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From YouTube: Discovering October 12th
Description
Join the Gente TMRG as we sit down with a panel of experts to discuss what really happened on October 12, 1492, the myths and misconceptions tied to Columbus and the global implications of colonization that still have repercussions today.
Notes doc: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1z3GNdMkP4hoXvKD-I8IIi9DhpdKtMQ8X5pdEmfZrMVw/edit&sa=D&source=calendar&ust=1666022361665641&usg=AOvVaw2N2dovVsBcXdVifXA8XeuF
Our complete Hispanic Heritage Month Celebration Guide is found here: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/latinx-tmrg/-/issues/64
A
A
For
those
who
don't
know
today,
October
12th
is
Dia
De
La
Raza
in
the
United
States.
You
may
recall
it
being
referred
to
as
Columbus
Day.
Then
we
switch
to
indigenous
people's
day
and
there's
a
lot
of
really
interesting
history
that
we
may
or
may
not
have
had
access
to
in
our
own
schooling,
so
very
excited
to
get
into
the
topic
feel
free
to
drop
any
questions
into
the
document.
A
We've
got
some
resource
links
within
there
as
well,
and
if
you
have
questions
you
can
drop
them
in
the
chat
as
well
feel
free
to
come
off
mute
and
with
that
we're
going
to
start
by
introducing
our
very
wonderful
special
guest,
we
have
Dr
Fabrizio
Prado
and
Dr
Carlos
Rivera
Santana
I'm,
going
to
let
you
both
introduce
yourselves.
First
and
foremost,
you
both
have
great
great
backgrounds,
so
how
about
Carlos,
we'd
love?
To
hear
from
you
first
welcome.
Thank
you
for
making
the
time
today
thanks.
B
A
B
C
A
C
C
I
teach
Colonial,
Latin
American
history
in
the
history
Department
here
and
I
also
teach
the
history
of
the
Atlantic
World,
which
is
you
know
the
idea
that
Latin
America
is
not
alone
yeah.
You
know,
there's
no
Latin
America
without
Africa
Europe,
North
America
and
the
Pacific
and
Asia
actually
right.
So
that's
that's
my
perspective.
I
do
history
of
colonialism,
history,
Maritime,
history
and
a
lot
of
smuggling
trade
networks,
in
other
words
the
history
of
early
globalization
and
yeah.
C
What
else
can
I
tell
about
myself
I'm
originally
from
Brazil
right
but
being
in
the
US
for
a
while
and
I
to
get
here?
Actually,
I
did
live
for
a
couple
of
years
in
Buenos,
Aires
Argentina.
So
my
specialty
is
the
history
of
Portuguese
America,
but
I
also
the
history
of
Spanish
America,
and
that
perhaps
was
the
reason
why
I
ended
up
leaving
Brazil
at
certain
point.
I
didn't
want
just
to
write
the
history
of
the
Portuguese
Empire
and
that
led
me
to
Buenos
Aires
and
then
I
saw
wow
there's
much
more.
C
We
are
Latin,
America
is
really
Global
and
then
eventually
that
brought
me
to
the
United
States
I'm,
not
sure
about
a
fun
fact
but
I.
My
perfect
example
I
do
history,
but
I
really
like
physics,
not
all
physics,
just
synthesizing,
my
stories
about
the
synthesizers,
music
and
I.
Like
my
what
I
do
here
when
I
I
think
a
lot
about
history,
why
I'm
kind
of
synthesizing
sound
waves
in
analog
synthesizers,
not
very
fun,
but
that's
the
best
that
I
can
do
I'm
a
historian
after
all,
right
so.
A
That's
very
cool
I'm
trying
to
wrap
my
head
around
that
and
I
think
I'm
halfway
there.
So
that
sounds
super
fun.
Thank
you
so
much
for
sharing
okay.
So
let
us
start
with
our
first
question.
The
reason
we
kind
of
came
to
this
you
know
originally
PJ
Mets
came
up
with
this
great
idea.
Let's
talk
about
colonialization,
we
realized
that
was
such
a
huge
topic.
A
Carlos.
You
said
how
about
we
start
with
October,
12th
and
I
must
admit:
I,
don't
know
a
lot
about
it
other
than
what
we
were
taught
in
school,
which
was
the
nice
Columbus
story
sailing
the
ocean
blue,
so
we'd
love
for
you
to
walk
us
through
a
little
bit
more
of
of
what
happened
that
day
of
its
significance
and-
and
certainly
you
know
the
land
it
all
starts
there.
So
would
love
to
hear
about.
B
But
it
means
a
lot
of
things
in
the
context
of
any
this
event.
That
is
about
knowledge.
Making.
It's
that
pretty
much
knowledge
is
situated,
first
and
foremost,
as
opposed
to
a
top-down
approach,
which
is
an
idea
of
a
knowledge
that
is
applied
to
everywhere
and
like
I.
Can
we
can
talk
about
that
a
little
bit
more
so
so.
B
B
They
knew
that
this
exploration
to
the
Indies
today
India
and
a
number
of
other
countries.
This
is
why
we
call
Indios
or
Indians
it's
a
to
an
extent,
a
an
error,
because
people,
you
know
come
from
the
Indies
right
was
denied,
so
they
knew
that
the
exploration
to
the
Indies
was
denied
to
the
kingdom
was
by
their
Kingdom
of
Portugal,
Kingdom
famous
because
of
their
excellence
in
sailing.
B
They
knew
that
the
kingdom
of
Spain
also
denied
Columbus
request
for
funding
The
Voyage
to
the
west
of
Eastern
Europe,
because
the
wise
men
determined
that
it
was
not
a
good
idea.
Europeans
knew
for
centuries
that
the
world
was
very
big
dollar
menu.
Calculated
the
size
of
the
Earth,
only
failing
by
100,
kilometers
Vasco
de
Gama
a
few
years
later,
would
sail
to
the
Indies
so
conventing
the
continent
of
Africa.
In
1499.,
it
took
Columbus
almost
a
decade
to
get
funding
and
support
for
its
Voyage
to
heading
to
the
Indies.
B
The
Thursday
night
ended
530
years
ago.
By
seeing
a
light
in
the
desk
in
the
distance
Phi
most
likely
and
calling
that
land
was
on
the
horizon,
they
have
arrived
to
not
to
what
is
today
India
Japan
and
any
other
east
east
and
Asian
country
they
intended
and
thought
they
were,
but
the
land
of
the
lucayo
people.
A
subgroup
of
the
Taino
people
of
the
Caribbean
and
the
island,
or
today
is
San
Salvador
in
the
Bahamas.
B
B
However,
the
Diaries
of
that
first
voyage,
when
you
know
Christopher
Columbus
arrived
in
March
1493,
he
provides
two
copies
to
the
kingdom,
the
king
and
the
queen,
and
they
they
gave
it
to
the
scribes,
and
then
they
they
make
two
two
more
copies.
All
of
those
copies
are
lost.
We
don't
have
the
original
copies.
B
What
do
you
call
it
planes
in
in
the
in
the
Diaries
so
even
like,
when
he,
when
Christopher
Columbus
States,
that
they
have
discovered
a
new
world
eventually,
when
he
realized
that
there's
a
footnote
that
says
None,
which
is
in
Latin?
No,
they
wasn't
a
discovery,
and
this
is
one
of
the
first
recorded
denials
that
is
in
a
footnote,
Barbarella
Casas,
but
you
never
see
it
in
the
text.
B
So
the
original
text
of
the
Diaries
of
Christopher
Columbus,
another
element
to
consider
about
this
text
is
that
it's
meant
to
be
a
report.
I'm
sure
many
of
you
have
to
do
reports
and
it's
a
particular
type
of
audience
right
and
you
know,
narrate
necessarily
very
with
a
lot
of
sincerity.
Honestly,
it's
for
a
given
purpose
right.
B
B
B
B
and
thirdly,
the
political
elements.
Obviously
that
happens
before-
and
here
we
have
to
like
think
of
like
the
spirit
of
the
time
it's
there
was
no
Nations.
There
was
no,
there
wasn't,
the
it
wasn't:
Spain
per
se
or
France,
there
were
kingdoms
right
anyone's
into
house
of
dragon
or
a
Game
of
Thrones
yeah,
exactly
that
A
Game
of
Thrones,
and
so
there
was
this
kind
of
protection
of
the
house
and
the
best
case
scenario.
B
B
One
of
the
main
elements
of
colonization
and
something
that
we
tend
to
forget
was
that
one
Blackness
and
slavery
are
not
mutually
inclusive
at
this
point
530
years
ago.
The
first
slavery
is
indigenous,
and
this
doesn't
detract
or
you
know
it's
not
a
competition
or
anything
like
that.
Okay,
it
is
that
one
before
that,
actually
the
first
slaves
in
Europe
were
white,
and
we
can
talk
about
that.
In
fact,
Riso
can
talk
more
about
that,
and
I
can
recommend
books
that
establish
that
the
first
slavery
was
in
Europe.
B
B
Okay
in
the
Caribbean,
they
all
walk
naked
as
their
mothers
brought
them
to
the
world
this
world.
Even
women,
though
I,
did
not
see
any
fully
formed
or
beautiful
woman.
The
men
were
well
built
with
handsome
bodies
and
fine
features.
The
hair
is
thick
also
like
a
horse's
tail,
but
short
they
wear
it
down
over
their
eyebrows,
except
for
a
few
strands
behind
which
were
they
were
long
and
never
caught.
Some
of
them
paint
themselves
black
though
they
are
naturally
the
color
of
canola
Canary
Islanders,
neither
black
or
white.
So
here
there's
a
particular
distinction.
B
Okay
of
the
indigenous
peoples
of
the
Canary
Islands,
which
is
another
story
that
I
can
elaborate
if
you're
interested
and
immediately
after
making
this
distinction
of
color
and
again
it
wasn't
that
there
was
no
racism.
Of
course
it
was
distinctions
of
race,
but
the
dominant
form
of
inequality
was
your
affiliation
to
a
given
institution,
whether
it
was
the
church
or
given
Kingdom.
B
In
the
15th
century,
slavery
was
not
used
to
to
coin
individual
slaves.
Okay,
slavery
actually
comes
from
a
word
etymologically
from
Eastern
Europe.
Basically,
you
can
locate
it
to
the
Slavic
regions,
okay,
so
how
how
you
would
name
slaves
in
that
time
were
servants?
Okay.
So
what
Christopher
Columbus
is
immediately
saying
on
first
day
530
years
ago
that
they
can
be
enslaved
and
later
on.
B
So
there's
a
debate,
you
can
see
it
in
Sepulveda
on
the
one
side
on
the
other
side
and
kind
of
questioning
whether
indigenous
peoples
could
should
be
treat
it
as
humans
later
on.
There
is
addict
that
kind
of
renders
indigenous
peoples
as
slaves,
but
kingdoms,
and
that
had
a
lot
of
rule
or
a
lot
of
they
were
not
effective
and
and
actually
commanding
or
governing
conquistadors
and
in
in
the
Americas.
So
that,
but
that's
another
another
topic.
Of
course.
B
What
happened
when
you
see
in
the
in
the
distinctions
of
that
again
becomes
tropes
to
then
see
how
indigenous
peoples
and
then
eventually
race
becomes
rendered,
is
two
distinctions,
two
main
decisions,
one
that
you
have
the
Trope
of
what's
called
since
the
17th
century
onwards,
the
noble
savage
okay,
indigenous
people,
who
one
way
another
from
the
eyes
of
Europeans.
Of
course
you
never!
B
You
can't
see
what
actually
is
happening
but
from
the
eyes
are
Europeans
that
they're
collaborating
okay
they're,
you
know
helping
Europeans
out
they're
they're
and
in
the
in
the
war
against
the
Aztec
empire.
In
fact,
there
are
many
indigenous
Nations
who
were
subject,
subjects
of
the
Aztec
empire,
helped
and
not
Cortes
win
the
war.
B
B
B
B
So
this
is
a
portrayal
of
indigenous
peoples
in
the
Caribbean
okay,
there
is
a
particular
Trope,
an
aesthetic
trope
in
which
they're
cast
as
monsters
of
course,
like
it's
not
about
the
validity
or
whether
the
people
exist
like
that
existed
or
not.
Most
importantly
is
what
they're
doing
so:
they're
cutting
human
chunks
and
they're
capturing
in
people
for
their
consumption.
B
B
And
this
is
how
a
depiction
of
indigenous
woman
again
engaging
with
cannibalism,
so
the
indigenous
peoples
who
were
let
me
just
stop
sharing
the
indigenous
peoples
who
were
depicted
as
well.
That
resisted
literally,
were
called
a
particular
name
which
was
cannibal,
but
then
that
that
word
of
cannibalism
became
an
euphemism
for
karives,
okay
and
then
eventually,
it
names.
The
whole
region
of
the
Caribbean.
C
B
Of
race
and
racism,
there
is
an
aesthetic
component,
a
monstrous
aesthetic
component
that
projected
fear
and
an
aim
to
pretty
much
are
you
for
that?
Indigenous
people
were
not
human,
okay
and
it's
more
validly,
seen
in
the
imagery
produced
around
that
time
and
how
indigenous
people
were
depicted,
particularly
from
500
I'm
30
years
ago,
so
yeah
I
I'll,
leave
it
to
fabricsio.
With
that.
On
that
note,
that
monstrous
note
of
cannibalistic
notes
and
then
he'll
he'll
talk
about
his
his
portion
and
thank
you
yeah.
A
That
was
that
was
a
lot
of
deep
information.
Thank
you,
Carlos
I
think
I
find
it
super
interesting.
You
know,
I
think
in
earlier
conversations
you
know
you
said
to
be
documented
as
a
privilege
and
I
thought
that
was
so
impactful
and
it's
so
heartbreaking
to
see
that
those
were
the
documentations
of
the
cultures
at
the
time
and
also
explains
this.
This
base
of
fear
and
where
it
comes
from
so
that
that
was
very
interesting.
I
also
really
enjoy
hearing
about
the
perspectives
of
gender.
A
How
how
it's
not
just
the
idea
of
race,
that
kind
of
started
to
be
formed
back
then
on
that
day,
but
also
the
European
perspective
of
gender
is
binary
versus
you
know
the
cultures
they
they
encountered
and
those
political
elements.
So
that's
a
that's
a
lot
of
very
interesting
information
there,
so
Fabrizio
I
know
you
have
some
thoughts
on
on
Columbus
himself.
First
of
all,
just
to
rewind
he
didn't
land
in
America.
So
that's
super
interesting.
A
C
So
yeah,
thank
you.
Carlos
I
kind
of
learned,
a
lot
too
and
I
promise
that
I
will
bring
I'll
bring
here
like
the
search,
the
the
very
fake
news,
the
Creator,
the
original
fake
news
of
the
cannibals
I'll
bring
them
back
in
a
bit,
so
yeah
Columbus
actually
did
not
land
in
the
American
in
the
Caribbean
islands.
Right
that
would
call
West
Indies
already
reproducing
this
idea
and
quickly.
They
realized
it
was
not
India.
Actually,
Portugal
is
new.
Since
the
beginning.
That's
not
India!
These
guys
are.
C
C
Actually,
Colombus
spent
a
lot
of
his
time,
his
youth
learning
to
navigate
in
in
Portuguese
perceptions
of
the
acers
in
the
Atlantic
Islands,
and
that's
where
he
really
learned
navigating
coming
to
very
close
to
the
Americas
actually
coming
to
what
would
be
like
Newfoundland,
because
the
Portuguese
were
Avid
Cod
Fishers,
so
the
Portuguese
were
the
main,
the
leading
guys
at
this
period,
but
it
is
in
this
moment
that
you
have
still
a
lot
of
castilians
right.
We
don't
even
think
of
Spain,
we
think
about
castilians
aragonese
genoese.
C
So
it's
very
fluid
this.
That's
why
you're
gonna
have
this
guy
Columbus
living
in
Portuguese
Islands
learning
how
to
navigate
asking
for
funding
to
come
to
India
right
in
the
Portuguese?
No,
we
that's
not
really.
You
know.
We
don't
believe
in
that
So
eventually
Columbus
go
to
to
Spain,
to
to
ask
for
the
Spanish
Kings,
and
why
did
the
Portuguese
and
and
my
point
here
perhaps
what
I'm
gonna
argue
and
I'm
arguing
is
that
Columbus
is
nothing
special
Columbus
was
a
guy
that
was
wrong,
but
got
lucky
right.
C
So
again
is
isn't.
This
is
a
world
of
navigation
right
at
this
time
to
trade,
with
this
to
get
any
type
of
good
spices
that
would
help
preserve
the
meat
or
sometimes
mask
the
the
taste
of
meat
during
winter
right
to
get
any
type
of
good
textile
that
is
washable
that
holds
color
or
good
China
that
you
know
you
can
clean
it.
You
can
clean
it
very
well
when
it's
gonna
gonna
be
there
for
you
to
storage
and
reuse.
C
This
is
all
coming
from
the
East,
but
the
East
right
now
the
trade
is
controlled
by
the
ottoman
Empires
and
only
the
venetians
had
an
inn
with
the
Ottomans.
So
our
Europeans
were
really
looking
towards
the
Atlantic
to
find
food
to
find
these
Goods
that
were
very
coveted,
so
the
Portuguese
came
to
get
caught,
so
they
salted
cod
and
that's
a
big
source
of
protein
and
that
they
were
the
main
Navigators.
C
Actually,
a
map
from
1520s
1530s
shows
like
the
Americas,
that's
called
the
Pereira
map
and
it
points
but
the
Portuguese
flag,
what
today's
Canada!
So
that's
the
recognition
on
how
the
Portuguese
used
to
get
around
right
in
crossing
the
North
Atlantic
very
easily.
So
they
knew
what
was
that
there
was
land
there,
but
they
didn't
announce
to
the
war,
because
this
is
a
time
of
competition
as
well,
and
when
the
Portuguese
here
and
I'm
saying
Columbus
was
not
a
a
hero,
not
someone
that
was
extraordinary.
C
He
was
just
another
guy,
because
the
Portuguese
before
they
got
to
the
Americas
they
did
they
achieved
something
that
is
there
for
us
to
see
in
the
maps.
Today
they
crossed
the
Cape
of
storms.
They
went
around
Africa
and
then
renamed
it
Cave
of
Good
Hope,
that's
Cape
Town,
and
they
did
that
in
1488..
That's
the
guy
bartolomeo
Diaz.
C
If
you
go
there,
there
will
be
a
platform
Monument
in
Cape
Town,
so
Diaz
really
navigated,
the
South
Atlantic
the
last
ocean
to
be
navigated,
on
earth
right
and
understood
how
to
go
around
the
sea
to
follow
the
currents.
So
he
was
able
to
to
get
to
to
Asia,
eventually
right
or
open
the
door
for
vascular
gamma
to
get
to
Asia.
But
what
is
important
in
this
Voyage
of
1488
is
that
bartolomeo
Diaz
is
figuring
out
that
he
cannot
just
enter
the
South
Atlantic
and
go
around
Africa.
C
You
are
that
you're
super
wasting
the
seagulls
and
they
see
a
specific
type
of
seaweed
that
the
new
only
appears
near
land,
so
the
Portuguese
were
like.
Yes,
there
is
land,
it
is
either
a
big
island
or
something
right,
and
we
don't
want
nobody
to
know
about
this,
because
this
is
our
route.
We
want
to
get
to
India
before
everybody
else.
C
So
when
Columbus
arrives
in
in
in
in
in
the
Indies
right
in
the
West
Indies
the
Portuguese
right,
they
say:
okay,
good
for
you,
you
got
it
wrong.
Two
years
later,
they
they
got
the
pope
to
say:
okay
to
a
treaty,
the
Treaty
of
third
azaleas,
a
treaty
between
Spain
and
Portugal
and
the
Portuguese
say
like.
Let's
put
a
line
here
and
everything
east
of
this
line.
Right
is
ours
and
you
can
get
the
Caribbean.
We
don't
care,
they
protect
it.
C
They
land
cut
it
like
around
the
mouth
of
the
Amazon
river
right,
so
what
they
wanted
us
to
protect
the
coast
of
Brazil
and
the
route
to
to
India
right,
even
though
they
didn't
have
officially
discovered
it.
But
that
was
their
main
intention
and
that's
on
this
spirit
that
they
act
that
another
Italian
now
navigating
sometimes
for
Spain,
navigating
sometimes
for
Portugal.
So
you
see
that
Nations
didn't
mean
anything.
It's
about
the
loyalty
to
what
monarch
a
guy
named
The,
Miracle,
Amerigo
Vespucci.
C
This
guy
is
gonna,
come
again
after
Columbus.
Was
there
doing
this
stuff,
but
I'm
married
to
the
spooky?
It's
like
many
others
went
again
to
figure
out.
If
there
was,
he
could
discover
new
lands
or
find
land
with
gold
medals
or
anything
that
they
could
turn
into
profits.
So
that's
the
beginning
of
capitalism.
There
too
right.
We
have
to
consider
that
that
part
and
I
mean
Erica
Vespucci,
navigates
Towers,
but
today
is
the
Amazon
and
that's
where
he
finds
for
the
first
land
lands
there.
C
The
first
Europeans
really
discover
Mainland
America
and
that's
what
later
they
a
guy
named
Mercato
right.
The
map
maker
will
say
that.
Well,
this
is
America
because
he
was
the
compressor
they
discovered,
even
though
none
of
these
indigenous
groups
were
lost,
so
they
discovered
the
Americas
in
but
America
in
honor
of
America
Vespucci.
But,
as
you
can
see
here,
I'm
talking
about
bartolomeo,
Diaz
I'm
talking
about
America
Vespucci
and
they
can
talk
about
vascular,
gamma,
Pedro,
Alvarez
Cabral.
These
are
all
Navigators
conquistadors,
and
these
guys
were
not.
C
So
these
guys,
this
is
not
their
first
rodeo.
They
knew
how
to
interact
with
people
that
were
different
from
them.
That
is
what
Carlos
was
pointing
out
during
this
period.
You
start
seeing
the
racialization
his
slavery
had
died
in
Europe.
We
had
like
Greeks
to
slavery,
Romans
with
slavery
and
the
slavery
persisted
during
the
medieval
times,
but
that
story,
you
know,
cannot
enslave
Christians.
So
more
is
slavery
kind
of
disappeared,
but
that
slavery
of
antiquity
was
not
racialized.
C
It
does
not.
You
are
his
life
for
the
rest
of
your
life.
It
was
for
a
limited
period
of
time
and
super
important
The
Offspring
didn't
inherit.
The
the
status
often
is
like
so
it
is
in
this
moment
of
reconnecting
Europe
to
Africa
reconnecting
the
globe.
One
can
say
that
is
slavery
will
re-emerge
because
of
the
sugar
Plantation
like
the
Crusade.
C
C
So
when
they
get
to
the
Americas,
they
see
other
group
of
people
that
is
not
white
and
therefore
things
livable,
so
Columbus
makes
it's
kind
of
like
the
moment.
That
accelerates
is
the
moment.
That
is
the
tip
of
the
iceberg
right,
but
there's
much
more
to
it.
So,
with
Columbus
and
the
the
inclusion
of
the
Americas
in
the
systems,
we
are
now
adding
and
opening
a
new
moment
of
racialized
slavery.
C
It's
it's
so
big.
So
it's
important
this
mindset
that
this
carols
was
saying
like
the
depicting
them
as
cannibal
Savages
people
that
are
not
Christians,
therefore
enslavable
right,
and
even
if
someone
refuses
either
say
hey.
This
is
the
real
God
I,
don't
speak
your
language?
Oh,
you
are
refusing
God,
so
we
can
enslave
you
due
to
just
War,
but
this
is
so
strong
that
when
the
Portuguese
arrive
in
Brazil
1500s
right,
they
finally
take
Brazil.
Officially
they
knew
about
its
existence.
He
you
know
how
they
caught
they.
C
Then
they
described
or
called
the
native
peoples
of
Brazil,
the
blacks
of
the
land,
and
that
started
the
process
of
enslavement,
but
they
don't
slave.
All
of
them
right,
like
Carlos,
was
saying
that's
the
moment
too,
that
the
divisions
and
political
history
of
indigenous
people
now
will
be
mixed
intertwined
forever
with
European
history,
because
these
Europeans
there's
no
colonial
projects
that
can
go
on
without
some
type
of
collaboration
from
local
groups.
C
C
So
Europeans
were
quickly
to
identify
allies,
and
some
indigenous
peoples
were
quickly
in
trying
to
get
the
Europeans
to
be
their
allies
to
enslave
their
enemies,
and
that
is
pretty
much.
How
like
the
black
scallions
in
the
conquest
of
Mexico
was
like.
Oh
you,
they
fight
the
Europeans
in
the
beginning,
they
had
a
skirmish
and
then
they
realized
that
Europeans
are
actually
going
after
the
Aztecs.
Oh
you
hold
on.
You
want
to
destroy
our
enemies.
C
What
did
the
Puja
mean
into
peer
language
enemies,
so
the
Portuguese
Allied
themselves
with
the
to
be,
and
they
will
start
enslaving,
all
the
others
that
are
were
the
enemies
of
the
to
be
and
similar
processes
throughout
the
these.
The
the
Mavericks,
so
my
point
is
Columbus
is
not
exceptional
right.
We
are
seeing
a
process
that
start
is
all
over
the
Atlantic
and
is
led
by
these
these
folks
from
the
Mediterranean,
and
why
were
the
Mediterranean
people?
C
You
know
like
Spain,
Portugal
Italy,
these
guys
ahead
and
the
ones
that
were
leading
that
because
they
were
Europeans
and
Europeans
were
super
smart.
Absolutely,
not.
Actually,
the
reason
why
Iberia
was
like
the
most
advanced
and
developed
regions
in
Europe
at
the
time
was
simply
because
they
have
been
occupied
by
Moors
for
800
years.
They
were
inserted
in
the
networks
of
trade
that
connected
to
the
center
of
knowledge
of
the
time
the
Middle
East
Baghdad.
They
were,
they
had
access
through
Northern
Africa
to
knowledge
and
technology
that
came
from
Asia.
C
So
if
you
think
about
the
care
of
valves
of
Columbus
right,
the
shippings,
the
weather
was
came
from
China
the
the
sales
they
adopted,
they
adjusted
and
adapted
from
Middle
Eastern
navigation
movers
right
and
it
was
from
the
Arabs
too,
and
the
moves
that
they
got.
How
to
read
the
Stars
to
navigate
because
Christians
didn't
like
don't
like
the
dark
right.
Every
horror
movie
starts
in
the
dark,
so
they
didn't,
they
were
afraid
of
it.
C
So
it
was
from
the
Arabs
that
we
we
got
there,
so
we're
seeing
here's
a
process
that
actually
is
unleashing
globalization
and
Columbus
got
famous
for
arriving
for
a
big
mistake
of
thinking
that
he
arrived
in
in
in
Asia
right,
but
he
was,
he
was
a
lucky
guy.
He
was
the
only
one
that
was.
There
was
actually
wrong
and
he's.
C
Let's
take
his
wheel
of
things
leaving
people
he
was
a
apparently
was
a
bit
more
cruel
and
Carlos.
That
can
be
for
you
too,
but
for
what
We've
read
we
in
a
historical
record
topics,
Columbus
was
seen
and
Fell
in
This
Grace,
precisely
because
he
was
very
cruel
and
some
of
his
actions
were
not
even
considered
okay
by
the
people
at
the
time
he
eventually
be
in
prison
and
and
and
Fell
From
Grace.
So
again,
Columbus
got
especially
in
the
United
States.
C
They
think
we
have
to
think
that
again
in
Spanish
America,
we
don't
celebrate
Columbus
dia
de
la
raza
right
when,
which
is
a
very
problematic
term,
but
it's
not
about
Columbus
in
Brazil.
Today
is
a
national
holiday,
not
because
of
Columbus,
but
because
of
our
patron
saint
Our
Lady
of
aparisida,
which
is
a
a
black,
our
lady.
C
So
everybody
marks
that,
but
the
United
States
that
really
glorifies
Columbus,
because
it's
Columbus
was
a
great
guy
for
for
some
Americans
to
create
this
identity.
Why?
Because
he
was
not
British,
so
in
the
Portuguese
or
the
Spaniards
didn't
care
about
Columbus
really
either
so
we
could
rescue
this
guy.
Oh,
he
found
the
Americas.
That's
a
in
every
creative
District
of
Columbia,
a
bunch
of
cities
about
Colombia.
There's
a
Columbus
Colombia
Mania
in
the
United
States
right
after
the
revolution.
C
When
did
you
know
the
founding
fathers
and
others
are
really
crazy
about
figuring
out
ways
of
creating
symbols
that
are
not
connected
to
England
so
for
the
iberians
Columbus
was
one
guy,
not
the
guy,
not
the
extraordinaire.
Actually
it
was
a
pretty
mediocre
one
in
in
this
process
of
expansion
and
colonization
that
Unleashed
a
new
phase
of
globalization
right,
because
this
Mo
these
guys
also
reconnected
the
globe,
and
perhaps
we
can.
C
We
can
Columbus
became
the
figurehead
for
that,
but
that
was
a
pretty
in
impactful
event
and
the
Americas
were
isolated
for
millions
of
years
right
or
millions
of
thousands
dozens
of
thousands
of
years,
and
then
we
are
re.
We
reconnected
them
in
in
many
ways
that
we
start
the
exchange
of
germs
animals,
plants
and
so
forth.
So
these
are
pretty
consequential
events,
but
Columbus
is
I,
think
the
wrong
figurehead
for
us
to
to
point
out
for
that.
So
it's
just
one
guy
in
a
in
in
a
much
larger
process.
A
Thank
you
so
much
for
that.
I
know
we're
coming
up
on
time,
and
you
know.
Certainly
one
big
takeaway
is
just
how
impartial
some
of
the
histories
that
we
receive
can
be
I,
see
some
comments
in
the
chat
as
well.
These
different
perspectives,
these
different
points
of
views
are
not
always
something
that
we
have
access
to
or
are
taught
so
I
really
appreciate
you
giving
us
some
of
this
background.
A
You
know
I
had
foolishly
put
the
next
question
is
how
did
these
events
impact
things
globally,
which
I
think
is
far
too
broad
of
a
question
and
also
has
been
really
well
answered?
You
know:
I
capitalism,
birth
of
capitalism,
the
evolution
of
trade
foundations
for
racism,
gender
ideals,
politics,
health.
A
So
it's
it's
a
lot
to
dig
into
so
I,
don't
see
any
questions
in
the
docs,
so
I
will
ask
one
final
question
as
I
know,
where
we're
coming
up
on
time,
and
it's
just
if
each
of
you
had
to
pick
only
one
thing:
what
do
you
think
the
Major
Impact
we
still
see
is
today
of
some
of
these
events
that
transpired
during
this
era
of
exploration
of
of
colonization?
If
you
will
so
and
whoever
wants
to
answer
first.
C
I
can
give
a
very
easy,
quick
one
I
think
that
modern
racism,
as
we
know,
is
number
one
there.
Oh,
you
can
put
like
differences.
The
the
difference.
The
inequality
in
in
many
levels,
right,
I,
think
that
directly
by
reconnecting
the
globe,
for
instance,
we
are,
we
will
be
merging
different
traditions
of
patriarchy.
You
know
with
the
influence
of
Africans
here:
you're
gonna
have
the
patriarchal
ideologies
of
Africa
too,
adding
to
the
patriarcho
ideologies
of
some
indigenous
groups
and
Europeans.
C
So
that's
one,
a
big
one,
ideas
of
race
and
that's
again,
no
that's
precise
Columbus-
could
be
a
good
figure
ahead
for
that
I
think.
But
there
are,
but
it's
all
over.
That's
and
the
modern
world,
as
we
understand
in
terms
of
the
environment,
I,
think
that
there's
a
big
important
what
we
historians
call
the
Colombian
Exchange
the
fact
that
we
get
cows
pigs.
What
else
cats
and
dogs
in
the
Americas
in
Europe
receives?
You
know
the
tab.
C
Why
would
we
have
what
would
be
of
Italy
without
tomato
or
Ireland
in
Russia,
without
vodka
and
potatoes
right
potatoes?
So
we
are
or
Africa
and
the
cassava.
So
these
are
some
of
the
things
that
we
can
easily
see
today.
Actually
we
all
are
when
we
go
eat
today,
we
we
are.
We
are
eating
what
we
are
eating
because
of
this,
this
contact
moment.
B
However,
if
the
birth
of
race
and
racism,
as
I've,
seen
in
in
my
research
from
early
on
in
colonization,
it
starts
from
like
a
very
emotional,
effective,
aesthetic
approach
where
otherness
is
rendered
as
a
literally
from
a
kind
of
aesthetic
of
of
of
ugliness
of
monstrosity.
I
mean
these
were
obviously
ways
to
mobilize
people
and
then
dehumanize
people
and
then
bring
upon
them
the
the
the
the
terrible
things
that
were
like
genocide
and
it's
okay.
B
B
It's
not
there's
no
rational
component,
of
course,
there's
a
rational
component,
but
there's
also
an
unconscious
affective,
emotional
component
that
that
starts
from
there,
literally
from
literally
1492
and
people
regarded
as
sub-human,
or
literally
as
monsters,
and
then
secondly,
something
that
we
see
today
and
it's
like
is
this.
Obviously
the
ongoing
patterns
of
colonialism,
colonization
like,
for
instance,
on
this,
like
understanding
the
us
as
we
understand
it
now
we
know
that
the
US
before
the
19th
century
was
just
literally
40
or
50
lessons
land.
B
It
was
mostly
Mexico
all
these
land
movements
and
this
unawareness
of
the
history
really
frames
our
way
of
engaging
with
an
idea
of
nationalism.
That
is
false,
it's
imaginary
and
it
is
not
like.
If
we
do
engage
with
history
properly,
we
would
see
the
almost
the
arbitrary
movement
to
an
extent
of
the
very
kind
of
liquid
or
malleable
movement
of
history
and
understand
that
borders
are
imaginary
Nation.
B
A
No
thank
you
so
much.
For
that
perspective.
That's
great
and
thank
you
both.
You
know,
I
see
a
lot
of
a
lot
of
comments
in
the
chat.
Just
really
get
information
information
we
may
not
necessarily
again
have
access
to
in
the
day-to-day
media
swirl
and
data-
that's
always
coming
into
us.
So
thank
you
both
so
much
for
your
time.