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From YouTube: League of Women Voters Bloomington: Earth Day Program--Air Quality … Status, Health, Action
Description
What is the current state of air contaminants? How does this affect our health, including our lungs? What are the steps to making the air safe for our children? What role does the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency play? Hear experts from three disciplines on these important concerns.
More specifically, what are the issues around vehicle emissions? Minnesota has been allocated $47 million from the Volkswagen settlement relating to diesel fuel, and the MPCA has issued its draft report and recommendations on how to use the money. Learn about these recommendations and next steps.
Panelists representing three disciplines, will address these issues and answer your questions!
Professor Peter Raynor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
Jon Hunter, Director, Clean Air, American Lung Association of Minnesota
Amanda Smith, Air Policy Planner, MPCA
A
Thanks
for
attending
our
Earth
Day
program
tonight,
League
of
Women
Voters
Bloomington
has
an
Earth
Day
program
every
year
and
we're
excited
about
tonight's
program.
It's
on
air
quality
and
we
have
a
great
panel.
My
name
is
Mary
rice
I'm,
president
Aloha
colleague
and
I.
Just
have
a
few
preliminary
comments.
The
League
of
Women
Voters
is
a
nonpartisan
political
organization
that
never
endorses
any
political
party
or
candidate.
Our
purpose
in
hosting
this
program
is
to
provide
the
public
with
information.
A
That's
useful
to
you
and
making
your
choices
in
voting
our
league
also
every
year
does
some
other
things.
One
of
the
things
we
do
is
we
do
candidate
videos
of
all
the
local
candidates
and
those
videos
are
played
back
on
Bloomington,
TV
and
they're
also
played
back
through
our
website
and
through
the
city
website.
We
also
host
candidate
forums
and
have
a
voter
information
guide
that
we
put
out
every
year
that
identifies
local
candidates
and
also
explains
everything
that
we're
able
to
explain
about
voting
where
to
vote,
and
that
kind
of
thing
absentee
voting.
A
How
far
in
advance
you
can
vote
all
of
those
things
so
watch
for
those
things
and
especially
watch
for
our
candidate
videos
and
our
candidate
forms
later
this
year.
This
event
is
being
recorded
for
later
playback
by
Bloomington
TV,
and
it
will
be
also
also
be
accessible
through.
The
websites
of
the
league
and
the
city
of
Bloomington
I
want
to
thank
the
city
of
Bloomington
for
allowing
us
to
use
this
space
and
I'd
also
like
to
thank
Bloomington
TV
for
filming
this.
A
Finally,
I
want
to
thank
Lois
nor
guard,
who
is
a
league
member
who
led
the
committee
that
organized
this
forum
and
with
that
Lois
is
going
to
moderate
this
event
and
I'll
turn
this
over
to
Lois.
Oh
and
one
more
thing
after
the
speakers
are
done,
speaking
that'll
take
about
an
hour
we'll
have
about
25
minutes
for
questions
and
answers
so
anyway,
with
that
I'll
turn
this
over
to
Lois.
Thank
you.
B
Thank
you
so
much
Mary
yeah
I'm
Lois
nor
Gard
I'm,
a
member
of
the
League
of
Women
Voters
in
Bloomington
and
I've,
been
in
Bloomington
for
oh
boy,
36
years,
so
very
active
with
environmental
issues.
So
I
like
to
work
with
our
environmental
or
Earth
Day
program
every
year
and
tonight
we're
gonna
have
a
very
excellent
program.
B
We've
got
three
speakers
that
are
each
going
to
cover
a
little
bit
different
part
of
our
air
quality
issues
and,
what's
going
on
here
today
in
Minnesota,
as
well
as
some
the
science
behind
it
and
some
of
the
actions
that's
going
on
at
the
state
level.
So
I
want
to
introduce
we'll
have
three
speakers:
they'll
each
come
up
with
I'll,
have
about
20
minutes
each
and
then
we'll
have
a
panel
at
the
end.
I
want
to
introduce
our
first
speaker,
dr.
B
Peter
Raynor,
he's
an
associate
professor
at
in
the
division
of
environmental
health
and
Sciences
at
the
University
of
Minnesota
School
of
Public
Health.
He
has
a
BS
in
chemical
engineering
from
Cornell
University
and
an
MS
and
PhD
degree
in
environmental
sciences
and
engineering
from
the
University
of
North
Carolina
at
Chapel
Hill.
His
research
and
teaching
interests
revolve
around
the
assessment
and
control
of
exposure
to
air
pollutants,
especially
those
involving
airborne
particles.
So
with
that
I'd
like
to
ask
dr.
C
C
C
This
is
a
little
diagram
that
shows
the
layers
of
the
atmosphere
and
at
the
top
we
have
the
thermosphere.
The
air
is
very,
very,
very
thin
up
there
somewhere
around
72
over
a
hundred
miles
up
in
the
air
is
the
ionosphere
where
the
aurora
persists
below
the
thermosphere
is
the
mesosphere
and
below
that
is
the
stratosphere
where
we
have
the
ozone
layer.
C
The
the
good
ozone
that
protects
us
from
UV
radiation
and
then
Louis
closest
to
the
earth
is
the
troposphere
and
these
these
different
layers
are
separated
by
mixing
zone
or
zones
that
don't
mix
very
well.
So
there's
some
separation
there
and
then
different
temperature
profiles,
but
I
didn't
want
to
talk
about
the
troposphere
a
little
bit.
That's
that's
the
zone
that
we
live
in.
It's
maybe
about
six
miles.
Thick
airplanes
can
fly
a
little
bit
above
the
the
troposphere,
but
that
includes
every
every
place
that
we
walk
on
earth.
C
C
You
can't
survive
for
very
long,
so
at
the
very
best
people
may
be
able
to
live
or
exist
for
a
little
while
at
four
or
five
miles
up
in
the
atmosphere,
but
even
at
those
elevations,
not
for
very
long
because
of
the
thinness
of
the
air.
So
you
know
the
thickness
where
we
can
live
everything
we've
ever
done
as
a
species
is
sort
of
in
that
five
mile
zone
and
if
I
look
at
I've
live
in
st.
Louis
Park.
C
So
how
do
we
define
pollution
if
we're
talking
to
find
air
a
little
bit?
Let's
talk
about
pollution.
The
US
EPA
defiant
has
defined
pollution
as
the
presence
of
a
substance
in
the
environment
that,
because
of
its
chemical
composition
or
quantity,
prevents
the
functioning
of
natural
processes
and
produces
undesirable
environmental
and
health
effects.
So
a
couple
things
that
are
important
in
there.
The
fact
that
the
composition
or
the
quantity
of
chemicals
in
the
air
may
cause
some
adverse
effects
either
on
people.
C
C
Now
the
EPA,
as
well
as
the
Minnesota
Pollution
Control
Agency,
have
defined
criteria,
air
pollutants,
air
pollutants
that
we
follow
most
closely
to
evaluate
national
and
regional
air
quality,
and
the
EPA
has
six
criteria:
air
pollutants.
They
include
carbon
monoxide,
which
is
primarily
a
product
of
combustion
of
different
types,
but
including
motor
vehicles
lead
which
comes
most
commonly
now
from
smelters
and
battery
plants.
C
There's
a
battery
plant
in
Eagan
that
is,
has
been
in
the
past
at
least
a
source
of
lead
into
the
atmosphere,
nitrogen
dioxide,
which
is
a
product
of
combustion,
also
ozone,
which
we
don't
admit
ozone
directly
to
the
atmosphere.
It's
a
byproduct
of
volatile
organic
compounds
and
oxides
of
nitrogen,
both
of
which
can
be
products
of
vehicle
emissions
and
other
combustion,
and
you
need
sunlight
for
the
formation
of
ozone,
and
this
is
the
the
bad
ozone
the
ozone
in
the
troposphere,
the
ozone
that
does
not
help
us
unprotect
us
from
UV.
C
C
So
you
can
see
a
lot
of
those
all
of
them,
basically
other
than
lead
have
a
source
or
some
of
the
sources
come
from
combustion
processes,
including
Motor.
Vehicles
Minnesota
also
has
a
seventh
criteria:
air
pollutant
hydrogen
sulfide,
that's
primarily
on
the
the
books
in
in
rural
regions
to
protect
against
odor
from
livestock
operations.
C
I'm
not
going
to
spend
a
lot
of
time
on
on
this
slide
going
into
detail,
but
I
do
want
to
let
you
know
that
there
are
national
ambient
air
quality
standards
for
the
six
EPA
criteria.
Pollutants
and
those
standards
are
looked
at
across
the
country
in
different
metropolitan
areas
and
different
regions
in
order
to
evaluate
air
quality
and
there's
for
some
of
the
criteria:
air
pollutants.
There
are
multiple
standards
that
may
encompass,
for
instance,
different
sizes
of
airborne
particles.
C
The
reason
I
mentioned
the
National
ambient
air
quality
standards
are
the
NOx
is
I
wanted
to
show
this
slide,
that
tracks
over
the
last
25
years
or
so
the
levels
of
pollutants
that
we
have
on
average
across
the
United
States,
and
you
can
see
generally
on
the
on
the
horizontal
axis.
Here
is
time
going
from
1990
to
2016
and
on
the
vertical
axis
you
have
percentage
relative
to
those
national
ambient
air
quality
standards
that
we
talked
about
on
the
last
slide
and
on
the
left.
C
Here
it
goes
from
100
percent
greater
than
the
standard
to
100
percent
below
the
standard,
meaning
0
whoops,
and
that's
for
everything
except
for
lead
lead
is
on
the
right
vertical
axis
and
it
goes
from
plus
fifteen
hundred
percent
to
minus
fifteen
hundred
percent,
which
of
course,
isn't
possible.
You
can't
be
15
hundred
percent
below
a
standard,
so
it
really.
You
know
it
stops
here
at
about
minus
100
percent.
So
I
want
to
point
out
that
the
trends
for
all
the
criteria,
air
pollutants
are
downward,
which
is
a
great
thing.
C
Our
air
has
gotten
cleaner
over
the
last
twenty
six
years
and
for
some
pollutants
more
than
others,
nitrogen
dioxide
and
carbon
monoxide
I
have
been
low
throughout
that
period
well
below
their
standards.
A
great
success
story
has
come
with
sulfur
dioxide,
as
greater
controls
have
been
put
in
place,
particularly
to
prevent
acid
precipitation
in
many
parts
of
the
country.
So
the
levels
have
gone
down.
C
Pretty
significantly
even
for
particulate
matter
over
the
last
Oh
15
years
or
so
we've
seen
declines,
their
lead
has
had
a
change,
an
order
of
magnitude
lowering
of
the
standard
in
this
period
and
it's
gone
down
from
you
know
close
to
fifteen
hundred
percent
above
the
current
standard
to
well
below
that
on
average.
These
are
averages
across
the
country.
Mind
you!
So
that's
a
success
story
as
well.
Ozone
has
been
kind
of
resistant,
not
completely.
C
C
So
you
know
we
might
say:
oh
boy,
our
air
quality
isn't
perfect.
It's
gotten
better
I
do
want
to
put
it
in
perspective
of
the
global
nature
of
air
pollution,
and
this
shows
particulate
matter.
Ten
PM
10,
which
is
airborne,
particles,
10,
micrometers
and
smaller
in
size,
so
10
micrometers
is
maybe
about
20%
the
diameter
of
the
average
human
hair.
So
it's
it's
a
pretty
small
size
of
particle
and
it's
all
those
particles
and
smaller
sizes.
C
C
So
we
don't
know
everything
that
goes
on
in
all
parts
of
the
world.
So
this
is
just
to
point
out
that,
even
though
we're
talking
about
our
air
that
we
put
in
perspective,
other
parts
of
the
world
are
worse
off
than
we
we
are,
and
particularly
on
those
parts
of
the
world
that
are
still
developing.
So
let's
talk
a
little
bit
about
what
we
see
in
the
twin
cities
and
how
is
our
air
monitored
regionally.
C
So
this
map
shows
ozone
monitors
in
the
Twin
Cities
region,
and
you
can
see
that
there's
there's
some
kind
of
on
the
outskirts
of
the
region.
Saint-Michel
shakopee
an
ozone
monitor
in
Minneapolis,
Blaine
and
I
forget
exactly
where
that
one
is
along
the
Wisconsin
border.
So
there's
not
a
lot
of
ozone
monitoring
sites
that
go
into
these.
C
For
for
fine
particles,
particles
that
are
2.5,
micrometers
and
smaller,
so
even
smaller
than
the
PM
10,
there's
more
monitoring
sites,
but
still
none
in
Bloomington.
Most
of
these
sites
are
on
roofs
of
government
buildings
or
schools.
Things
like
that
they're,
not
at
ground
height
typically,
and
they
are
not
personal
measures
of
the
exposures
to
different
air
pollution
at
different
criteria-
air
pollutants,
so
they
reflect
kind
of
the
regional
air
quality
that
everyone
might
be
exposed
to,
but
not
the
measures
for
what
any
one
person
might
be
exposed
to.
C
You
can
see
that
over
time
our
air
quality
has
gotten
better.
This
is
a
number
of
days
with
different
air
quality
indices.
So
the
air
quality
index
is
published
on
a
daily
basis
by
the
Pollution
Control
Agency
and
it's
it's
can
be
quantified
as
good,
moderate,
unhealthy
for
sensitive
people
or
unhealthy
I've,
never
seen
it
go
beyond
the
unhealthy
level
here,
and
you
can
see
that
over
time
we've
had
a
lot
more
good
days,
particularly
even
in
the
last
10
years,
or
so.
C
C
What
are
the
sources
that
contribute
to
some
of
the
pollutants
here
in
Minnesota
and
we've
got
sort
of
four
main
pollutants
here:
fine
particles,
again
the
PM
2.5,
which
diesel
exhaust
is
part
of
that
nitrogen
oxides
like
nitrogen
dioxide.
We
didn't
talk
about
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons,
which
are
not
a
criteria
air
pollutant,
but
there
can
be
a
cancer-causing
agent
that
can
be
both
in
particulate
form
and
in
gaseous
form
in
the
atmosphere
and
then
volatile
organic
compounds
which
help
contribute
to
ozone
formation,
along
with
nitrogen
oxides.
C
C
You
also
have
forest
fires
for
the
polycyclic
aromatic
carbons
and
then
also
a
lot
of
vehicle
emissions,
so
we're
all
contributing
to
these
emissions.
None
of
us
is,
is
really
gets
off
scot-free.
We
can't
blame
the
industry
industries
for
all
this.
We
we
are
all
contributing
to
the
formation
of
these
pollutants,
whether
through
our
cars,
there
are
a
consumption
of
gasoline
that
can
release
VOCs
our
purchasing
of
products
that
are
trucked
into
the
stores.
So
all
of
these
anti
recreation
vehicles
they
can
all
contribute
to
these
pollutants.
C
C
If
you
also
look
at
distance
from
a
major
roadway
again,
you
don't
see
much
difference
with
the
PM
2.5,
but
with
the
smallest
particles,
the
particle
number
concentration,
if
you're
more
than
400
or
more
than
300
meters
from
the
major
road
versus
being
on
the
major
road,
you
can
see
a
reduction
by
about
half
and
your
exposure.
So
there's
gotta
be
some
inequities
associated
with
that.
I
wanted
to
show
a
couple
maps
that
are
fascinating
and
a
little
little
disturbing
at
the
same
time
related
to
some
of
these
inequities.
D
C
Is
a
map
from
1935
it
was
published
in
1937
looking
at
different
sections
of
Minneapolis
and
I
got
one
for
st.
Paul
too,
and
they
used
what
we
would
consider
now
to
be
racist
terms.
For
some
groups.
They
were
trying
to
show
who
settled
and
who
lived
in
which
areas
of
Minneapolis
I
use
an
outdated
term
for
african-americans
in
this
map.
C
C
So
how
does
this
play
out
in
in
exposures
and
health
effects?
So
this
is
a
paper
from
Greg
Pratt
Monica
of
a
daily
during
Vale
and
Christie
Ellickson
from
Minnesota
Pollution,
Control
Agency,
and
it
shows
in
the
upper
left
corner
the
the
percentages
of
people
by
color.
The
color
scale
shows
the
proportion
of
non-white
people
in
parts
of
the
seven-county
area,
so
the
red
areas
are
where
there's
a
greater
proportion
of
people
of
color,
and
this
figure
shows
traffic
density.
So
you
can
see
along
here.
C
I
would
be
494
and
35w
and
where
the
most
traffic
density
is
and
it's,
of
course,
along
the
major
arteries,
and
it
shows
the
vehicles
per
household.
So
in
the
central
cities,
fewer
vehicles
per
household
people
may
not
need
their
vehicles
as
much
in
the
central
cities.
They
may
not
be
able
to
afford
to
have
as
many
vehicles
in
the
central
cities
and
then
the
estimated
cancer
risk
from
those
roads
sources.
C
C
One
other
thing
I
wanted
to
bring
up
before
finishing,
because
we're
in
Bloomington
I
know
there's
an
airport
near
here
right.
This
is
a
paper
from
a
few
years
ago
from
Los
Angeles,
where
they
tracked
by
driving
across
the
flight
path
of
planes
coming
in
and
landing
at
LAX
Airport.
What
the
again,
the
smallest
fine
particle
levels
were
at
ground
level
along
that
flight
path
and,
of
course,
as
you
get
farther
and
farther
away
from
the
airport,
it
gets
lower.
C
It
gets
downwind
from
the
airport
as
the
flights
come
in
and
these
are
the
the
ultimately
how
much
health
risk
that
has
for
residents
is
uncertain,
but
it's
provocative
and
it
makes
me
you
know,
I,
don't
think
anybody's
done.
Anything
like
that
near
MSP.
Airport
would
be
an
interesting
activity
to
find
out
particularly
to
compare
warmer
and
colder
times
of
year,
because
you
know
we
have
a
different
weather
pattern
in
the
winter
than
Los.
Angeles
does
and
I
don't
want
to
finish
without
mentioning
indoor
air
pollution.
C
There's
many
many
sources
indoors
that
may
create
greater
health
hazards
than
you
have
from
the
outdoor
air
and
and
you
have
more
control
over
some
of
those
sources.
So
things
like
radon
gas
coming
in
into
basements
can
is
radon,
is
the
second
leading
cause
of
lung
cancer
after
smoking,
and
and
so
that
can
be
a
serious
issue,
particularly
if
you
have
children
that
spend
a
lot
of
time
in
the
basement
or
if
you
have
basement
bedrooms.
C
C
Smoking
certainly
should
be
something
you
don't
do
if
you
can
avoid
it.
So
other
sources
of
combustion
like
that
incense
sticks,
create
a
lot
of
smoke
particles.
So
those
are
things
that
you
have
some
control
over
in
your
own
space.
So
just
some
take-home
points.
Our
atmosphere
is
thin
and
precious
like
I,
talked
about
at
the
beginning,
exposures
to
the
criteria,
air
pollutants
that
I
talked
about
both
nationally
and
regionally
have
decreased
significantly.
C
Over
the
last
few
decades,
proximity
to
traffic
is
associated
with
race
and
socioeconomic
status
and
in
turn
that
may
lead
to
higher
exposures
to
those
people
that
live
close
to
traffic
and,
lastly,
air
pollution
created
that
you
create
inside
your
home
may
also
be
something
that's
important
and
may
be
more
important
than
the
outside
air
and
some
it's
sometimes
so.
That's
all
I
had
I.
B
Run
up
and
down,
but
I
want
to
see
the
shows.
So
our
next
speaker
here
is
John
hunter.
He
has
come
and
he's
working
with
the
he's.
A
director
of
the
clean
air
at
the
American
Lung
Association
in
Minnesota,
so
John
has
been
at
the
American
Lung
Association
for
eight
years
and
has
a
degree
in
physics
from
Hamlin
University
right
here
in
st.
Paul.
So
with
that
I'll
have
John
come
up.
E
Okay,
see
so
thank
you
for
for
having
me
I'm
happy
to
be
a
part
of
the
presentation
here
today.
I
think
I'm,
going
to
attempt
to
sort
of
bridge
the
professors
talk
with
sort
of
starting
to
bridge
in
more
a
little
bit
on
the
health
side
of
things
and
start
getting
towards
some
other
different
kinds
of
actions.
We
can
take
along
the
way,
but
a
quick
background
about
us.
You
know
I,
admittedly,
I
know
when
people
start
thinking
traffic,
the
American
Lung
Association.
It's
not
always
the
first
name
that
pops
to
them
their
mind.
E
But
you
know
our
mission
is
really
to
save
lives
by
improving
lung
health
and
preventing
lung
disease.
So
one
of
the
ways
we
obviously
kind
of
need
to
go
about
doing
that
is
working
on
the
improving
the
air
we
breathe,
because
that
is
such
a
major
consequence
for
the
health,
all
of
us
kind
of
need
and
and
and
work
with.
We
also
staff,
what's
known
as
the
Twin
Cities
Clean
Cities
coalition.
This
is
a
Department
of
Energy
Program,
the
Clean
Cities
program,
that's
dedicated
to
petroleum
reduction,
there's!
E
Obviously,
our
hope
will
become
obvious,
at
least
that
there's
a
lot
of
natural
overlap
between
kind
of
reducing
the
uses
of
petroleum
in
our
society
and
the
air
we
breathe
and
the
air
quality.
So
we
like
to
think
it's
a
good
natural
partnership
between
us,
the
Department
of
Energy
and
the
Clean
Cities
program
is
a
national
program.
That's
implemented
with
100,
or
so
local
Coalition
is
very
similar
to
us,
though.
Very
very
few
others
are
are
actually
operated
by
the
lung
associations,
but.
E
So
I
will
try
to
I,
have
a
little
bit
of
overlap
with
that
professor,
but
I
will
try
not
to
dwell
too
much
on
that
we'll
see.
Hopefully,
this
picture
shows
up
well,
but
on
the
left
side
is,
is
not
Minneapolis.
It's
Denver
and
sort
of
Denver's,
I,
guess
you'd
call
it
somewhat
infamous
Brown
cloud.
If
you
will.
This
is
also
a
few
miles
from
where
I
grew
up
so
I
very
much
I
grew
up,
I,
guess
kind
of
used
to
people
talking
about
air
quality,
alert
days
and
kind
of
knowing.
E
When
you
you
got
back
to
town
from
the
mountains
that
you
might
get
headaches
and
really
started.
You
know,
I,
guess,
having
that
everyday
visual
reminder
and
in
many
ways
that
Twin
Cities
in
Denver
were
about
the
same
size.
You
know
at
population
wise
we're
almost
the
same
or
you
know.
Geography,
though,
is
is
notably
different,
I
guess
and
so
Denver
happens
to
kind
of
sit
in
the
river
valley
right
next
to
mountains
that
are
very
good
at
trapping
air
at
times
and
kind
of
locking
in
that
pollution,
whereas
Minneapolis
st.
E
Paul,
we
have
marva
geographical
advantage
that
a
lot
of
our
pollution
kind
of
gets
blown
out
more.
It's
not
necessarily
that
we're
not
producing
as
much
it's
just
it's
the
the
weather
is
such
that
it
doesn't
get
trapped
here
as
much,
and
so
consequently,
the
air
quality
differences
are
very
striking
at
times.
I.
E
Also,
of
course,
beamed
from
the
Lung
Association
will
dwell
more
on
lung
health
related
things,
but
I
did
want
to
include
this
graphic
from
the
Pollution
Control
Agency,
highlighting
the
fact
that
really
they're
their
issues
with
air
quality
related
to
throughout
the
body.
A
lot
of
the
pollution
will
talk
about
can't
get
into
the
blood
system
and
travel
throughout
the
body
and
cause
problems
in
the
brain
and
in
other
organs
throughout
the
body,
but
I,
of
course
like
to
talk
amongst
so
we'll
dwell
there
for
the
most
part
and.
D
E
Has
I
think
pressure
managed
demonstrated
earlier
is
what
a
lot
of
Minnesotans
don't
realize
is
vehicle
emissions
are
the
single
largest
source
of
those
kind
of
criteria
pollutants
he
was
talking
about
earlier.
So
that
really
has
been
why
the
Lung
Association
for
the
last
20
years
is
kind
of
focused
on
tailpipes
and
what
we
can
do
about
it
here
in
Minnesota.
E
So
again
as
as,
as
mentioned,
ozone
formation
and
again,
this
is
the
ground-level
ozone
that
we
don't
want
to
breathe.
But
can't
have
consequences
is
a
combination
of
other
pollutants
in
the
air
that
react
in
hot
summer
days
to
form
ozone.
So
it's
it's,
then
what
we
like
to
call
NOx
the
nitrogen
oxides
coming
out
of
tailpipes
forming
with
VOCs
the
volatile
organic
compounds,
which
are
chemicals
that
come
from
industrial
sources,
from
fuel
from
factories,
all
kinds
of
other
things.
They
react
in
the
sunlight
to
form
ozone.
E
One
of
the
reasons
the
the
Pollution
Control
Agency
monitors
for
ozone,
more
typically
in
the
suburbs
than
in
the
cities,
is
because
of
that
reaction.
Time
kind
of
needed
between
when
a
pollutant
is
emitted
and
when
it
actually
forms
into
ozone.
So
our
ozone
problems
do
tend
to
be
in
suburbs
and
and
not
in
the
urban
core,
whereas
particulate
emissions
tend
to
be
much
closer
to
the
source.
All
right
well,
I
should
say
the
primary
particulate
emissions
are
much
closer
to
the
source.
E
So
that's
why
they
they
monitor
those
more
in
the
middle
of
the
city
versus
is
out
here,
and
it
just
so
happens
that
our
weather
systems
tend
to
carry
a
lot
of
that
pollution
north
during
the
the
high
ozone
seasons.
So
you're
a
little
bit
lucky
on
this
side
of
town,
I,
guess
but
that's
not
to
say
we
don't
have
our
issues
for
sure.
E
E
You
can
picture
a
sunburn
doing
it's
kind
of
similar
inside
your
lungs
with
with
really
high
ozone
days,
and
you
can
imagine
if,
if
you
have
asthma,
where
you're
a
long
ways
are
already
can
constricted
or
other
respiratory
issues
like
COPD,
that
irritation
can
be
enough
to
trigger
asthma
attacks,
it
can
trigger
hospitalizations
other
other
kind
of
problems.
So
it
can
be
enough
to
push
people
over
the
edge
if
there
particularly
sensitive
to
it
a
graphic
to
demonstrate
what
professor
Rana
was
was
talking
about
with
particulate
emissions.
E
You
know
they
say.
Human
hairs
is
about
20
to
30
times
larger
than
the
PM
2.5.
We
talked
about,
and
this
doesn't
even
get
into
it.
But
when
he
was
talking
particle
numbers,
we
have
the
PM
2.5,
which
is
2.5
microns.
When
you
start
talking
particle
numbers,
you're
talking
about
0.1
microns,
so
again,
another
20
25
times
smaller
than
the
PM
2.5.
So
super
super
tiny,
tiny
kind
of
things,
and
you
can
imagine
you
know
how
easily
this
would
travel
into
our
airways
into
our
lungs.
The
very
you
know:
PM
2.5
and
smaller.
E
Some
of
it
can
get
lodged
deep
into
the
lungs
where
it's
hard
to
get
out.
Some
of
it
is
cancer
causing
or
carries
with
it,
toxins
that
could
be
problematic.
Some
of
it
is
small
enough
that
it
will
pass
through
the
among
lining
into
the
bloodstream
and
that's
where
it
can
kind
of
travel
around
the
blood
and
throughout
the
different
organs
that
kind
of
stuff
throughout
the
body.
E
So
there
are
a
variety
of
issues
that
can
kind
of
all
I'll
pile
up
in
winter,
and
but
it's
not
to
say,
we
don't
have
problems
throughout
other
times
of
you
here
too
so,
starting
to
boil
down
I
think
national
stuff
into
more
local
kind
of
things.
Last
week
the
International
Lung
Association
released
our
nineteenth
annual
state
of
the
air
report,
which
is
kind
of
a
report
card
for
what
air
quality
is
like
throughout
the
country.
E
So
it's
it's
looking
at
the
EPA's
kind
of
assessments
and
the
the
Minnesota
pollution
control
agencies,
air
quality
monitoring
looks
over
the
last
few
years
and
developed
grades
for
everywhere.
That's
out
there
and
Hennepin
County
has
fortunate
to
have
relatively
good
air
quality.
A
B
is
considered
is
is
based
on
averaging
one
day
or
less
per
year
of
what
fit
into
the
orange
category
and
Pete's
chair
that
that
was
the
the
category
of
where
air
quality
starts,
to
be
impactful
for
people
with
respiratory
issues,
but
not
quite
impactful.
E
E
So
it's
all
kind
of
here
we
have
been
worse
we're
getting
a
little
bit
better,
but
we
still
have
had
more
work.
To
do.
I
will
mention
at
the
the
website:
Munk
org,
/
SOT,
a
is
the
state
of
the
air
there's
additional
information,
that
kind
of
help,
I
think
add
some
I
guess
numbers
to
some
of
the
issues
that
Professor
was
talking
about
just
a
moment
ago.
In
that
it
you
know,
on
Hennepin
County,
for
example,
it
kind
of
dives
into
what
are
the
more
vulnerable
populations.
E
Look
like
that
kind
of
thing,
so
in
Hennepin
County
we
have
about
1.2
million
people
who
live
in
our
county
of
that.
That's
about
18,000
750
children
who
have
asthma
was
about
7
percent
of
kids,
have
have
asthma
about
774
thousand
adults
with
asthma
at
35,000,
with
with
COPD
and
to
to
dwell
I,
guess
a
reinforced.
E
The
disparities
kind
of
discussion,
not
only
our
populations
of
color
and
lower-income
communities
more
likely
to
be
exposed
to
air
pollution,
but
they're
more
likely
to
have
health
consequences
that
can
be
exacerbated
by
air
pollution.
So
the
african-american
population
tends
to
have
asthma
rates
at
two-and-a-half
times.
That
of
like
the
white
population
in
Minnesota,
American
Indians
also
are
tend
to
be.
E
This
is
kind
of
a
different
way
of
looking
at
professors,
measurements
of
air
quality
and
how
we've
been
doing
so
in
the
case
in
my
chart,
which
I
also
conveniently
stole
from
the
Pollution
Control
Agency.
A
hundred
percent
is
where
the
federal
standards
currently
are
set
for.
This
is
for
ozone
and
particulate
emissions
in
particular,
and
you
can
see
on
this
chart
like
we,
we
are
keeping
just
below
the
line.
E
The
trick
here
is
the
Environmental
Protection
Agency
is
under
the
Clean
Air
Act
they're
supposed
to
revisit
these
standards
every
five
years
or
so,
and
the
last
time
that
the
ozone
standard
was
revisited
was
just
2013
or
so.
Twenty
no
2015,
the
their
science
advisory
committee,
recommended
that
we
lower
the
standard
from
75
parts
per
billion
and
ozone
to
somewhere
between
60
and
70
parts
per
billion.
We
at
the
Lung
Association
said
you.
E
The
protective
self
you
know
the
most
protective
standard
for
that
go
for
sixty,
they
set
it
at
seventy
and
so
that
that
70
parts
per
billion
is
that
is
what
becomes
a
hundred
percent
on
this
chart.
But
if
you
add
in
where
sixty
would
have
been,
it
takes
us
down
below
where
our
current
air,
so
our
air
quality
levels
are
so
that
is
all
to
say
for
us.
E
We
feel
lowering
our
air
quality
would
have
protective
health
benefits
and
that
there
would
be
a
lot
benefits
to
having
our
air
pollution
lower,
and
this
isn't
just
for
the
twin
cities.
You
know
it.
This
purple,
mine
I,
think
is
probably
for
the
twin
cities
I'm
guessing
off
the
top.
My
head
is
probably
around
six
feet:
no,
that's
even
lower
than
68
65,
but
Rochester
has
issues
that
would
be
above
this
dotted
line.
Marshall
has
issues
that
would
be
about
this
dotted
line.
So
it's
not
just
a
Twin
Cities
kind
of
thing.
E
E
B
F
E
I'm
not
gonna
hold
my
breath,
if
you
don't
mind
the
pun,
so
real
quickly.
I
just
want
to
talk
about
climate
change
in
health
as
well,
because
there
are
sort
of
lung
health
consequences
with
the
the
what
we
see
in
climate
change
right
now,
one
an
easy
one,
obviously
is
increased
ozone
formation.
With
with
hotter
summers,
as
mentioned,
you
need
that
hot
sunny
day
kind
of
reaction
time,
so
hotter
summers
mean
more
likelihood
of
ozone
formation
wildfire
pollution.
E
This
is
another
thing
that
the
worst
air
quality
we've
had
in
the
Twin
Cities
in
the
last
few
years
has
actually
been
from
wildfire
smoke
farther
out
west
traveling
high
up
into
the
atmosphere
and
the
in
the
weather
pattern
setting
up
just
right
to
bring
that
smoke
back
down
on
us.
So
it's
it's
wildfires
in
Alberta
and
Washington
state.
You.
E
Of
drought,
fueled
type
things
going
on
in
bigger
forests,
far
there's
away,
but
has
brought
us
that
sort
of
health
consequences.
As
a
result,
our
pollens
it
and
sort
of
allergy
seasons
are
changing
compared
to
when
I
was
in
college,
which
sadly,
it
was
20
years
ago.
Now
our
ragweed
season
is
three
weeks
longer
than
it
was
and
in
1999,
so
that
not
only
exposes
people
to
longer
sessions,
but
they
it
turns
out.
The
pollen
in
higher
carbon
atmospheres
becomes
more
potent
as
an
allergen.
E
I
mentioned
ragweed,
because
it's
kind
of
the
most
it's
the
most
common
or
most
frequent
allergen.
That
people
react
to,
even
if
they
don't
have
other
respiratory
symptoms.
But
allergies
are
what
employees
consider
the
the
biggest
reason
for
what
they
call
presenteeism,
where
somebody
might
be
at
work
but
they're,
just
kind
of
feeling
bad
and
they're,
not
they're,
not
living
up
to
their
full
productivity,
and
that
has
a
real
economic
burden
on
it,
but
it
can
also
trigger
it.
E
A
E
Things
that
you
can
you
like
to
see,
but,
as
you
all
probably
know
like
mosquitoes
and
ticks,
they
carry
disease
with
them
a
lot
of
the
time.
So
if
I'm
disease
in
Minnesota
West
Nile
virus,
those
kind
of
things
are
transported
by
insects
and
in
Minnesota
their
ranges
are
expanding,
they're
getting
farther
and
farther
north,
they
get
more
widespread
and
it's
an
issue
will
continue
to
kind
of
have
to
deal
with
more
and
more.
So
those
are
a
few
examples.
E
So,
if
you
are
a
driver,
you
know
some.
Some
basic
kind
of
tips
can
help.
You
reduce
your
own
emissions,
regardless
of
what
kind
of
vehicle
using
properly
inflating
their
tires
makes
a
big
difference
three
to
five
percent
in
fuel
mileage.
Combining
trips
driving
the
speed
limit
is
actually
a
really
helpful
way
of
reducing
your
your
fuel
emissions.
Our
engines
are
designed
up
to
to
be
optimized.
Basically,
what
typically
is
below
the
speed
limit
actually
for
highway
speeds,
not
idling
when
you're,
you
know
not
moving.
E
If
you
know
if
you're
gonna
be
somewhere
for
thirty
seconds
or
more,
you
should
turn
off
your
car.
I
know
in
the
winter
it's
kind
of
hard,
but
your
car
wash
you
warm
up
a
lot
quicker
if
you're
driving,
then,
if,
if
you're,
just
letting
it
sit
in
the
driveway,
go
for
a
long
time,
so
don't
be
afraid
to
get
in
that
cold
car
and
get
on
the
road.
And
of
course
you
know
when
you
can
get
out
of
your
car,
all
the
better
for
transit
or
you
know,
biking
or
other
walking.
E
If
you're
able
our
important
ways
of
kind
of
reducing
the
number
of
trips
are,
then
the
number
of
miles
traveled
Minnesota
is
also
good
for
a
lot
of
alternative
fuels.
That
I'll
highlight
real,
quick
as
well
about
four
hundred
thousand
Minnesotans
drive
what
are
known
as
flex
fuel
vehicles.
These
are
vehicles
designed
to
switch
between
gasoline
or
high
ethanol
blends
anywhere
up
to
85%
ethanol.
So
when
they
use
e85
in
a
flex
fuel
vehicle,
it
reduces
the
the
nitrogen
oxide
emissions,
the
NOx
that
form
ozone.
E
It
also
has
about
a
25%
reduction
in
greenhouse
gas
emissions
for
the
life
cycle
basis.
Minnesota
has
more
85
locations
than
any
anywhere
else
in
the
nation
about
365
and
including
a
couple
in
Bloomington
in
most
every
surrounding
community,
and
it's
also
tends
to
be
more
Minnesotan
a
little
more
homegrown.
So
there
are
a
number
of
economic
advantages
to
Minnesota
is
also
kind
of
on
the
front
edge
of
the
other
biofuel
realm
of
biodiesel.
E
We
we
mix
a
little
bit
of
biodiesel
in
every
gallon
of
diesel
fuel
sold
in
Minnesota.
This
is
particularly
good
for
dropping
particulate
emissions
coming
out
of
older
diesel
V's
vehicles.
It
also
has
a
very
beneficial
lifecycle,
greenhouse
gas
benefits,
and
next
week
we
will
up
the
amount
of
biodiesel
used
in
Minnesota
to
a
20%
standard.
E
So
we'll
be
the
first
in
the
nation
to
do
that
during
our
warm
weather
months,
seen
a
growing
number
of
stations
that
you
might
notice
out,
there
is
selling
an
88
octane
fuel
kind
of
a
strange
little
thing-
that's
popping
up
everywhere,
but
this
is
a
15%
ethanol
blend.
So
all
the
gasoline
sold
in
Minnesota
is
a
10%
ethanol
blend.
15
just
gives
you
a
little
bit
of
a
benefit
with
greenhouse
gas
emissions
and
can
reduce
some
of
the
other
pollution
forms.
E
And
then
you
know
a
lot
of
people
say
the
future
is
electric
I
guess
for
for
vehicles
and
I,
say
the
futures.
Here
now
there
are
a
couple
of
dozen
types
of
electric
vehicles
available
out
here.
We
coordinated
a
program
called
Midwest
evolve.
That's
with
partners
across
seven
states
in
the
Upper
Midwest
working
to
try
to
help
people
recognize
that
electric
vehicles
can
be
a
lot
of
fun.
They
work
in
a
lot
of
situations
and
but
they're
relatively
new.
E
So
it's
it's
an
effort
to
try
to
help
introduce
people
to
electric
vehicles,
so
we
operate
a
website
Midwest
of
Aalborg,
where
people
can
find
ride
and
drive
events
and
other
information
about
you
know
how
electric
vehicles
might
fit
into
your
own
lifestyles,
skipping
back
up
to
the
federal
side,
real
quick.
You
know
the
EPA
is
kind
of
examining
I,
guess
you'd,
say
a
number
of
policy
reviews
right
now
that
have
consequences
for
what
we
do.
E
You
know
in
Minnesota
we
we
can
try
our
best
to
you
know
to
work
on
vehicle
issues,
but
in
many
ways
we're
kind
of
at
the
mercy
of
federal
standards,
and
things
like
that,
so
it's
important
I
think
for
us
to
play
a
role
in
those
federal
standards
as
well.
The
Environmental
Protection
Agency
has
recently
announced
they're
going
to
initiate
a
review
of
what
fuel
efficiency
standards
for
cars
will
look
like,
particularly
for
model
years,
2022
and
2025.
E
So
that's
the
the
cars
the
vehicle
makers
are
just
about
to
commit
to
making
engine
wise
so
that
standards
get
any
public
input.
It's
going
to
need
a
lot
of
involvement
of
outside
folks,
so
I
encourage
everybody
kind
of
look
for
those
opportunities
to
be
a
part
of
that.
Similarly,
the
EPA
has
I
get.
E
If
I'm
correct
this
under
the
letter
of
the
law
for
the
Clean
Air
Act,
they
need
to
be
working
on
emissions
from
coal-fired
power
plants,
so
that
is
again
an
opportunity
before
for
people
to
be
involved
in
kind
of
a
national
discussion
about
what
what
we
want
for
clean
air
and
similarly,
there
should
be
oil
and
gas
emission
discussion.
So
you
know
what's
going
on
with
pipelines
and
well
sites
and
all
that
kind
of
stuff.
Those
standards
will
be
coming
up
for
discussion.
E
If,
if
you
want
to
happen
to
get
alerts
that
kind
of
stuff,
for
you
know
action
items
from
the
Lung
Association,
we
we
operate
the
fighting
for
air
org
website,
where
you
can
sign
up
for
action
alerts
and
notified
of
those
kind
of
involvement,
Sand,
Key
tips
and
that
kind
of
thing
so
I
will
end
that
now
I
know
we'll
be
talking
state-level
stuff
a
little
bit
later.
But
for
that,
thank
you
again
for
the
opportunity
to
be
here
and
look
forward
to
the
conversations.
B
Yeah,
thank
you.
Everyone
we've
got
our
third
speaker
coming
up
Amanda
Jarrett
Smith.
She
is
with
the
Minnesota
Pollution
Control
Agency
she's.
Actually,
the
policy
planner
and
clean
energy
coordinator
at
MPC,
a
she's
got
a
Master
of
Public
Administration,
with
a
focus
on
environmental
policy
from
the
Maxwell
school
at
Syracuse
University,
a
BA
with
Carleton
College,
and
with
that
Amanda
come
on
up
and
she'll,
be
talking
to
us
a
little
bit
about.
What's
going
on
at
the
state
level
here
she's
one
of
our
people
that
we
have
working
for
us
at
one
of
our
agencies.
D
Hi,
thank
you
all
for
having
me
in
happy.
Earth
Day
every
day
is
Earth
Day
at
the
PCA
I
just
want
to
say
that,
but
I
was
asked
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
air
quality
and
at
the
state
level,
and
specifically
the
Volkswagen
settlement,
which
I
think
many
of
us
have
been
hearing
about
in
the
news
over
the
past
year
or
so
so.
D
I
was
asked
to
give
a
little
bit
of
an
introduction
to
the
PCA
in
case
you're
not
familiar
with
us
Minnesota
Pollution
Control
Agency
is
Minnesota's
air
and
water
and
land
agency.
We
ensure
that
we
are
our
mission,
is
to
protect
and
improve
the
environment
and
human
health,
and
who
are
we?
We
are
public
servants,
scientists,
data,
geeks,
educators,
partners
and
much
more
and
again
acting
to
protect
our
land,
water
and
air
here
in
Minnesota,
and
we
have
lots
of
great
stuff
up
on
our
website.
D
If
you
want
to
kind
of
explore
a
little
bit
more
and
specifically
about
air
quality,
what
do
we
do?
We
do
a
lot
of
different
things.
We
regulate
large
facilities,
we
write
air
permits
and
ensure
that
facilities
comply
with
them.
We
monitor
our
air
quality,
as
you
saw
in
some
of
the
earlier
graphs,
to
make
sure
that
we're
complying
with
all
the
National
air
quality
standards
we
innovate.
So
as
new
understanding
comes
about
about
air
quality,
we're
often
on
the
cutting
edge
of
that
doing,
research
and
figuring
out
solutions
to
those
problems.
D
We
also
collaborate
with
partners
here
and
communities
and
businesses
to
help
get
voluntary
emissions
reductions,
and
then
we
work
to
educate
as
well.
We
go
out
and
talk
to
people
like
this
about
air
quality.
We
have
a
lot
of
educational
information
on
our
website
and
so
we're
trying
to
help
people
understand
the
impacts
of
air
quality
on
folks
health
and
what
you
can
do
to
both
reduce
your
emissions
and
reduce
your
exposures
to
air
pollution.
D
So,
as
the
previous
speakers
have
mentioned,
air
quality
has
improved
a
lot
in
Minnesota
and
across
the
country,
but
air
pollution
still
affects
our
health,
even
at
the
levels
that
we're
experiencing
here
in
Minnesota,
and
it
doesn't
affect
everyone
equally
and
part
of
that
is
that
sources
of
our
air
pollution.
We
often
think
about
as
big
smokestacks,
but
they
really
are
in
our
neighborhoods
near
where
we
live
work
and
play,
so
they
can
be
small
businesses,
they
can
be
our
vehicle.
D
They
can
also
be
choices
that
we
make
about
how
we
maintain
our
yard
and
whether
or
not
we
burn
a
fire
in
our
backyard
and
actually
today,
in
Minnesota
those
large
smokestack
facilities
only
make
up
less
than
a
quarter
of
the
overall
emissions
in
our
state.
The
rest
of
it
is
coming
from
those
smaller
sources
that
are
all
over
and
in
our
neighborhoods
and
communities.
D
It's:
how
do
we
reduce
vehicle
pollution,
I
kind
of
think
about
this
in
three
buckets?
The
first
would
be
that
federal
regulation,
so
the
federal
government
can
make
regulations
about
the
type
of
fuel
we
can
burn.
I
can
talk
about
the
types
of
pollution
controls
we
need
on
our
vehicles,
how
efficient
our
vehicles
should
be.
The
second
thing
is
transportation
planning.
We
can
encourage
people
to
ride
public
transit,
take
a
bike
walk
by
making
those
things
more
convenient
and
more
appealing.
D
We
can
also
work
on
our
roadways
to
try
to
reduce
congestion
and
then
the
third
thing
relates
to
our
consumer
and
business
choices.
So
these
are
the
decisions
that
we
make
every
day
about
whether
we
get
in
our
car
onto
a
bus
or
if
we
we
are
going
to
buy
an
SUV
or
a
small
car
and
those
types
of
decisions
really
do
play
a
role
in
the
type
of
in
the
level
of
air
pollution
that
we
have
in
the
state.
D
So
some
of
these
pollutants
are
getting
to
be
pretty
familiar
to
you
all
I
think
tonight,
but
nitrogen
oxides
again.
Those
help
this
contribute
to
the
formation
of
ground-level
ozone
and
they're
the
subject
of
the
violation.
So
that
was
what
Volkswagen
vehicles
were
polluting
too
much
of
fine
particles
are.
Those
are
really
the
health
driver.
The
health
risk
drivers
when
we're
talking
about
diesel
pollution.
They
are
a
probable
carcinogen,
so
they
probably
contribute
to
to
cancer
and
and
even
though
they're,
not
some
of
the
cause
of
the
violation.
D
We
can
achieve
reductions
of
this
pollutant,
as
well
as
nitrogen
oxides.
Through
this
funding,
and
the
same
goes
for
greenhouse
gases
which
cause
climate
change.
We
are
able
to
get
reductions
and
from
this
pollutant,
as
well
as
nitrogen
oxides
with
this
funding,
so
in
Minnesota
we're
receiving
47
million
dollars
over
ten
years.
That
amount
was
determined
based
on
how
many
of
the
violating
vehicles
we
had
registered
in
our
state
and
the
settlement
is
set
up
to
allow
states
and
tribes
to
do
basically,
two
things.
D
Overall?
It's
because
the
violation
was
for
diesel,
and
so
we
want
to
clean
up
diesel
pollution
and
it
was
for
mobile
sources,
so
it
was
for
vehicles,
and
so
we
want
to
reduce
pollution
from
that
type
of
source,
and
this
is
the
kind
of
the
structure
that
we
were
given
by
the
settlement.
But
within
that
we
can
make
choices
that
make
the
most
sense
for
Minnesota
and
what
we
want
to
see
here
in
our
state.
D
So
why
would
we
want
to
replace
old
Diesel's
diesel?
An
old
diesel
truck
can
be
producing
as
much
pollution
as
40.
Excuse
me,
30
new
diesel
trucks.
This
is
because,
in
about
the
past
10
years
or
so,
we've
had
kind
of
a
revolution
and
have
a
duty,
diesel
equipment.
So
I
could
make
a
similar
graphic
to
this.
Comparing
other
types
of
diesel
equipment
so
tugboats
or
buses.
That
sort
of
thing
I
mean
I
could
also
make
us
a
very
similar
graphic,
showing
alternative
fuels
like
propane
and
natural
gas.
D
So
we
can
get
some
really
significant
reductions
by
getting
those
really
old,
dirty
diesels
out
of
commission
and
replacing
them
with
new
stuff.
And
then
why
would
we
want
to
encourage
electric
vehicles?
We
cannot
with
this
funding
by
light-duty
cars
and
SUVs
so,
but
we
can
achieve
some
significant
emissions
reductions
by
moving
away
from
gasoline
vehicles
and
towards
electric.
The
reason
for
this
is
that
we
know
that
even
on
our
grid
today,
our
electric
system
today
and
a
an
electric
car
produces
less
emissions
than
a
gasoline
car.
D
So,
moving
away
from
that
gasoline
car
to
an
electric,
we
can
get
some
good
emissions
reductions
and
one
of
the
best
ways
to
do
that
is
to
build
charging
stations.
Because
a
lot
of
people
feel
that
the
reason
that
they
can't
kind
of
make
that
leap
to
an
electric
vehicle
is
because
they
are
afraid
of
getting
stranded.
D
D
So
all
states
have
to
produce
a
state
plan
to
get
it
reviewed
and
approved
at
the
federal
level
and
Minnesota
wanted
to
develop
a
plan
that
reflected
the
needs
and
desires
of
Minnesotans.
So
we
started
out
early
over
a
year
ago,
taking
input
on
this.
We
had.
Oh,
let's
see,
I,
think
15
public
meetings.
We
received
about
a
thousand
written
comments
and
over
800
responses
to
online
surveys.
D
D
We
had
some
technical
meetings
with
folks
who
owned
diesel
equipment
or
know
a
lot
about
electric
vehicles
to
better
understand
this
technology
and
and
the
opportunities
here
in
Minnesota
we've
been
working
with
the
legislature
to
get
their
input
on
and
we've
presented
to
the
legislature
at
several
hearings,
and
we've
also
had
a
lot
of
one-on-one
conversations
to
understand
what
they
feel
are
important
to
their
constituents.
We've
been
working
with
the
tribes
within
Minnesota,
the
tribes
have
access
to
a
national
tribal
fund
and
they're.
Also
eligible
to
apply
for
funds
through
us,
I
mean
so.
D
We've
been
working
to
try
to
look
for
opportunities
for
collaboration
where
we
can
benefit
all
Minnesotans,
including
those
who
live
on
reservations,
and
then
we've
been
consulting
agency
expertise.
We
have
about
10
years
of
experience
running
a
similar
but
much
much
smaller
program,
and
we
have
a
lot
of
data
and
a
lot
of
modeling
that
we've
been
able
to
do
to
try
to
think
about
what
are
some
of
the
best
options
for
us
here
in
Minnesota
and
just
a
little
bit
about
what
we've
heard
these.
D
In
kind
of
an
early
round
of
public
meetings
and
online
surveys,
we
used
a
tool
that
I
call
affectionately
democracy
and
so
it's
kind
of
a
high-level
way
of
us
to
get
a
sense
of
some
of
these
key
themes.
The
key
issues
that
people
want
us
to
think
about
as
we
develop
our
plan.
So,
as
you
can
see,
we
heard
a
lot
about
environmental
justice.
D
We
heard
a
lot
about
considering
health
impacts
of
diesel,
also
being
cost
effective
managers
of
this
money
and
in
making
sure
that
we're
investing
statewide
and
so
after
a
year
of
engagement.
Today
we
have
a
plan.
Actually
it
was
released.
Oh
just
a
few
weeks
ago,
the
final
plan,
we
released
a
draft
plan
earlier
this
winter
and
took
that
around
the
state
again
and
got
more
input
on
it,
and
we
wanted
to
make
sure
that
people
had
an
opportunity
to
tell
us
whether
or
not
they
think
we
did
a
good
job.
D
So
we
did
that
and
we
made
some
revisions
based
on
that
input
and
we
finalized
our
plan
a
few
weeks
ago.
This
plan
is
for
only
phase
1
of
the
program,
so
we
decided
that
we
wanted
to
build
into
the
program
opportunities
for
further
input
for
further
analysis
and
for
new
technology
that
we
hope
come
online
in
future
years.
So
this
phase
is
for
2018
and
2019,
it's
the
first
25%
of
the
funds
and
so
we'll.
D
This
is
kind
of
an
opportunity
in
a
couple
years
to
come
back
out
and
talk
to
more
people
and
get
input
and
what
what
they
think
we're
doing
well
and
what
we
couldn't
improve.
On
going
to
the
second
phase
of
the
funding
we
set.
Ten,
we
set
ten
year
goals,
five
ten-year
goals
for
ourselves.
The
first
is
to
achieve
significant
emissions
reductions
and
we
have
concrete
goals
for
nitrogen
oxides,
particulate
matter
and
greenhouse
gases.
D
We
have
a
goal
to
invest.
Forty
percent
of
the
funds
in
disproportionately
impacted
communities
using
a
mapping
tool
that
we
have.
We
are
going
to
prioritize
reducing
exposure
and
maximizing
health
benefits
and
we're
working
with
the
Department
of
Health
to
develop
a
methodology
for
doing
that
in
project
selection,
and
then
we
want
to
balance
cost-effectiveness
with
these
other
important
goals.
D
So
phase
one
in
2018
and
2019
will
have
five
grant
programs.
These
will
be
things
that
folks
can
apply
into
and
will
have
a
competitive
grant
process
grant
selection
process.
The
first
is
20%
of
the
funds
going
to
school
buses.
We
did
this.
We
developed
this
program
because
we
heard
from
a
lot
of
people
a
lot
of
concerns
about
exposures
of
children
to
school
buses
when
they're
riding
on
them
and
waiting
for
the
bus
and
that
sort
of
thing,
so
we
have
that
35%
is
to
go
to
transit,
buses
and
trucks.
D
This
category
is
where
we
think
we
have
the
most
opportunity
for
really
significant
emissions
reductions,
there's
a
lot
of
these
in
the
state
and
they
are
pretty
cost
effective
for
us
to
change
out
off-road
equipment.
That's
things
like
tugboats
and
switcher
locomotives,
which
are
locomotives
that
move
things
around
in
rail
yards
construction
equipment,
these
pieces
of
equipment,
a
lot
of
them
have
no
pollution
controls
on
them
at
all.
D
They
can
last
for
decades,
and
so
I
mean
we
can
get
some
really
really
significant
emissions
reductions
by
changing
out
the
engines
and
these
pieces
of
equipment
and
the
number
one
thing
that
we
heard
from
people
is
that
we
should
look
for
opportunities
to
transition
towards
electric
vehicles.
So
we
have
two
programs
related
to
electric
vehicles.
The
first
is
heavy-duty
electric
vehicle
program
and
that
will
change
out
old
diesels
for
electric
alternatives.
D
D
A
smaller
portion
will
go
towards
more
slower
chargers,
which
are
more
useful
at
places
where
you're
going
to
park
for
a
long
time,
so
like
a
public
park
or
maybe
your
workplace
or
in
a
in
an
apartment,
building
that
sort
of
thing
but
they're
significantly
less
expensive.
So
we
can
get
a
lot
of
them
for
much
less
money.
D
So
how
many
vehicles
will
we
change
out
in
just
this
first
phase
around
300
and
and
then
we're
expecting
to
be
able
to
in
charge
abouts
and
install
about
65
electric
vehicle
charging
stations
around
the
state
and
how
much
pollution
will
we
eliminate
so
Volkswagen
we've
calculated
emitted
about
six
hundred
extra
tons
of
nitrogen
oxide
into
Minnesota's
air?
Nitrogen
oxides
excuse
me,
and
so
in
Phase,
one
alone
we
will
reduce
emissions
beyond
what
Volkswagen
produced
and
within
the
ten
years
we'll
have
we
plan
to.
D
And
how
can
you
get
involved?
So
if
you
own
a
piece
of
equipment
like
this,
our
company
that
you
work
for,
does
you
can
apply
if
you
want
to
install
like
I,
said
an
electric
vehicle
charging
station
at
your
workplace
or
apartment
building
or
in
a
you
know,
your
community
center,
you
can
also
apply
and
I
would
I
would
say
one
of
the
things
I
hear
a
lot
is
well
I,
don't
own!
D
You
know
a
diesel
truck
I
mean
how
many
of
us
do,
but
you
know
I
might
live
in
a
community
where
there's
a
facility
that
has
a
lot
of
diesel
trucks
coming
in
and
out.
This
is
a
really
good
opportunity
to
get
some
reductions
out
of
those
vehicles,
so
working
with
community
members
and
partnership
to
encourage
facilities
or
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
governments
on
this
type
of
equipment.
You
know
encouraging
them
to
apply
for
funding
to
reduce
their
vehicle.
D
Emissions
is
another
thing
that
community
members
can
do
and
then,
in
a
couple
years,
when
we're
out
trying
to
get
more
input
on
the
plan,
we'd
really
like
to
hear
again
from
people
if
they
think
that
we've
used
the
funds
wisely
and
if
there
are
things
that
they
think
that
we
should
be
doing
better
or
differently
into
the
future,
and
so
on
our
website.
We
have
a
VW
webpage
that
has,
if
you
want
to
dive
into
some
data.
Let
me
tell
you
it's
super
fun,
but
there's
a
lot
of
stuff
on
our
website.
D
That's
where
I'll
be
posting
all
the
information
about
applications,
and
if
you
want
to
follow
what
we're
up
to
sign
up
for
our
emails
on
that
website,
you'll
find
out
about
plan
revisions,
you'll
find
out
about
open
applications
and
and
yeah
it's,
and
so.
Thank
you.
Thank
you
for
having
me
this
is
my
contact.
Information
and
I
will
also
put
in
a
plug
if
you
want
to
learn
more
about
air
quality
in
general
and
what
the
state
is
up
to
and
what
our
partners
are
up
to.
D
B
Start
us
out
here
with
our
panelists
each
having
a
couple
minutes,
so
they
can
reflect
on
what
they
heard
from
the
other
partners
as
well
as
any
last
statements.
They'd
want
to
do
for
a
minute
or
two
each
and
then
I'll
gather
up
some
questions
and
we
can
start
passing
those
through
to
them.
So
if
you
guys
want
to
I,
think
your
mics
should
be
on
right
at
the
table,
looks.
C
Hadn't
really
thought
about
this
very
hard,
I
think
so
a
couple
things
reflecting
I
think.
First
of
all,
the
air
mail
thing
is
great,
so
sign
up
for
that.
It's
a
great
summary
of
what's
going
on
in
Minnesota.
If
you
really
want
to
stay
involved
in
what's
going
on
with
policy
and
air
pollution
issues,
that's
a
great
way
to
do
that.
C
The
other
thing
I
didn't
touch
on
is
that
you
know
Bloomington
has
two
major
interstates
that
intersect
going
through
it
and
and
I,
don't
know
much
about
who
lives
where
in
Bloomington.
But
this
is
a
very
local
issue
to
the
city
here.
As
far
as
vehicle
traffic
and
potential
inequities
in
exposure
and
health
outcomes
just
like
it
is
in
Minneapolis
and
st.
Paul.
C
So
it's
something
that
for
your
city
is,
is
just
as
critical
as
everywhere
else
and
lastly,
I
think
I
want
to
sort
of
recognize
that
the
collaborations
that
go
across
different
partnerships-
the
university
government
agencies,
nonprofit
groups-
we
all-
are
part
of
an
effort
called
cleaner
Minnesota.
That's
looking
for
ways
to
reduce
emissions
of
different
pollutants
that
contribute
to
air
pollution,
different
chemicals
and
there's
a
lot
of
collaborations.
I
mentioned
that
paper
that
I
mentioned
from
the
MPCA
authors.
Two
of
those
authors
were
students
of
mine
at
one
point
and
Greg
Pratt.
E
I'll
add
a
couple
things:
a
couple
of
other
programs
that,
like
the
sort
of
tie,
clean
air,
Minnesota
and
then
Pollution
Control,
Agency,
together
I
mentioned
one-
is
that
there's
a
program
called
our
there's
a
website
that
the
Pollution
Control
Agency
operates
with
the
Department
of
Health
called
B
era,
where
that's
got
a
number
of
good
tips
and
is
helpful.
Things
such
as.
If
you
know
you
have
influence
at
your
workplace
that
kind
of
stuff
they
can
sign
up
to
help
spread
alerts
when
their
air
quality
in
air
quality
days.
E
So
I
know
there's
information
about
signing
up
on
the
B
era,
where
website
just
signing
up
for
air
quality
alerts
as
well,
which
you
can
do
through
the
pollution
control
agencies
website,
is
a
handy
way
of
kind
of
keeping
an
eye
on
what
air
pollution
levels
are
like
on
a
day
to
day
basis,
and
you
can
set
it
up
for
four
different
alerts
at
different
thresholds.
That
kind
of
stuff,
depending
on
your
own
personal
interests.
I,
also
want
to
express
my
appreciation
to
the
Pollution
Control
Agency
I.
E
Think
through
you
know
our
Department
of
Energy
Clean,
Cities
partnerships
and
through
the
long
association
nationally,
we
were
kind
of
able
to
kind
of
see
what
a
lot
of
these
Volkswagon
conversations
look
like
throughout
the
country
and
who
was
taking
input
from
from
home
and
and
how
plants
got
to
developed
and
I
I.
Think
the
Minnesota
Pollution
Control
Agency
did
a
fantastic
job
of
actually
getting
public
input
and
putting
in
a
tremendous
amount
of
effort
getting
that
and
then
designing
a
plan
that
actually
really
reflected
that.
E
The
five
pieces
of
the
pie
that
came
out
and
I
can
definitely
attest
that
Amanda
would
not
let
you
get
into
the
room
without
giving
you
three
dots
for
your
votes,
so
it
I
think
the
plan
very
very
well
reflects
the
input
that
they
got
and
I
think
they
did
a
tremendous
job
getting
more
input.
Then
a
lot
of
other
states
have
one
thing:
I'll
flag,
I
know
this,
this
being
the
League
of
Women
Voters
and
having
in
previous
lives,
gotten
to
work
with
a
number
of
League
people
on
different
policy
issues.
E
I
know
you
guys
tend
to
have
better
relationships
with
legislators,
then
than
most
and
one
issue
I
will
mention
is
that
at
the
state
legislature
there
has
been
legislation
introduced.
That
I
think
you
know
optimistically.
I
said
it
was
introduced,
it
the
it's,
a
very
short
piece
of
legislation
that
essentially
limits
how
much
money
the
piece
I
can
spend
on
implementing
the
Volkswagen
plan
that
the
federal
EPA
when
they
they
settled
the
lawsuit
with
Volkswagen,
said
people
could
spend
up
to
fifteen
percent
of
the
money
of
the
state
monies
our
47
million.
E
In
our
case
on
the
actual
administration,
the
the
getting
public
input
getting
projects
out
there.
That
kind
of
thing
there's
been
legislation
introduced
that
would
limit
that
to
3%,
which
optimistically
is
designed
to
to
ensure
that
a
lot
of
that
money
goes
to
the
projects
it's
it's
intended
for,
but
my
fear
is
that
that
may
be
overly
restrictive
and
prohibit
the
PCA
from
from
being
able
to
solicit
as
as
widespread
projects
as
they
might.
E
It
may
limit
the
kind
of
feedback
they
seek
when
it
comes
time
to
evaluate
round
one
and
look
at
details
for
round
two,
so
I'm
not
trying
to
raise
red
flags
or
alarm
bells
or
anything
like
that,
but
it
is
concerning
limitations.
So
I
would
encourage
you
all
if
you've
liked
what
you've
heard
about
the
Volkswagen
program.
E
D
D
B
E
No
I
was
gonna
say
that
that
was
actually
tied
to
professor's
a
slide
earlier.
The
he
mentioned
a
research
study
where
they
literally
were
biking
around
appala,
st.
Paul
with
air
monitors
behind
them,
and
they,
you
know
one
of
their
conclusions.
I
think
was
that
if
you
can
do
side,
streets
versus
Main
streets,
there
are
definitely
reductions
and
the
emissions
that
you're
exposed
to
you
know
I
I.
E
Think
the
questioner
is
is
right
to
think
about
the
fact
that
you
know
as
you're
cycling,
you
are
breathing
deeper,
you're
breathing
more
frequently,
you
have
the
pretend
the
potential
to
be
exposed
to
a
lot
more
pollutants.
It's
not
always
practical
to
be
on
the
side,
roads
and
you
know
how
bike
lanes
are
designed
and
where
they're
designed
that
kind
of
stuff
can
definitely
have
an
influence
on
what
you'll
be
exposed
to
at
that
time.
E
So
it
definitely
is
a
good
example
of
I
guess
why
I'm
smart
design
in
cities
this
can
have
lasting
implications
and
where
we
put
our
bike
paths
and
that
kind
of
stuff
can
have
definite
importance.
But
it's
still
a
good
thing
to
do,
and
I
you're,
probably
I,
think
you
still
net
out
more
healthy
than
if
you
didn't
bike
to
work.
But
you
can
definitely
be
careful
about
where
you're
biking,
yeah.
C
D
C
C
Maintenance
staff
cleaning
staff
would
would
be
able
to
be
exposed
to
so
that
that
would
limit
their
exposures
and
then
to
some
extent,
if
they're
you
that
the
to
the
extent
that
they're
being
used
at
hours
when
students
are
in
school,
that
would
that
would
influence
students,
exposures
too,
but
I.
Don't
know
that.
There's
a
lot
of
rules
around
you
know
what
what
chemicals
can
and
cannot
be
used
in
schools,
yeah.
E
Not
aware
of
either
I
think
that
would
be
sort
of
individual
policies.
I
can't
mention
that
the
Pollution
Control
Agency
does
have
a
loan
program
for
small
businesses
who
want
to
cut
down
on
some
of
their
chemical
uses,
like
paint
shops,
auto
body
shops,
that
kind
of
stuff
to
kind
of
provide
assistance
for
companies
who
do
want
to
reduce
those
exposures.
So
there
are
some
really
good
success
stories
of
places
that
have
created
more
healthy
environments
for
their
employees
and
and
reduced
the
kind
of
VOCs
that
we
were
talking
about
earlier.
Grates
are
open
now.
C
D
C
B
Have
a
couple
questions
that
have
to
do
with
greenhouse
gases:
I
guess,
but
one
of
them
is,
can
someone
speak
to
act?
Atmospheric
co2
mitigation
is
that
real
in
attainable
and
I
want
to
add
on
to
that
the
six
EPA
ambient
air
quality
standards
there
wasn't
carbon
dioxide
I'm
wondering
why
or
if
that's
in
the
mix
well,.
C
I
can
answer
the
second
one
more
easily
than
than
the
first,
so
so
carbon
dioxide
is
not
considered
a
criteria.
Air
pollutant,
because
it's
not
it's
not
considered
a
human
health
hazard
directly
like
like
the
others
tend
to
be
so
is
it's
not
listed
as
a
criteria.
Air
pollutant
EPA
in
the
previous
administer
raishin
was
argued
that
it
can
be
regulated
because
it
does
create
ultimately
human
hazards
and-
and
you
know,
there's
been
litigation
around
that
too.
So
so
it's
not
considered
a
criteria.
Air
pollutant.
For
that
reason,
it's
it's
regulated.
For
other
reasons,
yeah.
D
So
it's
regulated
based
on
source,
specific
regulations.
So
that's
what
the
clean
power
plan
it
was
that
that
John
mentioned
there's
also
regulations
related
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
co2
emissions
from
vehicle
tailpipes-
and
these
are
both
things
that
are
currently
being
rolled
back
by
the
current
EPA.
F
D
C
C
So
I
I,
you
know,
there's
there's
not
an
easy
way
to
just
regulate
and
say:
thou
shalt
not
have
a
backyard
fire
but
trying
to
educate
your
neighbors
have
have
conversations
with
your
neighbors.
If
you
know
they
they
regularly
burn
and-
and
you
know,
try
to
explain
to
them.
You
know
gently
I
think,
because
that
that
it
does
create
hazards
and
for
perhaps
particularly
using
that
the
effects
on
children
and
who
may
have
asthma
and
older
people
who
may
also
have
a
variety
of
health
effects
that
could
be
impacted
by
inhalation
of
particles.
We.
E
Do
get
contacted
regularly
by
by
people
who
kind
of
get
trapped
in
their
house.
You
know
when
the
neighbor
is
having
a
backyard
fire,
because
you
know
and
closing
your
windows
turn
down
the
air
conditioners
kind
of
what
we
kind
of
say
that
try
to
mitigate
effects,
but
you
know
that
that
doesn't
always
work.
So
a
lot
of
it
is
getting
to
know
your
neighbors.
That
kind
of
stuff,
I,
think
making
sure
if
you
have
a
respiratory
condition
that
your
neighbors
know
it
and
that
they
kind
of
pay
attention
to
where
their
smoke
is
going.
E
There
are
kind
of
tips
of
you
know
when
you
use
dry
wood,
that
kind
of
stuff
it
can
reduce
the
amount
of
smoke
coming
off
of
wood.
If
people
are
burning,
I
think
a
lot
of
the
times.
People
are
gathering
around
fires
just
as
a
social
thing
and
for
the
sake
of
being
social,
it's
not
because
of
the
fire.
That's
just
kind
of
the
excuse-
and
you
don't
really
need
the
fire
in
the
middle
of
that
to
have
that
good
time
with
your
neighbors,
you
know
there
are.
There
are
non
wood,
I
guess,
recreation!
E
You
know
backyard
fire
elements,
you
can
use
that
are
propane
or
you
know
otherwise,
just
light
up
or
other
kind
of
things.
So
you
don't
necessarily
need
to
burn
the
wood
or
you
can
just
get
together
in
the
backyard
and
you
know
have
beers
and
enjoy
each
other
without
the
fire,
in
the
middle
of
it,
usually
more
enjoyable,
and
sometimes,
if
you're
not
running
from
the
smoke
but
I
think
a
lot
of
it
in
the
ideal
world
a
lot
of
its
having
good
conversations
with
neighbors
and
when
you
can
that
not
always
possible.
B
There's
a
couple
questions
here
that
have
to
do
with
people
interested
in
finding
out
the
either/or
of
these
different
choices
that
we
make,
and
one
is
mr.
hunter,
encouraged
us
to
choose
ethanol
because
it
is
better
for
air,
but
isn't
it
worse
for
our
water
and
causing
the
nitrates
in
water
and
the
other
is
our
hybrid
car
is
good
for
our
air
quality
because
they
are
less,
they
use
less
gas
or
on
balance,
are
they
more
polluting
because
of
the
pollution
caused
in
making
their
batteries?
F
D
E
E
You
know
ethanol
is
it,
you
know,
is
a
tricky
where
people
have
to
kind
of
figure
out
the
balances
for
themselves
and
when
looking
at
you
know,
water
in
Minnesota,
I
would
compare
it
to
as
well
to
looking
at
where
our
petroleum
comes
from,
which
in
Minnesota
is
you
know.
Seventy
percent
of
it
comes
from
the
Alberta
tar
sands
up
north,
which
are
very
energy,
intensive
and
very
water
intensive
for
for
harvesting.
If
you
will,
and
so
there
are
trade-offs
with
that
as
well.
E
B
D
D
We
in
society
seem
to
be
getting
a
little
bit
better
about
how
we're
doing
that,
we're
not
for
the
most
part,
just
wiping
out
cultural
heritage
sites,
and
you
know,
communities
and
things
like
that
and
and
a
little
bit
smarter
about
how
it's
impacting
the
ecosystem.
But
you
know
I,
don't
think
that
I
have
a
very
strong
comment
on
on
that
which
direction
maybe.
D
D
B
E
There,
for
any
things,
I
think
that
that
can
be
done,
dependent
how
hands-on
and
folks
want
to
get
you
know.
As
mentioned,
we
have
that
the
Midwest
evolved
project,
which
is,
is
really
about
enabling
people
to
have
kind
of
firsthand
experiences
with
electric
vehicles,
so
a
portion
of
that
is
its
kind
of
surveying
people
when
they
come
and
go
before,
test
drives
and
kind
of
be.
A
lot
of
our
outreach
is
through
events,
that
kind
of
take
places.
E
Things
like
the
Mall
of
America
or
other
other
kind
of
opportunities
like
that,
where
we
really
do
need
assistance
and
kind
of
helping
people
just
kind
of
go
through
the
system
and
kind
of
look
at
vehicles.
That
way,
we
sure
have
a
number
of
other
volunteer
opportunities
that
are
just
escaping
me
right
at
the
top
of
that
I've.