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From YouTube: CORONAVIRUS Q&A: 1918 FLU
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A
Good
afternoon,
everyone
this
is
mayor,
steve
hagerty,
I'm
glad
to
have
all
of
you
here
joining
us
for
another
coronavirus,
q,
a
I
am
so
excited
today
to
have
christopher
vazquez,
a
northwestern
a
daily
reporter,
who
is
a
northwestern
student,
he's
a
junior
for
the
daily
northwestern
and
he's
coming
to
us
from
new
jersey
and
dr
sarah
rodriguez
who's,
a
professor
at
northwestern
and
the
two
of
them
recently
collaborated
on
a
multimedia
history
project
for
the
daily
northwestern,
which
is
phenomenal,
and
I'm
going
to
ask
christopher
at
the
beginning
to
let
you
all
know
where
you
can
find
this,
because
it
was
10
minutes
and
I
learned
a
ton
and
in
fact
it
inspired
me
to
want
to
have
this
conversation
today
with
sarah
and
christopher
to
share
information
with
all
of
you.
A
I
think
there's
a
lot
that
we
can
learn
from
history.
People
talk
often
about
this
being
an
unprecedented
pandemic
as
if
we've
never
had
a
pandemic
before,
and
we
have
and
you're
gonna
learn
about
that
today.
We're
gonna
talk
about
the
1918
h1n1
influenza
that
killed
over
600
000
people
here
in
the
united
states
and
over
50
million
people
around
the
world.
So
there's
a
lot
we
can
learn
and-
and
I'm
excited
about
the
show
so
first
thing
I'm
gonna
do.
A
Is
I'm
gonna
ask
christopher
a
to
share
with
people
how
you
how
you
came
up
with
this
idea
and
why
you
thought
this
would
be
something?
That's
that's
valuable
and
important
to
report
and
then,
where
folks
can
find
it,
because
I
want
them
to
be
able
to
see
the
multimedia
video
as
well
that
you
all
did.
B
Yeah
so
as
things
kind
of
started
getting
shut
down,
I
was
definitely
feeling
pretty
scared
and
not
really
sure
what
was
going
to
happen
next.
So
the
1918
flu
at
that
point
was
kind
of
starting
to
get
a
bit
more
archival
news
coverage,
and
so
I
started
just
kind
of
consuming
that
all
the
time
to
sort
of
give
myself
just
a
sense
of
comfort
and
see.
B
A
A
C
Well,
I'm
gonna
actually
say
two
things
about
chris's
work.
One
is
that
that
was
he
pulled
me
in
for
an
interview,
but
everything
about
evanston
was
what
he
did.
So
it
was
a
it
was.
It
was
a
very
impressive.
It
is
a
very
impressive
piece
so,
but
that
said-
and
I
thinking
largely
about
the
united
states-
that
there
were
there
were
differences.
Different
cities
handled
things
a
bit
differently.
Some
did
sort
of
similar
things,
but
a
lot
of
cities
respond
were
a
bit
different.
C
Some
cities
really
sort
of
closed
down
to
anyone
outside
the
city,
so
no
visitors,
some
cities
didn't
really
shut
down
that
much
and
so
or
some
cities
shut
down
the
school
systems.
Others
didn't
chicago,
for
example,
didn't
shut
down
the
school
system,
we
mimicked
new
york
and
that
so
it's
a
sort
of
variety
of
responses.
The
initial
sort
of
governmental
responses
were
varied
across
the
united
states.
A
And
chris,
what
about
what
about
here
in
evanston
like
in
terms
of
you
know,
schools
and
maybe
northwestern
university
and
movie
theaters
and
churches?
Were
we
quick
to
shut
down
here
in
evanston
or
not
so
quick
back
in
1918.
B
So
there's
definitely
a
bit
of
a
buffer
period
between
when
the
1918
flu
was
first
thought
to
have
entered
the
chicagoland
area
and
when
evanston
actually
began
to
shut
down.
Some
schools
did
start
taking
precautionary
measures
before
the
city
officially
started
shutting
things
down.
But
there
were
about
two
to
three
weeks
of
the
sort
of
buffer.
A
You
know,
dr
rodriguez,
you
know
what
measures
were
taken
to
combat
the
flu
back
in
1918
and
how
would
how
does
that?
Compare
to
the
measures
that
we've
implemented
today.
C
Some
similar
one
of
the
things
I
really,
which
was
the
chicago
tribune
a
couple
weeks
ago,
re-ran
their
sort
of
explanation
of
how
to
make
your
own
mask,
which
looked
an
awful
lot
like
some
instructions,
we're
seeing
today
in
the
newspaper
and
elsewhere
about
how
to
make
your
own
mask.
So
one
was
to
encourage
masks
wearing
out
in
public,
which
now
maybe
doesn't
seem
like
quite
as
a
big
deal,
but
if
we
think
20th
century
masks
wearing
masks
even
in
a
surgical,
suite
was
a
generally
new
phenomenon.
C
So
the
fact
that
it
was
encouraging
people
even
outside
of
settle
a
very
novel
experience
was
it
was
a
pretty
big
deal.
So
one
was
wearing
masks
to
protect.
Another
was
to
again
do
some
shutdowns
of
sort
of
large
gatherings
of
people.
C
Another
was
to
encourage
things
to
move
outside,
to
sort
of
reduce
the
likelihood
of
spread,
so
so
various
I
would
call
social
distancing.
C
They
I'm
not
sure
they
call
it
that
then,
but
basically,
some
social
distancing,
as
well
as
making
sure
that
their
people
aren't
in
sort
of
a
because
there
was
concern
that
was
somehow
being
spread.
There
was
a
heat
that
it
was
somehow
being
spread:
sort
of
by
sneezing,
coughing,
etc.
So
similar
sort
of
trying
to
mitigate
that
spread.
That
way.
A
Right
right,
what
was
interesting
to
me
watching
watching
the
multimedia
video
that
chris
did
is
that
yeah
a
lot
of
the
procedures
that
the
public
health
experts
are
telling
us
to
take
now
are
no
different
than
they
were
102
years
ago
for
the
1918
pandemic?
Now
one
of
the
things
that
I
presume
is
different
is
we
have
a
lot
more?
I
would
gather
information
available
to
us
today
in
terms
of
health
metrics
than
than
we
had
back.
Then.
Could
you
talk?
Could
you
talk
about
that?
Dr
rodriguez,
a
little.
C
So
to
start
of
saying
influence,
it
was
actually
portable
disease
when,
when
the
pandemic
essentially
starts
so
spring
summer,
1918
influenza
was
sort
of
seen
as
sort
of
common
and
not
necessarily
a
large
concern
that
changes
in
the
united
states
in
the
fall
of
1918
would
become
a
reportable
disease.
Some
part
of
this
is,
is
they
actually
start
collecting
information
about
it,
to
see
to
sort
of
see
how
the
spread
is
and
to
consider
it
a
to
be
worried
enough
to
start
collecting
because
actually
seeing
so
many
cases
of
it?
C
So
that
is
a
large
difference,
but
you
know
we're
still
seeing
now
that
data
collection
still
proved
to
be
about
spread.
I
just
read:
how
of
illinois
has
learned
about
certain
information,
like,
I
think,
there's
a
14-page
feat.
I
believe,
if
for
someone
who
has
covered
night
people
to
fill
out,
including
things
like
their
job,
is
you
know
where
they
live
so
that
the
state
can
have
some
sort
of
idea
about?
Are
there?
Are
we
seeing
patterns?
C
The
one
similarity
is
is
necessity
to
collect
information,
this
sort
of
initial
sort
of
what
information
is
important
to
gather,
but
then
the
second
is
that
information
can
still
be
difficult
to
gather
for
the
people
who
have
to
gather
it.
So
both
cases
recognize
that
information
is
important
and
both
are
seeing
that
it
can
still
be
fairly
difficult
to
gather.
A
Yeah
yeah
it's
interesting
because,
as
we
move
into
the
recovery
phase,
which
just
started
here
today
under
the
restore
illinois
plan,
we
know
and
the
public
health
experts
know
there
will
be
outbreaks,
and
so
now
it's
a
matter
of
how
do
we
manage
you
know
slowly
re-entering
you
know
into
you,
know
more
of
a
normal.
You
know
it'll
be
a
new
normal
at
the
end
of
this,
but
normal
for
all
of
us
environment.
A
B
A
What
was
interesting
to
me
is
because
you
go
back
to
1918
weren't,
doing
contact
trade.
You
know
contact
tracing
on
every
single
person
that
they
got
it
because
again
it
was
influenza.
It
was
the
flu,
it
was
around,
probably
didn't
think
too
much
and
then
all
of
a
sudden
they
realized
well.
We've
got
something
here,
that's
a
pandemic,
and
this
is
really
bad.
And
what
surprised
me
here
is
here:
we
are
in
2020
in
evanston,
we've
done
contact
tracing
since
day,
one
and
we've
always
done
it
for
all
almost
700
cases.
A
Now
that
we
have
here
in
evanston
in
chicago
I
just
assumed
it
was
being
done
everywhere,
and
then
it
was
only
a
few
weeks
ago
that
I
learned
in
chicago,
like
they
were
overwhelmed
at
a
certain
point
and
haven't
been
doing
contact
tracing
and
if
you
look
at
the
number
of
cases
per
capita
on
a
10
000
basis
in
evanston
we're
doing
pretty
well
on
that
measure
or
that
metric
and
I
think
contact
tracing
such
an
important
part
of
that
and
again
I
don't
think
that
was
something
back
in
1918
that
we
were
doing,
but
even
now
we're
challenged.
A
You
know
to
do
it
hey
chris.
Could
you
talk?
Could
you
talk
to
us
about
back
in?
Let's
go
evanston
specific
back
in
1918.
A
You
know
the
first
time
we
quarantined
how
here
in
evanston
like
what
when
was
that,
what
month
was
that
how
many
cases
had
already
occurred?
Were
we
the
first
to
quarantine
around
the
north
shore
or
or
not
the
first
to
quarantine,
talk
to
our
viewers
about
that.
B
Yes,
so
evanston's
first
quarantine
occurred
in
around
early
october
of
1918..
They
were
actually
the
last
city
in
the
north
shore
to
quarantine.
According
to
the
evanston
news
index,
which
was
a
city
newspaper
at
the
time
and
in
terms
of
number
of
cases,
I
could
pull
up
the
exact
number
from
my
notes,
but
I
do
know
that
the
news
index
by
that
point
was
already
running
items
almost
daily
about
deaths
and
new
cases,
and
even
about
some
institutions
shutting
down
because
of
the
flu.
A
Yeah
yeah,
no,
it's
again
for
our
viewers,
it's
fascinating
multimedia,
and
I
remember
that
I
remember
the
numbers
I
don't
know
because
I'm
enmeshed
in
this
every
single
day
and
I'm
at
the
emergency
operations
center
right
now,
actually
and
so
back
then.
In
october
I
thought
I
was
really
surprised
to
learn
that
evanston
was
the
last
community
in
the
north
shore
to
quarantine,
and
even
then
we
didn't
quarantine
and
lock
down
northwestern
university
that
remained
open.
A
But
we
were
the
last
to
close
schools,
churches
movie
theaters,
which
is
a
big
form
of
entertain
entertainment
back
there,
and
when
we
did,
we
had
200
cases
of
h1n1
here
in
evanston
and
22
deaths
before
the
before
they
quarantined.
One
of
the
issues
that
I
struggled
with
for
a
second
was
whether
to
declare
a
local
state
of
emergency.
A
When
I
had
zero
cases
and
I
had
zero
cases
and
yet
I
saw
where
this
was
going,
because
there
was
obviously
the
outbreaks
out
in
washington
state
and
it
was
important
that
people
understand
that
this
is
an
emergency
and
we
need
to
quickly
take
action,
and
so
we
chose
to
do
that.
But
I
was
worried
about
you
know:
will
people
say
I'm
overreacting,
you
know
by
doing
that,
and
I
don't
think
now
they
would
now
that
it's
become
what
it's
become,
but
at
that
moment
on
march
15th,
so
yeah
and
then
chris.
A
Why
don't
you
was
that
was
that
the
end
of
it?
So
so
we
quarantined
back
in
october
1918
was
that
it
or
what
happened
after
that.
B
So
later
that
month,
the
quarantine
order
was
lifted
and
then
a
few
weeks
later,
world
war
one
ends
so.
Peace
celebrations
in
evanston
and
around
the
country
become
a
big
way
that
the
pandemic
is
continuing
to
spread
at
the
time
and
evanston
people
also
just
continue
to
gather
in
common
gathering
places.
B
So
things
like
schools,
churches,
movie
theaters,
when
those
institutions
reopen
people
can
flock
to
them
again
and
then
later
on
in
that
year
by
december,
north
sorry
evanston
is
under
a
quarantine
order
again
and
at
that
point
there
is
sort
of
much
less
reluctance
to
quarantine
than
there
was
under
the
first
order
in
the
fall
of
1918
in
evanston,
some
churches
were
still
holding
services
and
some
churches
that
even
weren't
holding
services
people
were
still
going
there
to
see
if
anything
was
going
on,
whereas
in
the
winter,
when
a
second
quarantine
order
was
instituted,
there
were
items
running
in
the
news
index
about
people's
personal
responsibility
to
slow
the
spread
of
the
disease,
to
keep
each
other
healthy
and
to
sort
of
just
stay
indoors.
A
That's
that
is
that
is
interesting,
and
that's
something
that
didn't
jump
out
or
I
didn't
you
didn't
go
into
that
level
of
detail
in
the
multimedia
presentation,
and
I
think
that's
good
for
people
to
know
so
today
is
is
friday
when
we're
filming
this
is
friday.
May
29th.
I
just
posted
something
on
facebook,
which
was
a
link
to
this
multimedia
presentation
that
the
daily
northwestern
and
chris
produced-
and
I
very
much
hammered
home
the
point
that
we
didn't
quarantine
once
we
quarantined
twice
back
in
1918.
A
I
think
it's
so
important
for
everybody
here
in
evanston
to
realize
we
do
not
want
to
go,
revert
back
and
have
to
go
to
a
stay-at-home
order.
It's
hard
enough.
The
last
two
months
have
been
hard
enough
for
people,
and
so
it's
so
important
that
we
incrementally
and
intelligently
you
know,
follow
the
guidelines
of
the
public
health
experts
and
ease
back
into
reopening,
because
if
we
don't
and
chris
just
described
it,
if
we
don't,
we
may
very
well
find
ourselves.
A
You
know
going
down
the
chute
and
I
described
this
whole
thing
to
shooting
ladders
and
in
a
previous
q
and
a
you
know,
almost
getting
to
the
finish
line
and
going
down
the
chute
and
having
to
start
all
over.
We
don't
want.
We
don't
want
to
do
that.
Dr
rodriguez,
can
you
talk
about
flattening
the
curve
and
whether
flattening
the
curve
was
something
that
they
talked
about
back
in
in
1918?
A
And
you
know
it's
certainly
an
expression
that
most
people
didn't
know
three
months
ago,
and
now
we
all
know
what
flattening
the
curve
means.
We
have
been
successful
at
flattening
the
curve,
but
we
had
to
do
that
in
order
to
hope
you
know
save
more
lives,
because
we
were
worried
about
our
hospitals
getting
overrun,
so
talk
to
us
about
like
healthcare
back
in
1918
and
what
they
did
and
were
they
using
that
terminology
and
trying
to
educate
people
that
way
and
some
comparisons
to
today.
C
So
I'm
actually
not
certain
if
they
used
the
term
flattening
the
curve,
but
certainly
they
they
were
charting,
and
that
was
the
sort
of
that's
why
we
know
the
peak.
The
peak
really
for
the
united
states
is
really
that
fall
of
1918
is
when
it's
quite
bad.
It
obviously
is
circling
around
the
globe
a
couple
more
times,
but
the
sort
of
peak
deaths
are
really
in
this
about
two
two
and
a
half
month
window,
and
then
you
can
see
these
graphs
where
it
peaks
and
then
going
down,
so
they
obviously
are.
C
They
were
charting
and
following
this
I
will
say
kind
of
on
that
metric
system
too,
maybe
not
necessarily
flattening
the
curve.
But
one
thing
that
really
concerned
health
workers
at
that
time
was
that
this
was
a
w
chart
for
who
was
getting
sick.
So
we
think
of
right
now,
when
influenza
more
typically
was
a?
U
chart,
which
means
those
most
at
risk
were
the
very
young
or
the
very
old,
and
that
was
sort
of
the
typical
trajectory
for
who
was
at
risk
for
influenza.
C
C
They
are
the
ones
also
particularly
at
risk
of
getting
influenza,
and
particularly
getting
the
there
was
a
smaller
percent
if
they
did
get
them
influenza
to
actually
develop.
Complications
such
as
pneumonia,
which
then
led
to
that
was
sort
of
the
the
most
at
risk.
People.
A
Yeah,
so
that's
really
that's
really
interesting.
Chris.
Can
you
talk
about?
How
did
it
come?
How
did
it
get
here
to
evanston
I
mean
back
in
1980
100
years
ago.
We
didn't
have
airplanes
people
weren't
hopping
on
airplanes
and
flying
around
and
that's
a
big
part
of
how
it
spread
it
can
spread
today.
So
how
did
it?
How
did
it
spread
back
then?
Can
you
talk
about
that
and
specifically,
if
you
know
how
it
got
here
to
the
chicago
area
and
the
north
shore.
B
B
A
A
A
So
I
think
the
big
question,
dr
rodriguez,
it's
on
everyone's
mind
is
you
know:
we've
now
learned
that
there
were
waves
back
then
of
of
the
influenza.
A
C
So
it
wasn't,
the
vaccine
doesn't
sure.
Well,
no
sorry,
the
identification
of
the
virus
is
1933..
The
vaccine
then
comes
after
that.
So
it's
not
a
vaccine
that
stops
this
influenza
outbreak
a
particular
one.
Probably
at
some
level
it
was
unity
that
there
was
some
sort
of
going,
because
it
certainly
wasn't
a
vaccine.
So
it
was
a
lot
of
then
the
obviously
chris
talking
about
there
was
an
an
element
of
tracing
of
who's
sick.
C
At
some
level,
it
was
sort
of
con
those
scented
measures,
as
well
as
the
isolating
people
that
really
sort
of
stemmed
the
flow,
as
well
as
probably
a
good
degree
of
yeah
people
had
gotten
something,
and
so
they
developed
a
bit
of
immunity
to
get
it
again
from
getting
yeah.
A
B
I
think
one
thing
that
I
definitely
learned
and
took
away
from
the
experience
of
reporting.
It
is
that,
like
I
said
before,
we
haven't
been
here
exactly
before,
but
we
have
been
in
a
similar
place
and
we
made
it
out
even
in
a
time
when
it
might
have
seemed
like
we
weren't
going
to,
and
I
know
that
I've
definitely
felt
that
way
during
this
pandemic.
So
that
was
one
reassuring
thing
for
me
to
take
away,
and
another
big
thing
for
me
was
just
the
importance
of
being
willing
to
quarantine
into
social
distance.
A
C
I
think
one
thing
is
to
think
I
mean
historic
kind
of
shy
away
from
this
idea
of
that.
History
repeats
itself
right
that,
but
we
can
take
ideas
and
think
for
what
chris
just
said.
Obviously,
people
we've
people
have
dealt
with
pandemics
before
we've
dealt
with
a
major
global
pit
before
and
so
to
think
that
people
have
come
with
ways
to
deal
with
it,
and
I
think
probably
the
biggest
lessons
for
me
is
to
think
that
they're,
not
necessarily
all
biomedical
right.
This
wasn't
stopped
by
the
vaccine.
C
A
Yeah-
and
you
can
see
all
that
at
play
here-
right-
the
social,
the
political,
the
the
health,
all
everything-
it's
it's
very,
it's
very
fascinating
from
that.
From
that
perspective,
listen
I
want
to
thank
christopher
vazquez
and
dr
sarah
rodriguez
for
join
for
joining
us
today.
Again,
if
you
haven't
had
a
chance
to
to
watch
this
video,
you
can
find
on
the
daily
northwestern
website
about
what
we
can
learn
from
the
1918
pandemic.
C
A
Understand
why
they
would
all
want
to
come
out
and
celebrate.
You
know
the
the
end
of
world
war,
one
I
mean
that
was
in
a
pretty
big
occasion,
and
then
you
know
william
howard
taft,
the
former
president
coming
to
northwestern
university
and
hundreds
of
people,
or
maybe
a
thousand.
I
don't
know
showing
up
to
to
hear
the
former
president
speak.
A
That's
not
often
we
have
a
former
president
that
comes
through
evanston,
and
so
you
could
understand
why
people
gather,
but
we
all
need
to
be
very,
very
prudent
about
the
decisions
that
we're
making
make
sure
they're
aligned
with
the
public
health
authorities
and
keeping
six
feet
apart
and
keeping
our
our
gatherings
to
know
no
more
than
ten
people
while
we're
practicing
social
distancing.
A
So
thank
you.
Thank
you
both
for
for
the
great
work
that
you
did
and
christopher
for
producing
it
and
dr
rodriguez
for
being
a
part
of
that
presentation
and,
as
I
mentioned
at
the
beginning,
evanston
history
center
is
also
doing
some
research
on
this
and
we'll
be
publishing
something
here
locally
in
the
near
future,
which
will
have
even
additional
information
and
lessons
learned
from
1918..
A
So,
thank
you.
Thank
you,
everyone
for
joining
us
and
be
well.