►
From YouTube: DevoWorm #31: Digital Bacillaria, GSoC Updates, Cell types, development, and regeneration in Axolotl
Description
Contributions to Digital Bacillaria and progress on Digital Microspheres. Cell types and next-gen sequencing, developmental and regeneration in Axolotl, amniotes, and organoids. Attendees: Alon Samuel, Richard Gordon, Bradly Alicea, Susan Crawford-Young, Morgan Hough, Harikrishna Pillai, and Karan Lohaan
A
A
A
A
A
A
Oh,
I
have
a
tent
that
fell
over
in
the
winter,
it
ruined
a
bunch
of
stuff,
and
then
I
have
a
garage
that's
about
to
fall
over
if
we
leave
it
another
winter
wow,
and
so
I
had
to
clean
that
out
and
then
I
have
a
garden
and
I
have
a
yard-
and
I
have
a
house
and
I'm
supposed
to
be
getting
ready
for
an
art
show
and
I've
been
cleaning
out
my
studio
to
make
it
proper
for
an
art,
art
show
so
and
then
after
I
do
that,
then
there's
things
that
happened
in
the
garden
that
weren't
supposed
to,
because
I
was
cleaning
something
else
and
then
the
house
has
mice
in
it,
and
I've
been
trying
to
find
them.
A
C
B
So
welcome
to
the
meeting
hello,
elan
and
niri
krishna
and
dick
and
susan
hard
copy
credit
cards.
A
So
all
right,
hello,
everyone
hi!
How
are
you
hello,.
A
A
B
Okay,
thank
you,
hari
krishna,
hi
hi.
So
how
are
you
doing.
D
Yeah,
so
I
think
I've
finished
up
with
the
application,
but
I'm
having
some
problem
to
bring
it
to
the
website,
because
there's
some
error,
I'm
not
able
to
figure
it
out
by
I'll
figure
it
out
with
the
next
two
or
three
days.
I
think
it's
fine
yeah.
E
B
D
D
I
logged
in
using
my
linux
and
I
don't
have
anything
in
this.
I
mean
all
the
work
I
did
was
in
windows,
okay,
I'll
I'll.
Maybe
I
can
do
a
meeting,
maybe
tomorrow
or
any
any
other
day.
We
are
free
and
show
you
the
progress
yeah.
Is
it
fine.
B
Yeah,
that's
fine,
you
can
do
that.
Yeah
it'd
be
good
and
then
I
I
don't
know
where
quran
is,
I
think
he's
all
set
he's
on
track
as
well,
but
I
haven't
seen
anything:
maybe
he
can
come
tomorrow.
A
A
A
B
All
right,
alan
hello,
thank
you
for
all
right.
E
Yes,
I've
been
working
on
the
tracking,
the
basilaria
problem
and
I
was
doing
some
last
week
I
was
trying
some
algorithms
to
kind
of
find
some
dots
to
kind
of
track.
It
didn't
work
so
well.
I
was
using
the
algorithm
of
track
from
opencv
from
harris
to
kind
of
track
some
corners,
but
after
that
I
did
use
the
optical
flow
algorithm
to
track
some
points
in
the
basilaria
and
that
worked
really
well,
and
maybe
I
can
show
the
video
that
I
was
producing
yesterday.
E
Yeah
then
I
created
also
like
made
a
pr
and
then
I
can
merge.
I
think,
probably
I
don't
know,
maybe
you
merged
it.
Yeah.
C
I
have
a
suggestion,
look
at
the
papers
by
edgar
and
sabranco
and
if
you
can
show
that
the
noise
and
best
is
substantially
less
than
the
noise
that
was
measured
for
those
for
for
those
cells,
then
that
might
be
good
enough,
rather
than
trying
to
get
an
absolute
baseline
in
smooth
motion.
E
Yes,
I
I
was
trying
to
get
a
hold
of
the
papers
last
week
that
you
mentioned,
but
I
didn't
see
them
in
the
photo
that
you
shared
with
me.
Maybe.
C
E
Yes,
so
this
is
a
video
before
that.
There's
a
video
that
thomas
shared
with
me
and
it's
really
good,
because
it's
kind
of
the
resolutions
quite
well.
It's
a,
I
think,
a
thousand
two
hundred
and
eighty
or
seven
hundred
that's
a
hundred
frames
per
second,
but
it's
kinda
like
maybe
not
just
doesn't
matter,
I
think
maybe
so
much.
Maybe
it's
gonna
just
contribute
to
the
smoothness,
but
it's
also
like
with
just
like
a
single.
E
The
camera
doesn't
move
around
so
much
that's
kind
of
good
and
over
that
what
I
did.
I
took
the
optical
flow
from
the
website
and
what
I
did
it
kind
of
find.
It
found
some
points
on
the
screen
or
on
the
basilira
to
kind
of
good
to
track,
and
then
we
you
can
see
that
it.
E
It
shows
the
kind
of
trajectory
of
the
of
these
points
and
I
just
was
kind
of
trying
it
and
kind
of,
like
happily
out
of
the
box,
just
like
produced
like
really
good
results,
so
that
was
really
good
to
to
have
you
see,
there's
like
a
bit
of
car
like
the
the
video
is
moving
a
bit.
So
you
can
see
these
kind
of
on
the
tracks,
but
it
kind
of
moves
which
is
a
bit
weird,
but
other
than
that.
E
We
can
see
like
a
really
nice
straight
lines,
that
kind
of
go
behind
each
other
on
the
lines
of
the
pastel
area,
which
is
kind
of
pretty
good.
E
Yes,
yes,
just
from
the
yeah
kind
of
like
the
optical
flow,
even
like
from
the
tutorial
kind
of
like
for
opencv,
okay,
yeah,
just
yeah
this
one
and
the
code
yeah,
it's
just
this
one
that
I
took
and
then
just
made
it
work
on
the
on
the
kind
of
videos
itself.
I
also
like
added
another
component
that
kind
of
saves
kind
of
like
everything,
just
kind
of
like
the
printing
on
the
on
the
images
and
then
yeah.
Just
how
that's
how
I
produced.
B
B
If
you
go
to
the
paper
that
we
wrote
on
this,
you
know
a
couple
years
ago,
thomas,
he
was
using
some
biomechanical
analysis,
where
you
know
he's
marking
the
center
of
the
cell
and
looking
at
the
stretch
and
all
this
and.
B
That's
one
way
to
do
it,
and
then
we
were
using
machine
learning
to
segment
the
cells
and
define
the
shape
of
them,
and
this
this
looks
like
an
intro.
This
looks
like
it
would
be
a
pretty
good
method
like
it's
pretty
robust,
I
think
I
mean
optical
flow
is
used
in
a
lot
of
different
applications,
so.
E
Yes-
and
I
think
if
I
can,
if
I
can
get
some
parameters
to
kind
of
like
make
it
work
on
other,
like
videos
of
busted
area,
then
that's
kind
of
like
that's
helpful
like
for
any
other
like
someone
would
want
to
use
it
later
on.
C
Okay
run,
I
put
the
pathway
in
the
chat
to
the
paper.
Okay,
okay,
it's
in
there.
It
should
be
in
the
cloud
all
right.
So
let
me
yeah,
I
can
the
azure
paper.
You
could
probably
get
yourself,
but
it's
not
my
paper.
So
I
don't.
This
is
from
a
file,
I'm
just
a
nightmare.
C
Yes,
okay,
cool!
Yes,.
E
Another
thing
I
think
to
further:
we
had
like
some
other
like
chats
like
thomas
and
I,
and
he
also
was
joining
us,
so
that
was
helpful
and
these
guys
they're
going
way
over
my
head.
E
But
thomas
did
they
try
and
like
yeah,
just
like
make
describe
the
noise
that's
kind
of
happening
in
his
synthetic
video
and
we're
gonna
have
a
chat
tomorrow,
just
like
maybe
sharing
our
results
and
decide
like
how
I'm
gonna
go
next
with
it.
So
that's
gonna
make
gonna
be
good
too.
E
Yes,
I
think
what
he
did.
He
took
like
a
one
dot,
diatom
image,
yeah
and
then
like
cropped
it
and
then
just
like
pasted
it
in
different
places
in
the
video.
E
Yes,
yes,
and
if
it's
kind
of
like
yeah,
it's
in
the
same,
goes
if
he
can
produce
it
smoothly,
he
can
see
the
noise
that's
just
happening
from
and
not
from
the
movement.
Yes,.
C
E
C
Okay,
what
time
is
that.
E
Okay:
okay,
yeah,
that's
kind
of
that's
it's
that
I
was
working
on.
C
Let
me
indicate
one
thing,
which
would
be
fun
to
probably
may
or
may
not
show
up.
C
We
have
a
hypothesis
that
the
synchronization
occurs
at
the
moment
that
the
two
cells
are
aligned
and
it
occurs
yeah
if
two
cells
are
perfectly
aligned
like
this,
you
know
then
they're
on
top
of
each
other.
At
that
point
there
might
be
a
light
piping
effect,
so
the
light
goes
from
one
to
the
other
and
they
can
synchronize
that
way.
A
A
C
C
To
what
extent
do
does
a
diatom
call
me
any
diatonic
colony
act
as
a
light
pipe?
We
don't
know.
C
A
light
pipe:
oh,
it's
just
a
a
light
pipe
the
simplest
light.
Pipe
is
simply
a
long
narrow
piece
of
plastic,
wrote
glass
and
if
you
put
light
in
one
end,
it
comes
out
the
other.
Okay,
the.
C
C
C
E
C
E
E
C
E
Like
all
right.
C
E
Thank
you,
sorry.
I
was
kind
of
like
like
I
was
kind
of
like
searching
for
it
like
last
week
and
I'm
like
yeah.
E
And
the
annoying
thing
that
you
can't
like
search
within
the
sync
kind
of
like
platforms
like
I'm
like
well
yeah,
okay,
all
right!
Another
thing
I
did
do
some
more.
I
did
look
at
the
digital
basilaria
and
there
are
some
issues
open
there
from
diva
warm.
I
don't
know
who
opened
them,
because
I
don't
see
any
explanation
of
kind
of
like
what
to
do
exactly
there.
Okay,
so
I
don't
know
if
there's
a
maintainer,
can
you
show
us
what
you
mean?
E
So
in
the
digital
bastille
area
and
then
there's
the
issues
and
there
are
some
issues
that
are
open,
but
I
think
there's
no
yeah,
there's
not
much
like
explanation
to
them.
Oh.
B
This
is
an
old
issue
yeah.
This
is
something
that
we
we're
gonna
do,
and
I
don't
think
I
ever
got
done.
Some
of
these
things
were
are
like
things
that
people
wanted
to
do,
but
haven't
done
like
we
were
talking
about
doing
a
pics
to
fix
model
for
segmentation.
C
B
E
So
I
did
have
like
some
more
look
about
the
issues
in
devil
learn
and
I'm
fixing
one
thing
there,
but
still
I
haven't
finished
with
that.
So
maybe
when
I
will
then
kind
of
create
another
pr
for
it.
B
Okay,
yeah
yeah.
It
would
be
good
yeah.
Thanks
for
the
pull
request
for
digital
vessel
area
that
you
sent,
I
accepted
it,
so
it
should
be
in
yes,.
B
Yes,
so
this
is
actually
our
diva
worm
github,
which
is
different
than
the
diva
learn
github.
This
is
an
older
repository,
has
a
lot
of
things,
especially
from
like
past
years.
This
is
digital
basil
area.
This
is
the
repository
where
we've
done
a
lot
of
the
stuff
with
basil
area.
We've
had
a
lot
of
people
contribute
things,
especially
in
the
past
several
years.
We've
done
a
lot
of
image,
segmentation
and
other
types
of
things.
B
E
Yes,
the
optical
flow
and
also
the
harris
kind
of
corner
detection,
both
algorithms
kind
of
like
they
are
there,
and
maybe
some
more
like
yeah,
just
like
yeah
stuff,
that's
gonna,
get
like
ignoring
stuff
or
yeah.
E
Yes,
I
think
I'll
check
if
someone
if
he
wants
to
download
and
run
it
because
I
don't
know
if
I
shared
like
the
requirements
and
an
explanation
to
what
to
do.
There
is
a
devlog,
a
development
log
contact
there,
okay
in
the
files,
so
that's
also
like
with
images
and
kind
of
like
maybe
some
my
notes
of
kind
like
what
kind
of
like
my
research
kind
of
going
on,
and
you
can
see
that
in
the
yeah.
The
last
files
there
like
at
the
bottom
devlog
the.
C
Yes,
is
that
movie
that
you're,
using
from
thomas,
what's
that
yeah
the
move,
the
movie
that
you
showed,
is
it
from
thomas?
Yes,
it
is
yes,
okay.
That
explains
why
it's
so
good.
E
Yes-
and
I
don't
I
didn't
know
if
you
want
me,
I
I'm
gonna,
ask
him
if
you,
if
it's
fine
to
upload
the
movies
to
the
repo
and
then
other
people
can
maybe
you
know
like
just.
E
Yes,
because
I
saw
from
the
segmentation
one,
the
movies
aren't
so
kind
of
like
just
like
fluid
and
continuous,
because
they're
used
for
segmentation
and
and
other
purposes.
C
C
C
Now,
by
the
way,
one
experiment
I
did
many
years
ago
is:
I
used
a
laser
to
kill
cell
number
two
off
the
end
and,
to
my
surprise,
what
happened
was
that
cell
number
one
went
back
and
forth
on
the
shards
of
cell
number,
two.
C
C
Okay,
but
we,
the
the
question,
was:
if
you
look
at,
if
you
read
about
synchronization
in
general,
the
question
is:
is
the
oscillator
triggered
by
the
group
or
is
it
intrinsic
to
the
individual
and
that
experiment
suggests
that
it's
the
individual
cell?
Yes,
that's
what.
C
C
Yes,
and
that's
what
that's
where
the
hypothesis
of
the
light
fight
came
up
that
maybe
they
do
it
that
way,
the
the
only
I
would
call
it
evidence,
but
the
only
suggestion
for
that
is,
if
you
take
single
cells
that
are
not
colonial
and
you
put
them
in,
what's
called
a
wall
of
light.
C
C
Okay
and
that's
been
tracked,
something
happening
at
the
ends
of
the
cells,
which
has
a
distinct
spectral
response
from
photosynthesis,
so
some
other,
I
think
you
can
call
it
eyes
yeah
to
react
to
light
yeah.
You
can
react
to
the
change
in
light
and
reverse
direction.
Yes,
this
is
work
by
by
cone.
Stan
comb
c-o-h-n.
A
E
C
Forever,
the
only
thing
I
can
tell
you
is
one
of
the
questions.
I
had
a
master's
student,
barbara
scopingo,
and
she
showed
that
if
you
just
turn
the
lights
on
and
off,
if
you
turn
them
off,
best
literally
stops
moving.
You
turn
them
on.
It
starts
moving
again
and
that
showed
that
it's
not
what's
called
a
diurnal
movement,
in
other
words,
not
once
a
day,
it's
just
whether
the
what
there's
not
life
or
not,.
C
B
B
B
I
don't
know
I
mean
you
know
we
could
do
replicates
on
it
and
see
if
it's
stable
across
the
different
videos.
I
don't
think
the
condition
there.
I
think
there
may
be
a
couple
where
the
conditions
are
a
little
bit
different,
but
I
don't
know
I
haven't
been
through
those
videos
in
a
while,
but
you
have
the
access
to
that
folder
that
I
think
you
have
access
to
the
folder
that
I
think
I
sent
you.
E
Not
I'm
not
sure
yeah,
yes,
maybe
I'll
check
the
messages
that
you
send
me.
I
think
yeah.
Maybe
it's
there.
I
haven't
seen
it,
but
if
I
have
it.
C
B
B
That's
actually
where
you
might
find
the
evidence
of
smoothness
or
jerkiness,
because
they
actually
hit
the
you
know
they
hit
their
limit.
They
come
back
and
they
do
this
multiple
times.
So
it's
not
like
they
do
this
once
so.
You
know
you
have
variation,
maybe
across
the
different
oscillations.
E
Yeah
I
took
them
yes
and
if
I
can
find
them
I'll,
select
you
okay,
yeah,
that's
good.
A
C
B
How
are
you,
could
you
provide
an
update
on
your
gsoc
activities?
Are
you
having
are
you
having
problems
before
your
submission
date.
D
So
I
was
expecting
to
complete
most
of
the
things
before
before
yeah
that
got
delayed
so
yeah.
As
far
as
the
submission
goes,
I
think
it's
starting
to
start
today
by
11
30
pm.
It's
eight
o'clock
right
now
yeah.
So
I
was
going
through
the
you
know,
work
submission
guidelines,
so
they
have
some.
You
know
it's
just
some
things
that
I'm
kind
of
adding
on
okay.
One
of
them
is,
you
know,
adding
more
tests
so
I'll
be
like
testing
the
inputs.
D
You
know
if
they're
bound
they're,
not
so
I'm
like
creating
python
tests
right
now,
otherwise,
yeah
the
thing
is
the
projection
part
right
or
the
way
I'll
just
show.
D
This
this
sort
of
the
version-
this
is
I'll,
be
you
know,
labeling
this
as
the
version
one.
It's
not.
D
Other
the
work
that
you
need
for
you're,
improving
the
3d
model
is
my
screen,
visible,
yeah.
D
D
Up
hello.
A
D
You
know
still
to
be
refined,
more
yeah,
you
know
the
image
stitching
part
and
the
model
improvement.
So
I'm
thinking
of.
B
Oh,
you
asked
them.
Oh
a
lot.
Let
him
come
back
in,
looks
like
it's.
Yeah
he's
got
some
slides
there
right.
So
yeah
he's
got
the
the
early
mock-up
and
then
it's
kind
of
going
from
there.
B
Yeah,
so
there
him
and
harry
krishnan
are
building
these
models,
they're
3d
models,
and
then
you
know
we
have
this
data
set
of
images
that
were
collected
from
the
outside
of
the
embryo
and
they're
being
stitched
onto
this
3d
volume
and
so
they're
going
to
be,
like
you
know,
some
sort
of
atlas.
You
know
that
you
can
explore
yeah
and
so
yeah.
A
A
E
E
B
B
Several
connectome
data
sets
out
there
on
c
elegans
and
you
know
you
have
the
and
then
like
we've
done
some
work
on
development,
the
development
of
the
connectome
sort
of
the
timing
of
when
different
cells
emerge
and
from
their
developmental
precursors-
and
you
know,
then
you
know
they
get
connected
in
development.
So
we
have
a
couple
papers
on
that.
Actually
I
can
share
them
with
you,
but
yeah
we've
done.
B
B
Yeah,
you
had
your
screen
share
and
you
had
that
first
slide
with
the
model.
D
Yeah
yeah
so
I'll
be
dividing
it
into
two
versions.
The
second
version
still
has
work
to
be
done.
You
know
on
the
projection
part,
so
I'll
you
know
write
that
this.
This
much
has
already
been
done.
You
know
the
documentation
itself
as
far
as
improvements
go
and
but
since
the
three
goals
were
there,
you
know
keeping
them
in
mind.
D
This
is
there
and
some
tests
are
there
which
are
kind
of
pending.
So
I
am
planning
on
getting
them
done
within
the
few
within
by
tomorrow
day
after
at
the
max
right,
so
the
testing
part
is
there
otherwise
yeah.
This
is
the
current
state
of
the
project.
Right
now,
all
right.
D
Yeah
the
project
with
the
model
is
the
one
that
I
showed
you
yeah
right
now,
so
that
that
will
be
like
a
version
one.
You
know
I'll
explain
in
the
documentation.
How
to
you
know,
convert
your
images
into
a
3d
model
using
the
steps
we
had
done
with
the
earlier
mockup.
For
the
second
part,
I'll
mention
what
all
improvements
have
taken
place.
You
know
in
step
one
and
step
two
step.
D
One
would
be
you
know,
generating
a
model
using
the
images
and
then
till
the
projection,
particular
just
before
we
project
our
images,
after
stitching
them
onto
the
model,
so
that
part
still
needs
to
be
refined
more
so
you
know
things
to
be
done
after
that,
but
otherwise
for
the
submission
related
purposes
tests
are
there
like
they've,
given
a
very
broad
set
of
guidelines,
so
even
that
they've
included
a
couple
of
things
so
yeah.
D
So
testing
was
there
that
you
know
I
was
kind
of
I
got
not
thought
of
before,
because
but
if
somebody
uses
different
images,
you
know
different
sizes
or
different.
You
know
formats
and
all
those
things
or
if
they
have
images
which
have
slightly
more
embryos
that
have
that
are
slightly
more
offset.
From
the
I
mean
there
are
a
lot
of
ways.
You
know
a
lot
of
outliers
that
would
not
arrive
at
the
same
result,
so
that
is
the
so.
A
B
A
B
Luck
with
the
last
week,
and
so
that
that
you
know
this
is
kind
of
like
the
home
stretch,
just
making
sure
everything's
in
place
and
yeah.
It
looks
like
it's.
You
know
at
some
point
we'll
you
know.
Maybe
next
week
we
can
do
a
demo
of
this
of
the
completed
product
to
see
what
it
looks
like
or
you
know
I
can
set
it
up,
so
we
can
do
a
demo.
I
can
do
the
demo
on
this
end
too.
B
So
yeah,
just
let
us
know,
and
then
the
next
step
after
this
would
be
to
like
see
where
we
are
with
the
projects,
so
hari,
krishna
and
koran
are
both
working
on
the
same
thing
but
doing
different
doing
it
in
different
ways,
and
so
now
you
know
if
someone
wants
to
use
this
as
a
something
you
know
something
they
can
use
for
some
data
set
that
they're
collecting
you
know
they
can
actually
use
it
and
have
a
couple
of
think
I
have
some
options
for
what
they
want
to
do
with
it.
B
So
I
think
this
is
great.
I'm
looking
forward
to
the
final
submission
and
again
hari
krishna
wants
to
meet
tomorrow,
or
maybe
the
next
day
so
quran.
If
you
want
to
meet
as
well.
I
have
like.
B
And
if
I
need
okay,
yeah
so
I'll
send
out
an
invite
for
that,
so
this
was
something
oh
yeah.
So
yes,
there
was
something
in
the
chat
here.
Morgan
said,
I'm
going
to
invite
dimitri
to
talk
about
this
work,
and
so
this
is
let's
see
if
I
can
share
my
screen
here.
B
This
is
okay,
yeah,
guided
graph
spectral,
embedding
application
of
the
c
elegans
connectome.
So
this
is
graph
spectral
analysis,
so
there's
a
lot
of
stuff.
Of
course
we
talk
about
the
connectome,
we're
talking
about
networks
and
networks
of
neurons
and
c.
Elegans
is
nice
because
it
has
like
302
neurons.
So
we
know
every
sort
of
connection.
We
know
the
gap,
junction
connections
or
the
electrical
connections,
and
we
have
a
pretty
good
handle
on
the
synaptic
connections
or
the
chemical
connections.
The
chemical
connections
have
in
development.
B
It's
really
interesting
because
there's
a
lot
of
variation
with
respect
to
you
know
which
connections
are
made
and
which
are
sort
of
pruned
back
in
development.
So
there's
a
paper
that
it
came
out
like
I
think,
two
years
ago
now
or
maybe
last
year,
where
they
did
this
study
of
different
larval
stages
of
c
elegans
and
they
looked
at
the
synapses,
the
synaptic
connections
over
these
different
larval
stages
and
they
show
there's
actually
a
lot
of
plasticity
in
the
synaptic
connections.
B
So
this
you
know
this.
This
connectome's
actually
been
pretty
well
characterized
as
the
whole
connectome.
So
you
know
in
human
say,
in
the
human
brain
it's
just
kind
of
an
approximation.
B
We
usually
approximate
it
from
like
fmri
data
where
we
can
get
like
co-activation
matrices
and
things
like
that.
But
that's
not
like
a
neuron
by
neuron
thing
in
c
elegans
you
have
a
neuron
by
neuron
characterization
and
then
there's
some
also
for
drosophila
and
for
zebrafish.
There
are
also
the
connectome
data
sets
there
too.
This
looks
like
they're
doing
some
things
with
mathematical
processing
graph
signal
processing,
which
is
an
area
that
I've
heard
of,
but
I'm
not
really
familiar
with,
and
then
this
is
the
sort
of
the
way.
B
This
is
their
work
on
that
for
the
c
elegans
connecto
a
lot
of
times,
you'll
see
people
use
the
c
elegans
connectome
as
a
benchmark
too
for
different
problems.
So
this
is
where
it
comes
up
again
and
again,
there
are
a
couple
of
different
versions
of
the
connectome
that
are
out
there
on
the
web.
So
that's
something
also
that
you
know.
If
you
get
your
hands
on
a
connectome
data
set,
you
know
it's
important
to
pay
attention
how
it's
collected.
B
Usually
the
you
know.
People
have
taken
images
and
looked
at
like
the
gap,
junctions
and
marked
them
and
then
associate
the
different
cells,
so
that's
usually
how
they
generate
it.
But
this-
and
this
is
just
kind
of
analyzing-
this
graph-
that
results
from
the
connectome
and
they're
doing
some
things
with
this
graph
they're
doing
signal
processing.
B
Which
we
usually
like
in
neuroscience,
because
we
can
map
that
to
a
behavior
in
insects
and
in
c
elegans
and
other
organ
like
drosophila,
I
think
as
well.
You
actually
have
some
really
nice
established
circuits
for
like
movement
and
for
feeding
and
for
olfaction
things
like
that,
and
you
know
you
have
the
cells
that
are
active
and
you
just
say:
well,
these
cells
are
connected
this
way
and
and
if
you
activate
them,
then
they
give
you
this
behavior,
and
so
it's
very
nice.
But
you
know
they're.
B
The
entire
connectome,
it's
really
kind
of
difficult
to
know
what
you
know,
what
it's
doing
in
terms
of
what
kinds
of
for
maybe
more
complex,
behaviors
or
other
things.
So
it's
a
nice
set
of
techniques,
so
yeah
morgan.
If
you
could
get
that
person
to
give
a
talk,
it'd
be
great
because
it's
definitely
a
area
that
we
talk
about.
B
I
think
it's
one
of
the
areas
we've
talked
about
a
lot
about
graphs
and
graphene,
beddings
yeah
and
then,
as
for
the
other
or
other
two
g
sock,
students,
wataru
and
jia,
hong,
oh,
I
think
yeah
there
I'm
gonna
meet
with
them
tomorrow
about
their
project,
they're,
doing
the
gnn
stuff
and
as
far
as
I
know
so
far
so
good,
they
haven't
had
any
problems
so
fingers
crossed.
B
I
hope
that
you
know
we
get
our
projects
in
on
time
and
it
looks
like
we'll
and
we're
also
going
to
be
working
on
that
paper
for
that
learning
on
graphs
conference.
But
that's
that's
going
to
be
dependent
on
us
getting
everything
in
on
time,
but
I
think
it'll
be
fine,
okay,
so
yeah!
It's!
Let's
see!
I'm
gonna
talk
about
some
papers
now,
and
I
know
that
morgan
saw
this
and
he
was
excited
about
it.
But
there
was
a
bunch
of
there's
a
issue
of
science
this
week
that
focuses.
C
B
B
Let's
see
oh
we'll
talk
about
that
too,
but
yeah.
So
I
think
this
is
the
cover
here
yeah.
So
this
is
distant.
Mirror
includes
the
mammalian
brain
evolution
from
salamander
and
laser
neurons,
so
they're,
looking
at
salamander
and
lizard
neurons
and
they're,
looking
at
mammalian
brain
evolution
or
sort
of
the
parallel
analogs
to
it.
B
This
is
another
figure
that
kind
of
shows
us.
This
is
their
advertisement
figure
it's
sort
of
the
tree
of
life
where
you
have
fishes
and
you
have
lizards
and
amphibians,
and
then
you
have.
A
B
Denoted
by
a
mouse,
but
the
humans
out
here,
so
the
tree
of
life
shows
that
there's
an
inner
relationship
between
these
species
that
the
brain
is.
You
know
that
there's
a
a
refinement
of
the
of
this
sort
of
brain
that
we
all
share,
and
so
this
is
a
figure
referencing
that
this.
D
B
Figure
from
the
paper,
so
they
did
some
interesting
work
with
cell
cellulite
cell
type
identity,
and
so
this
is
just
a
taste
of
it
where
they
put
this
into
a
identification
matrix
and
they're
looking
at
these
different
cell
types
and
they're
localizing
them
in
the
brain.
So
this
is
some
work
on
that.
Let's
see
if
I
can
pull
up
some
of
these
papers,
so
this
actually,
this
is
from
cerebral
organoids.
That's
not
really
what
I
wanted.
So
this
is
one
here.
This
is
a
paper
on.
B
A
single
cell
stereo
seek
reveals
induced
progenitor
cells
involved
in
axolotl
brain
regeneration,
so
this
is
a
paper
on
brain
regeneration
in
axolotl
and
they're.
Looking
at
some
progenitor
cells,
so
they're
using
this
technique
called
stereo
seek
and
I'm
not
really
familiar
with
it.
But
I
assume
it's
some
sort
of
microscopy
technique,
coupled
with
identifying
gene
expression
that
identify
like
different
cell
types,
so
we
then
used
high
definition.
Large
field
stereo,
seek
spatial,
enhanced
resolution,
omics
sequencing,
so
they're
doing
this.
B
B
Their
graph
one
of
their
take
home
graphs
here,
where
you
have
the
brain
from
a
certain
focal
plane
that
they're
looking
at
this
is
the
spatial
landscape
of
the
adult
axolotl
encephalin.
So
this
is
a
structure
in
the
axolotl
brain.
This
is
where
they
have
the
cells
here
and
they
have
this
color
coded,
and
these
are
color
coded
by
the
cell
type.
So
they
have
some
markers
that
tell
them
about
cell
type
or
maybe
it's
been
identified-
I'm
not
really
sure
what
their
methods
are
here.
B
I
don't
really
have
the
methods
up,
but
this
shows
the
difference
between
development
and
regeneration
on
the
right.
So
if
you
look
at
this
graph,
you
have
250
micron
resolution
here.
So
that's
pretty
good
resolution
for
looking
at
this
in
development.
You
have
in
stage
57
as
they
refer
to
it.
You
have
this
sort
of
structure
here
and
you
have
these
different
cell
types,
neural,
progenitor,
neuroblast,
immature
neuron.
You
can
see
that
they're
different
areas
where
these
cells
are
and
then
in
regeneration.
You
have
these
diff
other
cell
types
in
a
similar
structure.
B
B
B
Back,
I
I
guess
so
yeah
I
mean
they
just
like
yeah,
okay,
yeah,
some
sort
of
brain
injury,
but
yeah.
The
point
being
is
that
in
development,
this
area
sort
of
differentiates
as
it
gets
put
into
place
and
then
in
regeneration.
I
guess
they
get
rid
of
it
or
they
they
injure
it
somehow
and
it
regenerates,
and
the
idea
is
that
it
has
the
same
layering
from
reactive,
which
is
like
sort
of
a
neural
progenitor
type
moving
out.
C
C
Many
years
ago,
an
israeli
fellow
did
an
experiment
where
he
trained
axolotls
to
avoid
dark,
and
then
he
cut
a
piece
of
their
brain
out
and
transplanted
into
a
90
bucks
axolotl,
and
they
avoided
that.
C
Okay
and
I've
never
seen
that
repeated.
B
C
B
B
B
B
So
that's
one
paper
there's
another
paper
here
where
they
did
this
single
cell
analysis
of
axolotl,
telling
suffering,
organization,
neurogenesis
and
regeneration,
and
this
is
a
different
group
of
people.
So
this
is
really
looking
at
cell
diversity
in
the
toencephalan
looking
at
conservation
across
species,
so
you
have
a
comparison
with
mouse,
which
is
of
course,
a
mammal
analog
and
then
turtles,
which
is
another
type
of
lizard
and
amphibian,
and
then
this
homeostatic
and
regenerative
neurogenesis.
B
B
So
they
actually
did
some
sort
of
single
nucleus
rna
sequencing
for
this,
which
is
a
a
different
type
of
our
of
omics
sequencing,
and
they
also
did
some
spatial
transcriptomics
so
again,
they're.
Looking
at
the
structure
they're
looking
at
this
telencephalon
structure,
they're
looking
at
the
spatial
distribution
of
cells
in
that
region
and
then
they're
looking
at
things
during
neurogenesis
to
see
what
they
look
like
and
so
they're
able
to.
This
is
a
little
bit
different
technique.
B
But
this
gives
you
so
their
conclusions
say.
Our
findings
indicate
that
cell
types
and
gene
expression
patterns
associated
with
mammalian
telencephalon
regions
are
also
evident
in
the
amphibian
brain.
So
the
mammalian
and
amphibian-
and
you
know,
synapomorphy-
exists
with
this,
which
means
it's
a
shared
derived
characteristic,
so
in
the
mammalian
brain
you
have
or
in
the
in
the
vertebrate
brain
you
have
these
shared
mechanisms
and
they're
derived
in
different
species,
but
you
can
see
evidence
of
their
shared
nature
in
this
in
this
study.
B
So
they
look
at
the
way
that
these
tone,
cellphone
regions
are
shaped
and
how
they
develop,
and
they
can
see
parallels
with
mammalian
telecephalon
regions.
The
evolutionary
history
of
cell
types
clarified
the
larger
divergence
of
glutaminergic
glutamatergic
compared
with
gabaergic
neurons,
which
are
just
different
types
of
neurotransmitters.
B
We
observe
the
axolotl,
as
was
also
seen
in
reptiles.
We
conclude
that
in
post-embryonic,
axolotl
total
encephalone
neurogenesis
progresses
through
diverse
neuroblast
progenitors,
which
are
associated
with
specific
neuron
types
and
dependent
on
shared,
as
well
as
specific
regulatory
programs.
So
this
is
really
about
you
know,
development
and
how
these
things
are
shared
across
species
and
then
regenerated
neurons,
re-establish
their
previous
connections
to
distant
brain
regions,
suggesting
potential
functional
recovery.
B
Making
that
connection
between
the
salamander-
and
so
this
is
not
we're
no
longer
in
axolotl
or
in
salamanders,
and
we're
looking
at
things
that
teaches
us
about
vertebrae
for
marine
evolution
and
the
connections
between
the
two.
So
you
can
see
in
this
graphical
abstract
that
in
the
salamander
forebrain
atlas,
which
they
have
drawn
from,
they
have
these
cell
types,
which
are
these
different
types
of
neural
cell
they're.
Looking
at
connectivity
and
then
they're
looking
at
these
different
innovations
versus
what
we
call
homology.
B
So
homology
is
like
this
idea
of
well,
I
talked
about
synapomorphies
earlier
I
threw
out
a
term
that
was
from
claudistics,
but
this
is
the
larger
category
of
homology
and
homology.
Just
simply
means
things
that
have
a
common
evolutionary
origin
that
you
see
in
other
species.
So
there
are
things
that
are
conserved.
B
There
are
things
that
are
derived
and
shared
or
synapomorphic,
and
so
you
can
see
that
some
of
those
things
exist
here.
You
also
have
innovations
which
are
unique
to
a
certain
lineage,
so
in
mammals,
for
example,
there
are
things
that
are
innovations
there,
like
neocortex
in
reptiles.
You
have
this
dvr
region
in
amphibians.
You
have
this
vp
region
and
they're
all
like,
basically
from
the
same
sort
of
basic
tissue
type
but
they're.
B
B
You
know
they're
able
to
actually
then
look
at
the
histology
and
confirm
which
is
looking
at
the
cells
under
a
microscope
with
different
antibody
markers
and
other
types
of
chemical
markers
and
look
at
what
confirm
what
they're
finding
with
the
sequencing
data.
So
this
is
this
is
a
nice
paper.
B
This
next
paper
is
molecular
diversity
and
evolution
of
neuron
types
in
the
amniobrain,
so
amniotes
are
organisms
that
have
like
placental
births
and
things
like
that.
So
vertebrate
evolution
took
an
important
turn
before
the
onset
of
the
permian
320
million
years
ago,
with
the
transition
of
early
tetrapods
from
water
to
land,
the
appearance
of
amniotes
and
soon
thereafter,
their
bifurcation
into
saropsis.
B
So
these
are
all
groups
that
are
like
you
know:
you
have
this
transition
to
living
on
land,
this
transition
from
eggs
to
like
live
birds,
and
then
this
these
other
groups,
where
you
have
reptiles
and
birds
and
then
what
would
become
mammals,
and
so
you
have
all
these
different
changes
in
evolution
and
despite
this
branched
history,
the
brains
of
all
tetrapods
share
the
same
ancestral
architecture
defined
by
brain
regions
established
during
embryonic
development.
So
there
are
these
different
there's
a
basic
set
of
structures
in
these
brains
of
all
these
amniotes.
B
So
the
amniotes
are
a
very
diverse
group
of
organisms.
Now,
but
back
then
they
had
a
common
ancestry
and
they
had
this
basic
architecture
of
a
brain.
So
brain
regions,
however,
do
not
operate
in
isolation.
Raising
the
possibility
that
the
evolution
of
interconnected
neurons
might
be
correlated,
and
so
here
they
look
at
this
brain
atlas.
They
look
at
the
amniote
ancestor
here
at
320
million
years
ago.
There
are
mammals,
reptiles
and
birds
that
have
all
descended
from
this
common
ancestor
and
they're,
looking
at
lizards,
specifically
and
they've,
taken
one
lizard
here
and
they're.
B
Looking
at
the
cell
type
atlas,
which
is
where
you
take
these
different
markers,
you
use
a
dimensionality
reduction.
You
map
and
you
plot
it
out
on
this
bivariate
graph,
they've,
also
integrated
lizard
data
and
mouse
data.
So
mouse
is
mice,
are
here
in
mammals
and
they're,
making
that
comparison
between
the
two
and
then
they're.
B
And
so
you
can
see
that
there's
a
transcriptome
by
in
terms
of
transcriptomic
similarity.
There
are
different
neurons
that
are
very
highly
similar
and
some
that
are
not,
and
so
you
can
see
the
brain's
changed
quite
a
bit
in
terms
of
shape,
but
there's
still
some
similarities
in
different
regions.
So
this
is
an
interesting
approach
and
then
there's
this
final
paper,
and
this
is
actually
really
kind
of
the
introduction.
B
This
is
a
mosaic
of
new
and
old
cell
types,
so
this
is
something
we've
talked
about
in
the
group.
Quite
a
bit,
especially
several
years
ago,
we
talked
about
different
types
of
like
looking
at
different
cell
types
and
different
organisms,
especially
in
development.
So.
B
Axolotl
and
transcriptomising
transcriptomic
analysis
of
their
brains
and
those
of
salamanders
and
bearded
dragons
are
used
to
understand
how
tetrapod
neuronal
cell
types
evolved.
So
this
is
their
model
organism.
This
is
what
they're
looking
at
here,
and
this
is
kind
of
like
the
sort
of
the
the
overarching
paper
for
this
issue.
So
this
is
where
they
talk
about
like.
Basically,
all
these
papers
are
using
comparative
transcriptomics.
B
They
want
to
know
some
things
about
patterns
of
cell
type
evolution
in
the
tetra
pro
brain.
So
you
know
they
give
the
list
of
papers
here,
so
they
do
different
types
of
transcriptomic
studies.
B
They
also
use
whole
cell
brain
atlases
and
they're
able
to
get
a
handle
on
some
of
the
cell
diversity,
and
so
you
know
these
are
a
lot
of
different
new
techniques,
a
lot
of
spatial
transcriptomics
together.
These
studies
reveal
that,
rather
than
being
a
set
of
old
and
new
regions,
vertebrate
brains
are
formed
from
a
mosaic
of
conserved
and
new
cell
types.
B
Traditionally,
brain
evolution
is
studied
by
identifying
homologous
brain
regions
across
disparate
species,
on
the
basis
of
cyto
architecture,
which
is
where
they
look
at
the
different
brain
maps
and
they
look
at
like
the
how
the
regions
match
up
to
one
another.
So
there's
like
a
cyto.
B
Then
they
also
look
at
marker
gene
expression,
which
are
like
where,
if
a
gene
is
expressed,
you
have
you
can
put
a
marker
with
genes
and
when
it's
expressed,
you
seem
like
a
fluorescent
marker
or
something,
and
that
shows
you
that's
distribution
and
its
amount
so
with
which
is
something.
That's
you
know
imperfect.
You
can't
really
do
that
in
living
specimens,
but
it's
it's
informative
in
terms
of
this
sort
of
alternative
to
cyto
architecture
and
then.
B
Origin,
thus,
the
brain
is
often
considered
a
collection
of
old
and
new
brain
regions.
The
traditional
approaches
to
region
for
region
comparison
do
not
resolve
cell
types,
however,
but
region
level
conservation
might
generalize
to
the
cell
type
level,
which
is
why
we
want
to
know
more
about
how
to
define
these
different
cell
types.
So
these
single
cell
omics
methods
really
can
get
us
get
to
some
of
these.
You
know
distinctions
between
cell
types,
so
some
of
the
cell
type
distinctions
are
rather
subtle
and
they
have
I
you
know
digging
into
these.
B
If
we
dig
into
these
papers
a
little
bit
more,
we
might
be
able
to
find
out
a
little
bit
more
about
how
they
were
able
to
define
different
cell
types.
It
one
of
the
things
that's
come
up.
B
It's
been
a
long-standing
question
and
I
know
dick
can
confirm
this,
but
it's
really
hard
to
estimate
the
number
of
cell
types
in
both
the
brain
in
any
one
brain
or
any
one
body,
if
you
you're
in
c
elegans,
where
the
same
number
of
cells
are
always
produced
in
the
same
cell
types
and
it's
very
deterministic,
it's
easy
to
do
because
you
don't
have
a
lot
of
variation
when
you
get
to
something
like
lizards
and
amphibians
or
mammals
or
especially
humans,
then
that
number
is
very,
it
fluctuates
quite
a
bit
and
it's
very
hard
to
distinguish
some
of
these
cell
types,
because
you
have
developmental
transformations,
as
we
saw
in
some
of
the
papers.
B
You
have
you
know
different
functional
types
that
are
hard
to
distinguish
between
so
making.
That
estimate
has
been
very
hard.
It's
been
like
an
order
of
magnitude
or
more
in
terms
of
making
a
pr.
The
proper
estimate,
based
on
like
some
sample
of
you,
know
a
sample
of
the
brain,
or
you
know
just
kind
of
thinking
about
the
different
cells
in
the
in
the
body.
B
Hard
problem
now,
if
we
have
these
spatial
transcriptomic
technologies,
can
that
help
us
make
more
accurate
predictions
about
cell
type
number
perhaps,
but
we
still
have
these
problems
of
like
you
know,
categorization,
you
know
if
we're,
including
different
set,
you.
B
Criterion
is
it
that
one
gene
out
of
a
thousand
is,
is
differentially
expressed,
or
is
it
some
sort
of
morphological
difference
in
the
cell?
You
know
what
what
is
our
definition
of
a
cell
type
so.
B
B
And
then
they
compare
the
wizard
and
mouse
data
and
they
find
that
of
course,
cells
that,
from
broadly
defined
regions
of
both
species
correspond
to
each
other
indicating
conserved
regions,
which
means
that
those
cells
don't
really
change
in
terms
of
their
identity
across
species.
So
that
means
that
you
know
you
don't
have
a
lot
of
generation,
at
least
in
that
region
of
you
know,
have
a
lot
of
proliferation
of
different
cell
types.
B
So
they
looked
at
these
three
lobes
of
the
of
the
brain,
these
three
regions
of
the
brain
developmentally
and
they
looked,
and
they
found
that
there
was
actually
a
lot
of
diversification
in
some
cases
in
indicating
the
intermingling
of
both
highly
conserved
and
species-specific
cell
types.
B
So
this
is
a
nice
lesson
for
in
terms
of
thinking
about
cell
types
and
self
type
diversity,
and
then
this
final
paper.
This
is.
C
E
Preprint
from
archive
yeah,
so
you
just
they
just
say
that
there
are
like
some
some
structures
that
are
kind
of,
like
maybe
shared
between
species
yeah.
They
kind
of
like
mapped
it
with
high
resolution.
They
still
did
see
some
diversification
on
the
iconic.
A
B
B
You
have
structures
that
are
shared,
but
they
look
different
and
they
have
different
functions
it
to
some
extent
and
so
they're
going
to
have
different
cell
types
that
are
diversified,
but
you
also
have
things
that
are
conserved,
that
don't
change,
and
so
it's
you
know
it's
kind
of
hard
to
to
get
all
that
quantified
and-
and
but
you
know,
they're
making
some
progress
on
that.
I
think
bradley.
C
B
C
B
A
C
B
B
So
and
then,
like
there's
yeah,
so
there's
one
last
thing
we're
going
to
be
interested
in
which
is
this
bio
archives
pre-print
and
interfere
inferring
and
perturbing
sulfate
reguloms
in
the
human
cerebral
organ.
So
this
is
where
they
go
to
organoids,
which
are
these.
They
grow
these
in
in
culture
and
they're,
basically
from
neural
cells.
So
they're
growing,
like
these
analogs
of
brains
or
brain
structures,
and
so
they're
able
to
grow
these
from
pluripotent
stem
cells.
So
they
differentiate
into
these
different
cell
types,
and
but
they
can
look
they're
very
controlled.
B
They
can
look
at
how
they
form
they
can
look
at
different
gene
regulatory
networks
and
so
forth.
So.
B
At
this
problem
of
cell
type
diversity,
you
can
just
basically
grow
a
structure
from
like
stem
cells
and
show
that
this
is,
you
know,
to
show
how
this
this
sort
of
develops
over
time,
and
then
you
know,
get
a
handle
on
some
of
these
differentiation
processes.
B
This
is
one
of
the
same
authors
as
some
of
the
papers
or
one
of
the
papers.
That
was
in
the
special
collection
in
science,
and
this
paper
kind
of
goes
over
some
of
the
comparisons
between
organoids
and
some
of
these
counterparts
and
mouse
and
human
brain,
which
is,
of
course
different,
but
they
give
they
do
the
same
thing.
They
look
at
the
transcriptomic
profile.
They
look
at
like
the
different
cell
types
and
they're
able
to
make
some
connections
between
those
two
things
so.
A
B
Is
again
this
picture
of
the
different
cell
types,
so
you
have
to
encephalin
type
cells,
neural,
progenitor
cells,
neuroepithelium,
neuroectoderm
and
so
forth.
This
is
a
umap
analysis
where
it's
like
a
dimensionality
reduction
where
they
get
the
two
components
of
the
umap
analysis
and
they
plot
them.
So
this
tells
you
something
about
like
how
similar
they
are
or
how
they
cluster
together,
and
they
do
this,
for
you
know
they
do
this
from
these
organoids.
B
Instead
of
from
a
brain
and
so
they're
able
to
do
this
as
well
and
yeah
so
actually
in
organoids,
you
tend
to
get
some
patterning,
so
that's
actually
good
for
looking
at
cell
type
diversity
you
get,
but
you
don't
get
the
entire
brain
structure.
You
get
like
this
sort
of
amalgam
of
a
brain,
it's
kind
of
a
it's
still
a
developing
area,
but
it's
it's
somewhat
useful
because
you
can
control
the
process
more
of
neurogenesis.
C
Kind
of
interesting
it's
done
about
90
years
ago,
and
that
is
the
question
of
polyploid
axolotls
or
salamanders
yeah,
those
that
don't
know
polyploid
means
that
they
have
multiple
copies
of
dna
in
each
cell,
and
this
is
done
by
heat,
shocking,
the
very
early
embryos,
so
the
copies
of
the
genome
get
made
without
celebration,
so
it's
been
done
up
to
seven
employed.
C
C
B
Yeah
yeah,
they
didn't
do
anything
with
behavior
here
it
was
just
kind
of
like
looking
at
yeah
yeah,
but
it's
it's
kind
of
interesting
because
brain
you
know
why
do
we
have
different
types
of
cells?
Is
it,
for
you
know
different
types
of
inputs
different
for
generating
different
types
of
behaviors
it?
You
know
we
don't
really
know.
I
mean
we
know
that,
like
there's
certain
things
that
are
conserved
from
our
ancestral
species,
we
know
that
there
may
be
innovations
that
you
have.
B
C
So
diversity
is,
it
should
be
the
no
assumption
yeah
yeah.
B
C
B
All
right,
morgan
did
you
have
anything
to
say
or
any
comments.
A
Which,
which
is
actually
quite
appropriate,
but
no
I'm
joining
from
a
coffee
shop
and
see
people
I
know,
but
just
following
along
and
really
looking
forward
to
that
that
special
issue
and
yeah
I
I
I
will
definitely
I
love
the
the
pdfs.
So
since
science,
I
probably
don't-
have
access
yeah.
B
B
B
C
B
B
All
right,
well
yeah.
That
sounds
good.
Well,
thanks
for
attending
the
meeting.
If
we
have
any
questions
you
can
comment
well,
you
know
on
you
know
you
can
send
me
some
for
more
information
on
slack.
If
you
can't
find
those
data
that
you're
looking
for,
but
we.