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From YouTube: Sustainable Supply Chain Tracking for Volvo Cars’ El... Douglas Johnson-Poensgen & Mark Rakhmilevich
Description
Sustainable Supply Chain Tracking for Volvo Cars’ Electric Vehicle Batteries on Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain - Douglas Johnson-Poensgen, Circulor & Mark Rakhmilevich, Oracle
In this session hear from Circulor and Oracle about the project to track cobalt supplies used in EV batteries.With Volvo’s plan to switch 50% of their car production to EVs by 2025 and 10-20kg of cobalt required per car battery, both mining and recycling sources of cobalt are critical to their success.Circulor had developed a tracking solution on Oracle Blockchain Platform that integrates identity, GPS, yield, and mass-balance calculations to ensure that only safe and sustainable sources of cobalt make it through the extensive supply chain involving the largest battery suppliers in the world, their recycling ecosystem, logistics vendors, and Volvo cars manufacturing facilities.Learn the real challenges in implementing complex blockchain tracking solutions across multiple materials transformation phases and how Circulor and Oracle provided Volvo Cars a solution to scale this for 1M cars.Hear from the Circulor and Oracle experts who are enabling this digital supply chain transformation at Volvo Cars.
----
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A
Ladies
and
gentlemen,
absolute
good
good
afternoon,
even
my
name
is
Doug
Johnson
burns
gun
I'm
chief
exec
of
circular.
This
is
Mark
Recchi
a
witch
from
Oracle,
and
we
want
to
explain
to
you
what
we've
been
doing
for
the
last
year
or
so
with
a
European
car
manufacturer
called
Volvo,
and
the
work
that
we're
doing
here
actually
is
starting
to
form
the
foundations
for
a
wider
network
of
car
manufacturers
trying
to
deal
with
some
challenges
or
unresponsible
ethical
sourcing
and
the
carbon
footprint
of
electric
vehicles.
A
So
what
we
want
to
do
is
start
with
a
description
of
the
business
problem
that
we
were
trying
to
solve.
The
approach
we
took
to
doing
it
and
then
delve
down
into
the
underlying
technology
and
Mark
is
also
going
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
roadmap
that
Oracle
has
got
for
its
blockchain
platform
and
how
this
will
potentially
help
solutions
like
this
scale.
So.
A
Responsible
sourcing
is
now
mainstream
business
issue,
although
this
is
a
pretty
picture.
The
reality
is
that
our
collective
desire
for
staff
as
consumers
is
driving
the
exploitation
not
only
natural
resources,
but
challenges
like
deforestation,
as
well
as
child
labor
in
the
supply
chains,
and
increasingly,
whether
it
is
pressure
from
institutional
investors
through
ESG
or
from
consumers,
and
regulators
for
responsible
and
ethical
and
sustainable
business.
A
This
is
something
that
the
major
brands
are
actively
grappling
with,
and
what
blockchain
gives
us
is
the
opportunity
to
start
to
digitize
very
diverse
supply
chains
in
an
effort
to
demonstrate
that
they
are
indeed
behaving
responsibly
in
their
supply
chains,
if
indeed
they
are
now
the
cost
of
responsible
business.
Today,
the
OECD
estimates
at
some
25
billion
I
think
that's
probably
an
underestimate,
but
today
that
cost
is
largely
spent
on.
You
know:
internal
resources
that
are
effectively
doing
sort
of
responsible
business
type
roles
inside
corporates,
plus
the
cost
of
spot
audits
within
supply
chains.
A
So
some
materials
like,
for
example,
minerals,
are
already
relatively
well
regulated
by
industry
bodies
such
as
the
responsible,
minerals
initiative,
and
there
are
a
whole
variety
of
audits
that
are
done.
Hurry
CD
standards
in
those
supply
chains,
but
beyond
that,
beyond
responsible
sourcing,
there
are
significant
challenges
around
things
like
the
carbon
footprint
of
the
supply
chains
of
some
of
the
things
we
buy.
A
You
know
all
over
the
world,
but
but
actually
the
you
know
the
fact
that
so
much
of
the
power
intensity
required
for
things
like
chemical
refining
of
materials
like
cobalt,
which
are
essential
to
lithium-ion
batteries
comes
at
the
moment
from
unsustainable
electricity
or
ensign
central
power
sources
like
coal-fired
electricity,
and
so
that
there's
some
quite
neat
little
stats
on
this.
You
know
the
carbon
footprint
of
a
Tesla
compared
to
a
7,
Series
BMW,
you
know,
is
way
higher
in
production.
A
The
Volvo
brand
for
those
who
you
know
has
always
been
synonymous
with
safety.
They're
they're
adverts
from
the
1950s
were
about
a
child
in
the
backseat,
and
it
was
always
about
keeping
your
family
safe
and
they've
extended.
That
too,
and
promise
that
says
look
you
know
the
safety
of
your
children
is
not
just
about
what
happens
inside
the
car.
It's
as
much
about
the
world
that
they
grow
up
in.
We
have
an
obligation
to
source
responsibly,
not
to
exploit
the
poorest
people
on
the
planet
or
to
exploit
the
planet.
A
To
give
you
some
sense
of
scale,
and
you
can
see
some
statistics
on
the
slide
here:
they're
looking
for
50
percent
of
all
of
their
vehicles
to
be
electric
by
2025,
similar
ambitions
from
many
car
manufacturers,
and
they
think
that
by
2025
approximate
they
will
have
sold
approximately
a
million
electric
vehicles
which
is
modest
compared
to,
for
example,
Volkswagen.
But
you
know,
given
the
standard
they
have
set
themselves
of
both
carbon
neutrality
and
being
certain
about
the
provenance
of
the
materials
they're
using
there's
quite
an
interesting
logistical
challenge
in
there.
A
At
the
moment,
the
majority
of
the
the
purchasing
decisions
are
taken
largely
on
price
and
there's
a
reason:
amount
of
spot
purchasing
in
the
middle
of
the
supply
chain
to
get
the
best
price
of,
for
example,
your
precursor
material,
your
cobalt,
hydroxide
or
whatever,
and
the
challenge
with
that,
if
you
are
trying
to
demonstrate
responsible
sourcing,
is
actually
where
the
hell
have.
You
sourced
your
material
from
that's
ending
up
in
your
batteries
and
secondly,
if
you're
trying
to
manage
a
carbon
footprint
down
to
Net
Zero.
A
How
can
you
possibly
do
that
with
a
static
lifecycle
assessment,
if
you
don't
understand
the
flow
of
the
materials
through
your
supply
chain?
And
if
you
think
about
an
electric
vehicle
battery
cobalt
is
one
of
those
constituents,
but
also
you
have
lithium,
which
comes
with
environmental
concerns.
You
have
mica,
which
has
the
same
child
labor
issues
as
Cobalt,
except
in
this
case.
It's
you
know,
children
in
Madagascar
that
digging
it
up
rather
than
children,
in
the
Congo
for
cobalt,
steel
and
aluminium,
Odyssey
significant.
A
You
know
energy
footprint
in
their
manufacturer
and
therefore
create
quite
a
lot
of
greenhouse
gases,
so
the
flow
of
materials
actually
starts
to
unlock
a
number
of
serious
challenges
for
you.
The
other
aspect
of
this
is
that
when
you
have
digitized
a
previously
under
tight
supply
chain
from
mine
to
manufacturer,
you
can
start
to
imagine
how
you
could
potentially
start
to
increase
the
efficiency
of
that
supply
chain,
even
just
by
reducing
working
capital
requirements
by
a
few
percentage
points
at
different
stage
in
the
supply
chain.
A
You
can
actually
reduce
the
overall
cost
of
an
electric
vehicle
battery,
which
is
the
single
most
expensive
component,
so
leaping
forward.
Then,
given
that
we're
talking
about
something
that's
already
live,
we
just
want
to
show
you
an
extremely
short
video
that
sets
the
context
for
this
before
we
explain
to
you
how
it
actually
works.
A
So
there
are
two
broad
approaches
to
trying
to
do
this
in
the
supply
chain.
One
approach
is
to
you
know,
track
the
commercial
transactions
between
participants
and
the
supply
chain
and
use
that
as
a
proxy
for
a
chain
of
custody
of
the
material.
Our
contention
was
that
wasn't
good
enough,
because
just
because
you've
got
10
tons
of
good
stuff
going
onto
a
stockpile
of
100
tons
of
you
know,
raw
material
does
not
mean
that
what
you've
ended
up
with
in
your
own
battery
is
the
responsibly
sourced.
A
You
know
proportion,
and
so
the
alternative
approach
is
to
give
an
identity
to
a
blob
of
commodity
and
to
follow
that
all
the
way
through
the
process.
Now.
The
complexity,
of
course,
is
that
you
dig
up
I,
love
or,
and
then
it
goes
through
smelting
and
refining,
possibly
a
number
of
steps
of
chemical
refining
until
it
becomes
a
refined
material
and
then
is
amalgamated
with
other
materials,
for
example,
to
create
nickel,
cobalt,
manganese
precursor
and
that's
then
put
onto
a
cathode
which
is
mixed
up.
A
You
know
with
with
you
know
all
the
other
ingredients
that
make
a
battery
cell,
and
so
the
challenge
is
to,
firstly
create
a
reliable
digital
twin
for
for
a
material
that
has
no
unique
physical
form.
So
it's
not
a
diamond
that
that
you
know
remains
a
diamond
all
the
way
through
the
supply
chain,
and
it's
also
not
something
that
you
can
scientifically
measure
with
certainty.
A
A
Imagine
now
for
a
second
you're
standing
in
the
rain
in
a
muddy
puddle
in
a
mine
site
in
the
Congo,
and
we
have
a
mobile
signal
where
we
have
no
other
technology
and
by
the
way,
the
mobile
signal
in
most
Central
Africa
is
way
better
than
we
find
in
London
I'm.
Not
joking
and
we've
developed
a
mobile
app
as
a
way
of
creating
that
digital
twin
and
that
mobile
app
does
a
number
of
things.
A
The
second
is,
you
need
the
location
now
you
know
where
the
moment
dealing
with
license
mine
sites,
and
so
those
that
have
been
ordered
and
the
license.
Now
that
location
comes
from
the
phone,
the
challenge
of
courses
and
we
have
Pokemon
go
and
dating
apps
to
thank
for
GPS
spoofing.
You
can
clearly
just
download
an
app,
certainly
on
Android
and
claim
to
be
somewhere
that
you're,
not
so.
A
We've
had
to
build
a
number
of
defenses
against
GPS
spoofing
into
the
app
in
order
to
be
comfortable
as
someone
is
where
they
claim
to
be,
or,
at
the
very
least,
to
know
that
they're
trying
to
spoof
their
location,
then,
of
course
you
need
to
know
the
composition
of
the
material,
including
its
weight.
Handheld
mass
spectrometers
are
used
routinely
at
mine
sites,
because
you
don't
want
to
pay
your
mining
teams
for
any
old
dirts.
A
You
want
to
pay
them
for
good
dirt,
and
so
we
can
record
that
information
off
the
handheld
mass
spectrometers
looks
a
bit
like
a
large
gun
and
then
the
final
point
is
attaching
an
identity
to
it,
which
is
a
tag
of
course.
There
are
lots
and
lots
of
types
of
tags
that
you
could
use,
but
the
challenge
we
actually
set
by
the
rhineland
government
was:
could
you
come
up
with
a
tagging
scheme?
It
was
essentially
free,
so
our
platform
produces
QR
codes
that
have
attributes
ie.
A
They
can
only
be
used
by
you
this
month
in
this
mine
site,
and
you
can
effectively
create
the
tags
on
a
tamper-proof
plastic
on
a
temporary
plastic
tag
yourself.
For
next
to
nothing,
it's
not
totally
free
because
you've
got
to
buy
the
tamper-proof
tags.
You
need
a
black-and-white
printer,
but
the
idea
was
that
it
was
effectively
free
and
compared
to
existing.
You
know
relatively
manned
ralick
paper
paper-based
trace
minute,
which
already
exists
for
bag
and
tank
schemes
such
as
you
know
for
tin
and
other
conflict
minerals.
It
is
effectively
free
by
comparison.
So
that's
that's!
A
How
you
create
your
digital
twin
and,
of
course,
as
you
go
into
every
one
of
those
chemical
or
manufacturing
processes,
they
all
follow
a
recipe
or
a
known
process.
So
imagine
a
chemical
refinery.
It's
a
bit
like
baking,
a
cake.
You
start
with
1
kilo
of
flour.
You
can't
make
50
cakes
apply
that
to
a
chemical
process.
A
You
start
with
1
ton
of
stuff,
and
then
you
should
be
able
to
create
500
kilos,
depending
on
certain
tolerances
of
you
know
the
product
that
you're
interested
in
so
we
use
tests
like
mass
balance,
elapsed,
time,
proof
of
location
and
if
there
is
a
process
involved,
you
know
scan
points
through
that
process
in
order
to
reliably
connect
the
input
ingredients
to
the
output
product.
And
it's
then
that
the
output,
which
now
has
a
completely
different
chemical
composition
to
the
input,
can
inherit
the
identity
of
the
input
material.
A
It's
exactly
the
same
as
your
own
biology.
Every
one
of
you
shares
your
grandfather's,
DNA
you're,
clearly
a
different
person
and
it's
the
rules
of
biology
that
dictate
about
dictate
how
you
inherited
that
identity.
And
here
it's
the
rules
of
chemistry
and
of
you
know,
mechanical
engineering
or
process,
and
that
is
repeated
at
every
single
step
of
the
journey.
The
grayed
out
circles
represent
a
track
and
trace
challenge.
A
So,
although
you
know
there
might
be
a
little
bit
of
oxidization
of
an
ore
on
a
ship
as
it
crosses
the
Pacific,
it's
fundamental
composition
isn't
changing
between
the
port
of
departure
and
the
port
of
entry
at
the
other
end,
even
if
there
is
a
little
bit
of
oxidation,
so
I'm
not
minimizing
it,
it's
complicated,
but
but
basically
it's.
It
is
a
track
and
trace
challenge.
It's
not
trying
to
code
the
chemistry
effectively.
A
A
Can
I
trust
that
this
material
has
been
responsibly
sourced
and
we
use
Oracle
analytics
cloud
to
present
the
data
that
is
captured
all
the
way
through
the
supply
chain
in
a
way
that
actually
helps
direct
compliance
attention
at
those
bits
in
the
supply
chain
where
there
might
be
issues
the
platform
is,
is
supposed
to
be
what
the
platform
is
is
agnostic
of
how
you
access
it
and
there's?
Obviously,
a
lot
of
stuff
behind
this,
but
for
the
majority
of
users,
it's
basically
a
dashboard
because
that's
what
they
currently
care
about.
A
A
A
So
we
actually
have
complete
traceability
from
license
mine
sites
in
the
Congo
that
are
producing
or
as
well
as
from
scrap
lithium
ion
batteries
that
are
going
through
the
recycling
process.
Back
to
you
know
the
new
batteries
that
have
been
created
now
what's
exciting
about
this,
of
course,
is
that
CaCl
and
LG
Chem
make
battery
for
lots
of
other
people,
including
Volkswagen
and
Daimler,
and
Renault
and
PSA
and
General
Motors,
and
you
get
the
idea.
A
So
the
network
is
building
already,
as
others
come
forward
and
say:
look
you
know,
you've
done
Volvo's
done
the
hard
yards.
How
could
we
piggyback
off
the
back
of
it
and
I'll
unpack
that
little
bit
more
in
terms
of
who's
coming
on
board?
I
talked
through
some
of
this.
The
process
of
battery
manufacturing
involves
many
many
steps.
A
I'm
not
I'm,
not
going
to
tell
you
what
they
all
are,
but
but
the
point
being
that
every
single
one
of
those
circles
represents
as
step
in
code,
the
chemistry
that
I
was
talking
about
earlier
and
at
every
one
of
those
steps,
whoops
wrong
way
and
every
one
of
those
steps.
We
are
interested
in
a
time
stamp,
a
location,
the
the
input,
the
identity,
the
input
to
that
process,
the
identity
of
the
output
to
that
process
which
is
assigned
to
it.
It's
not
connected
until
you
know
the
rules
are
successfully
passed
elapsed.
A
Time
is
very
important
to
some
of
these
processes.
For
example,
the
sintering
of
lithium,
with
with
NCM
precursor,
can,
depending
on
the
process
you
take,
is
either
2
days
or
up
to
13
days.
So
clearly,
you
can't
drive
a
lorry
in
on
Monday
morning,
drive
a
lorry
out
on
Monday
afternoon
and
claim
it's
the
same
material
and
so
essentially
at
every
one
of
these
steps.
B
I
thanks
Doug,
so,
as
you
saw,
this
is
a
very
interesting
journey
that
uses
a
lot
of
sophisticated
technologies.
That
circular
provides
to
really
track
all
of
the
different
phases
of
the
material,
as
it
goes
through
various
transformation
steps
and,
of
course
the
underlying
data
is
being
logged
into
a
distributed
ledger
and
a
blockchain,
and,
as
Doug
mentioned,
we've
started
working
with
circle
a
few
years
ago
on
helping
them
to
create
the
solution
leveraging
Oracle
blockchain
platform.
B
Our
blogging
platform
is
high
quality
fabric
based.
There
is
a
number
of
enhancements
for
making
it
easier
for
enterprises
to
adopt
and
quickly
and
provision
and
manage
and
secure
and
all
of
lhasa
sinks.
Its
initially
pit
support
funds
has
been
available
since
middle
of
2018
as
part
of
the
Oracle
cloud.
So
it's
a
managed.
Blockchain
is
a
service
platform
and
it
provides
interoperability
with
other
high
polish
a
fabric
instances.
So
if
you
have
networks
that
span
Oracle
and
let's
say
IBM
or
NCP,
Microsoft
Excel
for
Apple
ad
fabric
nodes,
you
can
link
them
all
together.
B
We
also
provide
a
lot
of
integration
capabilities
to
simplify
how
the
data
gets
collected
was
its
low
res
DPI's.
Integration
adapters
from
various
Europeans,
which
could
be
running
in
a
cloud
environment,
could
be
running
on
premises
may
be
Oracle
or
non
Oracle
and
real
matters.
There
is
a
lot
of
integration
capabilities
built-in
to
simplify
the
process
of
onboarding
set
and
then
a
lot
of
enterprise
great
stuff
to
make
it
secure,
make
it
highly
available
resilient
and
so
on.
B
B
That's
ready
for
production
from
day
one.
You
can
experiment
and
create
an
environment
in
a
cloud
in
five
or
ten
minutes
to
start
actually
piloting
something.
But
if
you're
ready
to
go
into
production,
it
is
basically
all
of
the
capabilities
that
you
need
and
the
goal
of
what
this
platform
is
to
really
make
it
easy
for
people
to
create
solutions
by
making
it
force
easy
to
deploy
and
provision.
B
But
it's
in
a
cloud
environment,
and
also
here,
with
on-premise
force,
available,
now
easy
to
integrate,
with
variety
of
systems
that
you
have
in
the
back
office
that
are
providing
the
data
driving
transactions
or
consuming
the
event
easy
to
control
member
access
by
using
privacy,
confidentiality
capabilities,
fine-grained
access
control
list,
among
others,
ability
to
easy,
monitor
and
manage,
create
basically
dashboard
to
track
all
of
the
transactions
ability
to
see
who's,
doing
Wharton's
and
network.
Add
members
and
all
of
that
stuff
and
extend
it.
B
So
you
can
essentially
create
accelerators
and
templates
that
allow
you
to
speed
up
those
processes
and
customize
them
for
any
new
customer
deployment
through
the
integration
orchestration
through
the
template,
smart
contracts,
dashboard
in
and
in
this
cloud
most
of
the
things
do
not
require
coding
below
code
environment
legs
integrations
also
analytics
dashboards.
Smart
contracts
do
require
some
coding,
of
course,
and
the
front-end
application
and
you're
going
to
see
in
the
architecture
coming
up
here.
B
A
Yeah
so
I
mentioned
the
mobile
app
as
a
part
of
that
there's
also
an
application
which
allows
us
to
define
the
workflows
in
an
individual
supply
chain,
as
well
as
capture
information
about
every
participant
in
that
in
that
process.
Imagine,
for
example,
a
mid
tier
refinery
that
is
undergoing
or
is
subject
to
audits,
for
example,
again
Sara,
DCCCD
guidelines.
You
know
it's
audit
reports
and
other
data
that
is
relevant
to
those
participants
downstream
that
are
using
their
material.
All
has
to
be
recorded.
A
The
business
logic
that
ties
together
the
ingredients
of
the
chemistry
that
I
was
talking
about
earlier,
all
needs
defining
for
individual
supply
chains,
and,
although
we're
talking
here
about
cobalt
and
electric
vehicle
batteries,
we're
doing
this
right
now,
for
example,
Formica,
which
is
used.
Mica
paper
is
used
for
heat
insulation
and
electric
vehicle
batteries,
and
I
mentioned
earlier.
Some
you
know,
they've
got
pretty
much
the
same
challenges
and
we're
just
starting
to
tackle
lithium
as
well.
A
We
give
we
give
customers
access
to
a
sandbox
before
hands,
they
kind
of
have
a
chance
to
play
around
with
it.
While
we're
doing
the
first
two
steps-
and
we
offer
this
as
a
managed
service
to
our
customers
so
that
they
don't
have
to
worry
about
any
form
of
configuration
or
anything
else
and
bundle
an
amount
of
support
into
it
as
well,
which,
thankfully,
at
the
moment,
most
aren't
using
largely
because
the
Oracle
platform
just
works
out
of
the
box
for
us.
So
you
know
to
give
you
an
idea
of
time
to
implement.
A
You
know
we
in
in
the
lift.
Sorry
in
the
cobalt
supply
chain
took
us
a
few
months:
the
mica
supply
chain.
We've
managed
to
do
in
weeks
because,
of
course,
we've
learned
quite
a
lot
about
how
to
actually
map
a
supply
chain
and
precisely
what
we
need
to
be
now
do
it
in
the
office,
because
we
can
think,
through
these
supply
chains,
I've
employed
geologists,
for
example,
to
to
help
us
precisely
what
we're
looking
for
when
we
turn
up
at
a
mine
site
in
you
know
in
in
the
middle
of
Russia.
A
So
I've
got
guys
right
now
in
confidence
alpha
the
man
desk
in
Russia
looking
at
mica
mines,
and
they
only
need
to
be
there
a
day
and
it'll
be
like
that
for
every
single
step
of
the
supply
chain.
So
we're
next
Daimler
approached
us
after
they'd
read
about
what
we'd
been
doing
with
Volvo
because
they
share
the
same
battery
manufacturer
and
said:
look
you
know
yes,
we'd,
like
the
responsible
sourcing
stuff,
but
actually
it'd
be
quite
cool.
A
If
we
could
actually
understand
the
carbon
footprint
of
our
battery,
I
talked
about
it
earlier,
but
but
Daimler
is.
You
know
has
therefore
pioneered
a
new
use
of
exactly
the
same
underlying
chain
of
custody.
We've
just
started
working
with
Boeing,
for
example,
because
aerospace
recognizes
it
has
exactly
the
same
challenges
of
responsible
sourcing
and,
of
course,
the
carbon
footprint
of
of
aerospace
is
not
just
the
use
of
the
airplanes.
It's
of
course,
the
supply
chain
before
it
and
so
they're
looking
to
do
exactly
the
same
thing
as
the
car
manufacturers
have
done.
A
Volvo
Trucks
is
is
doing
something
similar
again,
that'll
be
a
project
which
we'll
be
working
on
with
Oracle,
amongst
others
and
then
separately.
More
broadly
than
that
finished
mining
group,
which
is
a
government
owned
entity
that
that
runs
mining
operations
in
Finland,
is
actually
in
the
process
of
trying
to
create
a
complete
planning,
a
platform
for
the
entire
circular
economy
of
European
battery
materials,
which
takes
this
beyond
the
first
use
through
the
life
of
a
car
battery
all
the
way
into
its
second
life.
And
hopefully
you
know
multiple
cycles
of
recycling.
B
So
I
thought
it
just
took
a
little
brief
ly
about
how
we
actually
work
with
customers
and
partners
to
drive
the
future
of
our
blogging
platform,
because
you
know,
as
you
see
here,
there
is
always
a
future
project.
There
is
always
going
to
be
an
expansion,
there's
always
going
to
be
a
need
to
grow
in
the
world
when
people
deploy
something,
it's
not
like
a
done
deal,
that's
it!
It's
done.
You
know
it's
running,
you
know
you
can.
Basically,
you
know,
take
a
break
and
you
know
go
on
to
the
next
thing.
B
There
is
always
going
to
be
a
required
set
of
requirements
to
do
things
better,
faster
or
more
secure
and
so
on.
So
we
have
from
a
plug
from
a
blogging
platform
perspective,
significant
areas
that
we're
investing
in
and
development,
making
it
easier
to
develop
applications,
whether
it's
a
smart
contracts
as
a
client
component
sitting
on
top
security
confidentiality
privacy
is
always
a
big
concern
and
we're
doing
some
work
around
fine-grained
access
control.
B
This
mechanism
trusted
data
sources,
I
des
and
Jenko
development
aids,
so
that
it's
going
to
be
easy
and
fast
as
it
develops
the
next
set
of
chain
codes.
We're
doing
some
work
around
token
base
change
code
capabilities.
As
you
know,
Appalachia
fabric
does
not
have
an
inherently
built-in
token
like
public
networks,
but
there
are
certain
areas
in
the
business
environment
not
anything
to
do
with
cryptocurrencies,
but
in
business
applications
where
tokenization
makes
sense,
but
it's
for
financial
institutions
or
tokenizing
summons
assets,
and
there
are
some
words
that
we're
doing
in
that
area
as
well.
B
Operation
is
very
important.
You're
going
to
hear
an
application,
that's
going
to
be
business,
critical,
you're
going
to
depend
on
it,
running
24/7
and
people
inside
your
organization
to
support
it
and
so
on.
So
it
has
to
be
an
application
and
the
system
underneath
it
applications
that
really
made
those
requirements.
You
continue
to
own
boards
of
members
and
so
we're
doing
a
lot
of
work
around
simplifying
governance.
There
is
capabilities
today
in
high
apology
fabric
to
manage
the
consortium,
but
two
very
basic
levels.
B
People
will
need
to
be
able
to
vote
on
certain
things
that
are
being
proposed
and
again
you
want
to
be
able
to
use
the
trusted.
Capabilities
of
the
blockchain
itself
provides
to
manage
and
automate
all
of
those
processes.
There
is
also
work
on
the
infrastructure
side.
You
know
Doug
mentions
that.
One
of
the
interesting
things
about
here
is
that
you
have
a
lot
of
raw
materials
that
are
going
to
be
traveling
to
China,
for
example,
or
Asia
for
refining
and
smelter
engines,
and
the
parts
are
going
to
be
produced
and
to
go
elsewhere.
B
Well
in
each
country,
you're
going
to
have
specific
requirements
and
regulations
around
how
you
deploy
your
blockchain,
it
happens
to
be
in
China.
There
is
a
lot
of
other
specific
regulations
about
local
deployments,
and
so
we're
going
to
need
to
provide-
and
we
already
providing
actually
on
premise
version
of
up
logic
platform,
so
that
customers
based
in
China,
can
follow
those
regulations,
and
they
don't
here
to
destroy
deployed
in
an
Oracle
public
cloud.
You
can
deploy
their
own
datacenter,
but
when
tensing
those
capabilities
as
well
we're
adding
things
around
making
it
more
resilient.
B
Adding
security
capabilities,
hsm
integration
and
so
on.
Zaza
is,
of
course,
going
to
be
equally
important.
This
interoperability
across
different
networks,
you're,
going
to
hear
islands
that
need
to
be
able
to
interconnect
and
share
as
a
data,
and
so
was
its
interoperability
between
different
hippolyta
fabric
networks,
which
is
already
possible
technically
just
need
some
engineering
work
or
interoperability
between
as
a
couple
edge
of
fabric
and
quarter
based
or
theorem
based
networks,
which
requires
a
lot
more
research,
because
there
is
really
no
good,
clear
solutions
yet
for
intelligent,
app
connectivity
across
different
stacks.
B
Those
are
some
of
the
areas
that
we
investing
in
and
essentially
taking
the
cool
from
folks
like
circular
and
the
customers,
a
quaver
to
know
where
to
go
where
to
focus
on
right.
So
a
lot
of
our
investments
at
oracle,
a
driven
by
those
customers
at
on
the
leading
edge
of
blockchain
projects
that
actually
already
in
production
and
looking
to
expand
and
scale
that
be-
and
you
know,
go
to
the
next
step.
B
So
just
elaborate
on
that,
and
just
to
close
with
summary
and
links,
you
can
get
more
information
on
oracle
that
calms
less
blockchains,
that's
kind
of
the
main
page,
every
single
Oracle's
doing
around
blocks
and
spaces.
Here
you
can
actually
try
the
blockchain
for
free.
You
can
sign
up
for
a
free
trial
on
our
cloud
or
you
can
download
an
on-premise
edition
and
run
it
on
your
laptop
it's
available.
Basically,
as
a
virtual
machine
appliance,
you
can
download
and
run
on
VirtualBox,
VM,
ware,
etc.
B
A
Yeah
so
our
first
prototype
was
action
aetherium,
because
our
second
purchase
I
was
on
sawtooth
and
then
we
built
our
production
platform
on
the
Oracle
hydrologic
fabric
platform.
So
we
experimented
with
another
things.
Before
we
decided
on
hi
pledge
of
fabric,
we
actually
looked
at
quarter
as
well,
but
concluded
that
this
was
more
of
a
business
decision
than
a
technical
decision.
I
I
thought
that
it
made
sense
to
go
with
something
that
was
considered
to
be
the
enterprise
class
blockchain
before
you
know
that
was
more
appropriate
to,
for
example,
supply
chain
quarter.
A
A
Yeah,
so
the
question
for
those
you
didn't
hear
it
is:
how
does
the
mass
balance
approach
work
now?
The
the
actual
unit
by
which
most
of
these
materials
are
moved
around
a
one-ton
bags
and
those
wonton
bags
are
sent
from,
for
example,
a
smelter
in
the
Congo
with
a
unique
identity
every
bag?
To
you
know
the
next
step
in
the
chain,
which
might
be
a
COBOL
refering
like
why
you
cobalt
and
every
one
of
the
processes,
certainly
in
the
cobalt
supply
chain,
is
a
batch
process.
A
So
you
know
which
four
bags
you're
taking
to
put
into
a
particular
batch,
which
then
creates
a
particular
amount
of
output.
So
the
mass
balance
obviously
depends
on
the
yield
of
the
material
is
input,
composition,
and
that
varies
slightly
depending
on
where
it's
come
from
and
all
the
rest
of
it.
But
that's
the
point
about
mapping
the
supply
chain
and
knowing
you
know
how
the
ingredients
in
create
the
right
amount
of
ingredients
out.
What
we're
really
interested
in
is
making
sure
that
material
of
known
provenance
is
not
mixed
with
material
of
unknown
provenance.
A
A
Yes,
yep,
so
so
we're
starting
to
grapple
with
exactly
that
challenge
in
plastic,
chemical
recycling
of
plastic
waste,
so
plastic
waste
has
been
turned
into
a
form
of
kind
of
waste
plastic
crude
oil
for
want
of
a
better
way
of
describing
it
and
going
to
the
same
chemical
refineries
that
currently
take
the
stuff
out
of
the
ground
and
turn
it
into
everything
from
wax
to
benzene
to
aviation
fuel.
So
we're
starting
to
grapple
with
exactly
that
challenge.
We
it's
it's
it's
a
pilot
project.
A
A
Yeah,
yes,
so
so
no
technology
can
will
completely
replace
due
diligence.
So
inspections,
for
example,
of
mine
sites
and
smelters
and
refineries
along
the
long
supply
chain
are
already
conducted.
So
they
are
the
basic
permissions
that
are
necessary
before
you
are
allowed
to
join
a
platform
like
ours
if
you're
in
a
someone's
supply
chain,
so
that
sort
of
physical
inspection
audit
won't
go
away.
What
we're
overlaying
with
is,
if
you
like
a
live
ongoing
surveillance
tool,
essentially
to
make
sure
that
people
are
behaving
themselves.
C
A
We
started
three
years
ago.
We
started
three
years
ago.
We
started
the
Volvo
project
one
year
ago,
but
we'd
already
done
field
trials
in
Rwanda
with
a
different
material
tantalum
which
is
used
in
the
manufacture
of
capacitors,
which
we
all
have
in
our
phones,
for
example.
So
we've
done
quite
a
lot
of
work.
We
went
to
Volvo
and
said
we
think
we
have
a
solution
to
your
problem,
so
we
didn't
start
with
a
blank
sheet
of
paper
with
the
customers
problem.
C
A
We
took
the
decision
to
start
with
the
person
that
has
the
problem,
so
in
this
case
the
car
manufacturer.
They
obviously
have
contractual
relationships
and
buy
batteries
from
people
they've
let
contracts
to
so
there's
a
commercial
relationship
and
so
by
starting
with
the
downstream
who
holds
the
brand
risk
if
you
like,
and
and
if
you
can
convince
them
that
they
they.
You
know
this
is
this
is
a
sensible
approach.
B
Imagine
you
know
in
our
experience,
working
with
other
similar
sort
of
processes
where
you
start
with,
you
know
a
few
partners,
and
then
you
expand
the
coalition's.
It
tends
to
work
better
then
trying
to
bring
people
together
theoretically
around
you
know
some
kind
of
a
concept,
because
there
is
just
a
lot
of
open
questions.
B
A
lot
of
uncertainty,
ins
that
slow
things
down
I
mean
sometimes
it
works,
but
generally,
if
you
can
start
with
somebody
who
has
a
very
specific
understanding
of
what
problems
are
trying
to
solve
and
3-4
people
around
them
or
companies
around
them.
That
actually
are
part
of
that
solution.
Part
of
the
problem,
initially
ins
and
become
part
of
the
solution.
It
tends
to
work
better
because
then
you
have
something
already
built
and
potentially
deployed
in
some
initial
production
and
then
other
people
can
see
it
live,
and
you
know
the
journey
we.
A
C
A
So
we've
started
with
trying
to
plot
clean
paths,
so
so
obviously
there's
a
there's,
a
huge
panoply
of
suppliers
who
will
you
know,
produce
materials
of
different
stages
of
supply
chain?
The
challenge
was
to
find,
and,
of
course
it's
not
one
to
one
to
one
to
one,
but
the
challenge
was
to
find
you
know
sufficient
clean
pants
for
the
volume
of
material
that
the
initial,
in
this
case,
Pioneer
customer
wanted
as
we
bring
on
other
car
manufacturers,
we're
you
know,
starting
to
add
more
because,
obviously
not
all
the
raw
material
can
come
from
one.
A
One
of
the
things
that
surprised
me
pleasantly
was
the
willingness
of
suppliers
in
the
midstream
and
upstream
to
engage
with
this
I
mean
obviously
there's
a
there's,
a
pilot
regulation
in
minerals.
Everyone
knows
that
cobalt
is
a
scarce
resource.
Everyone
knows
that
child
labor
is
a
problem
in
the
supply
chain,
but
I
had
imagined
it
would
be
much
harder
to
convince
people
to
participate.
A
They
you
know
the
the
the
suppliers.
You
know
Tier
three,
four,
five
that
we've
been
we've
been
working
with
and
they're.
Now,
subscribers
to
our
platform
recognize
that
this
was
coming
and
actually
were
quite
keen
to
be
one
of
the
pioneers
because
they
saw
it
as
a
way
of
expanding
their
market.
Sure
it's
kind
of
obvious
when
I
say
with
the
benefit
of
history,
but
I
thought
we'd
be
pushing
further
uphill
any
any
more.
Yes,
hi.
A
C
A
No,
we've
basically
copied
the
approach
from
IT
services
and
bear
in
mind
that
you
know
what
we're
trying
to
land
and
expand
with
those
customers.
We
started
with
Cobalt.
You
know,
Volvo
I've
described
we're
now
doing
mica
we're
talking
about
lithium
and
rare
earth
elements.
I
want
to
maintain
a
relationship
with
a
customer,
so
it's
not
a
fire-and-forget.
So
it's
not
a.
It
is
a.
It
is
a
software-as-a-service,
but
it's
it's.
It's
we've.
It's
in
our
interest
to
be
relatively
high
touch
high.
A
A
Yeah
so
Daimler,
for
example,
didn't
know
what
their
supply
chain
was
for
Koval
we
told
them
now.
You
know
we
we've
actually
adopted
something
quite
similar
to
the
cloud
service
agreement
that
Oracle
has
with
its
customers
here,
there's
quite
stringent
controls
on
our
ability
to
either
see
or
use
customers
data
that
would
be
wholly
inappropriate
unless
I
had
a
very
nice
fluffy
white
cat.
It
would
be
wholly
inappropriate
for
us
to
have
a
true
picture
of
a
slug
of
the
global
COBOL
market,
because
actually
one
could
misuse
that
information
quite
I
mean
sure.
A
A
Remember
the
tier
1
that
the
OEM
and
the
tier
1
supplier
have
the
same
responsible
sourcing
charges.
So
if
your
LG
Chem
or
CA
TL
you
you,
your
brand
is
just
as
associated
with
responsible
sourcing
challenges
for
things
like
cobalt
or
lithium.
So
you
know
it
is
in
their
interest
to
manage
this
risk
as
well.
A
To
give
you
a
practical
example
of
that,
just
before
Christmas
Amnesty
International,
a
bunch
of
Congolese,
cobalt,
miners,
sued,
Apple
Tesla,
why
you
cobalt
a
whole
variety
of
different
companies
in
the
supply
chain,
not
all
of
which
were
EMS
basically
saying
you
have
no
clear
way
of
getting
this
stuff
from
your.
You
are
the
reason
why
these
child
miners
are
digging
up
cobalt
and
dying
in
deep,
deep
pit
mines,
so
that
helps
concentrate
the
mind
of
the
supply
chains.
We're
targeting,
as
you
can
imagine,.
A
Supplier
of
a
car
manufacturer
will
want
to
tell
the
car
manufacturer
all
of
the
whole
of
the
rest
of
the
supply
chain
behind
it
because
they
find
ourselves
distance
mediated,
but
for
for
certain
critical
materials
which
have
you
know
a
significant
focus
from
regulators,
everybody
knows
that
a
greater
degree
of
transparency
in
the
supply
chain
is
actually
in
their
interest,
not
the
disadvantage,
and
they
and
every
participant
in
the
supply
chain
has
a
unique
and
important
role.
You
know
if
you
are
a
chemical
refinery
of
cobalt.