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From YouTube: The Social Mobile Leap: Panel Discussion
Description
he Social Mobile Leap: How Digital Connectivity Affects Emerging Economies. - Panel Discussion (3/3)
Deb Socia, Next Century Cities
Alice Munyua, Mozilla
Richard Thanki, Jangala
Sebastián Bellagamba, Regional Bureau Director of Latin America and the Caribbean - Internet Society
Katie Jordan, Internet Society (Moderator)
Mobile Internet usage is quickly becoming a primary means of access in many developing countries. The Social-Mobile Leap event on Mar 7 2019 formally launched Pew Research Center’s new study 'Mobile Connectivity in Emerging Economies' on mobile phone usage and its social impact in 11 countries worldwide. The participating countries include Colombia, India, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Tunisia, Venezuela and Vietnam.
PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/smleapvid
REPORT: https://pewrsr.ch/2C7ewA4
TWITTER: #socialmobileleap http://bit.ly/socialmobileleap
Hosted by Internet Society and Pew Research Center at the Microsoft Innovation & Policy Center in Washington DC
A
So
you
know
in
general,
it's
really
interesting
to
hear
about
the
kinds
of
trends
you
see
in
in
developing
areas.
You
know
we
have
over
50%
of
the
world
now
connected
to
the
Internet
and
so
to
figure
out,
what's
going
to
happen
and
what
are
those
the
trends
in
the
areas
that
don't
have
as
high
a
level
of
connectivity?
Yet
it's
really
fascinating
and
you
know
it's.
It's
really
one
of
the
reasons
that
the
Internet
Society
is
so
focused
on
on
connecting
the
world.
A
You
know
it's
a
core
part
of
who
we
are
and
what
we
do
it
figuring
out
how
these
trends
are
going
to
play
out.
It's
very
interesting
part
of
our
work,
but
it's
more
than
just
the
trends
that
are
going
on
it's
about
empowering
the
communities
where
that
access
is
coming
into
play.
You
know
the
ways
that
they
can
use.
A
A
C
B
So
we
work
with
200
mayors
and
CIOs
all
over
the
country
in
urban,
suburban
and
rural
communities,
all
of
whom
really
want
fast,
affordable,
reliable
broadband
for
all
of
their
residents,
and
so
our
goal
is
really
to
help
them
get
to
that
space,
and
it
involves
a
lot
of
work
around.
What
are
the?
What
are
the
opportunities?
What
kinds
of
ways
can
people
connect?
What
what
is
available?
What
are
the
policies?
How
do
we
work
together
as
a
group
of
people
who
care
about
this
in
order
to
ensure
that
everybody
gets
access.
D
Before
then,
I
worked
with
the
African
Union
Commission,
representing
them,
or
doing
mostly
the
walk
around
Internet
Governance,
representing
them
in
Global,
Entry,
see
processes
and
before
then,
with
the
Kenyan
government
and
I
was
a
regulator
working
the
Communications
Commission
of
Kenya
for
a
nearly
eight
years
before,
moving
on
to
the
African
Union
Commission,
so
I've
been
in
the
area
of
policy,
and
this
is
extremely
exciting
research
and
and
really
interesting
to
see,
especially
from
my
country
Kenya,
which
has
really
peculiar
ways
of
using
mobile
connected
telephony.
Thank
you.
E
F
Hello,
I'm,
not
quite
as
far
away
as
Sebastian,
is
but
I'm
talking
to
you
from
a
dark
evening
in
London
UK,
so
I'm
Richard.
Thank
you,
I'm
a
co-founder
of
jangada
and
jangula
is
a
tech
startup.
The
difference
so
really
UK
based
not
profit,
and
our
mission
is
to
enable
internet
access
for
people
to
did
my
natural
or
man-made
disasters.
F
So
we've
been
working
with
refugees
and
displaced
people
in
the
Maine,
and
this
is
an
important
area
where
currently,
solutions
don't
exist,
provide
connectivity
to
these
very
marginal
groups.
So
68
million
people
are
displaced
at
the
moment,
200
million
more
in
need
of
humanitarian
assistance
and
the
UN
University
estimates
that
over
the
next
30
years
a
billion
people
could
be
displaced
by
climate
change
and
its
effects,
and
we
started
jangula
because
when
the
refugee
crisis
broke
across
Europe,
the
technology,
the
low-cost
accessible
means
of
connecting
people
didn't
exist,
and
so
we
had
to
make
them.
F
It's
been
a
pleasure
reading,
pews
research
because
their
moonlights
as
an
economist,
I've
written
quite
a
lot
on
the
economic
impact
of
the
unlicensed
spectrum
and
have
done
work
in
rural
Kenya
on
the
impact
of
the
internet
alongside
Microsoft
with
TV
whitespace
trials.
So
it's
a
pleasure
to
be
here.
Thank.
A
You
all
very
much
that
and
looking
forward
to
your
insights.
So
as
we
heard
from
firmly
pews,
research
shows
that
there
is
a
growing
trend
in
mobile
connectivity
in
developing
countries
and
in
emerging
emerging
economies
and
so
Deb.
Last
year
you
led
the
mobile-only
challenge,
which
helped
those
of
us
who
are
lucky
enough
to
not
have
to
rely
on
mobile,
who
rely
on
desktops
laptops
tablets.
A
B
B
You
got
to
stop
at
White,
Castle,
there's
just
no
option
and
we
were
in
White
Castle
and
there
was
a
gentleman
there
crying
to
the
manager
he
wanted
to
apply
for
a
job
flipping
burgers
and
she
said
you
have
to
apply
online.
Those
are
the
kinds
of
things
that
are
happening
to
folks
and
that's
really
unfortunate.
B
It's
even
more
frightening
in
Arkansas,
where
their
particular
form
of
Medicaid
expansion,
its
Arkansas
works.
You
have
to
work
80
hours
a
month
in
order
to
qualify
for
this
Medicaid
expansion
program,
and
the
only
way
you
can
prove
that
you
have
is
to
go
online.
To
put
your
information
in
so
the
people
least
likely
to
be
online
and
most
likely
to
be
disadvantaged
by
that
lack
of
access
are
actually
further
disadvantaged
because
they
can't
get
their
data
online
and
thousands
of
people
have
lost
access.
B
So
we
worry
about
this
a
lot,
and
so
last
year
the
FCC
or
it
was
late
2017.
The
FCC
was
pondering
the
the
potential
of
saying
that
mobile
access
was
equitable
to
home
connection
and
we
were
concerned,
and
so
we
started
with
10
other
organizations.
Something
called
the
mobile
only
challenge
and
we
asked
people
for
it
during
the
month
of
January
to
pick
one
day
and
spend
the
day
mobile
only
and
it
was
interesting.
We
had
FCC
Commissioner
as
we
had
mayor's.
We
had
legislators
here
in
DC.
B
We
had
people
all
over
the
country
trying
it
and
then
sharing
their
experiences
online.
Halfway
through
the
month
chairman
PI
at
the
FCC
said,
we've
changed
our
mind.
We
are
not
going
to
consider
mobile
equitable.
We
like
to
think
we
had
something
to
do
with
that.
It's
hard
to
tell,
but
but
to
be
clear,
it
wasn't
progress.
It
was
just
lack
of
falling
backward,
but
really
what
I
think
was
helpful
about.
B
A
Thank
you
and
you
raised
a
really
good
point
to
that.
We
do
have
that
option
of
both.
You
know
the
mobile
access
and
the
the
access
via,
and
you
know,
fiber
or
Wi-Fi
or
other
things
through
desktop
laptop
tablet
and
so
I'm
curious
to
hear
from
the
rest
of
our
panelists
your
regional
perspective.
You
know
it
is
there
the
same
problem
in
these
other
regions
where
having
access
only
through
mobile
is
as
serious
as
it
can
be
here
in
the
US
or
basically
what
kinds
of
trends
do
you
see
you.
D
Thank
you
and
thinking
about
that
really
interesting.
You
know
I
think,
as
you
saw
it's,
the
statistics
in
Kenya
were
quite
interesting
and
also
even
more
interesting,
considering
that
Kenya
has
the
most
expensive
total
cost
of
mobile
ownership.
I
think
you
response
to
George
sidarskys
question
here
when
I
look
at
the
statistics,
for
example,
we
we
hear
that
just
owning
a
mobile
in
Kenya.
It
amounts
from
nearly
21
percent
of
your
income,
owning
a
handset
and
having
it
connected
to
mobile
data.
D
A
Kenyan
would
pay
about
58
US
dollars
per
year
to
own
it
for
connectivity,
and
you
know,
and
to
use
it,
and
yet
that's
the
only
device.
Most
Kenyans
have
more
than
90
percent
of
Kenyans
who
access
the
Internet
access
the
internet
for
the
first
time
using
a
mobile
device
and
for
most
Kenyans.
That's
all
that
we
have,
including
for
me,
for
example,
I
think
when
I
lived
in
Nairobi
I
did
a
lot
of
my
business.
My
work
using
my
mobile
phone.
D
And
yet,
as
you
see
the
statistics,
you
have
very
many
Kenyans
using
it,
claiming
that
it
makes
a
difference
in
their
lives
using
it
for
education
for
employment
purposes
and
literally
depending
on
it
for
their
life
for
their
livelihood,
some
of
them
because
they
conduct
a
lot
of
their
businesses
on
whatsapp
and
Facebook
and
other
social
devices
I
mean
on
social
networks.
However,
the
government
has
also
realized
that
the
mobile
sector
contributes
over
250
percent
to
the
global
after
the
GDP.
As
a
result,
the
government
is
currently
broke.
So
what
do
they
do?
Our
taxation?
D
Some
of
them,
are
completely
not
thought
through.
For
example,
the
recent
one
I
think
they've
added
no
I
believe
and
in
fact
the
Act
was
enacted
early
this
year.
The
cost
of
doing
more
about
runs
our
mobile
money
transactions,
for
example,
as
risen
from
10%
to
12%
there's
so
many
fees
and
Taxation
that
are
added
to
that.
D
You've
got
the
handset,
it's
considered
a
luxury
item,
so
you're
paying
luxury
duty,
you're,
paying
v80
on
that
and
then
activation
in
itself,
you're
paying
so
many
little
bits
of
fees
here
and
there
and
then
connection
costs
that
involve
use,
voice,
data
and
SMS,
and
then
money
mobile
money
and
in
fact
they
raise
the
mobile
money
transaction
fee
to
up
as
I
mentioned
12%
from
10.
So
we've
got
excess
duty
also
that
went
up
to
13%.
D
So
essentially,
what
we
are
saying
here
is
Kenya
has
the
highest
in
the
world
and
in
Africa,
where
we
see
Kenyans
having
to
put
in
at
least
7.5
percent
of
their
income
on
just
owning
that
device,
and
yet
we
keep
using
it.
We
keep
using
it
in
the
most
creative
innovative
ways.
We
keep
coming
up
with
extremely
creative
ways
of
addressing
our
own
social
economic,
political
challenges
with
different
apps.
For
example.
D
Mobile
money
came
about
because
most
Kenyans
cannot
afford
to
actually
use
banking
services,
the
extremely
expensive
and
also
the
culture
of
what
we
call
another
cultural
issue
of
going
to
the
village
every
holiday
over
Easter
or
Christmas,
and
so
that
reduces
that
cost.
And
so
it's
easier
to
send
your
grandmother,
your
mother
or
your
relatives
money
rather
than
travelling
there,
because
it's
more
expensive
to
travel
there,
because
because
our
roads
are
horrible,
we've
got
I
think
they
had
the
country
with
the
highest
road
accidents
in
the
world
as
well.
D
You
know,
and
the
worst
traffic
in
the
world
I
mean
we're
not
really
I,
think
Chiron's
worse
than
their
worst
as
well.
You
know
believe
me,
I
drove
in
Kenya.
It
used
to
drive
me
crazy.
So
with
all
of
that,
you
you
here,
for
example,
Mike
Joseph
he's
the
one
who
initiated
the
implementation
of
mobile
money
m-pesa
in
Kenya.
He
called
it
peculiar
because
it's
really
peculiar,
because
on
one
end
it's
extremely
expensive
and
on
the
other
we
use
it
all
the
time
and
contribute
so
much
to
the
global
to
the
GDP.
D
F
That's
how
much
the
very
poorest
Kenyans,
the
ones
with
the
least
disposable
income
are
paying
to
access
the
Internet.
Whereas
if
you've
got
more
money,
you
can
get
a
gigabyte,
for
you
know
a
dollar
per
gigabyte,
a
dollar
fifty
and
to
add
insult
to
injury,
those
very
small
bundles
often
exclude
access
to
whatsapp.
So
in
this
way
the
operator
prevents
cannibalization
of
SMS
revenue.
So
you
know
we
have
a
situation
in
which,
whereas
you
know
within
there's
great
inequality
between
countries
and
we
see
that
from
penetration
rates.
F
But
there's
also
great
inequalities
within
countries,
and
that
is
something
which
you
know
from
all
available.
Evidence
is
holding
back
the
growth
in
penetration
worldwide,
so
I
thought
it
was
fascinating
from
fuze
numbers
find
that
in
some
countries,
such
as
Jordan
the
since
2014
the
internet
penetration
has
almost
doubled.
I
mean
that's
an
amazing
success
story,
but
around
the
world
the
situation
is
looking
quite
bleak.
So
from
2017
to
2016
there
was
a
4%
growth
in
Internet
penetration,
46
people
per
hundred
to
48.
F
For
the
last
four
years
there
have
been
single-digit
rises
in
Internet
penetration
around
the
world.
It's
flatlining,
the
growth
in
the
Internet
is
flatlining,
and
so
many
of
the
benefits
that
Pugh's
research
so
eloquently
reveal
you
know,
are
now
out
of
reach
for
people
and
don't
seem
to
be.
It
doesn't
seem
that
they
will
become
within
reach.
You
know
within
the
next
few
years,
so
this
does
I.
Think
for
me
again
raised
the
question
that
you
know
what
are
we
doing
to
ensure
that
people
have
access
to
the
Internet?
F
What
are
we
doing
to
make
sure
that
people
have
access
to
the
Internet
on
devices
that
are
now
them
to
make
the
most
use
of
the
Internet,
as
Dead
has
pointed
out,
and
what
effect
does
rampant
inequality
within
countries
and
the
actions
of
operators
to
exploit
those
inequalities
to
can
maximize
revenues
from
certain
classes
within
society?
How
is
that
holding
back
the
growth
of
the
kind
of
Internet
that
we
want
to
see.
E
Excellent
I
would
like
to
take
some
of
the
things
you're
already
already
said.
First
I
would
like
to
reinforce
what
Deb
was
saying
about
the
digital
divide,
the
digital
divide,
even
though
we
keep
connecting
people
are
not
at
this
fastest
pace
in
history,
but
who
still
connecting
people.
The
digital
divide
keeps
increasing
because
of
exactly
what
the
point.
People
that
is
not
connected
to
the
cost
of
not
did
not
connected
to
the
internet
keeps
increasing
everyday
for
people.
E
E
That
is,
I
live
in
Uruguay.
You
do.
Why
is
first
world
country
in
intimate
terms,
I
mean
we
have
70
something
percent
of
Internet
penetration,
75,
70,
P,
actually
percent
of
fiber-to-the-home
penetration
in
year,
away
mostly
correlates
to
the
internal
communication.
So,
basically,
everyone
is
connected
to
five
the
numbers.
Just
as
much
you
go
to
Nicaragua
you
go
to
Bolivia.
E
The
numbers
are
in
the
tents,
something
percent,
so
there
is
a
big
inequality
in
the
rich,
but
there
is
some
figure
said
we
need
to
look
at
I
mean
in
order
to
understand
this,
and
there
is
something
that
which
are
printed
I
mean
you
can
analyze
the
region
as
50
something
percent.
But
when
you
study
aggregated,
you
see,
you
see
the
inequality
cell
and
some
countries
are
different
inside
the
countries
are
near.
The
capital
is
complexity
is
not
the
same
as
they
are.
E
According
to
GSM
a
eighty,
two
percent
of
the
population
of
Latin
America
lives
in
an
area
of
peachy
or
more
I
mean
an
area
of
coverage.
That
is
an
amazing
number.
82%
sounds
like
wow.
Big
number
18%
is
a
big
number
as
well.
We
have
six
600
million
people
in
Latin
America,
so
roughly
18%
of
six
of
600
million
is
100
million
people,
but
it
lives
in
areas
of
no
coverage.
E
The
82%
is
splitted
between
the
52%
I
would
say
that
is
connected
to
the
Internet
and
30%
Aires
believes
in
an
area
of
coverage,
but
I'm
not
connected
to
the
engine.
So
I
would
say
that
is
too
dry
a
cluster
that
has
to
be
analyzed,
I
mean
the
first
one
is
coverage
we
went
through
through
that
already.
The
second
way
is
cost
of
ownership,
so
the
30
percent
between
the
50
and
the
82%,
it's
a
seed,
explained
by
cost
of
ownership,
is
not
just
the
cost
of
the
mobile
or
cost
of
the
Ostia
fee.
E
You
have
to
pay.
Your
ISP
is
just
owning
the
device
owning
the
monthly
fee.
It's
the
total
of
that
is
something
in
the
lines
that
some
some
of
you
I
mean
Alice,
you
were,
you
were
saying.
The
numbers
about
Kenya
mean
how
much
you
pay
out
of
your
your
monthly
salary
to
to
connect
to
them
the
third
component,
the
80%,
the
speed
that
is
living
in
areas
of
no
coverage.
So
we
need
different
tactics,
different
strategies
for
addressing
that.
E
One
thing
that
we're
working
with
and
and
I
know
that
we
are
Katy
was
about
to
address
that.
But
we
have
to
look
outside
of
the
box
and
community
networks
for
instances
are
is,
is
a
nice
is
a
recipe
to
cover
the
18%
of
the
people,
believe
and
tell
you
something.
These
people
lives
in
areas
where
the
telecom
operators
decided
willingly
not
to
provide
not
not
to
provide
service
because
they
have
the
license.
They
have
the
spectrum,
they
live
there
and
they
are
not
being
being
provided
service
because
of
the
decision
of
businesses.
E
I
mean
it
makes
no
economic
sense
to
do
to
provide
service
that.
So
we
need
to
have
a
strategy
in
order
how
we
expand
the
50.
Something
percent
of
the
population
that
live
scenarios
are
covered,
but
30%
has
a
cost
issue,
an
18%
that
that
lives
in
in
rural
areas,
but
not
covered
by
any
way.
One
thing
that
I
wanted
to
mention
and
and
I
think
something
that
we
have
to
the
attach
is
mobile
with
the
CPE
necessarily
with
the
smartphone.
E
It's
not
the
same.
I
mean
sometimes
you
use.
I
live
in
a
country
with
75%
of
fibre
to
the
home.
For
me,
mobile
is
a
transition
technology,
while
commute
from
office
from
my
fiber
in
the
office
to
my
fiber
fiber
at
home,
but
the
device
I
used
to
connect
in
all
cases,
most
of
the
time
is
missing.
My
smartphone,
so
smartphone
use
does
not
correlate
directly
to
mobilize
that's
my
plan
and
I
think
we
have
to
have
it
started.
We
were,
and
I
will
finish
with
this.
E
This
particular
community
is
not
a
tool
community
because
they
have
sheets
I
mean
they
raise
sheep,
say
they
raise
cattle
there
and
we
do
well.
They
didn't
have
coverage
of
the
of
any
kind,
but
they
may
be,
and
they
do
have
a
smartphones,
because
when
they
go
to
town
they
use
them
this
map
from
there.
So
every
single
piece
of
this
puzzle.
We
deserves
a
different
strategy
to
to
address
it.
So.
A
Appreciate
that
and
I'm
really
glad
that
you
brought
up
community
networks
as
well,
because
I
think
that's
a
really
important
piece
of
this
and
I'm
going
to
assume
that
most
of
us
are
familiar
with
community
networks,
but
for
those
that
are
not.
These
are
essentially
DIY
networks
that
are
created
by
a
community
with
a
community
and
for
community.
A
They
are
very
specific
to
the
needs
of
that
community,
and
it
is
critical
that
the
community
is
involved
from
day
one
and
the
planning
of
those
networks,
because
they
open
up
a
lot
of
really
unique
opportunities
for
a
community.
But
I'm
really
curious
with
your
regional
perspectives.
Do
you
think
that
there
are
ways
that
mobile
networks
the
end?
The
existing
infrastructure
that
goes
along
with
mobile
networks
can
be
supportive
of
community
networks
or
other
kinds
of
infrastructure?
Rollouts
solutions?
A
B
I
really
appreciated
Sebastian's
comments,
because
it
sounds
so
familiar
to
me
about
the
issues
we're
facing
in
that
we
have
so
much
of
the
country
without
the
infrastructure
and
then
other
parts
of
the
country
where
the
cost
is
prohibitive
and
we
we
find
we've.
A
lot
of
research
has
been
done
about
redlining
in
our
cities
and
the
fact
that
some
parts
of
the
city
may
have
really
old
infrastructure,
decaying
dsl
and
other
parts
may
have
fiber
and
that
in
fact,
it's
always
overlaid
with
poverty
and
that
the
cost
is
not
a
big
difference.
B
So
you,
if
you
are
poor,
you
are
paying
more
for
worse
service
and
I.
Think
you
know
just
responding
to
what
you
said:
Sebastian.
We
have
to
find
solutions
for
that.
I
think
there
are
a
lot
of
things
we
could
do
in
the
u.s.
that
we're
not
doing.
That
could
be
supportive
and
some
of
them
are
policy,
and
some
of
them
are
state
level
actions,
and
some
of
them
are
things
like
releasing
more
unlicensed
spectrum
right.
We
have
tons
of
opportunities
to
do
that.
We
have
a
lot
of
EBS
spectrum
that
has
been
sitting
fallow.
B
We
have
plenty
of
spectrum
in
rural
parts
of
the
country
that
someone
may
have
leased,
but
they
aren't
using
it
and
if
they're
not
using
it
in
my
opinion,
they
should
lose
it
and
we
should
be
able
to
use
it
to
provide
service
in
those
communities.
Earlier
today,
some
of
you
I
think
know:
Mario
Triggs
from
California.
B
I
think
there
are
policy
things
we
can
work
on
and
there
are
20
states
in
the
United
States
that
have
barriers
to
local
communities,
building
their
own
broadband,
and
we
have
21
that
have
barriers
to
local
input
around
5g,
and
so
we
are
preventing
the
most
effective
problem,
solvers
from
being
part
of
solving
the
problem.
So,
for
me,
that's
a
big
part
of
the
solution
here
in
the
u.s.
is
we
need
policymakers
do
if
you're
going
to
create
policy,
make
it
helpful
to
local
communities
if
you're
going
to
create
policy?
B
D
Well,
yes,
for
for
Kenya
and
generally
I
think
the
Africa
region
there's
a
lot
that
can
be
done
and
and
I
think
I
agree
with
Debbie
here
that
most
most
of
it
should
focus
a
lot
on
the
policy
and
regulation
interventions,
and
we
see
where
their
positive
policy
and
regulatory
interventions
that
really
happening.
A
good
example
is
Tanzania
recently
has
made
it
mandatory
or
is
forcing
mobile
network
operators
to
co-locate
infrastructure.
D
When
you
ask
mobile
network
operators,
what
is
the
most
expensive?
You
know
in
terms
of
investment,
it's
usually
infrastructure
and
Taxation
in
that
order,
and
so
I
think
it
makes
sense.
I,
don't
know
why
they
don't
think
about
just
co-locating
and
sharing
infrastructure
unless
you're
forced
by
government,
so
there's
something
there.
I
really
never
understood
it.
D
So
so
that's
one
area
because
I
mean
literally
accessing
especially
fiber
optic,
cable,
international
fiber-optic
cable
is
pretty
expensive,
even
terrestrial
cable,
as
if
you
have
several
service
providers
who
are
providing
that
you
can
imagine
how
much
that
would
cost
for
a
community
network
in
a
rural
area
in
Kenya.
They
wouldn't
be
able
to
afford
it
unless
there's
policy
and
regulatory
intervention
in
this
case,
perhaps
we're
seeing
the
universal
access
fund,
support
going
towards
that
and
then
the
same
universal
access
fund
and
regulatory
approach
for
seeing
mobile
network
operators
to
ensure
that
they
are
providing.
D
D
We
only
have
like
four
countries
that
have
completed
the
move
from
analog
to
digital.
Can
you
be
one
of
them
and
we
see
there
happening
because
it
releases
spectrum,
for
example
in
the
700
800
900
megahertz?
That
then,
is
being
able
to
use
to
be
used
for
community
networks
and
also
for
4G,
especially
the
700
800
for
4G
and
3G.
So
I
think
those
kind
of
interventions
I
think
a
little
bit
more
interventions
in
licensing
interventions
in
spectrum
and
also
being
innovative
in
the
way
we
we
call,
we
locate,
we
assign
spectrum
and
being
transparent.
D
It's
also
important
to
be
transparent,
because
then
those
who
are
providing
community
networks
are
able
to
say.
Ok,
this
spectrum
isn't
hasn't
been
assigned.
Could
we
use
it
and
why
not
not
use
it,
and
also
in
how
we
are
deploying,
for
example,
the
fans
that
we
make
out
of
the
universal
access
funds?
D
Because
that's
a
lot
of
money-
and
we
don't
know
where
that
is
going
as
well
so
I
think
all
of
those
efforts
you
know
would
be
great
and
organizations
like
like
the
Internet
Society,
the
great
work
that
you're
doing
in
community
networks-
and
you
know
any
assisting
IXPs-
is
it's
really
great
around
that
and
working
in
collaboration,
Emma
gnosis
is
also
extremely
important.
Thank
you.
F
So
and
every
piece
that
you
brought
up
community
networks
and
just
very
quickly
I'm
going
to
talk
about
how
kind
of
jungle
has
started
and
it's
very
different
kind
of
community
network.
So
as
some
of
the
people
there
may
know,
there
was
a
big
refugee
camp
in
the
north
of
France,
where
the
Channel
Tunnel
links,
England
and
France.
F
This
camp
was
called
the
jungle
and
it
was
a
completely
unmanaged
camp.
There
were
10,000
people
living
there,
many
of
them
trying
to
get
across
to
the
UK
where
they
wish
to
claim
asylum
people
from
all
over
the
world
from
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Libya,
West,
Africa,
East,
Africa,
lots
of
regions
that
had
been
come
destabilized,
but
this
camp
had
absolutely
no
facilities
whatsoever
and
some
of
the
very
early
people
who
went
to
work.
There
was
volunteers,
they
saw
a
great
human
need.
They
found
that
as
soon
as
people's
need
for
food,
shelter
and
water
was
satisfied.
F
The
very
next
thing
people
asked
for
was
connectivity.
They
asked
kind
of
Borak
borrow
your
phone
to
send
a
text
message
or
or
if
you
could
make
a
hotspot
for
them,
so
they
could.
You
know
tell
friends
or
family
that
they're
okay,
and
it
was
in
this
situation
that
we
essentially
deployed
a
community
network.
F
We
had
10,000
people
every
single
week
using
a
Wi-Fi
network
that
was
back
hold
over
a
single
4G
connection
and
we
use
traffic
shaping
to
essentially
mean
that
we
could
share
that
connectivity
fairly
and
effectively
across
the
users
that
were
there
and
the
effect
was
incredible,
and
so
it
shows
just
how
much
potential
there
is
in
a
50
megabit
per
second
4G
connection
and
how
many
people
that
conserve.
So
you
know
there-
you
don't
need
much
bandwidth
to
able
to
have
an
impact
with
that
bandwidth
and
so
I
think.
F
That
kind
of
leads
me
on
to
the
bigger
question
which
is
and
again
I
mean.
The
interesting
thing
here
is
that
one
of
the
reasons
that
jangada
exists
is
that
what
we
did
there,
even
though
it's
fairly
simple,
it's
still
too
complex
for
many
of
the
grassroots
groups
in
small
and
medium
sized
aid
organizations
working
around
Europe
in
the
world.
You
need,
you
know,
Reuters
and
SS,
IDs
and
microwave
backhaul,
and
things
are
just
far
too
complex
for
very
many
people.
F
So
what
we
realized
was
that
we
needed
a
low-cost
way
of
getting
this
central
technology
out
to
people
who
could
just
press
the
button
and
turn
it
on
and
that's
how
we
came
to
be.
But
in
your
bigger
point,
I
think
is
a
really
really
important
one,
which
is:
what
can
we
do
in
the
future?
I
mean
assuming
we
can't
cure
global
income
inequality
overnight
between
countries
or
within
countries.
I
would
say
that
we
can't
what
can
we
do
to
make
the
situation
better
and
I?
F
Think
a
lots
been
touched
upon
and
I
don't
want
to
reiterate,
but
I
think
that
there
are
some
other
interesting
technological
possibilities
in
the
horizon.
So
one
thing
that
I
think
is
very
interesting
is
the
low
Earth
orbit.
Satellite
constellations
that
are
due
to
you
know
do
to
see
service
within
the
next
half
decade.
Now
these
are
fascinating,
because
you
know
a
lot
of
the
business
models
for
these
constellations.
I'm
sure
a
premise
on
serving
you
know
certain
hot
spots.
F
You
know
you
know
ocean
trade
route,
ocean
shipping
routes
in
populated
areas
and
so
on,
but
at
one
at
the
time
the
these
satellites
will
be
flying
over
when
a
polar
orbit
areas
which
have
very,
very
sparse
connectivity.
Now,
if
we
can
find
a
way
of
finding
blue
cost,
turnkey
ways
of
communities
being
able
to
access
this
backhaul
and
then
being
able
to
roll
that
into
Wi-Fi
for
their
communities,
that
could
be
an
incredible
step
forward
with
rural
and
remote
connectivity.
I
mean,
of
course,
nothing
replaces
fibre
as
Sebastian
says.
F
E
Fully
agree
agree
with
that,
and
the
issue
is
that
we
need
to
act
and
we
need
to
act
fast
because
of
this
widening
gap
that
we're
seeing
I
wouldn't
go
into
the
lines
of
what
Alice
said.
I
mean
I,
think
there's
two
key
components
to
do
the
deployment
of
community
networks.
One
is
licensing,
people
know
what
no
one
has
to
go
to
jail
for
for
running
a
community
network,
basically
I
mean,
and
they
have
to
have
all
the
benefits
of
having
a
license
in
order
to
operate
legally,
including
access
to
Universal
Service
lands.
E
Access
to
respect
to
me
at
least
access
to
the
auction
or
access
to
I
mean
an
opportunity
to
do
it
together
faction,
because
the
second
most
important
thing
is
a
spectrum
is
planning
a
spectrum
allocation
for
vision.
This
is
a
communiques
I
mean
they
don't
live
together,
like
we
do
in
the
in
the
big
cities,
there's
no
way
you're,
gonna
cable.
That
I
mean
you.
We
have
to
use
my
microwave
as
a
last
meant
to
to
connect
these
people.
You
can
even
use
Wi-Fi
as
you're
doing
in
your
project.
E
Bridget
Wi-Fi
has
a
lot
of
problems,
I
mean
we
know
us
as
users.
That
has
a
lot
of
codes
and
we
ought
to
visit
from
time
to
time.
I
mean
we
I
mean.
Let's
go
well
through
the
world's
first
Wi-Fi
in
many
countries
in
Latin,
America,
Wi-Fi,
2.45
gigs.
Are
they
licensed
spectrum?
You
can
use
it
now?
Ok,
that's
a
good
one,
but
using
better
spectrum
got
this
key
because
it
would
translate
the
words
for
ether
me.
E
E
For
instance,
an
Argentine
generated
a
license.
It's
different
different
licenses
licensing
schemes
in
order
to
serve
this
Mexico.
If
it's
a
social
or
indigenous
freedom
community,
you
get
a
license
Brazil.
If
the
the
the
town
has
less
than
five
function.
People
you
can
you
get
a
license,
you
don't
need
a
license
in
Brazil,
I
mean
if
there
is,
the
population
is
less
than
types
out.
Alchun
Tina,
it
is
a
community
network.
You
can
have
a
free
license,
apply
for
a
free
license.
E
Spectrum
allocation
again,
Columbus
is
working
on
white
spaces,
for
instance
a
location
for
community
networks
Mexico.
So
in
the
same
Argentina
is
it's
also
located
some
solar
spectrum
to
that?
So
there
are.
There
are
examples
that
are
working
out
now
in
reality
that
can
be
copied,
I
mean
or
little
but
not
perfect.
They
can
be
better,
but
they're
working
and
some
countries
are
moving
in
the
right
dimension.
So
we
we
must
take
them
as
a
truck
and
just.
F
To
add,
maybe
quickly
dispersions
point
so
the
TV
white
space
story,
even
very,
very
interesting.
So
you
know
a
lot
of
people
I
think
expected
a
big
ban
when
the
US
was
the
first
country
to
authorize
TV
white
spaces
and
the
UK
followed
soon
after
and
Singapore
and
some
others,
but
in
sense
what
we've
seen
is
a
much
more
it's
a
slower
burning
process.
I
think
that's
been
because
of
two
things.
There's
been,
you
know
the
legal
and
political
processes,
the
regulatory
processes,
but
also
technological
processes
as
well
and
I.
F
Think
we
have
to
understand
that
you
know
the
last
time
I
mean
we
look
at
the
progress
of
Wi-Fi
in
the
2.4
gigahertz
iron
band,
know
from
the
time
of
which
the
decision
was
taken
in
the
u.s.
to
authorize
the
use
of
the
is
M
ban
for
communication
in
1985.
It
wasn't
until
2001
that
Steve
Jobs
stood
on
a
stage
with
her
with
a
mat
book
and
a
hula-hoop
and
waved
it
around
and
said.
Voila
here
is
a
mass-market
implementation
of
Wi-Fi.
So
you
know
think
only
sense.
F
I
completely
agree
fast
in
patience
is
something
that
it's
hard
to
have
when
we
see
the
widening
gap
in
front
of
us.
But
you
know
there
are
multiple
approaches
that
can
be
used
and
we
have
to
Shepherd
all
of
them,
normal
regs
in
one
basket
and
an
eye
on
what
can
work
and
an
eye
on
example,
from
different
countries
that
we
can
advocate
for
and
deploy
in
our
own
environments.
A
Thank
you
that
a
really
good
point
that
sometimes
these
these
issues
can
be
hard
to
be
patient
for
to
resolve,
but
one
of
the
things
that
I
found
most
interesting
listening
to
each
of
your
your
stories
and
your
perspectives.
There
are
some
very
common
themes
that
expand
beyond
all
of
these
regions.
One
of
them
is,
it
seems
like
there
is
a
sense
of
urgency,
even
though
you
know
it
may
be
helpful
to
be
patient.
A
A
The
problems
in
all
of
your
regions
are
the
lack
of
infrastructure
and
the
high
cost,
whether
it's
of
devices
or
the
networks
themselves,
so
I'm
curious
to
get
your
perspective,
how
do
we
use
the
the
existing
mobile
networks
that
are
referenced
in
pew
study,
the
existing
devices
and
each
other,
and
you
know
any
other
resources
that
we
have
to
quickly
solve
this
problem,
and
is
there
a
way
to
quickly
get
people
online?
Basically,
what
do
we
do?
Next?
C
F
I
since
I
spoke
first
I'll
I'll
volunteer
and
answer
first,
but
it's
gonna
be
the
worst
answer.
I've
had
less
time
to
think,
but
now
I
think
there's
a
lot
that
can
already
be
done.
I
think
that
the
example
that
I
provided
about
how
what
we
were
able
to
with
in
northern
France
was
again
just
you
know,
just
from
using
a
single
4G
connection,
now
know
the
networks
that
do
exist.
You
know
we
can't.
We
can't
forget
also
that
LTE
and
3G
as
well
a
fantastic,
be
efficient.
F
You
know
time
division
methods
of
distributing
connectivity
between
multiple
subscribers,
the
clean
spectrum
that
mobile
operators
use
mean
like
they
can
extremely
efficiently
provide
data
services,
and
so
in
that
vein
now
is
that
possible
for
us
to
be
able
to
use
LTE,
4G,
potentially
even
the
fibre
that
goes
to
these
towers.
If
there
is
fiber
or
microwave,
that
goes
these
towers
to
provide
backhaul
for
community
networks.
Can
this
be
something
that
can
be
mandated?
Is
there
something
that
could
be
you
know
explored
in
in
with
marginal
regions?
F
You
know
at
the
very
least
in
terms
of
whether
this
problem
can
be
fixed
quickly
and
it
was
fascinating
what
we
saw
in
Kenya,
so
in
in
like
appear,
we
found
that
when
a
local
operator
started
offering
Wi-Fi
access
at
a
much
lower
cost
per
gigabyte
than
the
3G,
that
was
there
and
importantly
didn't
discriminate
between
small
packages
of
data
purchased
and
large
packages
of
data.
Suddenly
there
was
a
huge
demand
for
smartphones
that
had
Wi-Fi
I
mean
Wi-Fi
in
this
region.
F
Was,
you
know,
was
it
almost
a
kind
of
unknown
an
unknown
thing,
and
you
know
in
a
salient
sense
that
may
explain
why
laptops
and
tablets
and
other
things
that
have
Wi-Fi
connectivity,
you
know
aren't,
aren't,
aren't
so
kind
of
answered
fully
prevalent.
So
in
a
sense
you
know
getting
getting
that
connectivity,
price
right,
I
think
unlocks
a
demand
for
devices
and
it
also
unlocks
being
right
back
to
the
beginning.
This
conversation,
one
other
thing
we
found
is
that
people
meetin
themselves
when
they
were
using
3G
or
4G.
People
knew
how
expensive
it
was.
F
They
turned
on
their
mobile,
they
used
it
when
they
turned
it
back
off
again
and
so
that
thing
that
we
associate
in
the
global
north
with
the
internet,
which
is
playing
which
is
surfing,
which
is
that
serendipitous
discovery
which
marks.
What
makes
the
internet
magical
I
think
for
all
of
us
is
something
that
is
denied
to
a
large
part
of
the
Earth's
population
and
I.
F
Think
that
you
know,
we've
talked
a
lot
about
how
many
people
around
the
world
have
access
to
the
Internet
and
I
think
it's
important
question
tap
to
an
important
metric
to
pursue
consistently,
but
I
think
we
now
have
to
expand
the
conversation
to
what
kind
of
Internet
access.
What's
the
quality
of
the
access
that
people
have
around
the
world,
and
you
know
chase
that
just
with
just
as
much
no
bigger
as
we
do.
The
number
of
people
connected.
E
E
E
I
have
the
big
guys
supporting
this,
we're
working
with
some
of
the
Development
Bank's
in
in
some
of
the
regions
or
development
agencies
in
in
countries,
and
that's
where
the
big
money's
and
the
big
I
mean,
and
we
can
work
on
producing
the
right
bait
with
the
right
incentives.
But
I
would
say
we
have
to
rethink
Universal
Service
funds.
We
cannot
recall
on
third
parties
all
the
time,
I
mean
to
say
to
say
that
our
backs
I
think
we
need.
E
B
A
hundred
percent
agree
with
that
and
say
that
in
some
cases
in
the
u.s.,
we've
got
some
pretty
good
ways
of
supporting
low-income
folks
that
we
seem
to
be
attacking
right.
So
we
have
lifeline
which
it
helps
to
make
the
cost
of
having
a
smart
phone
less
expensive,
and
there
have
been
attack
after
attack
on
lifeline
and
the
EBS
spectrum,
which
is
again
laying
fallow
in
in
rural
communities
and
there's
an
attack
on
that
currently
and
whether
you
agree
with
the
current
circumstance
or
not.
The
goal
has
got
to
be
for
the
public
good.
B
We
need
to
really
focus
on
that.
I
think
we
see
here
a
lot
of
mergers
and
we,
you
know
at
next
century
cities
we're
kind
of
worried
about
the
Sprint
t-mobile
merger,
primarily
because
they
are
both
companies
that
provide
prepaid
service,
which
goes
to
very
low
income
and
people
with
poor
credit
and
when
they
merge
what
happens
to
those
programs.
We
have
now
decreased
the
competition
in
that
space
in
a
significant
way.
B
The
backhaul
costs
that
that
absolutely
harm
new
potential,
regional,
small
entrants
and
community
networks
that
there
has
to
be
a
way
that
we
can
intervene
on
those
issues
as
well.
If
we
really
want
to
make
this
affordable
and
possible
in
those
low
density
areas
of
the
country
and
in
the
lower
income
communities,
we
really
have
to
think
about
how
we
incentivize
new
entrants
and
community
projects
in
order
to
be
successful.
D
I
think
I
agree
with
everything
that
my
co
panelists
have
said,
but
specific
to
Kenya
into
Africa
is
the
issue
of
local
and
relevant
content
and
I
think
that's
extremely
important
as
well.
In
addition
to
cost
of
alcohol
to
spectrum
innovation
to
universal
access
funds
that
I
also
truly
believe
are
not
really
being
utilized
effectively
and
efficiently.
D
So
but
in
most
cases
like
English
is
not
one
of
them,
neither
is
French,
so
you'll
be
speaking
Zulu
or
Swahili
or
another
language,
local
language,
and
so
we
need
a
lot
of
investment
in
an
innovation
in
that
in
that
space
as
well.
You
know,
apart
from
all
the
other
issues
that
have
been
said
and
I,
think
I
can't
reinforce
eyes
more.
You
know,
policy
and
regulatory
inch
of
intervention
and
I.
Think
I
mean
having
worked
with
government.
That
is
one
thing
that
really
used
to
you
know
bother
me.
D
I
was
part
of
the
the
I
call
them
progressive
members
of
government
and
especially
the
regulatory
authority,
who
really
believed
that
we
could
do
something
in
intervening
and
in
ensuring
that
we
had
affordable
access,
especially
in
Kenya
and
I.
Think
this
might
review
my
age,
but
I
was
serving
around
the
time
that
the
East
African
region
and
Kenya
specifically
was
the
only
region
that
was
not
some
when
a
submarine
cable,
and
so
we
went
and
had
the
government
literally
investing
in
in
landing
the
first
submarine
cable
des
the
teams
and
easy
cables.
D
And
after
that,
we've
got
so
many
cables
that
have
landed,
and
we
expected
that
to
create
a
certain
level
of
competition
and
lower
the
cost.
It
hasn't
terrestrial
fibre.
The
same
thing:
we
expected
that
to
lower
the
cost.
It
hasn't
we
expected
when
we
launched
the
universal
access
fund.
We
thought.
Oh,
this
is
a
really
grand
and
ideal.
D
We
said
well,
I
think
the
problem
there
was
it
was
like
creating
a
library
in
a
in
a
place
where
nobody
could
read.
So
essentially
that's
what
we
had
done,
and
so
we
had
to
come
back
and
start
thinking.
Okay,
perhaps
we
also
need
to
think
about
digital
skills,
and
so
there
are
so
many
areas.
I
think
that
we
need
to
look
at
I
mean
you
know:
local,
relevant
content,
digital
skills,
even
education,
just
basic
education
in
you're
able
to
understand
the
information
that
you're
getting.
We
saw
a
lot
of
Kenyans.
D
D
Just
to
do
that,
not
realizing
that
you
know
most
Ugandan
actually
use
the
internet
using
those
two
applications
or
and
others,
and
so
we've
seen
recently
just
two
weeks
ago,
that
the
the
you
know,
access
to
mobile
services
and
the
internet
you
know,
has
really
gone
down
and
at
the
same
time,
because
that
was
being
pushed
by
mobile
network
operators
who
are
claiming
that
over
this
over-the-top
service
providers
were
eating
eating
into
their
revenue.
We
see
that
MTN
in
Uganda
had
the
huge,
the
largest
profit
this
year.
D
When
you
know
social
media
tax
taxes
have
been
implemented,
so
it's
it
doesn't
really
work
and
I
think
it's
extremely
important
for
regulators
and
policy
makers,
especially
in
the
African
continent,
to
ensure
that
they're
developing
policy
and
regulatory
frameworks
that
are
informed
and
that's
why
research
like
this
is
extremely
important.
You
know
that
informs
that
decision
that
you're
making
that
we
are
going
to
tax
social
media.
We
are
going
to
add
more
taxes
on
mobile
money.
D
A
G
Mike
Nelson
I've
taught
at
Georgetown
in
the
communications,
culture
and
technology
program,
so
I'm
glad
you
mentioned
local
content
and
local
apps
one
of
the
things
that
jumped
out
at
me
in
the
study-
and
this
is
because
more
than
ten
years
ago,
I
was
talking
to
Lee
about
the
need
to
do
research
on
online
dating,
which
is
one
of
the
killer
apps.
One
of
the
things
that
popped
out
at
me
was
that
almost
nobody
in
any
of
these
countries
was
using
tinder,
and
so
maybe
Lee
can
answer
this
question.
G
H
I
We
actually
included
tinder
because
it
came
up
in
focus
groups
and
we
thought
it
would
just
be
this
fantastic
number
to
report.
We
hoped
we
had
enough
people
that
we
could
analyze
them.
We
don't,
unfortunately,
but
that
doesn't
mean
that
people
aren't
online
dating
and
focus
groups.
We
definitely
heard
people
speak
about
that.
One
thing
I
will
say
is
in
the
Philippines.
People
often
mention
using
Facebook
as
an
online
dating
platform,
so
people
can
be
very
creative
and
can
find
romantic
connections
using
any
of
their
connectivity
and
any
of
their
apps
I.
Think.
I
C
This
is
probably
more
question
for
Li,
but
I'm
curious,
whether
you
related
the
data
that
you've
got
on
the
different
technologies
with
other
aspects
of
country's
economic
development,
political
freedom,
economic
divide,
upward
mobility,
number
of
children.
Anything
like
that.
Did
you
make
an
effort
to
look
at
your
data
and
then
draw
bigger
circles
just
to
look
for
other
cultural
aspects
that
might
correlate
not
necessarily
be
causal,
but
just
correlate
with
the
data
that
you
collected.
H
Yes,
so
we
are
in
the
process
of
doing
that,
especially
with
GDP
national
level
and
per
capita.
We
asked
some
some
sort
of
broad
level
cultural
questions
like
trust
in
government
which
we
are
going
to
analyze
in
a
report.
Not
too
long
from
now.
It's
going
to
cover
the
very
striking
findings
we
had
related
to
politics
and
political
culture
and
people's
civic
engagement
with
these
tools.
J
Hi
I'm
garland
McCoy
I
kind
of
wanted
to
ask
our
remote
participator
here
regarding
energy,
specifically
electricity,
because
I've
got
friends
that
just
sold,
surf
and
and
they're
every
layer
to
brick
and
one
of
the
things
I
know
that
they've
been
focused
on
since
the
arrival
of
the
undersea
fiber
cable
has
been
the
the
power
requirements
both
in
managing
the
the
fiber
coming
in
managing
local
localization
of
content.
The
fact
that
most
of
developing
countries
still
do
their
global
peering
in
their
own,
their
old
colonial.
J
You
know
the
people
like
Belgic
on
or
whatever
it's
back
back
back
over
in
in
the
industrial
countries
in
Europe
that
that
provide
the
the
global
peering,
the
gateways
I
mean
they
have
a
lot
of
IXPs
now
developing,
of
course,
but
some
you
know
we,
the
internet
sort
of
grew
up
in
industrial
countries
on
top
of
a
ubiquitous
electricity
grid,
where
we
really
didn't
have
to
worry
about
it.
Now
the
cloud
the
data
centers
are
just
you
know,
eating
off
of
the
existing
system.
J
You
don't
have
that
outside
of
the
you
know:
the
country,
capital,
major
cities,
you
get
out
past
that
type
of
infrastructure.
How
much
is
that
a
gating
factor
in
in
this,
because
I
I
do
think
I
have
a
sense
that
it
goes
in
with
this
issue
of
a
part
parcel
with
this
issue
of
getting
to
always-on
type
of
thing.
A
lot
more.
You
know,
there's
a
lot
of
components
to
that,
but
I'm
sensing
that
some
of
that
also
comes
back
to
this.
This
issue
of
how
things
grew
up
here
and
also
the
fact.
J
Quite
frankly,
I
mean
you
know
we
would
drink.
Is
this
amazing?
But
if
you
kind
of
think
about
it,
what
you
can
do,
because
in
communication
you
can
use
spectrum
and
you
can
you
can
do
that-
that
that
Wireless
reach
that
you
can't
do
with
electricity
at
least
not
currently
there
it's
interesting,
but
the
very
day
they
did
the
net
neutrality
thing
at
the
FCC.
J
They
also
did
a
it
didn't
get
any
press
because
it
got
all
the
oxygen
in
the
room
got
sucked
out
because
the
net
neutrality
ruling,
but
they
did,
they
have
to
see
license
the
first
broadcast
for
a
wireless
electricity.
It's
not
much.
You
know.
Peripheral
is,
like
you
know,
eight
feet,
but
it's
true.
Wireless
delivery
of
electricity
anyway,
just
a
little
little
tabloid
there,
but
I'm
wondering
by
electricity.
F
To
just
I
only
have
a
couple
of
data
points
with
respect
to
that,
but
in
the
displaced
people
situation
power
is,
is
incredibly,
it
is
the
most
difficult
factor
quite
often
much
more
difficult
than
internet
backhaul.
You
know
we
are
dealing
with
situations
where
new
refugee
camps,
either
organized
or
disorganized,
have
emerged
in
places
which
are
far
away
from
new.
F
But
you
kind
of
also
now
see
that,
as
you
said,
that
the
deployment
of
communications
infrastructure
is
something
that
in
many
ways,
is
much
easier
in
the
deployment
of
electricity
grid
in
countries
like
India,
for
example,
it
was
just
recent
reported
that
more
people
now
have
access
to
the
Internet
then
have
access
to
electricity.
You
know
you
see
that
one
infrastructure
is
much
more
cost-effective
to
deploy.
J
J
F
A
Well,
thank
you
guys
very
much.
I
know
we
are
running
short
on
time,
so
I
do
want
to
loop
us
back
and
kind
of
tie
in
both
the
sessions
you
all
have
heard
today.
So
we
thank
you
again
for
sharing
all
of
this
data.
It's
incredibly
fascinating
and
a
few
of
the
things
that
were
most
surprising
to
me
personally
were
some
of
the
correlations
you
found
between.
A
You
know:
individuals,
viewing
their
mobile
devices
and
their
mobile
access
as
better
for
themselves
than
for
society
better
for
themselves
and
for
children
and
the
overall
impacts
of
some
of
these
things.
You
know
the
the
benefits
that
they
get
being
better
while
still
worrying
about
addiction.
So
I
don't
know
if
some
of
those
correlations
were
very
interesting
and
I'd
like
to
close
by
asking
each
of
you
in
your
your
regional
perspective.
B
So
honestly,
I
I
found
it
amazingly
similar
to
what
I
see
across
the
country
and
the
data
that
I've
read
in
terms
of
the
of
who's
online.
If
you're
younger,
you're,
more
likely
to
be
online,
if
you're,
more
educated,
you're
likely
to
be
online.
Those
are
things
that
that
seem
pretty
universal
and
I
was
not
at
all
surprised
by.
Those
I
was
a
little
surprised
by
the
discrepancy
that
you
mentioned
between
I.
Think
it's
good
for
education,
but
I,
don't
think
it's
good
for
children,
which
seems
somewhat
mutually
exclusive,
but
I.
B
Don't
think
that's
so
unusual
here
either
I
did
run
a
Digital
Inclusion
project
for
many
years,
and
many
of
the
parents
were
very
worried
about
their
children
being
online
and
helping
them
understand
how
to
empower
them
and
how
to
keep
track
of
what
they
were
doing
and
keep
safe
was
always
part
of
the
conversation
and,
as
you
said,
it
can't
just
be.
You
get
the
device
and
the
access
you
have
to
help.
People
understand
the
value
and
to
empower
them
to
use
it
in
powerful
ways.
D
Yeah,
thank
you.
I
found
the
the
researcher
is
also,
you
know,
really
quite
interesting
and
indicative
of
what
we
see
you
know
in
Kenya.
You
know
a
really
good
description
of
it
as
well.
You
know
no
surprises
there
apart
from
I,
think
the
one
around
the
children
issue
which
for
for
Kenyans,
that's
really.
You
know
smart,
especially
taking
into
consideration
that
another
of
our
peculiar
habits
is
the
the
way
we
use
the
mobile
devices
for
politicking.
We're
very
good
at
that.
So
politics
is
our
favorite.
D
You
know
pastime,
so
I
found
I
found
that
interesting
and
I
think
it'll
be
interesting
to
see
in
town
of
how
we
politic
and
the
opinion
around
misinformation.
Disinformation
of
as
Kenyans
call
it.
You
know
fake
news,
especially
because
of
the
impact
that
disinformation
or
misuse
of
data,
that
we
see
misuse
of
mobile
data,
specifically
that
we
see
being
used
for
political
campaigns
and
elections
and,
more
recently,
what
we're
going
to
see
more
when
it
comes
to
the
implementation
of
digital
ID
and
what
that
means
in
terms
of
privacy
and
data
protection.
D
F
Finally,
just
just
just
one
little
thing,
I
mean
I
think
the
report
is
fantastic.
I
think
I
cannot
wait
for
you
to
have
another
go
at
this
and
dig
into
some
of
the
discrepancies,
like
you
said,
Katie
that
distinction
between
self
and
community
and
what
lies
in
that
gap.
What
makes
that
got
bigger
and
smaller,
but
one
thing
that
I
think
was
a
big
positive.
F
That
I
drew
from
this
report,
which
I'm
cheered
me
know
n
was
that
for
both
the
mobile
phone
and
the
Internet,
the
the
good
influence
question
the
mosaic,
as
Lea
described,
our
local
culture
was
third
after
education
in
the
economy,
for
the
benefit
that
the
both
the
mobile
phone
and
the
Internet
brought.
I.
Think
that
you
know,
there's
been
a
lot
of
talk,
I
mean
throughout
the
history
of
Internet,
of
its
homogenizing
influence
of
how
it
will
kind
of
steamroller
local
cultures
and
context.
F
But
in
fact
you
know
the
Internet
is
a
productive
thing
as
any
of
us.
You
know
all
of
us
who
treasure
the
internet.
Nobody
is,
you
know,
it
comes
from
the
bottom
up,
not
from
the
top
down
and
seeing
that
reflected
in
that
questions
quite
consistently
across
countries
for
me
was
hugely
positive
and
I
would
love
to
see
more
information
on
that
question,
which
is
how
is
the
internet
helping
strengthen
local
cultures
and
then
what
are
the
positive
things
that
come
from
that?