi-family
zoning
is
really
corresponding
with
lower
income,
a
higher
percentage
of
minority
areas.
So
but,
but
if
you
look
at
this
map
and
then
you
wonder,
if
you've
ever
wondered,
why
is
New
Haven
more
affordable?
Why
is
New
Haven
the
place
where.
G
D
D
So,
as
I
said,
we
logged
many
different
characteristics
when
it
came
to
housing,
so
we
have
accessory
apartments
and
we
have
logged
lots
of
different
features
related
to
their
being
permitted.
We
logged
whether
public
hearings
were
required,
so
when
I
say
as
of
right,
that
means
without
a
public
hearing.
That
means
an
administrative
approval.
D
I
know
that
these
two
issues
accessory
housing
and
public
hearings
and
minimum
lot
size
are
things
you've
been
talking
about
in
Vermont
and
that
act
179
from
2020
addressed
the
accessory
apartments
in
minimum
lot
size
to
some
extent,
so
you're,
probably
familiar
with
what
minimum
lot
size
is.
We
log
those
numbers,
the
specific
number
of
Acres
required
per
lot
density,
minimum
unit
area
so
how
big
Apartments
have
to
be.
We
found
that
Darien
Connecticut,
for
example,
required
Apartments
to
be
2
000
square
feet.
D
D
We
also
looked
specifically
at
affordable
housing
Provisions
within
zoning
codes,
the
maximum
number
of
bedrooms
that
were
permitted
so
many
towns
had.
You
could
build
Apartments,
but
they
can
only
be
one
bedroom.
They
could
only
be
two
bedrooms
or
you
could
build
Apartments,
but
they
can
only
be
six
units
total,
so
there
were
caps
on
number
of
bedrooms
and
caps
on
number
of
units
in
apartment
buildings.
D
So
these
are
the
things
that
we
logged
across
again
all
of
these
different
different
towns
and
there's
a
lot
to
unpack
in
all
of
that
and
today,
I'm
just
going
to
focus
on
two
areas
and
these
two
areas
again
are
areas
that
you've
covered,
at
least
in
part
through
Statewide
legislation.
Here
in
Vermont,
started
to
open
the
door,
so
I'm
I'm
bringing
you
some
stats
here
and
some
strategies
that
we
use
in
Connecticut
just
to
to
kind
of.
D
D
If
you
just
click
on
the
zoning
Atlas-
and
you
say
where
are
adus
allowed,
it
looks
like
they're
allowed
a
lot
of
the
state
good
job,
Connecticut,
pat
yourself,
on
the
back,
even
without
Statewide
Adu
legislation.
Look
at
how
many
adus
are
permitted,
except
when
you
get
down
to
the
details,
and
this
is
what
you're
bringing
up
that
topic:
zoning
by
a
Thousand
Cuts.
D
This
is
where
these
little
other
requirements
that,
unless
you
log
them,
you
don't
really
understand
whether
these
types
of
housing,
these
these
types
of
different
types
of
housing,
are
permitted,
including
adus.
So,
if
you're
looking
for
an
Adu
that
allows
for
non-owner
occupancy
that
allows
for
people
who
are
not
family
members
or
employees
that
allows
renters,
because
they
are
prohibitions
on
renting
in
some
codes
and
that
are
not
restricted
to
elderly.
Only.
This
is
what
you
get.
D
So
there's
often
a
cap
physical,
a
number
of
square
foot
cap
on
a
to
use
or
it's
not
restricted
to
the
primary
structure.
So
in
other
words
it
can
be
detached.
Let's
say
over
a
garage
or
in
a
detached
unit.
You
get
essentially
nowhere.
So
where
could
you
build
a
detached
unit?
That's
not
subject
to
occupancy
requirements.
It
doesn't
have
a
maximum
size
limitation,
nowhere
so
or
very
few
places.
You
can
actually
build
that
in
Hartford,
but
so
we
really
started
to
advocate
for
this
and
and
the
law
that
we
passed.
D
The
legislature
passed
last
year
addressed
this
issue
in
part
and
addressed
a
lot
of
those
little
Provisions
like
the
maximum
size.
Number
of
parking
requirements,
number
of
parking
spaces
required
capping
that
at
one
and
so
on,
so
we
produced
a
couple
of
videos.
I
encourage
you
to
go
to
desegregatect.org,
which
is
the
site
where
you
can
watch
these
videos
and
I
think
they're,
pretty
pretty
cool,
but
in
terms
of
advocacy,
what
we
tried
to
do
was
we
paired
the
data
that
we
had
with
these
more
I?
D
Guess,
video
type
and
social
media
type
advocacy
tools.
The
second
topic
I
wanted
to
talk
about
was
minimum
lot
sizes
so
again,
you're,
probably
well
familiar
with
this
zoning
codes
can
dictate
how
big
a
lot
has
to
be
for
a
unit
of
housing
to
be
built,
the
larger
the
law,
the
fewer
homes
it
can
be
built.
What
you're
seeing
here
is
actually
a
pretty
small
minimum
lot
sizes
with
shared
space
in
the
middle
crazy.
D
D
If
you
look
at
Greenwich,
which
is
the
community
closest
to
New
York
City,
it's
four
acre
zoning,
as
is
as
our
New,
Canaan
and
and
Darian,
and
some
of
these
other
towns
close
to
New,
York,
City,
even
more
shocking
half
of
the
land
requires,
and
you
can
see,
Greenwich
is
still
purple
half
half
of
its
purple.
There
requires
two
acres
per
single
family
home.
D
D
So
again,
here
we
use
the
data
we
issued
a
maybe
30
40
page
issue,
brief,
specifically
on
minimum
lot
sizes,
we
did
reports,
videos,
we
assembled
Graphics
that
we
hoped
would
show
people
lots
of
different
options
for
how
you
can
get
in
the
case
of
the
bottom
right,
15
units
on
one
acre
of
land
as
opposed
to
one,
and
so
again
you
know
feel
free
to
check
out
this
paper.
It's
on
the
social
science,
research
Network,
it's
a
free
download
and
it's
will
be
published
soon.
D
Okay,
there's
lots
of
other
information
in
the
zone
that
the
zoning
Atlas
can
convey.
One
piece
of
information,
minimum
parking
requirements
which
I'm
happy
to
talk
more
about
in
the
Q
a
we
should
just
completely
abolish
parking
requirements
for
lots
of
different
reasons.
That's
a
that's
a
no-brainer!
This
whole
state
should
do
it
actually.
D
Connecticut
did
cap
in
its
legislation
minimum
parking
requirements,
although
individual
towns
can
opt
out
of
that
any
but
anyway,
so
that
was
bad,
but
at
least
we
started
and
lots
of
towns
are
cities
across
the
country
are
eliminating
them,
but
this
image
shows
you
that
if
all
of
these
other
zoning
Provisions
remain
the
same,
how
much
housing
could
be
built
within
three
of
the
15
walkable
cities
that
we
studied?
This
is
Bridgeport
Norwalk
and
Waterbury.
D
What
we
saw
in
this
data-
and
it's
you,
don't
necessarily
know
these
cities,
but
you
can
probably
tell
that
there
are
these
white
lines
that
are
corridors
main
streets,
so
historic,
Mains,
the
historic
main
streets
of
these
towns
and
a
lot
of
the
housing
that
it
could
be
built.
So
the
darker
purple
means
lost
opportunity.
The
darker,
the
purple,
the
bigger
the
Lost
opportunity,
a
lot
of
the
housing
that
would
be
built
if
it
were
not
for
minimum
parking
requirements,
is
housing
along
those
historic
corridors.
D
So
if
you
think
about
what
minimum
parking
requirements
do
to
our
historic,
our
small
towns,
they
basically
prevent
those
buildings
that
are
already
there
from
being
reused
because
to
change
their
use,
that
triggers
zoning
compliance
and
triggers
parking
requirements,
but
it
also
promotes
Demolition
and
it
also
shrinks
the
amount
of
building
that
can
be
built
which
shrinks
the
amount
of
housing
that
can
be
built
if
we're
focused
here
on
housing,
but
really
this
parking
requirements
go
for.
You
know,
of
course,
go
for
a
mix
of
uses.
D
I
encourage
you
to
check
out
the
issue
briefs
at
desegregate,
Connecticut
wrote
the
environmental
case
for
zoning
reform
transitory
into
communities
economic
case
for
it,
as
well
as
our
playbooks
that
we've
made
for
land
use,
board,
candidates,
Commissioners
and
just
general
Advocates.
How
do
you
talk
about
zoning?
What
are
the
things
that
you
ask
for?
What
are
the
strategies
that
you
can
use
feel
free
to
plagiarize
the
language
and
modify
it
for
Connecticut
I'm
happy
to
give
anybody
those
files?
D
Okay?
So
with
that
in
mind,
so
that
was
our
Connecticut
approach.
We
really
based
our
advocacy
in
this
data,
because
people
were
asking
us
these
really
good
questions
about
what
Connecticut
actually
was
doing
and
how
we
were
actually
zoning
and
now
people
can
go
to
that
zoning
Atlas
and
they
can
click
on
their
town
and
get
all
the
stats
for
their
town
that
pops
up
right
on
the
atlas.
D
So
I
was
asked
to
just
say
a
few
things
about
what
Vermont
can
do
and
of
course,
you're
already
doing
a
lot
of
stuff.
Statewide
you're
convenient
you're
here
you're
talking
today
with
each
other
and
I
know.
You'll
have
some
great
plans
for
this
really
great
conference
as
the
days
unfolds,
but
I
wanted
to
talk
to
you
make
a
pitch
for
Vermont
to
join
the
National
zoning
Atlas
effort
so
that
you
can
get
some
of
these
advantages
of
both
collaboration
with
other
researchers,
but
also
just
the
data
itself.
D
So
we
launched
the
national
zoning
Atlas
in
May
using
the
Connecticut
zoning
Atlas
is
the
example
and
hoping
that
other
states
would
use
our
methodology
and
and
join
in
and
to
our
surprise,
13.
Other
states
have
already
launched
their
zoning
atlases
and
we
are
working
with
all
of
them
convening
them
through
my
lab
at
Cornell
to
develop
their
atlases
I'm
just
going
to
point
out
I'm,
not
putting
any
pressure
on
you
here,
I'll
just
let
this
let
this
image
speak
for
itself.
D
I'll,
say
too
that
we
have
teams
in
Pennsylvania,
New,
Jersey
and
Maryland
forming.
So
that's
going
to
look
like
a
sea
of
blue
and
Vermont's,
not
there.
Yet
the
goal
of
the
national
zoning
Atlas
is
to
translate
and
standardize
all
this
zoning
information
in
hundreds
of
really
indecipherable
to
the
common
person
Pages
across
these
jurisdictions
into
a
standard
zoning
interface,
where
people
Ordinary
People,
Advocates
policy
makers,
elected
officials,
I
love
that
elected
officials
are
in
this
room
can
use
the
information
and
the
chips
are
going
to
fall
where
they
may.
D
All
of
these
states
are
using
this
guide
that
we
wrote
called
how
to
make
a
zoning
Atlas.
It's
also
a
free
download.
If
you
want
to
check
it
out,
it's
just
been
updated.
We
update
it
every
month
almost
to
address
questions
that
arise
in
different
places,
so
some
states,
for
example,
have
extra
territorial
jurisdiction.
Some
states
have
different
zoning
procedures,
so
we
include
all
of
those
scenarios
in
our
updated
guides
again
with
the
map
and
the
text.
The
biggest
requirement
is
collecting
that
information
that
is
sometimes
harder
than
it
needs
to
be.
D
The
methodology
requires
that
all
of
these
types
of
features
of
a
zoning
code
be
logged,
so
the
type
of
zoning
District
you
saw
some
of
these
in
that
initial
screenshot
different
characteristics
about
accessory
dwellings,
planned
residential
developments.
So
here
you
see
again,
my
own
definition
of
zoning
is
uses,
lots
and
structures,
and
so
that's
how
this
guide
is
organized
under
Lots.
D
We
have
lot
size
density
setbacks,
lot
coverage
parking
connectivity
requirements-
you
probably
don't
have
so
much
of
that
here,
but
we
have
things
like
housing
can
only
be
built
if
it's
near
public
transit
stop
or
connected
to
water
or
sewer.
Actually
you
do
have
that
here,
actually
in
your
in
your
state
law,
but
but
we
have
some
of
that
in
Connecticut
and
some
other
places
do
too
and
then
structures,
Florida
area
ratio,
maximum
bedroom,
maximum
unit
and
so
on,
so
different
states
are
taking
different
approaches.
D
My
lab
is
running
the
New
York
Zone
Atlas,
with
lots
of
different
project.
Partners,
there's
one
of
my
students.
He
was
a
project
manager
doing
a
presentation.
Montana
is
so
our
our
project.
Partners
are
our
University's
estate
agency
and
and
non-profits
like
the
regional
plan.
Association
Montana
is
another
example
of
they've
started
to
they're
almost
done
collecting
their
data
and
that's
being
done
by
entirely
by
a
non-profit
organization,
called
the
frontier
Institute,
a
Libertarian,
leaning,
Institute.
D
So
there's
a
big
tent
here
in
terms
of
ideologies
why
people
are
collecting
this
information
and
some
people
might
say
well.
This
is
good
for
deregulation
and
the
market.
Other
people
might
have
that
social
justice
angle.
So
going
back
to
you
know,
all
of
these
motivations
is:
are
you
motivated
by
fair
housing?
Are
you
motivated
by
climate?
Are
you
motivated
by
opportunity?
The
zoning
data
can
be
overlaying
on
other
geospatial
data
that
that
can
really
tell
us
not
only
just
those
questions
about
where
people
live,
but
also
climate
threats,
sea
level
rise.
D
D
D
If
you're
interested
there's
a
page
on
the
zoning
Atlas
website,
that's
called
want
to
make
your
own
Atlas
and
there
you
can
find
information
about
assembling
a
team
links
to
the
how-to
guide
and
kind
of
our
approach
for,
as
in
terms
of
our
collaborative,
we
do
have
four
staff
members
existing
and
incoming
in
our
national
zoning,
Atlas
I
guess
headquarters
in
our
lab
that
common
how-to
guide,
which
is
100
pages.
So
it's
extremely
detailed
how
you're
supposed
to
collect
that
information
and
a
community
of
researchers
and
collaborators
so
here
are
are
again.
D
You
see,
universities,
non-profit
organizations,
Metropolitan
planning
authorities
like
the
Chicago
planning
Authority
and
the
mapc
in
Massachusetts,
as
well
as
funders
from
different
capacities.
So
please
feel
free
to
be
in
touch
with
me.
I'm
going
to
open
for
Q
a
there's
my
Twitter
handle
if
anybody's
on
Twitter
I'm,
always
happy
to
connect
and
I.
Think
I'll
just
stop
there
is
that
good
yep.
D
D
D
Atlas
thanks:
oh
gosh
I
mean
it
just
takes
one
person,
so
you
know
we
found
there's
a
team
emerging
in
Virginia
and
it's
basically
a
grad
student
who
said
I'm
gonna
have
to
I
want
to
do
this,
so
he
contacted
the
APA,
local
or
local
universities.
Professors
asking
people
to
take
specific
regions,
he's
just
sort
of
taking
it
on
himself.
I
mean
it
really
I
mean
there's
lots
of
different
ways.
Project
teams
can
can
emerge.
It
could
come
from
one
of
the
state
agencies.
It
could
come
from.
You
know
legislative
Authority.
D
There's
lots
of
different
ways.
We
the
way
that
we've
been
taking
on
Project
teams
is,
you
know,
essentially
just
talking
with
them,
seeing
if
they
have
a
credible
team
and
then
connecting
them
with
funding
resources.
So
if
you
don't
necessarily
have
funding
resources
here,
you
know
we
can
probably
help
find
some.
So
at
least
some
startup
funding.
I
D
So
you
might
have
seen
a
few
months
ago,
President
Biden
released
an
executive
order
indicating
that
that
the
administration
aspired
to
connect
a
certain
housing
or
certain
federal
programs
with
zoning
progress,
and
so
after
announcing
that
I
think,
maybe
they
realize
well.
We
don't
have
a
baseline
for
how
communities
zone
now.
D
So
how
are
we
going
to
know
whether
they've
made
progress,
and
so
we've
been
talking
a
bit
with
the
White
House
and
with
HUD
about
how
the
national
zoning
Atlas
can
be
used
to
help
them
at
least
establish
a
baseline
now
and
see
what
aspects
of
zoning
might
be
important
to
incentivize?
So
you
know,
for
example,
if
it's
minimum
lot
size,
that's
driving
housing,
Supply
and
affordability,
issue
which
it
probably
is
in
our
research
will
can
probably
show
that.
Then
you
focus
maybe
on
reducing
the
amount
of
large
lot
zoning
in
a
community.
D
So
what
is
that
differential?
And
how
will
the
administration
reward
that
beyond
that
incentive
type
Arrangements
I?
Don't
think
that
the
federal
government
has
any
specific
plans,
although
there's
definitely
some
discussion
in
the
Senate
and
particularly
in
the
senate,
about
the
federal
government's
role
in
zoning
because
of
its
impacts
on
interstate
commerce.
So
there
at
least
there
is
a
some
kind
of
hook
there,
but
for
now
and
for
the
last
century,
it's
really
been
states
that
are
in
charge
of
enabling
and
making
the
rules.
D
D
F
D
So
I
think
there's
a
correlation
there.
Your
first
question
about
resistance,
so
I
actually
think
that
with
knowledge
about
what
zoning
is
and
does
people
get
very
interested
in
in
changing
it,
and
certainly
there's
a
knee-jerk
reaction
out
there
by
by
individual
people
by
look
some
local
elected
officials.
That
might
say
well,
it's
always
been
this
way.
We
don't
want
to
change
it
and
I
think
that
status
quo
bias
affects
policy
making
across
lots
of
different
spheres
the
opportunity
we
have
and
you
reference
that
housing
is
having
a
moment
this
morning.
D
The
opportunity
that
we
have
right
now
is
that
people
are
taking
more
of
an
interest,
and
so,
although
we
saw
some
pushback
from
especially
towns
down
on
in
the
Fairfield
County
close
to
New
York
City
area,
we
actually
saw
elected
officials
from
small
towns
and
Big
Towns
New
Haven,
Hartford
Pomfret,
small
town.
It
testify
at
that
hearing
for
the
bill
that
that
eventually
passed
in
favor
of
the
legislation,
because
again
I
think
the
the
as
people
gain
more
understanding
about
what
zoning
is.
D
D
Achieve
their
population
goals,
population
growth
goals
in
a
slow
growth
state,
so
I
yeah
there's
definitely
always
going
to
be
resistance,
but
I
think
part
of
what
we
were
trying
to
do
through
desegreate
Connecticut
is
arm
ordinary
people
with
information
about
their
own
zoning
so
that
they
could
go
to
their
elected
officials
and
try
start
to
turn
that
tide
away
from
just
the
status
quo.
Bias.
D
F
D
G
My
name
is
Ariel
Jensen
Vargas.
One
of
one
is
something
just
that
I
would
kind
of
bring
into
a
focus.
Is
the
adus
allowing
for
Farm
Workers
to
live
on
the
property?
There
is
a
significant
population
of
Mexican
Farm
Workers
in
Vermont,
and
those
people
are
actually
living
on
the
property
of
the
farmer.
Some
of
those
Mexican
Farm
Workers
do
not
are
not
actually
legally
here
in
this
country.
D
Yes
and
I
think
that's
a
that's
a
great
point,
so
in
it
across
the
country,
we
have
a
housing
shortage,
we
don't
have
enough
housing
for
people
and
what
that
means
is
that
in
especially
in
the
renters
context,
we
see
that
landlords
have
much
more
power
because
renters
can't
move.
They
don't
have
that
ability
to
exit.
As
we
you
know,
talk
sometimes
in
in
the
economics
literature
they
they
can't,
they
can't
move
and
even
when
they
would
like
to
the
housing
that
they
want
to
find
is
more
expensive.
D
If
we
created
more
housing,
tenants
would
have
more
opportunities
to
do
that.
The
issue
of
the
farm
worker
housing
is
interesting.
We
don't
have
good
data
on
that,
because
what
that
is
so
in
one
way
you
could
think
you
could
consider
it
well.
Maybe
this
is
multi-family
housing,
because
you
have
multi
multi
unrelated
people
living
on
the
same
lot.
But
it's
not
really.
You
know
kind
of
skew
the
the
numbers
to
count
that
sort
of
temporary
work-dependent
housing
as
multi-family
housing,
equivalent
to
say
an
apartment
building
in
Burlington.
D
H
One
thing
I've
been
very
curious
about
for
a
long
time,
my
observations
of
which
I'm
sure
you've
seen
plenty
of
times
the
wealthier
communities
declining
to
have
to
accommodate
housing
for
lower
income
people,
so
I've
always
thought
that
it
might
be
appropriate
for
the
state
to
say
every
Community
needs
to
zone
for
housing
to
accommodate
their
share
of
the
state's
entire
population,
just
to
make
it
fair
just
to
say
across
the
entire
State.
Okay,
every
rich
town
has
to
be
be
ready
to
provide
housing
for
a
low-income
component
of
the
entire
state.
D
Yeah,
so
so
what
you're
talking
about
is
fair
share
legislation,
so
New
Jersey
is
a
state
that
has
a
fair
share
regime
as
a
result
of
court
cases.
The
Mount
Laurel
decision
that
have
in
turn
resulted
in
state
state
agency
being
created
and
housing
being
constructed
that
enables
municipalities
across
New
Jersey
to
Bear
more
of
what
is
their
fair
share
than
they
have
in
the
past.
That
has
resulted
in
housing
being
created
in
New
Jersey,
but
in
some
ways
it
has
resulted
in
housing.
That's
not
necessarily
in
the
right
places.
D
So
for
a
state
like
Connecticut,
where
you
have
a
lot
of
rural
areas
and
Suburban
areas,
my
bias
is-
and
this
is
just
my
bias-
my
bias
is
that
what
we
should
be
doing
is
building
new
housing
in
places
where
we
have
existing
infrastructure,
not
dispersing
housing
out
out
to
places
where
people
can't,
even
if
they
do
have
an
inexpensive
apartment.
They
can't
access
the
services
that
they
need.
D
So
our
thought,
through
desegreate
Connecticut,
is
that,
instead
of
focusing
on
the
fair
share
model,
which
was
developed
in
the
1970s
and
80s
of
thinking,
is
that
we
should
focus
on
areas
that
already
have
water
and
sewer,
which
is
not
all
of
Connecticut,
but
also
areas
around
Transit
stations.
So
we
have
61
Transit
stations
6162..
D
D
The
the
power
of
public
hearings
to
kill
housing,
because
people
who
show
up
at
public
hearings
are
the
people
who
already
live
in
a
town
they're,
not
people
who
do
don't
yet
live
in
that
town,
but
want
to
live
in
that
town
and
even
when
those
people
show
up
at
hearings,
they're
shouted
down
or
things
get
I'm
sure
not
in
Vermont.
But
in
some
places
people
are
not
very
polite.
D
Oh
wow
great,
so
eliminate
public
hearings
for
housing.
As
long
as
you
write
the
rules,
so
in
Hartford,
for
example,
we
have
a
form-based
code,
every
we
know
exactly
what's
going
to
be
built,
we
know
how
tall
it's
going
to
be.
We
know
where
it's
going
to
be
situated
with
respect
to
the
street
line.
We
know
even
what
kind
of
roof
it's
going
to
be.
Maybe
that's
too
prescriptive,
but
Hartford
is
very
historic
lots
of
historic
neighborhoods.
So
we
wanted
to
kind
of
provide
some
parameters.
D
There
are
no
public
hearings
in
the
city
of
Hartford
for
any
housing,
and
that's
just
that's
how
we
wanted
it
and
there's
no
there's
no
parking
requirements
either.
There's
a
bike
parking
requirement-
that's
like
Lawless
over
there,
but
that's
how
we
wrote,
wrote
the
rules
intentionally
because,
again
in
a
slow
growth
state
in
a
struggling
City.
What
we
want
is
development
that
fits
is
compatible
with
with
our
neighborhoods,
but
also
is
easy
to
build.
D
E
Thank
you
so
much
for
being
here.
That
was
a
really
cool
talk.
I'm,
a
computer
science
student
at
the
University
of
Vermont,
so
I'm
really
super
interested
in
what
you
had
to
say:
I,
don't
know
if
you
noticed,
but
there's
a
big
hole
in
the
middle
of
Burlington.
We
call
it
the
pit
and
it's
one
of
the
problems
that
kind
of
created.
D
I
think
the
the
best
path
to
equity
is
kind
of
what
I
was
just
saying
is
that
if,
if
you
have
parameters
within
which
private
development
can
occur-
and
you
make
it
so
that
people
can't
block
especially
housing
I'm
really
talking
about
housing,
then
you
will
be
it'll,
be
much
faster
for
a
community
to
create
housing
and
create
opportunities.
I'm
not
familiar
with
with
the
pit,
but
I'll
have
to
check
it
out
sometime
today,
so
I
mean
I,
think
so.
D
For
me,
I
mean
I've
worked
in
real
estate
development,
I'm,
obviously
care
about
Equity
too,
as
you
can
see,
through
desegreate
Connecticut
I,
think
there
is
a
way
to
balance.
I
mean
just
the
way
I
mean
I've
written
about
in
other
areas.
There
is
a
way
to
balance
historic
preservation
and
affordable
housing
and
historic
preservation
and
renewable
energy.
To
me,
these
are
design
problems
in
the
case
of
zoning.
It's
a
legal
design
problem
in
the
case
of
historic
preservation
and
ADA
compliance.
That's
a
architectural
design
problem.
D
D
We
will,
but
you
know,
be
one
of
the
first
projects
that
has
these
really
complicated,
200-page
legal
texts
where
a
machine
can
go
through
them
and
actually
spit
out
at
least
a
good
chunk
of
information
that
we
might
be
able
to
use
for
the
zoning
Atlas.
So
don't
wait
too
long
Vermont,
but
if
you
you
might
benefit
from
some
of
that
research
and
accelerate
accelerate
your
work,
but
I
think
that's
going
to
be
a
very
cool
new
frontier
in
computer
science
and
at
the
intersection
of
computer
science.
It's
in
law
so
stay
tuned
for
that.