►
From YouTube: 3D Printing Production Engineering
Description
What is printable, how to print it, and how to do distributed quality control for distributed production? Hear more about this in this session.
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A
Okay,
recording
so
today's
session,
we're
here
at
the
open
source,
microfactory
startup
camp
today
we're
going
to
discuss
Production
Engineering
a
little
bit
about
what
Production
Engineering
means
for
3d
printing.
So
things
like
what
is
printable,
how
do
you
print
it?
How
do
you
assure
consistent
quality
control,
and
how
can
you
do
that
in
a
distributed
fashion?
How
do
you
assure
quality
control
if
you
have
a
distributed
production
mechanism
instead
of
centralized
production?
A
So,
let's,
let's
start
with
how
3d
printing
works,
so
we
can
get
a
feeling
of
what's
doable,
what's
not
what
the
current
capacities
are
and
how
that
relates
to
some
of
the
things
we're
printing
right
now
or
things
we're
working
on
right
now,
let's
begin
with
how
3d
printing
works
in
terms
of
the
underlying
physical
mechanism,
so
obviously
you're
depositing
layers
of
molten
material.
This
is
focusing
on
plastics,
so
focusing
on
plastics
molten
material
being
deposited
one
layer
on
the
next.
A
The
way
it
works
is
that
the
molten
layer
that
that
is,
ejected
melts
into
the
layer
before
underneath
it.
So
this
is
not
about
the
layers
below
remaining
molten
so
that
the
layer
on
top
can
adhere
to
it,
which
is
actually
same
as
if
you
take
welding
in
welding,
you're,
welding
upon
cold
steel,
the
melt
of
the
wire
or
the
electrode
deposits
and
fuses
into
the
layer
below
of
the
metal.
Then
plastic.
It
actually
works
the
same.
A
So
you
don't
require
the
fact
that
the
layer
below
be
kept
molten
in
order
for
the
print
to
succeed.
In
fact,
you
can
quit
a
print
for
a
day
for
a
month
and
resume
it,
and
it
will
still
continue
printing
if
you,
because
you
are
melting
in
two
layers
below
it.
So
that's
an
important
feature
to
remember,
as
you
think,
about
3d
printing,
because
that
will
give
you
an
insight
to
its
possibilities.
So
one
one
big
thing
about
3d
printing
is
like
what
objects?
A
Can
you
print
there's
some
things
that
are
just
physically
impossible,
like
or
not
necessarily
physical,
physically
impossible,
but
challenging
like,
for
example,
if
you're
using
a
3d
printer
to
deposit
plastic,
you're,
typically
depositing
upon
a
previous
layer,
but
what?
If
you're,
going
over
the
edge
there's
gravity?
So
the
plastic
would
droop
and
you
can't
print.
That's
that's
the
idea
of
overhangs.
If
you've
got
like
an
overhang
on
a
house,
you're
gonna
keep
going
out
with
the
3d
printing
filament,
you
can
see
you're
gonna
droop,
it's
gonna
fall
down.
A
You
have
nothing
to
support
the
filament
and
therefore
typical
rule
of
thumb
for
3d
printing.
Is
that
you,
if
you're
going
up
and
printing
you
cannot
over
hang
more
than
like
at
a
45
degree
angle?
Now,
that's
a
general
rule
of
thumb.
I
think
we
can.
We
can't
push
that
at
the
limit
where,
if
you're
depositing
say,
say
you're
using
larger
nozzle
like
point
eight
millimeter
and
you
want
to
get
a
little
better
than
a
45
degree
slant
on
a
print
going
upwards.
A
I
would
imagine
you
can
you
can
push
the
limits
too,
relatively
easy
to
be
about
30
degrees
or
call
it
30
or
60
degrees,
so
a
little
more
more
horizontal
and
I
would
also
propose
thinking
out
of
the
box
that
you
can
print
in
midair.
How,
if
you
speed
down
slow
down
slow
down
to
to
very,
very
low
speed
and
increase
just
blow
the
heck
out
of
that
in
terms
of
the
cooling
pencil,
so
3d
printers
have
cooling
fans.
That's
a
feature
that
allows
you
to
solidify
what
you've
just
printed
more
rapidly.
A
So
you
can
be
more
flexible
on
how
you
print
so
I
think
it
could
possibly
be
doable
that
you're
printing
in
mid-air
and
there's
actually
evidence
that
you
can
do
that.
I'll
show
you
that,
but
think
about
the
idea,
where
you're,
printing,
what
you're
cooling
it
down
so
fast
that
you're
able
to
do
it
in
midair,
because
the
the
deal
there
is
with
molten
plastic.
Of
course
it
droops.
But
if,
if
you
can
solidify
it
quickly
enough,
you
might
think
that
that
could
even
be
possible.
A
A
A
Take
a
look
at
this
link.
Look
at
these
things
so
so
what's
happening
here
is
that
you're
printing,
with
nothing
supporting
underneath
like
going
midair,
here's
an
example.
So
what
you're
doing
is
printing
very,
very
slowly
and
cooling
it
fast
enough
that
you're
literally
doing
three-dimensional
printing
without
underlying
support
and
I'm
sure
there
could
be.
Look
at
that.
That's
that's
the
result.
I'm
sure
there
could
be
ways
to
optimize
and
play
with
it
experiments
so
that
this
is
doable
essentially
for
doing
things
like
trends
in
midair
I
mean
to
some
extent
I
mean.
A
Definitely
if
you
have
very
very
strong
fans,
you
can
think
how
this
could
be
possible,
but
getting
just
the
right
parameters
to
make
this
happen
would
be
quite
tricky.
So
a
lot
of
experimentation
but
I
think
there's
limits.
We
can
press
on
that.
So,
while
the
generic
limitation
is
about
30,
45
degrees
for
the
general
rule
of
thumb,
I
think
we
can.
We
can
probably
do
better
and
push
those
limits.
A
Give
you
an
example.
Point
eight
millimeter
nozzle,
even
printing
45
degrees
is
very
difficult.
So
but
the
question
there
is
the
layer
height.
How
high
are
you
going
between
the
layers
when
you're
printing
it
with
a
particular
nozzle
size?
The
limit
that
you
have
is
typically
about
75%
of
the
nozzle,
the
the
nozzle
diameter.
A
As
far
as
what
the
layers
you're
printing
on
as
far
as
the
maximum
height,
you
can
separate
the
layers
so,
for
example,
printing
with
a
point
for
nozzle,
the
max
layer
height
you
can
get
is
about
0.3,
because
you
need
the
next
layer
to
adhere
to
the
one
below
it.
If
you,
if
you
made
that
nozzle
the
layer
height
point
for
same
as
the
nozzle
you're,
barely
touching
one
layer
to
the
next,
so
you
got
to
do
at
least
75%
or
lower.
A
So
in
a
case
of
printing
with
0.8
millimeter,
filament
and
you're
trying
to
go
at
45
degrees,
we've
seen
examples
where
that
just
simply
fails,
if
you're
using
a
layer
height,
that's
about
75%
of
the
filament
width.
But
if
you
go
down
to
about
50
percent
layer
Heights,
so
it
from
going
from
point
A
on
a
point:
eight
millimeter
nozzle,
going
down
to
0.4
layer
height
that
actually
made
really
nice
perfect
prints.
We've
just
been
doing
that
here
with
an
a
3d
3d
printed
torch
table
parts
where
we
have
a
45
degree
angle.
A
So,
basically,
if
you
do
50
percent,
you
get
the
slightly
tighter
layer
height,
you
can
get
back
to
more
aggressive
overhangs
with
larger
nozzles,
so
say,
you're,
printing
with
one
point
a
one
point:
two
millimeter
nozzle.
You
definitely
need
a
lot
of
cooling
fans,
probably
a
couple
of
cooling
fans,
the
blower
5015
blower
fans,
but
if
you
decrease
the
layer
height
I
think
you
can
probably
haven't
really
played
too
much
with
it.
A
A
A
A
A
Take
a
look
at
that
as
an
example.
What's
printable
using
the
effects
of
like
when
you're
printing
in
the
midair
between
two
points,
for
example,
if
you're
printing
lines
fast,
you
can
take
advantage
of
the
phenomenon
of
stringing,
the
idea
that
when
you
don't
use
retraction,
so
you
so
when
the
filament
pushes
one
direction.
Yes,
that's
typically
how
you
3d
print,
there's
a
retraction
step,
then
3d
printing,
where,
if
you
retract,
that
means
you
don't
get
losing
out
of
the
nozzle
tip
because
there's
molten
plastic
in
there.
A
Now,
if
you
disable
retraction,
you
will
have
using,
in
other
words
a
small
drip
of
plastic
that
that
oozes
from
the
tip
and
if
you
move
fast,
you
can
take
use
that
to
an
advantage.
So
you
can
print
bristle
like
actually
really
fine,
stringy
features
which
correspond
to
to
things
like
brushes
or
even
fine
brushes.
Let's,
let's
show
an
example
of
that
so
3d
printed
brush,
you
can
print
3d
print
brushes
by
doing
this
kind
of
phenomenon,
either
where
you're
doing
stringing
or
just
let's
see
good
a
good
example.
A
A
Entire
broom,
with
a
3d
printer,
so
this
is
actually
doable.
So
you
have
to
get
good
at
this,
but
look
at
the
fineness
of
this
of
the
bristles
here
and
that
should
actually
save
this
link.
I'm
gonna
star
that
that's
a
nice
nice
link,
but
you
can
print
the
handle
you
can
print.
How
do
you
print
the
bristles?
A
It's
it's
got
the
effect
of
the
stringing
effect,
as
I
mentioned,
where
you
go
between
a
two
supports,
you
can
bridge
them
and
you
get
these
very
fine,
fine
hairs
or
you
can
apply
the
principle
of
stringing
where
you're
not
really
pushing
out
a
lot
of
filament
but
pretty
much
letting
it
who's
out.
So
you
get
very,
very
fine
features
and
you
can
see
that
by
mistake
from
time.
That's
exactly
what
it
is.
A
It's
bridging
between
two
two
solid
parts,
and
then
you
cut
that
cut
that
off,
but
you
will
definitely
have
a
some
experience
with
with
using
and
and
stringing
on
a
3d
printer
when
you
do
that,
but
think
about
creative
ways
to
tap
that
for
your
advantage.
If
you
do
very
fast
motion
with
losing,
so
that's
essentially
disabled.
The
retraction
going
fast
between
two
points:
you
can
produce
very,
very
fine
hairs,
so
where
would
that
be
used?
A
So
yeah
this.
It's
pretty
amazing!
You
can't
you
can
do
exactly
this.
Not
a
problem.
I
mean
is
between
two
supports,
like
you
see
here,
but
this
I
mean
this
is
just
pretty
amazing.
If
you
take
a
look
at
that,
so
it's
pretty
fascinating.
By
always,
looking
for
creative
ways
where
you
can
use
3d
printing
to
do
things
that
are
otherwise
not
doable
using
other,
what
you'd
think
would
not
be
doable
in
3d
printing.
So
let's
talk
about
the
next
topic
of
Production
Engineering,
so
production
engineering
means
what
can
you
print?
A
How
do
you
print
it
and
how
do
you
print
it?
Replica
bleah?
Let's
talk
about
bed
area
extension,
so
if
you
have
a
small
printer
say
an
8
by
8
inch
bed,
you
there
are
actually
techniques
where
which
you
can
use
to
extend
your
print
bed
size.
What
if
you
want
to
Pro
into
the
control
panel,
let's
start
with
an
example
control
panel
for
the
3d
printer,
so
go
to
the
d
3d
19:06
version
and
in
a
CAD
we
have
the
control
panel
and
the
way
we
print
it
is
so
it's
a
panel
yeah.
A
Let's
take
a
look
at
this:
that's
our
control
panel,
upon
which
we
hang
all
our
electronics.
Look
at
that
it's
a
band.
So
if
we
have
an
8
inch
bed
and
you
want
to
print
something-
that's
12
inches,
what
we
do
is
we
put
this
on
a
table
like
this
put
a
heat
gun
to,
and
this
basically
falls
down.
So
it
extends
to
the
full
12
inches.
A
So
I
can
use
this
kind
of
a
technique
and
it
gets
into
4
dimensional
printing,
where
we
have
a
seam
in
between
like
holes
that
are
designed
into
this
so
that
bends
very
easily
when
you
heat
it,
but
ideas
print
things
that
are
advanced,
that
you
can
straighten
out
in
the
temporal
dimension
like
after
the
print.
So
that
adds
the
fourth
dimension,
which
is
time
so
that's
called
4d
printing,
but
that's
one
technique
whereby
you
can
take
a
very
small
small
print
bed
and
print
objects
that
are
larger
than
your
print
bed
itself.
A
What
about
some
other
techniques?
If
you,
if
you
want
to
print
down,
that's
30,
feet
diameter
on
a
printer?
How
do
you
do
that?
Well,
you
can
print
connectors
and
then
use
say
PVC
pipe
in
between
the
connector.
So
that's
a
way
to
make
very
large
structures
or
think
about
what,
if
you're,
printing
like
EPDM
or
rubber,
roofing
or
water
barrier,
so
you
can't
print
in
rubber.
But
what,
if
you
wanted
to
print
large
long
sheets?
Well
how
about
printing
it
as
a
spiral
and
going
up
on
the
bat?
A
So
you
print
out
say
you
know,
like
you
got
a
printer
that
can
print
up
to
one
foot,
you
can
print
a
roll,
that's
already
coiled
up
and
that
would
unroll
to
say
ten
or
twenty
or
thirty
feet,
because
you're
printing,
just
one
layer,
it
could
be
very
tiny,
so
think
about
even
printing
like
a
50
foot,
roll
on
a
one
foot
printer
bed
that'll
be
an
interesting
thing
to
do,
and
then
to
get
things
that
are
bigger
than
your
printer.
Think
of
Legos.
A
A
Next,
there's
four
3d
printer
production
engineering,
there's
some
a
unique,
unique
features
of
3d
printing.
That,
like
one
thing
about
three
printing,
is
that
you
can't
do
with
anything
else
with
certain
geometries
that
are
simply
impossible
by
other
machining
means
that,
for
example,
internal
inside
features
in
an
object
since
you're
printing
layer
by
layer.
You
can't,
for
example,
just
take
a
piece
of
metal
object
and
say
with
a
mill
mill.
Internal
features
like
how
are
you
gonna
get
the
bit
inside
on
an
internal
side
of
an
object?
A
You
can't
so
what
3d
printing
you
can
do
that
another
very
useful,
unique
feature
about
3d
printing
is
the
idea
of
printing
things
in
place
like,
for
example,
planetary
gears
gears
that
are
meshing.
You
print
them
with
a
very
small
separation.
So
you
know,
take
a
look
at
share.
My
screen
again
3d
printed
planetary
gears,
which
is
so
3d
printed.
A
You
know
many
examples
here:
you
can
print
all
of
these
gears
with
a
very
small
spacing
right
on
the
printbed
as
one
piece.
So
you
don't
need
to
take
print,
multiple
print,
this
gear
and
more
gears
separately.
You
can
do
them
all
as
one
the
advantage
of
that
being
you
can
you
can
print
herringbone.
So
let's
take
a
very
special
example
of
a
gear
that
you
cannot
print
in
multiple
pieces
unless
you
start
breaking
things
apart,
but
3d
printed
herringbone.
A
Here,
which
is
a
herringbone,
that's
it's
like
this.
It's
it's
got
angles
angled
one
way
and
then
angled
another
way.
If
you
were
to
print
a
planetary
gear
like
this
with,
you
cannot
put
them
into
each
other
if
you
were
to
put
them
into
place,
but
you
can
print
that
print
a
planetary
gear
system,
that's
made
of
these
complex
geometries
if
you
print
that
as
one
piece
simply
by
leaving
a
small
gap
between
the
3d
printed
pieces
so
that
they
mesh
just
about
as
needed.
So
that's
that's
a
unique
feature
of
3d
printing.
A
Another
unique
thing
that
you
can
print
is
yeah
once
again
related
to
internal
features,
but
cavities
like
with
lard
like
for
us.
We,
we
think
a
lot
about
house
materials
like
Hall
panels
for
a
greenhouse
or
a
house,
so
with
3d
printing,
because
you
can
print
internal
cavities,
think
about
a
wall
panel
for
modular
construction
or
say
you
print
the
glazing
Ollie
out
of
poly
carbonate,
you
print
other
parts
that
have
plumbing
or
electrical
fittings
or
conduits
within
the
panel's
themselves,
so
you've
just
built
like
insulating
properties,
cavities
utilities
into
a
single
panel.
A
That's
a
very
good
use
case
for
3d
printing
production
engineering,
where
you
can
have
different
internal
features
that
are
pretty
much
impossible
to
print.
Otherwise
you
have
things
already
built
in
so
take
two
panels:
connect
them
to
one
another
would
have
water
or
electrical
conduits.
Maybe
you
run
a
wire
through
the
conduits,
but
the
waters,
water,
water
conduits?
A
If
you
have
printing
of
both
plastic
and
rubber
in
the
same
print,
you
can
print
like
internal
built
in
whole
rings
that
you
can
put
these
panels
together
for
a
watertight
connection
as
an
example
of
building
plumbing
utilities.
Right
within
a
wall
section
that
gets
into
the
multi
material,
printing,
we're
printing
plastic
or
rubber.
That
gets
you
a
lot
of
different
possibilities
like
shoes,
think
about
shoes,
a
dual
nozzle
printer,
which
can
print
plastic
and
then
rubber,
seeing
a
plastic,
rubber
or
leather
like
materials
for
printing
shoes.
A
A
The
current
capacity
of
multi
material
printing
is
another
thing
we
think
about
here.
Like
say:
you're,
printing
rubber,
you
can
print
tires,
that's
doable
on
larger
printers.
Of
course
the
filament
cost,
as
I
mentioned
another
session,
is
you
have
to
have
access
to
low-cost
filament,
but
you
can
get
resin
for
about
a
dollar
a
pound
raw
resin
for
like
rubber
or
anything.
So
you
can
be
to
printing
tires
multi-material
printing.
A
What
about
printing
the
rubber
and
then
embedding
a
what
a
metal
wire
yesterday
we're
looking
at
spring
steel
and
found
that
you
can
get
very
tiny
spring
steel
wire?
It's
like
two
hundred,
sixty
thousand
psi.
That's
the
strength,
it's
like
four
times
the
strength
of
steel
and
that
approaches
strengths
of
carbon
fiber
and
glass
fiber.
So
super
strong
metal,
I'll
think
about
embedding
that
for
steel-belted
radial
tires
doable.
You
have
to
think
of
a
way
to
cut
the
metal
when
you're,
embedding
it
if
you're
printing
with
it.
A
But
this
kind
of
technique-
that's
fiber,
reinforced
printing
has
been
done.
So
that's
easy.
So
how
do
you
print
we
use
Kyra?
So
let
me
let
me
share
my
screen
here
again.
So
Kyra
we
use
lulzbot
Kyra
edition,
but
this
is
the
slicer
software.
So
you
basically
have
a
have
a
interface
here.
You
can
put
an
STL
file.
So
let's
take
a
look
at
example,
an
example
of
useful
okay
I
was
looking
at
Auberge
3d
printed
augers.
A
Now
this
is
actually
comes
out
of
you
know,
so
we're
building
a
saw
mixer
for
4cb
construction
and
we
were
doing
a
cement
dosing
auger
that
we're
planning
on
3d
printing.
But
this
is
kind
of
stuff.
You
put
it
into
your
print
bed.
You
you
put
your
settings
in.
So
what
are
the
kind
of
settings
you
can
change
within
a
problem
like
the
met,
the
main
things
now?
This
is
actually
it's
gray,
so
it's
too
tall
to
fit
in
a
bed,
so
I'm
gonna
just
scale
this
down
here.
A
A
A
lot
of
people
do
point
4
for
detail
right
now
we're
doing
0.8
a
lot
for
the
larger
parts
for
the
CNC
torch
tables,
a
larger
nozzle
prints
four
times
as
fast
as
a
point
four
nozzle,
because
it
says
r-squared
for
the
print
speed,
which
means
that
one
point
two
millimeter
nozzle,
which
is
much
larger
using
a
volcano
heater
block
a
prints
nine
times
as
fast
as
a
point
four.
So
that's
one
parameter
I
mentioned
about
the
percentage
of
layer,
height,
so
layer
height.
A
Let's
go
back
to
the
point
four
nozzle
you
want
to
go
to
like
point
three
one
is
the
max.
It
allows
you
before
it
gets
yellow
here
for
a
warning,
but
basically
point
three
point
three
out
of
0.4
that
75%
high.
So
that's
that's
like
the
max.
You
want
to
print
for
a
good
layer
adhesion
if
you
want
to
find
her
detail
or
better
overhangs,
go
to
like
point
two
or
for
super
detail
like
point
one
and
whatever
we
never
do
that
around
here.
A
Maybe
point
two:
we've
done
some
as
we
were
getting
bad
overhang
properties
on
the
CMC
torch
table
parts.
So
point
two.
We
were
doing
point
four
layer
height
on
a
point:
eight
nozzle,
okay,
in
the
fiddle
fill
density.
We
typically
do
20%
a
standard,
that's
strong
enough!
Actually
we
printed
the
parts
that
we
will.
Hang
the
big
one-inch
axis
for
the
CNC
torch
table,
which
are
gonna
weigh
like
20
30,
40
pounds
suspended
of
plastic
pieces.
A
We
still
print
down
a
20%
with
a
point:
eight
millimeter
nozzle,
the
bigger
the
nozzle,
the
stronger,
the
print,
the
bigger
the
nozzle,
the
more
let
inter
layer
adhesion
you
have
and
stronger.
The
prints
are,
if
you
want
super-strong
parts,
go
to
a
hundred
percent,
but
then
take
a
look
at
your
your
print
times.
The
the
thing
you're
gonna
want
to
look
at
before
you
start
getting
crazy
about
printing
things.
Look
at
your
nozzle
size,
your
layer,
height,
fill
density,
but
look
at
this
and
this
auger,
which
is
here
about
eight
inches
tall.
A
So
this
is
about
the
size.
We'd
want
to
print
in
real
life,
about
four
inches
about
eight
inches
tall.
It's
about
three
and
this
one
here
is
about
three
inches
in
diameter.
We
want
to
probably
do
like
two
inch,
but
this
is
comparable
to
what
we
want
to
print.
Look
at
that
at
a
point
for
nozzle
with
point
two
layer
height
that
takes
11
hours.
So
that's
a
lot
of
long
time
go
to
a
point,
so
we
probably
want
to
go
with
a
point.
A
A
A
So
that's
that's,
definitely
a
great
difference
and
then,
if
you
go
to
go
with
even
a
larger
nozzle
like
if
this
is
an
auger
for
moving
cement
into
a
mixer
for
dosing
cement
into
a
soil,
mixer
I
mean
you
don't
care
about
the
fine
resolution
of
this.
You
care
about
strength
and
speed
of
printing,
because
it's
a
brute
force
structure
so
go
to
here.
A
You
do
want
to
go
to
say
a
one
point:
two
millimeter
nozzle
and
came
a
block
or
a
supervolcano
heater
block,
and
what's
the
time
get
down
to
now
with
1.2,
you
can
go
to
say
point
8
or
0.9
layer,
height,
quite
acceptable,
say
one
point:
nine,
five,
nine
six
point:
nine
five
does
the
max!
It
allows
you
look
at
the
print
time.
Then
it's
one
hour,
twenty
nine
minutes
very,
very
strong
print
20%
and
fill
so
at
that
point
you
can
probably
be
talking
about
larger
and
fill
like
forty
percent.
A
If
you
want
us
here
like
for
an
auger
I
would
go
up
to
a
hundred
percent
infill
you're
talking
about
possible
jams
when
you're
moving
materials
around.
So
you
want
this
probably
as
strong
as
possible
at
a
hundred
percent
infill,
but
look
at
that
with
a
one
point:
two
millimeter
nozzle
you're
still
at
two
hours
and
53
minutes,
which
is
quite
acceptable
for
rapid
prototyping
of
this.
So
that's
some
of
them
things
other
properties.
Here
we
have
is
printing
temperature
to
thirty.
A
You
change
that
you
modify
that
based
on
exact
properties
of
the
fulfillments
you're
working
with,
or
sometimes
it
could
be,
that
your
thermistor
is
not
working
right,
maybe
or
it's
may
be
offset
a
little
bit,
so
you
fine-tune
a
temperature,
but
ideally
you'd
have
the
same
same
temperature
all
the
time
for
the
same
same
material
with
the
same
printer.
Otherwise,
there's
your
you
don't
get
reliable
production
engineering
now,
what's
the
limit
like?
A
Ninety
Fahrenheit
outside
it's
called,
and
you
get
into
the
limits
of
how
fast
your
heater
block
and
extrude
plastic
right
now
at
point,
eight
millimeter
nozzles,
the
you
can
see
the
extruder
heater
or
you
have
a
light
on
the
controller
you
can
see
when
the
next
route
it
blinks
for
how
the
duty
cycle
of
how,
how
much
it's
on
and
how,
how
much
it's
off,
but
right
now
we're
seeing
that
it's
like
duty
cycle
of
it
is
about
90
percent
80
90
percent.
What
does
that
mean?
A
That
means
that
if
we
were
to
and
we're
printing
at
50
millimeters
per
second,
so
that
means
if
we
try
to
push
the
limits
of
that
to
either
a
larger
nozzle
which
can
prints
out
more
material
or
a
faster
print
speed.
You're
not
going
to
be
able
to
do
it
without
reducing
the
temperature
down.
So
it
actually
fails.
So
if
we
can
print
well
at
at
a
point,
eight
millimeter
nozzle
with
about
90
percent
duty
cycle,
you
only
got
a
little
bit
of
wiggle
room
for
how
fast
you
can
go
to
print
that.
A
So
you
couldn't
print
that
at
a
hundred
millimeters
per
second,
it
would
be
going
too
fast
and
we'll
be
extracting
the
heat
from
the
heater
block
too
fast.
So
you
just
can't
print
it
more
than
about
50
millimeters
per
second,
at
a
point:
eight
millimeter
nozzles.
So
right
now,
I
can
tell
you
that
if
we
tried
at
one
point
two
millimeter
nozzle,
we
would
not
be
able
to
get
it
up
to
temperature
because
of
the
fast
extrusion
rate
and
cold
temperatures
called
ambient
temperatures.
A
Speed
here
that
we
have
like
under
you
can
set
the
speed
like
print
speed
here,
we're
doing
50
millimeters
per
second,
but
as
I
mentioned
for
the
point,
eight
millimeter
nozzle,
you
can
maybe
go
up
to
60
millimeters
per
second,
but
with
our
printers
we're
able
to
crank
this
up
to
two
200
millimeters
per
second
quite
reliably,
which
is
pretty
fast.
Let's
see
that
graze,
it
out
even
graze
out
yells
out
a
hundred.
So
typically
the
slower
you
print
the
higher
the
quality.
A
But
if
you
want
to
accelerate
that
go
above
50,
so
60
is
okay.
It's
a
70
is
not
okay,
but
we
go
up
to
200
per
200
millimeters
per
second,
which
is
400
percent
of
the
standard
industry
standards.
Print
speed,
while
getting
decent
results
in
our
printer
sets,
and
that's
pretty
good
but
yeah.
You
can
standard
as
50,
but
you
can
definitely
push
it
once
you're
pushing
the
Production
Engineering
eliminates
you
notice
when
things
start
to
fail
and
keep
it
within
a
very
safe
range.
A
50
is
deemed
very,
very
safe,
but
I
think
we'd
like
to
go
faster
than
that
100
or
200
as
a
safe
range
for
for
other
prints.
If
we
want
to
just
go
faster
platform
adhesion
here.
So
if
you
look
at
this
here
in
layers,
this
is
what
it
actually
slices
it
up
as
the
first
layer
there's
nothing
on
the
first
layer.
You
can
view
the
layer
of
view
as
such
here,
but
we
like
to
print
without
using
any
support,
because
you
don't
waste
time
like,
for
example,
doing
a
brim.
A
A
A
So
we
start
printing
these
on
upside-down
like
this,
so
that
there's
more
support
points.
There's
like
six
points
of
support,
but
on
those
points
of
support
like
here,
we
actually
sunk
it
into
the
bed.
So
you
can
have
a
setting
cut
off
object,
the
bottom,
you
sink
it
and
then
add
a
little
bit
of
brim.
So
you
have
a
bunch
of
brim
around
these
points.
A
A
If
you
go
to
expert
expert
settings,
there's
a
thing
called
vase
mode:
spiralize
outer
contour.
You
can
click
that
on,
in
which
case,
how
does
it
do
that
here?
Yeah?
It's
not
a
good
example
here,
but
spiralize
outer
contour
would
be
that
you're
just
printing
the
edge.
So
you
can
print
the
print
a
vase,
so
that's
called
vase
mode.
It
will
print
a
bottom
and
it
will
print
just
the
outer
contour.
So
you
can
print
vases
nicely.
There's
also
another
way
to
do
this,
which
we've
been
playing
it
here.
A
A
Spiral,
bearing
take
a
look
at
this,
so
this
is
a
we
just
generated
this
as
an
open
source
file
based
on
another
non
open
source
design.
Here
this
is
an
open,
scat,
open
source.
When
you
print
this,
this
you
can
print
this.
This
is
a
solid
object,
but
when
you
can
set
it,
so
you
print
only
the
outer
contour.
How
do
you
do
that?
A
You
can
do
it
in
two
ways:
one
you
can
enable
the
vase
mode
in
advanced
settings,
but
that
would
actually
I
believe
vase
mode
also
still
prints
the
bottom,
so
that
wouldn't
work
here,
because
we
want
this
to
be
a
bushing
for
eight
millimeter
rods.
So
this
is
a
cool
thing.
We're
just
experimenting
with
this
see.
This
is
completely
practical
for,
instead
of
buying
the
bushings,
if
we
can
3d
print
them.
A
The
second
way,
besides
the
vase
mode
within
cura,
is
to
do
another
thing
in
here.
So
let's
go
to
that.
Let
me
download
this
to
show
you,
so
this
thing
is
under
defeating
Universal.
That's
our
current
current
working
version
of
the
3d
printer
spiral,
linear
bearing
parametric
so
download
the
zip
file
and
you'll
get
an
open,
open
s,
CAD
file
and
STL
in
there,
possibly
so
extract
okay.
So
that's
an
open
scat
file,
so
we
open
up
open,
scat
and
export.
A
So
you
see
this
is
a
solid
object
here
actually
and
we're
gonna
print
it
just
as
an
outer
contour,
which
is
very
useful,
so
I'm
gonna
generate
rendering
then
do
I
have
to
press,
let's
generate
an
STL,
so
click
STL
spiral,
linear
bearing
that
STL
it'll
export
that
as
STL
from
openscad.
So
this
is
fully
parametric
you
mess
with
this.
You
can
do
change
the
outer
diameter.
The
length
here,
nozzle
diameter,
a
number
of
teeth
to
fang
goal.
A
A
A
So,
let's
look
at
now
how
it
slices
that
and
let's
look
at
the
layers,
so
you
see
it's
just
printing
the
spiral
itself
by
setting
the
infill
to
zero.
So
that's
a
trick
you
can
play
with
in
Keira
by
setting
fill
density,
to
be
nothing
inside
that
that
means
you're,
just
printing,
the
outer
contour.
So
that's
the
way
you
can
print
this
this
bearing
from
a
solid
object
and
then
you
can
select
you
can
play
with,
because
sometimes
it's
actually
hard.
A
A
You
got
a
zero
fill
density,
what's
bottom
top
thickness.
What
is
that
gonna
be
zero
to
or
not
yeah
yeah,
so
you
don't
want
to
bottom
in
top,
so
you
want
to
select
bottom
and
top
thickness
to
be
zero,
no
top
or
bottom,
because
for
this
particular
geometry,
you
want
this
flexible
bushing.
That
looks
like
this
as
a
3d
object,
but
when
you're,
actually
printing
it
looks
just
it's
just
the
contour
that
you're
printing-
so
that's
that's
it
for
a
nice
trick
for
how
to
do
this.
A
Let's
talk
about
the
bed
surface
so
in
our
printer
right
now
our
bed
goes
to
a
187
stable,
working,
C,
187
C
stable
working
temperature,
which
is
higher
than
just
about
anything
out
there
and
it's
a
fast,
heated
insulated
bed.
Now
we
notice
that
you
have
to
get
the
bed
temperatures
right,
so
we
have
the
bed
hot
for
some
materials
if
you're,
using
if
you're,
using.
A
Poly
ether,
amide
pei
print
surface,
which
is
a
good
surface
which,
where,
when
you
heat
it
up,
PLA
sticks
well
to
it.
When
you
cool
it
off
it
pops
pretty
much
readily
off.
There's
there's
a
feature
you
have
to
pay
attention
to
that.
That
is
getting
the
bed
too
hot.
What
we've
noticed
is
so
you
can
print
that
say
like
60,
C
or
80
C.
We
that's
what
we've
been
do
doing
here:
60
or
80
C
for
the
print
bed
on
our
printer.
A
If
you
get
it
up
higher
like
a
hundred
they'll,
be
so
hot
that
the
bottom
layer
is
still
kind
of
molten
that
the
print
will
simply
not
stick
so
for
the
bed
temperature,
you
also
want
to
have
an
optimal
temperature.
It
can't
be
too
hot
because
this
print
won't
stick
to
it
if
you're
using
peatón.
So
we're
talking
about
Pei
surface,
which
is
the
industry
standard
for
decent,
pretty
high
quality
printing,
where
you
don't
have
to
use
any
like
painters,
tape
or
any
other.
He
Civ
substances
for
prints
to
stick
to
the
bed.
A
So
you
have
been
doing
a
lot
of
ATC,
but
if
we
notice
that
if
we
get
it
higher
and
the
prints
just
don't
stick
to
it,
which
is
kind
of
counterintuitive
I,
initially
thought
that,
oh,
how
do
you
get
the
better
they'll
stick?
But
if
you
think
about
it,
if
you're
getting
into
the
near
the
melting
temperature,
the
plastic?
A
Well,
naturally,
it's
not
gonna
stick
to
the
bed
anymore,
because
it's
just
melting
off
so
with
a
high-performance
print
bed
be
careful
about
getting
your
bed
too
hot
print
temperature
is
about
2:30
in
our
case,
okay,
so
another
feature
about
3d,
printing
production
engineering.
You
want
to
have
your
bed
stationary.
Otherwise
you
cannot
print
tall
columnar
objects.
So
let's
take
this
bushing
here
and
what,
if
we
wanted
to
print
it
like
in
a
Z
Z
direction,
make
it
like
8
inches
tall
like
a
tall
very,
very
tall
one?
A
Well,
if
the
bed
is
moving
back
and
forth
in
a
purse
of
style,
printers
you're
gonna
start
messing
up
the
layers
at
a
certain
height
because
of
the
moving
bed
and
the
whole
structure
will
be
shaking
on
you.
So,
what's
more
desirable
for
Production
Engineering
is
that
the
gantry
moves
in
a
bed
stays
stationary.
It
can
only
just
move
up
and
down.
So
that's
a
design
we
have
and
therefore
we
can
print
very
tall
objects
without
limits
as
to
how
tall
they
can
be.
A
They
will
still
be
perfectly
stable
on
a
3d
printer
because
the
bed
is
not
moving.
So
when
you,
when
you
use
a
3d
printer,
be
careful
what
design
you
have
as
far
as
what
capacity
that
printer
has.
If
you
have
a
moving
bed,
you
cannot
print
tall
columnar
objects
unless
you
go
super
slow
which
defeats
defeats
the
purpose,
because
printing
is
already
3d
printing
is
already
slowing.
Now,
don't
you
don't
want
to
slow
it
down?
Even
more.
A
Okay
talked
about
the
practical
limits
of
3d
printing
I
mentioned
in
another
talk
presentation
here
that
without
a
heated
chamber
you
can
do
PLA.
You
can
do
TPU
the
the
rubber-like
filaments
we
can
do
ptg,
but
if
you're
printing,
large
objects
and
any
other
plastics
they're
high-temperature
pretty
much
forget
about
like
a
large
large,
thin
walled
structure
and
abs,
it's
gonna
warp
on
you.
Without
a
heated
chamber,
so
3d
printing
is
less
limited
in
that
sense.
Right
now,
so
you
got
to
go
to
heated
chambers.
A
Now,
there's
one
trick
you
can
play,
and
that
is
the
fiber
reinforced
filaments
that
are
nylon
or
other
ones,
they're
more
high-temperature
reinforced
with
fiber.
Those
actually
do
not
warp
because
of
the
fiber
in
there.
So
he
can
actually
have
some
very
high
performance
prints
using
fiber
reinforced
filaments
with
carbon
fiber
or
glass
fiber.
But
the
rolls
of
that
that
filament
are
getting
expensive
like
around
a
hundred
bucks,
a
roll
or
so
or
60
bucks,
a
pound
yeah.
It
gets
pretty
high
for
the
fiber
reinforced
filaments,
nuts,
not
so
affordable,
but
doable
for
some
purposes.
A
So
next,
let's
talk
briefly
about
materials
I
mentioned,
so
you
can
print
rubber.
You
can
print
poly
carbonate,
but
once
again,
that's
higher
temperatures
to
forget
about
an
unenclosed
printer
but
polycarbonate
for
great
glazing
and
protective
structures
like
helmets
fight
as
I
mentioned,
the
fiber
reinforcement
gets
your
prints
to
be
stable
without
a
heated
chamber.
A
There's
also
gliding
filaments
like
like,
for
example,
what
would
the
I
guess?
Glide
bearings
linear
bearings
are
made
of.
You
can
actually
print
in
that
that's
higher
temperature
once
again,
so
forget
about
it
in
a
low
without
a
heated
chamber,
but
those
materials
do
exist
for
higher
temperatures,
then
at
the
upper
level.
Did
you
know
that
even
pei?
The
surface
that
you
can
print
on
is
a
thermoplastic,
so
you
can
actually
think
about.
A
If
you
have
a
high
temperature
chamber,
you
can
be
printing
your
3d
printing
surface,
the
high
performance
Pei
surface
from
filament
that
you
get
off
the
shelf
once
again
around.
When
you
talk
about
raw
resin
and
say
you're,
making
the
raw
filament
from
a
ton
of
resin
that
you
get
from
China
for
a
dollar
a
pound
yeah,
you
can
be
printing.
Your
own
Pei
surfaces,
another
high-performance,
object
out
of
plastics
like
Pei
or
piec
other
things
that
withstands
hundred
like
a
couple
of
hundred
degrees
Celsius.
A
Are
there
working
temperatures
or
higher,
as
opposed
to
like
PLA,
which
starts
to
deform
at
about
sixty
C?
Okay.
So,
let's
skip
in
the
production
engine
that
we're
talking
about,
let's
get
into
quality
control
and
what
what's
what's
critical
for
quality
control,
so
you
have
to
keep
things
the
same.
To
get
replicable
results.
If
you're
going
to
do
quality
control
for
reliable
results
between
prints,
then
you
have
to
consider
a
number
of
number
of
things
that
have
to
be
the
same
between
in
the
system.
A
A
You
have
to
use
the
same
CAD
files,
naturally
like
you,
want
to
share
if
CAD
files,
so
you
do
the
same
same
print,
the
same
object,
but
even
if
you
have
the
same
cat
file,
there
could
be
a
difference
in
the
slicer.
So
here
we're
using
cura.
But
if
you
slice
it
in
a
different
slicer,
it
might
slicer
is
the
the
way
you're
dividing
this.
You
you're
you
make
the
3d
printer
head
go
in
order
to
print
this
there's
many
ways
you
can.
You
can
do
this.
A
It's
not
just
like
whatever
pattern,
if
you
see
in
the
layer
view
here
and
let's
do
fill
density-
a
hundred
percent
here
so
here,
this
algorithm
is
selecting
a
particular
print
pattern
for
each
layer
like
how
it
goes,
but
you
can
fill
that
in
in
many
ways
you
can
fill
it
as
a
square
squares
hex
of
hexagons.
You
can
fill
it
as
like
circles
or
whatever
so
there's
different
algorithms.
You
can
do
so
even
from
the
same
file.
You
can
get
different.
A
Different
slicers
can
perform
different
things,
so
you
may
not
necessarily
get
the
same
results
with
you.
If
you
do
print,
you
would
have
to
have
the
same
G
code,
so
not
only
the
STL
file,
but
the
slicing,
which
is
turned
into
g
code
as
the
machine
code
that
you're
actually
running.
So
you
have
to
have
that
the
same,
so
so
the
tool
chain
could
look
like
you're
designing
in
free
CAD.
A
You
export
this
STL's,
you
slice
it
in
Keira,
but
also
beyond
this
there's
all
these
settings,
like
temperatures
and
nozzle
sizes,
and
all
of
that
that
have
to
be
the
same
as
well,
so
that's
captured
in
a
dot
ini
profile
file.
So
here
and
here
you
can
export-
you
can
save
this
profile,
all
the
properties
of
the
printer
that
you
have.
You
can
save
them
as
the
official
okay.
This
is
how
I
print
this
thing
you
have
to
have
all
those
settings.
Otherwise
you,
you
might
get
different
prints
like
layer
height.
A
You
know
it
might
fail
at
a
certain
layer,
hide
in
my
print
well
and
a
smaller
layer,
fight
and
so
forth.
So
you
have
to
save
all
those
properties.
Therefore,
what
it
turns
out
is
that
for
large
scale
operation
that
the
only
way
there's
two
ways
you
can
do.
This,
like
everyone,
have
to
have
the
same,
degenerate
tool
set,
so
that's
doable
and
open-source,
but
it's
also
doable
in
a
complete
1984
control
Society.
A
When
there's
all
the
only
one
way
to
do
things,
so
our
option
is
here
either
to
use
open
source
or
be
in
a
monopoly
system
where
one
company
produces
all
the
printers
and
produces
all
the
software
and
all
of
that
and
has
a
complete
hundred
percent
monopoly
with
Gini
coefficient
one.
Okay,
that
Gini
coefficient
one
is
an
absolute
monopoly
and
that,
in
that
scenario,
you've
got
the
ability
to
print
things
uniformly
because
you're
under
a
completely
controlled
system,
but
that's
kind
of
not
likely
to
happen
because
diversity
is
a
natural
thing.
That
happens.
A
So,
therefore,
it's
more
likely
that
you
will
end
up
with
distributed
Production
Engineering,
not
in
a
monopoly
system,
but
in
an
open
source
distributed
economy.
So
it's
just
a
semi
political
statement
there,
but
for
large-scale
collaboration.
What
we're
saying
here,
the
point
that
it
of
that
is
that
if
you're
using
open-source
tool
chains
with
open
source
machines
and
you're
uploading
that
to
public
repositories,
that's
a
way
that
you
can
have
a
large
distributed
effort
gain
getting
the
identical
results
in
a
distributed
way,
which
is
not
really
happening
right
now.
A
You
know
that
still
needs
work
in
today's
economy
for
us
to
get
to
a
distributed
production
economy,
but
that
is
doable,
but
you'd
have
to
settle
into
some
standards
and
ways
to
do
things.
They're
degenerate
that
you
know
you're
choosing
one
way
to
do
it,
that's
ideally
optimized
and
most
robust,
so
that
everyone
can
get
the
same
results
and
it
becomes
super
practical
to
make
all
your
household
objects
or
other
objects
with
reliable
results.
So
how
do
you
get
to
this
distributed?
A
Quality
control
like
which
we
plan
on
with
up
with
an
LSE,
we're
introducing
the
concept
of
distributed
quality
control,
which
means
how
do
we
get
many
people
worldwide
to
produce
reliable
objects
for
your
open
source?
Everything
store
for
Amazon
that
you
get
replicable
results,
that's
a
hard
problem,
but,
as
I
mentioned
with
all
the
same,
the
degeneracy
of
the
system.
A
Here
you
have
to
have
same
everything
and
if
we're
going
to
to
create
an
organization
based
on
distributed
production,
we
have
to
build
in
certain
certification
mechanisms
and
standards
that
support
this
and
support
infrastructure
to
to
do
this.
So,
for
example,
if
somebody
wants
to
get
certified
to
produce
these
bearings
they
they
can
use
an
open-source
3d
printer
for
for
our
purposes
because
we're
using
our
printers
they
would
have
to
use,
do
that
with
our
printer,
because
you
would
or
a
derivative
of
our
printer,
where
we
know
the
properties
of
the
system
we're
printing
with.
A
If
you,
for
example,
if
we're
going
into
distributing
production
to
many
many
people
worldwide.
One
way
to
do
that
is
you
can
produce
video
documentation
of
how
you're
doing
that
people
can
replicate
that
people
can
send,
send
you
samples,
say
you're,
a
certifying
agency
like
OSC,
say
because
we
become
a
certifying
agency,
you
can
send
us
a
sample
of
the
result.
Okay,
how
exactly
did
you
print
it
and
we
can
take
measurements
on
it
and
say:
ok,
you
you've
printed
it
correctly
to
these
specs.
We
can
certify
that
and
provide
certification
for
distributed
production.
A
So
machine
does
that
so,
for
example,
with
our
3d
printer,
we
would
have
an
official
version.
That's
the
production
version
that
everyone
uses
for
the
purpose
of
production,
because
I
mean
it
open-source.
You
have
many
many
variations,
because
everyone
can
build
their
whatever
version
and
especially
with
a
construction
set
approach.
A
You
can
build
many
different
variants
of
our
tools,
but
we
would
say
that,
ok,
if
you
we're
going
into
official
distributed
manufacturing,
we
say:
ok,
here's
our
production
machine,
the
official
d3d
pro
version
of
our
printer
here
are
our
best
practices
of
how
we
print
here,
our
printer
profiles
and
design
files
and
settings
that
everyone
can
get
get
replicable
results.
Now,
there's
a
couple
of
things
missing
in
a
whole
system.
A
You
really
need
that
and
that's
the
missing
link
that
that
reduces
current,
pretty
3d
printing
capacity
to
reliable
printing
only
with
the
low
temperature
materials
like
like
PLA,
and
not
even
really,
abs,
so
pii,
ptg
and
TPU
or
and
fiber
reinforced
filaments,
which
there
can
be
many
variants
of,
but
for
practical
purposes.
We
have
only
scratched
the
surface
of
what's
doable
in
practice
for
all
the
different
materials
like
you
can't
do,
polyethylene
you
cannot
do
poly,
propylene,
very
common
materials.
A
I
mean
it's
just
not
doable
with
it
with
the
tight
control
of
your
heated
build
environment.
So
things
simply
don't
work
or
you
can't
I
mean
the
caveat.
Is
yes,
you
can
do
that,
but
all
all
those
materials
and
that's
why
all
the
3d
printers
makers
advertise
it.
But
you
can
print
print
with
them
only
in
very
limited
cases
where
everything
is
just
right.
You
cannot
just
take
any
shape
and
print
it.
A
The
other
thing
that
I
want
to
inform
the
public
about
is
that
the
missing
piece
is
that
there
is
currently
no
three
3d
printer
extruder
that
works
well
with
three
millimeter
rubber.
There
is
a
flexion
extruder
optimized
for
1.75,
millimetre
rubber
soft
rubbers,
I
think
down
to
like
durometer
I've
heard.
A
What
is
it
like,
65
or
so,
but
that's
missing
for
the
three
millimeter
version
at
least
I
haven't
seen
one
so
we're
gonna
be
building
one
as
well,
and
also
another
missing
piece
that
we
have
to
talk
about
is
is
the
repositories
of
of
designs
with
verified
production
engineering?
So,
yes,
Thingiverse?
A
Is
there,
but
you'll
give
variable
results
depending
on
the
kind
of
printer
and
settings
you
have
so
getting
that
more
refined
for
distributed
production
engineering
is
a
big
step
that
we
can
work
on
so
that
we
we
basically
have
the
ability
to
produce
very
real
reliably
with
any
material
for
anything.
That's
out
there
in
the
plastic
economy,
the
the
polymer
economy.
That
is
quite
limited
at
this
point,
so
this
was
to
cover
mostly
the
plastic
area
of
3d
printing.
But
that's
about
all.
So
those
are
some
considerations
out
of
many
regarding
Production
Engineering.
A
If
you
were
talking
about
true
distributed
manufacturing,
which
we've
only
scratched
the
surface
off
in
terms
of
humanity
in
general,
but
lots
of
work
to
be
done
and
thinking
about
collaborative
design
on
a
massive
scale.
That's
the
next
step,
I
mean
imagine
that
society
enables
various
mechanisms.
Were
you
have
an
idea?
You
can
join
a
group
because
everyone's
designing
collaboratively
and
in
a
week's
weeks
time
you
create
any
like
new
design,
that's
actually
what
we're
trying
to
do
with
the
steam
camps
and
the
five
project
days
there.
A
So
you
have
a
bunch
of
people
collaborating,
say:
500
people
across
you
know,
12
events
worldwide,
so
developing
the
collaborative
literacy,
the
the
collaborative
tools
to
do
that
and
developing
on
a
rapid
time,
scale
of
say:
five
days:
okay,
design,
a
new
car
design,
a
bicycle
design,
a
new
electric
motor
or
whatever
design
a
trencher
for
your
tractor,
where
you're
now
prototyping,
with
with
steel
and
cnc
torch
tables.
Not
only
plastic
I
mean
that's
all
doable,
but
society
today
does
not
know
how
to
say.
A
Take
a
large
group
of
people
give
them
machines
given
design
tools,
and
actually
you
have
a
meaningful
design
process
with
hundreds
of
thousands
of
people
like
I,
talked
about
in
a
collaborative
literacy
presentation,
people
that
are
actually
designing
collaboratively
effectively,
so
we're
working
on
that
I
think
that's
gonna!
Be
that
pretty
much
natural
okay,
I'm
recording
here
still
my
internet
went
out.
That
will
be
a
natural
capacity
of
humanity,
probably
in
the
future.
A
A
That
I
think
will
be
in
my
prediction:
it
would
be
a
norm
for
a
few
years
into
the
future
once
once
the
society
learns
about
collaborative
design
and
and
open-source
tools
that
can
enable
that
to
be
truly
the
Star
Trek
replicator
becoming
real
in
real
life.
I
think
that's
somewhat
inevitable,
as
the
tools
and
techniques
get
better
but
the
most
important
part
there
is
for
people
to
understand
it
by
collaboration.
We
can
do
more
than
just
by
ourselves
and
with
patents,
and
all
that
so
I'll
leave
it
at
that.