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From YouTube: 2016 p4 Pittsburgh #6: Place - 10/18/16
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A
A
A
Like
our
speakers
will
talk
to
you
about
in
a
bit,
but
I
actually
am
participating
in
this
fellowship
with
eight
amazing
people
who
are
also
thinking
about
equity
and
justice
in
place.
The
those
of
us
who
work
in
living
in
the
united
states
are
thinking
about
this
from
a
racial
and
class
perspective
in
south
side,
chicago
metropolitan,
dallas
and
in
new
york
city.
But
we
do
have
a
cohort
who's
from
around
the
world,
and
so
their
protectors
are
a
bit
different,
but
just
as
important.
A
So
we
have
one
fellow
who's
from
ethiopia
and
is
trying
to
really
kind
of
make
sure
that
there's
some
gender
equity
with
an
architecture
we
have
a
fellow
who
works
in
palestinian
refugee
camps
and
trying
to
bring
dignity
to
the
people.
Who've
been
living
there
for
over
70
years,
and
we
also
have
a
young
woman
who
works
in
Nepal,
the
Philippines
in
Japan,
and
trying
to
help
older
people
physically
design
and
build
places
where
they
can
age
with
dignity
in
place.
A
You
really
impactful
whoa
incredible
group
of
people
at
Harvard,
but
obviously,
as
you
know,
my
concerns
about
Pittsburgh
I
have
been
working
around
neighborhoods,
predominantly
african-american
neighborhoods
in
Pittsburgh,
for
about
five
years
now,
and
there's
one
project
in
particular
that
I
really
do
adore
and
it's
the
urban
Madras
project
and
that
project
is
really
important
because
it
does
speak
to
the
importance
of
place
and
how
our
young
people
have
to
feel
comfortable
in
place
and
that
they
have
a
right,
particularly
african-american.
Kids
have
a
right
to
the
city.
A
This
is
everybody
else,
does
so
the
program.
It's
designed
it's
modeled
after
the
cinema,
ferbin
pedigo
geez
program,
they're
based
out
of
gowanus
brooklyn,
but
the
program
is
really
to
really
figure
out
how
to
help
young
people
demystify
public
policy
and
these
policies
around
planning
and
land
use
are
important
and
they
impact
their
lives
and
lots
of
their
parents
and
their
neighbors.
A
And
so
this
is
an
empowering
program
so
that
young
people
can
know
that
they
can
access
the
places
that
they
don't
ordinarily
go
to
and
they
can
access
the
people
who
make
decisions
about
their
neighborhoods.
So
they
definitely
go
out
and
interview
the
adult
residents
in
their
neighborhoods,
their
community
leaders.
They
interview
elected
officials,
they
interview
their
counsel
people.
A
The
last
urban
matters
program
interview
the
mayor
about
urban
infrastructure,
so
these
are
really
important
is
the
process
of
this
program
is
probably
more
important
than
the
actual
final
document,
which
is
usually
a
video
and
I
believe
that
the
p4
website
does
have
a
little
blurb
about
it.
So
place
is
important
and
I'm.
Looking
forward
to
hearing
our
three
speakers,
the
first
that
you'll
hear
is
kind
bergman.
A
Our
second
speaker
is
Angela
Blanchard
and
she's,
the
president
and
CEO
of
neighborhood
centers
inc,
which
is
based
in
Houston
and
she's.
Basically,
a
one-stop
shop
for
community
development
in
neighbor
neighborhoods
according
to
neighborhood
centers
or
places
where
people
can
thrive
and
where
diverse
people
from
diverse
backgrounds
can
make
very
thriving
neighborhoods
and,
lastly,
Lizzie
boo,
boo,
boo,
boo,
sorry,
Liz
she's,
a
designer
and
founder
of
studio.
Oh
and
Liz
works
globally
with
immigrant
populations
as
well
as
vulnerable
communities,
low-income
communities
and
she
works
from
a
design
perspective
around
equity
equity
in
design.
B
Thank
you,
greetings
Pittsburgh,
so
I'm
here,
actually
at
the
invitation
of
the
Heinz
foundation
in
the
city
of
Pittsburgh,
the
mayor's
office
to
actually
sort
of
come
a
second
time.
I
was
here.
Some
of
you
may
have
seen
the
last
time
so
I'd
like
to
actually
show
you
what
we
have
done
sort
of
in
the
past
year
since
since
I
was
here
last-
and
maybe
some
of
you
know
a
little
project
that
we've
actually
done
in
New,
York
called
the
via.
B
This
is
a
project
that
combines
a
skyscraper
with
the
courtyard
to
create
a
chord
scraper,
a
brand
new
typology
that
now
sits
in
New,
York
and
just
as
Central
Park
is
really
the
green
lung
of
the
city.
At
an
urban
scale.
We
have
basically
miniaturized
13,000
times
Central
Park's
proportions
to
create
a
courtyard
inside
a
full
city
block
in
Manhattan,
and
now
it's
a
space
that
actually
is
there
for
everyone
that
is
in
the
building
and
in
the
city
to
enjoy.
B
So
it's
in
a
way
to
think
about
our
opportunities
here
today
to
create
new
type
ologies
new
ways
of
living,
new
ways
of
working
of
playing
in
our
cities,
because
we
now
have
the
ability
to
sort
of
think
about
how
we
live
work
and
play.
I
also
showed
you
previously,
an
energy
plant
that
we're
designing
in
Copenhagen
and,
yes,
it
puffs
out
smoke
rings
out
at
the
top
to
basically
signify
every
time
a
ton
of
carbon
is
burned
in
the
plant.
B
A
puff
smoke
ring
is
puffed
out
to
sort
of
say
to
us
to
kind
of
communicate
to
us
how
we're
actually
interacting
with
our
resources
and
how
much
we're
using
if
it's
just
a
trail
of
smoke,
there's
no
way
to
actually
engage
with
the
quantity
and
there's
a
ski
slope
on
top
of
this
power
plant,
because
it's
a
power
plant
that
provides
energy
for
the
city,
but
it's
also
an
amenity
for
the
rest
of
Copenhagen.
It
is
now
engaged
with
the
city,
it's
not
on
the
periphery
or
in
the
suburbs.
It's
not
something!
B
B
This
is,
of
course,
about
three
and
a
half
years
ago
it
created
about
20
billion
dollars
of
image
for
the
city,
and
we
have
been
tasked
with
looking
at
a
way
to
incorporate
flood
protection
that,
at
the
same
time,
also
again
serves
the
city
on
a
much
grander
scale.
So
imagine
a
ribbon
of
protection,
ten
miles
long
on
the
periphery
of
New
York.
That
actually
also
is
a
park
and
and
offers
tailored
spaces
for
the
neighborhoods
that
are
adjacent
to
it.
B
A
city
I
think
that
landscape
architects
are
the
rock
stars
of
our
time,
because
if
you
think
about
New
York,
it
is
Central
Park,
it
is
the
High
Line.
It
is
Battery
Park
Brooklyn
Bridge
Park,
the
Hudson
River
Park.
These
are
the
areas
in
the
city
that
have
most
recently
actually
created
the
kind
of
economic
sort
of
investment
and
also
increase
the
tax
base.
In
order
for
a
lot
of
things
to
happen
now,
since
I
was
here,
we've
become
also
involved
here
locally
in
the
lower
he'll
master
plan
project.
B
This
is
a
project
that
we
did
with
penguins
and
McCormick
Baron
Salazar
who's
been
very
active
in
Pittsburgh.
The
lower
Hill
District,
as
many
of
you
know,
is
an
area
that
has
been
sort
of
over
the
eight
over
the
time
has
really
been
cut
off.
This
is
one
graphic
that
if
you
look
on
the
left
shows
the
lower
Hill
neighborhood
as
it
can
have
connected
to
the
downtown
area
and
really
provided
a
lot
of
affordable
housing
options
at
that
time,
and
then
in
the
1950s
and
60s
during
the
sort
of
Renaissance.
B
There
was
also
the
desire
to
create
movements.
All
cities
in
America
were
going
through
this,
but
that
was
basically
a
decision
from
our
forefathers
that
has
had
decades
of
after
effects
and
I.
Think
that's
also
something
important
to
remember
when
we're
sitting
in
this
room
is
that
our
decisions
matter,
our
decisions,
have
repercussions
so
now,
there's
the
desire
to
actually
Reese
thich
the
lower
Hill
District
back
with
downtown,
because
that
is
a
vital
link
and
we
have
gone
through
a
sort
of
a
six-month
process
where
we
actually
met
with
a
lot
of
community
groups.
B
We
probably
met
with
a
lot
of
you.
We
met
with
a
lot
of
the
city
agencies
like
the
URA
and
the
SE,
a
to
look
at
how
we
can
reinvigorate
the
lower
Hill,
District
and
sort
of
stitch
it
back.
We
found
that
the
biggest
obstacle
was
basically
the
topography
that,
because
you
have
these
steep
slopes
when
you
place
a
grid
on
the
lower
Hill
as
it
moves
up
to
the
middle
Hill
you're,
looking
at
a
14-percent
great
difference.
That
means
that
really
no
one
wants
to
walk
you're
not
going
to
bike.
B
So
much
and
really
you're
going
to
privilege
the
automobile.
So
you're
already
basically
saying
that
the
streets
rule
everything
else
is
subservient
to
the
streets.
We
came
up
with
the
idea
what
if
we
actually
said
that
the
biggest
slope
across
the
entire
28
acres
was
five
percent
that
would
allow
strollers
that
would
allow
Walker's,
bikes
and
people
walking.
So,
instead
of
thinking
of
what
we
normally
do,
which
is
to
place
a
grid
on
the
28
acres,
we
looked
at
as
a
criss-cross
set
of
paths
that
the
kind
of
path
work.
B
The
path
network
was
the
primary
kind
of
organizational
principle.
Then
we
wanted
to
sort
of
create
an
organizational
piece
that
basically
created
a
public
realm,
basically
a
park
that
connected
downtown
across
a
cap
and
then
meandering
a
zig
zagging
up
the
hill.
So
again,
we
would
only
have
a
five
percent
gray
difference.
It
would
then
connect
with
Wylie
Street
up
at
the
top
and
move
into
the
middle
Hill.
B
We
also
looked
at
a
way
to
think
about
the
heights
so
that
everyone
could
actually
have
views,
because
the
beauty
of
your
topography
in
Pittsburgh
is
that
it's
really
hard
not
to
have
a
view.
So
we
wanted
to
take
advantage
of
that
slope
that
steep
slope
to
look
at
how
we
were
going
to
organize
the
buildings
and
also
preserve
the
views
from
the
people
that
are
already
living
up
on
the
hill,
the
the
upper
hill,
and
so
we
just
as
we
were
thinking
of
creating
a
new
typology
in
New
York
with
the
court
scraper.
B
We
were
thinking
about
what
kind
of
building
would
make
sense
here
in
Pittsburgh
and
what
we
came
up
with
was,
if
you
look
at
on
the
on
your
left,
these
are
sort
of
the
standard,
boxy
buildings
that
you
see
everywhere
when
you
sort
of
look
out.
What
we
propose
is
a
kind
of
terrorist
building
that
terrorist
building
actually
allows
you
to
take
advantage
of
the
slope
and
to
allow
for
terracing
that
allows
for
the
indoor/outdoor
movement
of
people
and
enjoying
basically
the
views
that
are
now
able
to
be
had.
B
So
it's
in
a
way
that
you
could
at
this
point.
Oh
you
know,
pittsburgh
has
a
hundred
and
fifty
two
hundred
year
or
longer
history
that
you
would
be
able
to
create
a
new
typology
that
really
takes
advantage
of
that
slope,
and
then
you
have
commercial
buildings
that
are
getting
taller
and
taller
as
they
meet
the
city.
So
here
is
something
that
I'm
really
excited.
To
also
share
with
you
is
that
the
the
tiger
funding
the
federal
funding
for
the
cap
has
been
approved.
B
So,
basically,
that's
the
first
step
now
to
sort
of
cross
that
divide
that
was
created
by
the
interstate
and
to
actually
then
also
get
up
to
the
hill.
So
we're
really
looking
forward
to
these
first
projects
as
we
integrate
these
principles
and
ideas
into
the
planning
that
is
already
in
place
now.
I
know
that
Pittsburgh
also
is
and
finds
itself
as
sort
of
a
center
of
the
autonomous
vehicle,
and
there
have
been
plenty
of
speakers
that
have
sort
of
spoken
about
what
that
means
to
you.
B
I
would
like
to
sort
of
show
you
what
that
means
to
your
city
in
terms
of
space.
We
were
asked
by
Audi.
Audi
is,
of
course
the
German
automaker
to
they
were
afraid,
because
architects
were
showing
the
future
and
there
were
no
cars
in
the
future.
It
was
only
people
writing
sort
of
bicycling
and
smiling
and
walking
everywhere
and
for
Audi.
It
was
like
such
fear
that
in
50
years
there
would
be
no
automobiles.
B
They
came
straight
to
us
the
source,
and
they
said
please
tell
us:
how
do
we
get
cars
into
your
renderings,
and
so
we
basically
said
we'll
take
this
challenge?
Will
will
listen
and
we'll
talk
to
you,
so
the
four
rings
are
actually
for
automotive
companies
that
came
together
and
they're
very
proud
of
their
sort
of
technical
expertise.
B
B
The
idea
was
that
you
could
create
an
Audi
experience,
no
matter
what
mode
of
transportation
that
you
would
take
and
they
loved
this
idea,
and
we
said
you
could
have
the
same
sort
of
leather
smell,
the
same
clunk
of
the
door,
no
matter
what
kind
of
kind
of
mobility
service
that
you
took.
So
they
asked
us
to
do
a
little
bit
more
research.
So
we
took
that
as
a
challenge
to
sort
of
look
at
how
we
organize
ourselves
today-
and
this
is
basically
a
picture
of
the
405
in
Los
Angeles.
B
We
just
add
lanes
when
you
look
at.
Basically,
the
history
of
autumn
is
a
shin.
Since
the
1970s
there
has
been
sort
of
more
and
more
research
in
how
cars
can
actually
drive
themselves.
Here
is
a
1995
and
1998
sort
of
study
of
basically,
once
you
have
cars
that
are
basically
oughta
mised,
they
know
where
they
are
in
relationship
to
everything
else.
B
They
no
longer
need
the
space
on
a
interstate,
because
the
only
reason
that
we
have
so
much
space
between
ourselves
is
that
we
don't
know
what
the
other
driver
is
going
to
be
doing
now.
That
requires
a
lot
of
space.
If
we
could
actually
create
automobiles
that
basically
take
out
that
sort
of
question,
then
we
could
actually
place
a
lot
more
cars
into
the
same
space.
Now
we
have
been
living
with
autumn
eyes,
subway
systems.
For
decades
we
have
been
flying
on
cruise
control
for
even
longer
Tom
Cruise
is
in
cruise
control.
B
B
Then
we
moved
to
public
transportation
Moscow
one
of
the
sort
of
earliest
subway
systems,
and
here
they
created
sort
of
garden
cities
where
you
would
take
the
subway
out
into
the
suburbs,
have
a
wonderful
green
park,
and
then
you
would
have
these
sort
of
high-rises
that
are
going
all
around
Los.
Angeles
is
one
of
the
first
cities
built
after
the
car
was
invented,
so
you
have
basically
an
infrastructure
that
is
purely
car
related
if
we
take
the
interchange
of
the
10
and
the
405
and
look
at
it.
B
That
is
the
same
size
as
downtown
Copenhagen
the
medieval
period
space.
So
imagine
how
much
space
we
are
taking
up
in
just
moving
people
in
four
different
directions.
Also,
of
course,
there's
Speight
the
the
speed
with
which
we
travel.
That
also
necessitates
how
long
we
need
to
actually
change.
We
have
been
giving
the
kind
of
transportation
engineers
the
rule
of
law,
of
how
our
cities
are
actually
organized.
So
our
question
is
just:
is
there
a
new
paradigm?
Is
there
a
new
way
of
actually
organizing
our
cities?
B
We
feel
there
is
because,
as
I
mentioned
to
you
before,
when
you
have
basically
four
cars
right
there
using
up
that
space
because
of
how
much
distance
needs
to
be
between
two
drivers,
we
could
pack
12
cars
into
the
same
space.
If
they're
autonomous.
Now
we
use
fifteen
percent
of
our
cities
for
roads,
pavements
and
getting
people
from
one
place
to
another.
We
could
pack
the
same
amount
of
people
into
five
percent.
That
leaves
ten
percent
of
our
cities.
B
That
could
either
be
for
growth,
meaning
there
are
more
of
us,
or
we
can
start
to
actually
develop
those
ten
percent
in
a
new
way
to
use
that
space
in
sort
of
a
way
that
actually
creates
a
more
invigorating
space.
Now,
I'm
going
to
challenge
you
guys
with
lower
Hill
master
plan,
did
you
realize
that
those
28
acres
require
a
single
parking
space
in
the
building
code
because
of
its
proximity
to
downtown?
Because
of
wanting
to
sort
of
also
reinvigorate
and
support
people
moving
now?
Do
you
think
that
and
the
challenges?
B
Do
you
think
that
people
actually
build
buildings
that
have
no
parking
spaces?
Perhaps
not,
but
the
possibility
exists.
You
here
in
Pittsburgh
could
develop
in
the
first
buildings
in
the
nation
adjacent
to
a
downtown
area
where
the
parking
is
not
the
sort
of
requirement,
not
the
priority,
not
the
sort
of
pushing
mechanism
of
everything
above
it.
You
can
take
all
of
that
space
that
you
and
money
that
you
would
spend
in
parking
and
actually
create
more
affordable
units
and
better
places
better
public
realm.
B
That's
a
space
that
you
actually
have
at
your
disposal
right
here
in
Pittsburgh,
so
we
then
worked
with
Audi
to
think
about
how
that
future
street
or
future
space
can
be.
People
are
okay
with
giving
up,
driving
just
think
about
the
yellow
cabs
in
New
York,
and
then
we
developed
a
street
for
the
future.
This
is
an
example
that
we
did
where
the
car
is
driving
and
everything
is
it's
being
sensed,
so
the
arrow
shows
how
the
car
is
driving
and
how
people
and
obstacles
are
reacting
to
the
car
and
how
the
car
reacts.
B
So
this
is
a
smart
street
where
you
could
imagine
that
the
cars
or,
if
there's
an
obstruction
in
front
of
the
car,
the
car,
totally
stops
once
the
obstruction
leaves
the
car
can
travel
again.
So
this
is
a
space,
a
place
where
we
could
create
a
new
paradigm
shift
of
how
people
move
through
the
city,
either
in
many
fewer
lanes,
because
now
we
can
use
the
lanes
more
intelligently
than
just
passive,
concrete
and
asphalt.
So
this
is
a
challenge
that
I
have
for
all
of
you.
B
C
So
how
y'all
doing
oh
honey
you're
such
troopers
are
still
here.
So
let
me
just
tell
you
I'm
super
excited
about
the
presentation
that
just
came
before,
because
usually
whenever
somebody
gets
up
to
talk
about
how
cities
should
be
organized,
they
always
use
some
examples
and
of
what
not
to
do
and
usually
achoo
Stan
and
thank
God
for
Los
Angeles
Los
Angeles
is
like
that
old
uncle.
You
have
that's
a
real
screw
up
and
you're
always
glad
when
he
comes
to
Thanksgiving
dinner,
because
next
to
him
you
look
good
like
that.
C
So
anyway,
I
was
like
really
consistent,
does
have
the
largest
freeway
in
the
world
and
we're
working
on
that.
So
this
is.
This
is
skipping
ahead,
a
little
the
measure
of
a
great
city
I
here
today,
all
the
aspirations
you
have
to
be
a
great
city
and,
frankly,
so
much
of
what
I've
heard
already
tells
me
that
you
are,
but
for
me
that
measure
of
a
great
city
is
not
who's
there.
It's
not.
The
architecture
is
not
the
museum's,
it's
not
the
infrastructure,
it's
not
the
freeways
or
the
electric
cars.
C
The
measure
of
a
great
cities
whose
welcome
in
that
city
and
Houston,
has
become
the
most
diversity
in
the
United
States.
By
being
a
welcome
welcoming
city
and
I've
had
a
frontline
front-row
seat
for
the
transformation
of
Houston
over
the
last
30
years,
and
it's
been
really
remarkable,
so
I
believe
when
people
come
to
a
city
or
when
they've
come
from
a
neighborhood
to
opportunity.
I
like
to
say
whether
you're
crossing
the
tracks,
the
river
of
the
ocean,
you
need
a
place
to
begin
and
Houston
had
a
neighborhood.
C
That
was
one
of
the
most
troubled
neighborhoods
in
the
region.
It
was
a
neighborhood
that
everybody
talked
about
in
terms
of
what
was
wrong
with
it
and
there
was
a
long
list,
but
it
was
also
the
most
diverse
neighborhood
in
Houston
and
using
a
set
of
contributions
from
the
public,
private
and
nonprofit
sector.
C
So
we
set
out
engulfed
in
to
build
something
that
would
be
holistic
and
complete
and
inspiring,
because
we
had
to
welcome
people
from
everywhere.
We
did
our
community
meetings
engulfing
in
eight
languages,
Arabic
Urdu,
spanish,
english,
chinese
vietnamese-
and
you
know
that
was
pretty
darn
exciting
and
we
had
it
painted
some
colors
that
made
everybody
feel
at
home
and
it's
a
magnet
now
for
it's
a
magnet
for
aspiration
in
houston.
C
And
but
wherever
you
go
in
the
world,
you
find
these
places
the
landing
places
the
places
that
people
start
in
neighborhoods
to
try
to
figure
out
how
to
rebuild
a
life
from
their
own
imagination.
How
to
work
out
a
way
forward,
that's
different
than
the
life
they
were
born
to.
So
this
is
a
place
in
Germany,
and
this
place
is
in
Berlin,
and
it's
a
site
of
welcome
for
some
of
the
1.1
million
Syrians
Germany's
taken
in
so
I
really
believe
that
welcoming
cities
really
need
these
landing
places.
C
These
places
of
welcome
and
the
most
successful
cities
of
the
future,
no
disrespect
to
all
of
the
other
ideas
will
be
those
cities
that
can
turn
desperation
and
aspiration
into
participation.
Who
can
build
the
means
by
which
people
can
take
the
deep
hunger
they
have
to
matter
to
participate
and
turn
that
into
a
real
sense
of
belonging.
C
So
we
like
to
talk
about
poverty,
in
fact
sometimes
I
believe
I,
don't
know
what
some
people
would
do
without
poverty,
because
you
know
we
like
to
stack
up
the
studies
about
it
and
admire
the
problem
and
I
feel
like
there's
a
couple
of
different
ways
to
be
poor
and
one
is
when
their
belly
growls
and
the
dollars
you
earn,
don't
make
it
to
the
end
of
the
month
and
that's
a
scary
kind
of
poverty.
You
don't
want
to
be
evicted,
you
don't
want
to
be
able.
C
You
don't
want
to
be
not
able
to
pay
your
kids
school
fees,
but
there's
another
kind
of
poverty
and
desperation
that
goes
with
that
kindness.
The
feeling
that
maybe
there's
not
a
place
for
you
in
the
world,
in
my
definition
of
place,
significance
of
place
is
the
one
we
make
for
people
and
the
one
we
allow
them
to
make
for
themselves
in
the
cities
that
we're
creating
together.
C
So
generally
speaking,
when
we
set
out
to
help
poor,
neighborhoods
or
poor
people,
we
have
these
fabulous
deficit
models
and
it
says
if
you
really
want
some
revitalization
money,
then
you
write
up
a
report
and
you
make
it
really
10
feet
tall
and
four
feet
thick
and
you
document
the
hell
out
of
everything
wrong
with
your
neighborhood
and
if
it's
bad
enough,
we'll
give
you
a
little
money.
Now,
it's
not
going
to
be
enough,
and
it's
not
going
to
last
long
enough
to
make
a
difference.
C
But
this
model
have
proved
to
us
how
broken
you
are
and
then
we'll
support
it.
That's
harmful
because
we
really
at
neighborhood
centers.
We
don't
see
poor
neighborhoods
that
way.
Last
year
we
helped
525
thousand
people.
That
was
the
number
of
folks
whose
lives
we
touched
in
one
of
our
70
locations
and
over
and
over
and
again
in
every
neighborhood.
We
find
something
much
more
than
lacks
gaps
needs
and
wants.
We
believe
that
change.
C
It
begins
with
the
first
new
question
and
when
we
want
to
help
neighborhoods
and
when
we
want
to
work
with
people,
it's
not
about
what's
missing
or
broken
in
all
the
ways
they
failed
to
live
up
to
our
measure
of
success.
It's
really
about
what's
working
here,
who's
working
here,
what
gives
life
to
this
community?
What
is
this
community
been
able
to
figure
out
for
itself?
What
problems
have
they
solved?
What
businesses
have
they
created?
What
relationships
have
they
tended
and
nurtured
over
the
years?
C
We
found
tremendous
ability
and
willingness
to
take
risk,
a
real
spirit
of
experimentation
and
innovation
and
that's
the
foundation
for
how
we
invest
with
the
community
in
neighborhoods,
because
you
can't
build
unbroken,
and
you
know
I
just
got
to
say
one
little
aside
here.
You
know
folks
like
to
talk
about
concentrated
poverty.
Well,
he's
in
627
square
miles.
It's
really
hard
to
get
to
the
level
of
concentration
of
anything
that
people
will
find
compelling,
as
I
explained
in
DC.
C
Once
we
couldn't
get
all
the
poor
people
to
live
in
one
neighborhood,
but
we
do
have
poor,
neighborhoods
and
I
always
feel
like.
If
you
want
to
make
poor
neighborhood
less
poor
and
you're
really
concerned
about
concentrations
of
wealth
and
poverty,
we
should
just
get
some
rich
people
to
move
in
to
the
poor
neighborhood,
and
that
would
just
improve
things.
C
A
lot
so
I
think
you
can't
build
on
broken
I
believe
strongly
that
every
every
single
neighborhood
every
community
has
strengths
and
resources
and
assets
and
unearthing
that
that
relentless
search
for
those
that's
this
dirty
I've,
been
on
for
over
30
years,
and
we
find
people
in
communities.
We
find
people
like
kalid
and
his
daughter
kalid
took
13
years
to
get
to
the
United
States
jetty
to
this
country
from
Pakistan
because
of
the
hope
he
had
for
his
daughter.
He
will
do
anything
to
for
his
kids,
education,
he
will
volunteer
and
he
did.
C
C
C
Now
what
happens
if,
in
truth,
you're
just
about
to
bulldoze
everything
so
every
now
and
then
a
developer
will
come
to
it
neighborhood
centers
and
they
will
say
to
me:
can
you
help
us
engage
the
community
because
we
have
a
plan
for
this
neighborhood
and
we
want
them
to
like
it
and
we
say:
well,
that's
not
exactly
community
engagement,
that's
pretty
much!
You
decide,
you
have
money,
you
have
power
and
you've
decided
what's
going
to
happen,
and
now
you
want
to
stick
us
in
there
between
you
and
the
folks.
C
It's
going
to
impact
and
make
them
like
it.
That's
not
engagement,
and
we
say
no
to
that.
Engagement
is
when
you
start
with
the
aspirations
of
the
community
and
your
investment
is
driven
about
what
the
community
is
trying
to
achieve
for
itself.
So
we
like
to
say:
yeah,
listen
twice,
build
once
and
I'm
always
getting
people
saying
well,
but
isn't
that
expensive
and
doesn't
that
take
a
long
time
and
I
like
to
say
we'll
just
think
how
long
it
takes.
C
C
So
I
want
you
to
know
I,
don't
want
you
to
think
for
a
minute
I'm,
a
philosopher
or
a
scholar
or
a
policymaker.
I
am
a
practitioner.
I
get
up
every
day
and
I
go
and
try
to
make
this
work,
and
this
is
what
it
looks
like.
This
is
a
bunch
of
people
coming
together
right
now
we're
about
to
build
another
big
project
like
Baker
Ripley,
and
these
are
the
folks
and
aldine
that
have
outlined
a
vision
for
their
Center
and
it's
a
really
wonderful
vision.
C
That's
built
on
the
strengths
of
aldine
Aldean's,
a
poor
neighborhood
and
when
Houston
went
on
its
annexing
binge
in
the
80s
and
90s,
we
got
to
all
din
and
it
turned
out
well
folks,
there
were
pretty
poor
and
if
we
annex
them
then
we'd
have
to
pay
for
a
lot
of
things,
their
property
taxes
weren't
going
to
cover.
So
we
just
an
extra
round
them
and
left
them
on
their
own.
Now
that
they're
on
their
own,
they
actually
took
that
as
an
opportunity
to
build
whatever
the
hell.
C
They
wanted
any
way
they
wanted
anywhere
they
wanted,
and
what
you
see
in
all
Dean
is
a
lot
of
creative
housing
solutions.
You
see
a
lot
of
multi-purpose
dwellings,
you
see
a
lot
of
things,
you've,
never
seen
anywhere
else
and
they're
wonderful,
they're,
authentic.
They
created
out
of
their
aspirations.
C
You
say
not
really
you're
really
going
to
design
the
thing
that
people
can
feel
at
home
in
places
where
they
can
do
these
three
things,
because
here's
what
we've
learned
there
are
three
hungers
that
unites
everybody
across
the
globe
everywhere,
I've
been
it's
the
hunger
to
earn,
learn
and
belong.
It's
easy
to
remember
when
it
comes
to
measurement.
This
one
is
simple:
I've
been
through
all
the
logic
models
and
collective
impact,
and
god
only
knows
god
bless.
You
funders
what
you're
going
to
come
up
with.
C
Next,
that's
going
to
require
me
to
turn
in
a
million
new
reports.
However,
when
I
want
to
know
whether
I
really
am
doing
something,
that's
making
a
difference,
are
we
producing
delivering
a
program?
That's
changing
lives.
These
are
the
three
things
that
matter
in
every
community.
We
work
in
our
people
earning
and
can
they
keep
more
of
what
they
earn?
Are
we
raising
their
ability
to
their
wages?
Are
we
are
their
incomes
going
up?
The
second
thing
are:
they
learning
are
their
children
learning?
This
is
a
hunger
we
all
have
and
I'll
tell
you.
C
Many
parents
may
have
given
up
on
the
possibility.
They'll
ever
learn
again
or
anything
more.
They
may
have
accepted.
They'll
have
a
lifelong
struggle,
but
they
can't
accept
it.
If
that's
their
children's
lot,
they
won't
accept
their
kids,
not
having
a
better
opportunity,
so
earn,
learn
and
belong
social
connection.
There
are
lots
of
fancy
name
for
it,
I
call
it
neighbors
living
as
friends.
It's
our
way
to
see
to
it
that
people
come
together,
learn
from
one
another,
have
a
voice
and
be
able
to
exercise
it
on
their
own
behalf.
C
So,
while
you're
doing
this
work
and
I'm
speaking
to
all
you
community
development
folks
out
there
all
the
while
you're,
actually
getting
stuff
done,
there'll
be
a
whole
collection
of
people
standing
around.
You
saying
really
helpful
things
like
well:
that'll,
never
work
and
no
one's
going
to
fund
it,
and
it's
not
scalable.
It's
not
replicable
as
going
too
slow,
and
it's
not
going
fast
enough.
It's
too
big,
it's
too
small
and
my
personal
favorite
right
in
the
middle
of
raising
money
for
Baker
Ripley.
C
So
the
thing
is:
don't
start
if
you're,
not
a
careerist,
don't
start
if
you're
worried
about
what
your
reputation
is
going
to
be.
Don't
start.
If
you
have
to
have
everything
you
do
be
a
success,
because
this
is
hard
work
and
in
the
midst
of
raising
money
for
something
you
might
find
that
there's
a
big
economic
downturn
or
hurricane
or
have
heaven
knows
what
else
you
have
to
make
a
commitment
to
see
it
through.
C
When
someone
gives
me
some
money,
I'm
going
to
play
when
somebody
provides
me
a
plan
and
some
sheet
music,
I'm
going
to
play
when
someone
builds
me
a
stage
I'm
going
to
play
so
a
lot
of
community
development
work,
a
lot
of
creating
these
landing
places
and
on-ramps,
it's
improvisation,
it's
the
process.
You
go
out
with
the
instrument,
you
start
playing,
you
get
going,
you
work
with
what
you
have
and
whenever
you
think
you
don't
have
much
I've
just
come
from
the
oldest
refugee
camp
and
Lebanon.
C
This
is
a
camp
with
no
green
space,
because
everything
is
built
this
close
together,
so
they
figuring
it
out
how
to
put
the
gardens
on
the
roofs
of
the
houses
so
in
every
community
everywhere,
every
part
of
the
world,
their
strengths,
resources
and
assets
that
can
be
built
upon.
But
when
you
begin
the
building
process,
this
is
a
really
important
leadership
message
and
it's
a
tough
one
and
I
always
agonize
about
whether
or
not
to
say
it.
C
We
are
all
standing
always
on
sacred
ground,
we're
standing
on
the
ground
of
things
that
came
before
us
of
dreams
and
hopes
and
buildings
that
stood
right
where
we're
standing.
That
meant
something
to
someone
we're
standing
on
on.
Sometimes
the
failed
policies
of
the
past,
we're
standing
as
I
did
in
Lower
Ninth,
at
the
break
in
the
levee
after
Katrina
and
in
those
moments
when
you
find
yourself
standing
on
that
ground,
where
there's
been
great
loss
and
disappointment
and
hurt
of
the
past.
C
C
That's
how
you
grow
a
really
great
city,
and
when
you
get
discouraged
just
remember
that
everything
you
deposit
in
the
minds
and
hearts
of
people
is
sustainable.
It
lasts
forever.
These
little
guys
are
in
our
school.
It's
one
of
our
schools
as
200
kids
in
42
countries
of
origin
and
they're
best
friends
and
I
bet.
You
remember
your
best
friend
in
third
grade
what
we
deposit,
what
we
create
for
people
that
allows
them
to
earn,
learn
and
belong
and
be
connected.
It
lasts.
C
D
Sometimes
people
look
at
me
is
okay,
you're,
the
architect
in
the
room
you're
going
to
tell
us
how
much
space
we
have.
You
tell
us
how
much
furniture
we
can
squeeze
in,
but
that's
never
really
quite
SAT
right
with
me
in
terms
of
understanding
what
it
is
that
I'm
supposed
to
do
and
I
often
like
showing
this
image
and
when
I
give
talks,
because
to
me
it
kind
of
started
to
point
out
what's
the
challenge
when
we
start
to
think
about
beeping
space
in
a
really
narrow
way.
D
So
this
is
an
abandoned
library
in
Camden,
New,
Jersey
and
a
lot
of
times.
When
we
talk
about
sustainability,
we
talk
about
it
from
the
lens
of
how
can
we
create
healthier
environments?
How
can
we
make
sure
that
we
remove
the
damage
that
we
as
human
beings
do
to
our
natural
environment
and
make
sure
that
comes
back?
So,
if
we
look
at
this
picture,
we
might
say
that
we
are.
This
is
a
success
story.
There
is
a
rich
verdant
green
tree
growing
in
the
midst
of
this
rubble.
D
D
It's
always
about
the
people,
and
this
is,
of
course
something
that
many
speakers
have
talked
about
today
and
what
I
want
to
show
you
through
the
work
that
I'm
about
to
present?
Is
this
idea
of
how
could
we
actually
put
that
into
implementation
of
the
stuff
that
we
see
on
the
ground?
How
can
we
talk
about
this
act
of
creation
coming
from
a
human-centered
lens,
a
human-centered
design
and
so
I'm
going
to
talk
about
a
couple
of
things
that
I
think
are
instrumental
to
that
idea
of
human
centered
design?
D
The
first
is
this
idea
of
the
system,
or
how
can
we
think
beyond
the
object?
So
if
I
go
in
and
a
client
tells
me
that
the
end
goal
is
to
create
a
building,
it
often
seems
like
it
mrs.
so
much
because
a
lot
of
what
we're
talking
about
our
communities,
communities
that
are
hurting
but
where
there
is
a
lot
of
opportunity
and
in
order
to
understand
that
we
have
to
go
back
to
the
heart
back
to
the
people
live
in
those
it
is.
D
So
I'm
wrapping
up
work
right
now
on
a
master
plan
for
a
low
income,
affordable
housing
community
in
Charlottesville,
Virginia
and
as
part
of
the
redevelopment
it's
section.
8
property
has
never
been
touched,
with
a
significant
redevelopment
in
the
40
years
that
it's
existed
and
so
part
of
the
funding
strategy
to
make
it
work
is
to
actually
turn
it
into
a
mixed
in
current
mixed
income
community,
and
so
when
we
went
in,
we
decided
we
weren't
going
to
start
off
with
charrette
sessions
to
say,
okay
residents.
What
do
you
want
to
see
here?
D
I
just
want
to
learn
about
this
place
and
about
what
it
has
been
like
to
live
here,
and
so
in
those
conversations
we
heard
a
lot
of
stories
very
similar
to
tammy's
many,
as
these
residents
said.
You
know,
this
was
better
than
public
housing,
but
it
really
wasn't
expecting
to
be
here
that
long.
My
aspiration
of
where
I
wanted
to
go
was
better
than
this.
D
They
couldn't
really
visualize
that
this
could
be
better
for
others.
They
were
interested
in
this
idea
of
mixed
income
because
they
actually
thought
with
people
of
higher
incomes.
You
might
bring
opportunity
and
that
they
could
get
access
and
that
this
place
would
no
longer
be
the
ghetto,
and
maybe
they
could
move
up.
But
the
reality
of
the
situation
is
the
difference
between
section,
8
and
market
rate
is
actually
pretty
huge.
D
D
And
so
that
started
to
feed
into
the
development
of
a
master
plan
that
incorporated
many
principles
that
were
designed
to
attack
the
entire
system
and
make
it
better
for
these
residents,
and
so
one
of
the
ideas
that
came
up
was:
if
we
really
are
talking
about
this
place
as
a
ladder
of
opportunity,
then
that
means
that
it
can't
just
have
section
8
and
market-rate.
It
actually
had
to
have
other
levels
of
affordability
within
it.
D
If
the
things
we
were
hearing
from
people
is
that
some
of
the
challenges
of
being
able
to
move
up
were
their
skills.
How
are
we
partnering
with
folks
who
provide
job
training
for
some
of
the
other
parts
of
the
development
that
were
supposed
to
be
mixed
use,
or
how
are
we
looking
at
early
childhood
facilities
that
could
possible
some
of
those
mixie
spaces?
D
D
One
of
the
projects
that
I'm
best
known
for
is
called
the
day
laborer
station,
and
it
was
when
I
did
a
number
of
years
ago
before
the
current
craziness
that
we're
in
right
now,
but
yet
many
of
the
things
that
we
found
were
quite
appropriate.
The
idea
was
looking
to
deploy,
shelters
at
informal
hiring
sites
like
Home
Depot,
parking,
lots
and
gas
stations,
and
our
clients
were
day
laborers
and
what's
really
interesting.
D
If
we
talk
about
the
immigration
issue,
is
that
we
either
get
the
positioning
on
the
let's
say:
alt
right,
where
it
talks
about
them
as
murderers
thieves,
rapists,
but
on
the
left,
sometimes
we're
not
so
much
better
either
that
we
feel
sympathy
for
them
and
their
plight.
But
we
don't
really
get
into
specifics
of
who
they
are
if
you've
hired
a
day
laborer.
D
When
was
the
last
time,
you
actually
asked
them
about
their
actual
life
in
the
case
of
Roberto
leobardo
and
some
of
the
other
day,
laborers
that
we
met
understanding
their
life
became
important
for
us
to
understand
what
it
is
that
we
needed
to
build
to
make
sure
that
we
can
make
a
difference
for
them
and
often
when
we
talk
to
them
a
lot
of
what
they
said
sounded
like
core
American
values.
They
came
here
for
a
better
life
for
themselves
and
their
kids,
and
for
them
these
hiring
sites
were
actually
sacred.
D
This
was
the
place
where
they
made
those
dreams
possible
and
they
had
actually
been
able
to
quite
quite
a
bit
from
those
sites,
but
because
they
were
invisible,
they
felt
that
nobody
really
valued
what
they
did,
and
so,
as
we
thought
about
what
to
do,
we
started
to
reach
into
those
stories.
We
also
started
to
understand
that
not
every
site
was
the
same,
and
so
wasn't
just
about
reaching
for
the
stories
as
a
collective
but
understanding
what
was
needed
at
individual
corners.
D
So
the
idea
of
the
project
was
actually
a
kid
of
parts
that
could
be
adapted
to
meet
the
needs
of
a
given
site.
So
this
is
an
example
of
a
proposal
for
one
in
Los,
Angeles
I'm
supposed
to
meet
200
workers
and
a
part
of
the
site
also
included
creating
a
community
garden
that
could
be
jointly
tended
to
by
the
workers
and
nearby
residents
as
a
way
to
build
opportunity
for
specificity
to
happen.
Long
after
we
as
architects
had
left
the
building.
D
Co
power
is
another
important
aspect
of
this
idea
of
building
human-centered
cities.
So
I
used
to
use
empower
all
the
time
to
talk
about
the
work
that
I
do,
and
it
was
actually
a
colleague
of
mine
about
a
year
ago
that
challenged
me
to
think
different,
because
they
said
empower
often
means
that
there
is
still
a
power
dynamic
at
work,
because
we
who
have
power
are
choosing
to
give
it
to
those
who
don't,
and
it
often
implies
that
at
some
level
somebody
is
losing
and
somebody
is
winning.
D
Right
now,
it's
the
old
power
plant
site
and
what's
really
interesting
about
the
project,
is
because
of
the
size
of
it.
We
are
potentially
participating
in
the
gentrification,
that's
happening
in
the
neighborhood,
and
so
as
people
with
the
power
with
my
client,
the
utility
company
and
myself,
there's
a
certain
conversation
of
how
do
we
create
something
that
actually
honors
and
includes
that
historic
african-american
community?
That's
been
there,
and
so,
as
a
result,
we
started
thinking
about.
D
How
can
we
change
up
the
narrative
of
how
space
gets
created
here,
I've
heard
today,
and
also
in
conversations
I
had
in
the
lead-up
to
this
conference
about
how
over
planned
and
over
studied
things
in
Pittsburgh
feel
this
neighborhood
had
very
much
the
same
thing
as
well,
and
so
we
said
instead
of
holding
our
syrettes
and
then
coming
up
with
something
six
months
a
year
down
the
road.
What
if
we
started
to
make
the
act
of
creation
actually
happen
in
real
time
in
order
to
give
the
most
amount
of
people
the
opportunity
to
participate.
D
D
It
didn't
matter
whether
you
were
a
resident
of
the
public
housing
for
your
resident
of
some
of
the
newer
things
that
came
in,
but
we
did
try
to
register
make
sure
we
were
always
conscious
of
what
the
existing
community
wanted
and
making
sure
that,
above
all,
we
were
always
giving
them
maximum
opportunity,
because
if
we
talked
about
distribution
of
power,
equity
also
plays
a
role
here
too.
So
some
of
the
newer
residents
may
be
already
felt
more
powerful
than
the
existing
residents,
and
so
through.
Creating
these
events.
D
We
were
looking
for
opportunities
to
make
sure
it
didn't
matter
whether
you
lived
in
the
public
housing.
You
still
had
a
way
to
make
your
voice
heard,
and
so
with
that
it
became
this
idea
of
changing
up
the
narrative
of
how
we
do
projects
and
how
we
create
these
opportunities
for
people
to
be
able
to
shape
the
spaces
that
they're
in
now,
but
then
also
to
be
able
to
lay
claim
of
what
they
wanted
to
see
in
the
future.
And
so
this
is
the
first
piece.
D
That's
actually
going
to
come
on
board
this
winter,
and
a
great
portion
of
the
design
has
actually
been
shaped
by
the
claiming
of
space
that
people
have
done
through
all
of
these
events
on
site,
both
through
their
words
and
through
their
feet
and
making
sure
that
certain
stories
that
tend
not
to
be
told,
such
as
that
of
the
african-american
community,
are
registered
and
permanently
in
this
site.
The
final
piece
I'm
going
to
talk
about
is
empathy.
D
D
Sympathy
is
that
emotional
reaction,
when
you
feel
bad
for
the
homeless
person
that
you
see
or
appalled
at
the
shooting
of
an
unarmed
black
man,
empathy
starts
to
talk
about.
How
can
we
take
that
and
have
both
an
emotional
and
an
election
intellectual
response
to
it?
How
can
we
look
at
a
little
bit
more
critically
and
I
think
as
part
of
that?
It's
this
idea
that
was
so
lovely
Illustrated
as
well
by
the
last
presentation
that
there
is
something
there
and
I
think
in
the
race
to
fix
places.
D
Sometimes
we
just
want
to
race
to
make
that
thing
better
and
we're
doing
it
out
of
the
best
of
intentions,
but
in
our
race
to
make
things
better.
We
sometimes
forget
to
acknowledge
the
thing
that
is
there,
the
pain
that
is
there,
and
so
when
we
say
yes,
we
know
that
was
there,
but
now
we're
going
to
put
this,
and
this
will
change
everything.
D
But
oftentimes
I
find
people
also
feel
like
that's
just
another
way
of
not
honoring
their
value,
not
honoring
the
pain
that
they
have
experienced,
and
so
this
is
a
image
from
Warwick
Junction,
which
is
located
in
Durban
South
Africa.
A
couple
years
ago,
I
was
asked
to
serve
on
a
technical
advisory
team
for
the
Urban
Land
Institute.
They
wanted
to
remake
this
transportation
node.
D
They
felt
a
lot
of
pain
because
they
felt
in
this
desire
to
remake
this
node
to
build
a
mall
that
was
actually
talked
about
as
helping
to
lift
their
incomes,
because
they
would
be
in
a
proper
shop
that
it
was
being
ignored.
All
the
things
that
they
went
through
all
the
things
that
they
suffered.
The
fact
that
the
only
reason
why
they
were
there
in
the
first
place
often
had
a
lot
to
do
with
apartheid
planning
policies,
and
so
they
wanted
that
recognized.
And
there
were
stories
that
came
out
of
these
conversations
of
women.
D
D
They're
really
fairly
simple,
but
I
think
they
have
tremendous
ability
for
impacts,
and
hopefully
many
of
the
presentations
that
we've
heard
today
also
help
to
illustrate
where
that
can
go
and
I
would
say,
as
a
closing
point
and
I
would
offer
up
a
challenge
that
when
we
talk
about
people,
we
often
talk
about
the
people
who
are
going
to
be
the
recipients
of
whatever
it
is.
We
in
this
room
are
going
to
do,
but
a
couple
months
ago
I
was
asked.
D
What
would
be
the
one
piece
of
advice
that
I
would
give
to
someone
who
wants
to
do
this
kind
of
work
and
I
said?
The
first
thing
that
comes
to
mind
is
to
be
human
I
think
when
we
go
into
these
situations
as
experts
wanting
to
use
our
skills
to
help,
sometimes
it
can
be
a
tendency
that
we
focus
so
much
on
what
that
need.
D
Is
that
we're
seeing
that
we
forget
that
we
are
also
coming
into
the
situation
with
our
own
baggage,
our
own
privilege,
and
that
is
part
of
the
equation
as
well,
and
so
the
only
way
in
which
I
can
get
the
people
that
I
talk
to
as
part
of
my
projects,
to
open
up
to
me
to
share
to
trust
me
is
if
I
am
also
willing
to
be
open.
I'm
also
willing
to
be
vulnerable
and
I'm
also
willing
to
be
accountable.
D
So
I
hope
that,
as
you
go
out
into
the
world
and
take
some
of
the
words
of
advice
that
it
be
given
today
that
you
also
reflect
on
what
can
you
do
to
also
be
human,
because
that
should
not
be
a
burden
that
we
place
on
the
community
that
we
work
in,
and
yet
we
being
part
of
that
problem
can
actually
start
to
say
that
we
will
create
that
better
place,
that
better
society
that
better
community
that
we
all
envision.
Thank
you.
E
All
right,
for
the
sake
of
time,
I
was
told
to
cut
any
jokes
and
to
just
cut
straight
to
the
chase.
But
if
you
come
back
tomorrow,
you'll
get
to
see
my
Bobby
Brown
impression
of
a
TED
talk
a
little
be
tomorrow
before
we
break
out
into
our
the
breakout
sessions.
I
want
to
give
you
a
challenge,
we're
all
want
to
see
action.
We
all
need
an
implementation
agenda,
and
so
my
challenge
to
you
is
three
things.
First,
I
challenge
each
of
you
to
take
it
personally.
E
This
is
the
one
time
you're
going
to
have
permission
to
make
it
about
you.
Okay,
the
change
agenda
that
we're
talking
about
the
equity
agenda
has
to
be
about
you.
It's
not
about
the
government,
it's
not
about
philanthropy,
it's
not
about
its
about
you.
Take
it
personally,
make
it
happen.
Number
two
call
file,
I
was
going
to
say
something
else,
but
call
foul
okay,
every
day,
somewhere
in
your
day,
you
come
across
something
that
you
know.
This
is
the
same
old
stuff
that
got
us
where
we
are
and
you
let
it
pass.
E
E
Okay,
we
can't
keep
going
back
doing
the
same
thing.
We
can't
put
a
green,
a
green
face
on
capitalism
and
expect
okay,
now
things
are
going
to
be
fine.
Our
stormwater
management
problems
are
not
going
to
fix
our
economy
if
we
don't
decide
that
we're
going
to
have
to
do
something
with
our
relationship
to
those
people
in
our
city
who
have
been
excluded
from
our
economic
systems,
are
political
systems
and
who've
been
disadvantaged
because
of
our
education
system.
So
those
three
things
make
it
personal
call
file
and
make
sure
that
you're
being
transformative.