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Description
https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/OSE_Machine_Design_Guide#18_Topics
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A
A
Electronics
and
circuits:
let's
get
so,
let's
begin
again
so
electronics
in
the
framework
of
the
global
village,
Construction
Set.
We
also
treat
it
as
a
Construction
Set
approach.
So
we
approach
it
from
the
idea
of
multiple
easy
to
understand
the
building
blocks
where
we
define
what
those
building
blocks
are
you
don't
necessarily
have
to
know?
What's
on
the
inside
of
that
black
box,
just
like,
when
you
have
a
computer,
you
don't
necessarily
have
to
know
how
the
chips
inside
work
in
order
to
make
use
of
it.
A
A
Getting
into
the
actual
design
guide,
some
basic
circuits
circuits
concepts,
so
circuits
are
analogous
to
to
fluid
flow.
In
terms
of
when
you
look
at
a
circuit
design,
you
have
electricity
flowing
from
high
potential
to
low
potential,
it's
actually
similar
to
what
we
have
in
hydraulics
or
water
or
plumbing,
where
in
hydraulics,
for
example,
when
you
run
a
tractor,
you
pump
the
fluid.
It
goes
through
all
the
components
and
creates
motions
such
as
wheel,
driver
or
hydraulic
cylinders,
and
then
it
returns
back
to
the
pump.
A
It's
a
closed
circuit
so
that
the
same
kind
of
metaphor
applies
to
electronics,
where,
if
you've
got
a
circuit,
you
have
to
have
the
current
flowing
pretty
much
in
a
in
a
circle
and
being
converted
into
into
useful
functions.
What
is
the
fluid
in
the
world
of
electronics,
its
electrons,
which
move
near
near
the
speed
of
light,
so
circuits
can
have
the
capacity
to
do
to
perform
calculations
or
other
things
that
happened
on
very
rapid
timescales,
with
electrons
being
the
particles
they're
actually
operational
there.
A
The
analogy
to
water
and
hydraulics
should
be
kept
in
mind
to
to
make
a
good
metaphor
like
when
you
design
a
circuit.
Oh
ok,
does
it
does
it
leak,
or
does
it
actually
close
up
on
itself?
So
it's
a
to
start
with
so
converting
black
boxes
to
useable
things.
In
the
modularity
perspective,
we
talked
about
the
the
control
panel,
the
universal
control
panel,
or
for
controlling
the
printer,
where
we
talked
about
various
components
in
there,
such
as
the
arduino,
such
as
the
power
handling
elements,
but
in
the
circuit
tree.
A
The
big
concept
that
we
do
talk
about.
Electronics
is
the
idea
of
control
and
power
and
separating
the
two
so
that
when
you
design
things
like
a
printer,
you've
got
a
brain
and
then
you've
got
another
section
of
the
circuit.
That's
the
power,
the
small
brain
controls,
the
the
circuits,
which
do
which,
which
can
be
very
massive
things
just
like
the
brain
in
a
human
body,
takes
it
very,
not
so
much
energy,
but
it
can
make
us
do
like
physical
activity,
the
brain
controls,
physical
activity
in
a
human
body.
A
You
can
think
about
the
Arduino
microcontroller
as
one
of
the
key
key
tools:
key
black
boxes,
that
we
use
to
create
usable
usable
functions.
So
it's
useful
to
talk
about
the
generic
idea
of
of
brain
circuits
and
power
where
the
brain
circuit
can
cycle
power
on
and
off
rapidly
through
through
devices
such
as
transistors
relays,
transistors
really
switches.
So
so
electricity
is
all
about
switching
electricity
on
and
off
to
make
it
do
useful
things.
A
The
thing
from
from
the
global
village
Construction
Set
perspective:
it's
it's
very
useful
to
to
to
consider
the
power
of
a
small
microcontroller
and
the
switching
the
switches.
The
power
handling
elements
such
as
Eppie
tease
with
MOSFETs,
which
are
all
transistors
so
transistors
in
various
forms,
whether
they're,
like
they
go
by
various
names
from
igbts,
which
are
insulated,
gate,
bipolar,
transistors
to
Fe,
T's
field
effect
transistors,
but
basically
you're.
You
have
a
small
signal.
A
Turning
on
a
much
larger
current
from
the
perspective
of
construction
set
OSC
on
one
side,
you
have
electronics
that
control
things
like
3d,
printers
or
brick
presses
and
in
another
you
have
high
power
electronic
devices
where,
for
example,
a
welder,
a
welder
is
a
current
source,
you're
feeding
current
a
lot
of
current
through
through
electrodes
to
melt
metal
like
whether
stick
welding
or
or
wire
based
welding.
But
how
do
you?
How
do
you
typically
utilize
energy
in
the
real
world?
A
Typically,
we
have
power
outlets
like
120
or
240
AC,
and
we
run
a
lot
of
different
devices
on
that
on
that
power
in
the
workshop,
and
if
we
can
switch
that
power
on
and
off,
we
can
control
its
level.
We
can
control
its
voltage,
so
a
powerful
concept
to
be
aware
of
is
through
a
device
like
an
Arduino.
You
can
turn
that
on
and
off
rapidly
to
create
useful
devices
like
welders
and
induction
furnaces,
of
course,
with
some
support
circuitry.
A
A
So
take
a
look
at
the
simplest
example
of
that
you'll
be
a
welder,
so
you're
taking
power
from
the
grid,
and
you
can
you
can
even
do
AC
power.
So,
let's
take
the
absolute
ridiculous.
Simplest
example.
Take
AC
power
and
welding
does
not
work
on
to
120
volts.
That
would
like
really
it
won't
work.
It
would
like
short-circuit
like
blow
it
out.
I
think
welding
occurs
at
about
20
between
ten
thirty
volts
or
so
so
you
need
to
step
that
down.
So
how
do
you
handle
a
large.
B
A
A
Direct
current
would
be
something
like
from
photovoltaics.
So
the
first
question
is:
why
do
we
have
AC
coming
from
the
wall,
and
that
has
to
do
with
how
it's
generated?
Typically,
AC
is
generated
in
power
plants
where
you
have
rotors
like
turbines
or
steam
engines,
they're
steamed
based
turbines
that
generate
power.
The
power
plan
so
you're
creating
physical
motion
and
magnets
I
mean
all
the
electricity
that
we
do
today
is
pretty
much
steam,
whether
its
nuclear
they're,
converting
water
to
steam
and
driving
turbines
and
generating
alternating
current
because
the
the
turbines
themselves
spin.
A
So
they
have
a
oscillating
waveform.
So,
but
in
the
reality
of
a
solar
base
facility,
you
can
have
DC
where
actually
handling
you
get
more
flexibility
there,
because
it's
already
rectified
and
for
a
lot
of
devices
like,
for
example,
a
welder.
You
want
DC
current.
So
if
you
have
AC
coming
out
of
the
wall,
you
can
rectify
it
with
a
basic
device
called
a
rectifier
and
by
those
off-the-shelf,
very
inexpensive,
convert
it
to
DC.
So
with
a
device
like
an
Arduino,
you
can
switch
that
on
rapidly
with
what's
I
mentioned
the
word
pulse
width
modulation.
A
So
the
ability
to
turn
voltage
on
and
off
rapidly
allows
you
to
control
it.
So
in
principle,
you
can
convert
any
voltage
level
by
turning
it
on
rapidly.
This
is
at
kilohertz
scale,
so
thousands
of
cycles
per
second
you-
you
are
turning
it
on
off
and
on
average.
Therefore,
it's
a
lower
voltage,
because
it's
on
for
a
certain
time
off
than
on
for
a
certain
time
and
on
average
it
turns
out
to
be
a
lower
voltage
and
so
with
a
yep.
A
A
A
Yeah
yeah
I
think
you
can
actually
go
up
even
more
than
65
thousand
per
second
but
easily
well.
This
is
what
we
were
talking
about
hacking
when
you
talk
about
so
that's
the
pre-programmed.
I
mean
Arduino
stuff
that
runs
off
libraries
that
are
programmed
and
see.
So
that
depends
on
how
efficient
your
programming
there
is,
but
I
think
you
can
push
those
limits
why
it
like
this
is
not
Arduino
101,
that's
Arduino,
graduate-level
kind
of
stuff.
So
not
not
here
really,
but
you
can
get
up
to
say
65
kilo
Hertz
you
do
want.
A
D
B
B
B
D
A
A
So,
depending
on
that
duty
cycle,
you
can
you
can
transform
that
down
to
two
different
quantities
and
in
in
a
brute
force
application
such
as
a
welder,
which
is
just
very
simple,
resistive
load.
It
may
work
that,
like
a
two-component
electronic
system,
you
got
the
rectifier
to
turn
the
AC
into
DC
and
you've
got
the
transistor
that
just
does
the
switching
that
I
believe
is
sufficient
to
do
the
most
basic
welder.
So
you
can
reduce,
say
the
120
to
220
volts
by
a
one-sixth
duty
cycle
thing.
E
E
A
It's
like,
like
a
dimmer
on
a
light.
If
you
turn
it
on
very,
very
rapidly,
you
see
it
just
getting
dim,
it
doesn't
flicker.
If
it's
fast
enough,
you
can't
see
the
flicker
or,
if
it's
fast
enough,
it
doesn't
respond
fast
enough
to
see
that
it's
on
and
off,
so
it
kind
of
goes
almost
like.
It
goes
analog
on
you.
It's
it's
really
like
a
fraction
of
the
overall
value.
C
A
A
You
get
dirty
power,
it's
not
clean,
so
you
have
to
have
a
bunch
of
capacitors
and
inductors
and
other
components
that
smooth
out
the
quality
of
that
signal
and
therefore
the
power
supply
that
you
saw
today
that
big
heatsink
you
saw
there
was
that
field
effect
transistors
some
kind
of
a
transistor
there,
probably
a
MOSFET
that
does
then
rapid.
Switching
it's
a
switching
power
supply,
but
you
saw
it
has
many
different
components
like
throughout
that
board.
A
That's
all
the
infrastructure
to
clean
that
power,
maybe
provide
things
like
over
voltage
or
over
current
protection,
so
it
would
detect
if
there's
too
much
current,
and
it
would
just
shut
it
off
and
things
like
that.
The
idea
of
rapid
switching
using
a
five
dollar
brain-
that's
very
powerful,
because
then
you
can
be
talking
about,
for
example,
the
the
Holy
Grail,
an
immediate
term
like
melting
metal,
induction
furnaces,
which
are
more
complex,
but
you're
still
doing
that
switching
there
at
high
frequency.
A
Basically,
the
way
that
induction
works
is
that
you're,
switching
anywhere
between
like
a
few
kilohertz
to
hundreds
of
kilohertz
you're,
basically
putting
current
through
a
load,
and
that
makes
it
heat
up
really
hot
to
the
point
of
melting,
the
idea
there
is
the
cost,
if
you,
so
you
understand
that
logic
that
okay,
you
have,
you
can
do
as
simple
as
an
Arduino.
You
know,
there's
various
companies
that
make
induction
furnaces
I,
don't
think
any
of
them
use.
Arduino
Arduino
is
sufficient
to
do
it.
A
What
you
care
about
is
is
the
ability
to
switch
a
load
on
between
the
kilohertz
and
maybe
up
to
100
kilohertz,
so
you're
the
cost.
There
is
really
the
cost
of
the
power
handling
elements
and
those
are
very
inexpensive
these
days
to
the
tune
of
like
$1
per
kilowatt,
or
so
you
can
Google.
You
know
any
kind
of
digi-key
or
some
supplier
of
electronic
parts.
You
can
see
these
power
handling
elements
are
quite
affordable,
so
and
they're
going
down,
because
this
is
electronics,
mass
production,
semiconductors,
they're,
basically
little
semiconductor
switches.
A
So
as
time
goes
on
because
of
Moore's
law
with
electronics,
the
price
keeps
falling
so
things
like
the
off-grid
power
supplies
with
inverters
induction
furnaces,
laser
cutters,
plasma
cutters,
any
kind
of
power
supply
that
you
need.
Let's
say
you
want
to
run
an
electric
car.
You
want
a
voltage
controller
to
a
speed
controller
to
run
that
the
power
handing
elements
at
this
point
are
very,
very
inexpensive
and
then
the
technology
around.
That
is
understanding.
A
You
get
all
kinds
of
behaviors
from
circuits,
so
I'll
just
talk
about
that
in
general,
but
the
kinds
of
functionalities
like
you
can
design
a
circuit
that
uses
a
bunch
of
these
components.
You
know,
or
you
can
design
that
through
digital
logic,
like
switching
like
what
I
mentioned
about
switching
and
low
on
and
off
rapidly
to
reduce
its
voltage,
we
can
do
the
same
through
a
combination
of
capacitors,
inductors
and
so
forth.
But
to
me
the
the
route
of
just
writing.
A
Some
words
on
a
computer
screen
to
do
that
is
easier
than
actually
getting
or
making
those
components
to
do
those
functions.
So,
to
simplify
things,
we
do
have
the
advantage
of
the
microprocessors
and
electronics
I've
done
that
way.
So
what
kind
of
electronics
are
relevant
to
us
right
now
right
now?
We
we
definitely
do
the
microcontrollers
and
simple
circuits.
Like
we
talked
about
with
the
universal
controller.
We
also
we
are
interested
in
getting
into
milling
or
making
circuit
boards
to
to
make
that
easily
doable.
A
You
can
also
want
another
way
to
make
circuits
for
very
interesting
kinds
of
features
is
by
3d
printing
them.
So
what
are
some
examples
of
3d
printed
circuits?
So
maybe
we
can
go
to
a
page
on
a
wiki
called
3d
printed
circuits
to
see
some
awesome
examples.
Please
pull
that
up,
so
3d
printed
circle
circuits.
A
How,
because
circuits
are
really
the
the
concept
that
you're
putting
a
bunch
of
components
together
without
them
short-circuit
we
can't
just
throw
them
in
a
pile
and
like
throw
wires
all
all
over.
You
can,
but
you
have
to
make
sure
that
none
of
the
pins
are
touching
it's
because
you
get
short
circuits.
So
the
convenient
thing
to
do
is
to
use
circuit
boards
or
you
can
even
3d
print
them.
So
this
is
an
example
of
a
3d
printed
circuit.
A
A
Now,
that's
possible,
maybe
haven't
done
it,
but
you
can
definitely
solder
them
on
the
back
and
by
laying
them
out
and
putting
them
into
channels
that
are
already
there
for
you,
it's
a
very
easy
way
to
make
circuits,
meaning
putting
a
bunch
of
components
onto
a
board.
This
is
similar
to
what
we're
actually
doing
with
the
control
panel,
because
the
control
panel
is
actually
a
3d
printed
structure
onto
which
you
fit
other
components.
Now
the
components
we
are
using
are
actually
other
circuits
entire
circuits,
but
we
can
also
put
onto
that
same
control
panel.
A
A
This
this
kind
of
technique
doesn't
lend
itself
well
to
the
surface,
mount
components
which
are
kind
of
the
smaller,
more
advanced
modern-day
stuff,
but
the
through-hole
items
I
mean
they'll,
never
go
away,
there's
things
that
always
have
leads
like
like
this
transistor
here,
that's
typically.
What
a
transistor
looks
like
has
three
leads.
One
is
the
signal
and
the
two
is
the
two
gates
across
which
you're
you're
switching.
You
always
have
the
idea
of
like
wires
and
and
pins,
so
this
kind
of
a
technique
will
always
be
irrelevant.
A
It
seems,
and
here
a
convenient
way
like
this
is
this
looks
pretty
sweet
because
you
can
connect
wires
right
to
it.
You
don't
have
to
solder
it
like
we
were
soldering.
Our
little
voltage.
Reducer
terminal
blocks
are
a
very
effective
way
to
connect
wires,
so
circuits
are
effectively
like
how
do
you
connect
a
bunch
of
wires
together?
So,
let's
look
at
some
other
examples
of
what
relevant,
3d
printing
would
look
like.
Well,
here's
another
example
of
mounting
all
the
components.
This
is
kind
of
a
crazy
thing.
A
It's
called
dead
bug,
bug
soldering,
because
you
take
a
chip
and
you
turn
it
upside
down
and
it
looks
like
a
dead
bug
and
it's
air
soldering
like
you're,
just
soldering
components
in
midair.
But
what
that
actually
is
is
an
Arduino.
It's
the
Arduino
chip
but
you're,
putting
everything
on
top
of
it.
The
USB
port
and
the
other
components
misses
there
to
support
it
like
a
like.
A
reset
switch,
and
maybe
it's
kind
of
hard
to
you-
do
have
pins
that
are
accessible
for,
like
inputs
and
outputs.
That's
like
a
crazy,
simple
thing.
A
You
can
do
as
well
as
a
example.
What
you
can
do.
Another
cool
application
like
take
the
the
3d
printed
cordless
drill,
what
we
could
do
on
there.
So
this
is
an
example
of
of
a
circuit
circuits
that
are
built
into
the
plastic
by
using
conductive
I,
believe
they're,
using
conductive
banks
in
there
or
something
where
they're.
Embedding
the
circuits
right
into
the
three-dimensional
shape.
A
That's
pretty
cool
because
you
can
combine
when
you
talk
about
3d
printing
on
a
flat
circuit
board
like
that.
What
happens
when
you
do
the
cordless
drill
and
you
have
to
fit
so
there's
battery
packs
a
switch,
maybe
a
speed,
controller
and
connections
to
the
motor
which
are
in
a
complex
three-dimensional
shape.
In
that
case,
it
makes
much
sense
to
put
to
turn
that
flat
board
into
the
actual
geometry
of
the
handle
or
battery
pack
and
and
attach
components
right
to
the
three-dimensional
shape,
using
this
principle
of
attaching
electrical
components
to
plastic
components.
A
I
think
that
could
be
quite
interesting
because
otherwise
what
you
have
is
standard
circuit
boards,
which
are
flat
and
somewhat
awkward
to
work
with
they're
flat,
whereas
the
geometry
of
a
handle
is
a
finely
curved
shape.
So
why
not
take
advantage
of
that?
Finely
curved
shape
and
put
the
components
right
on
top
of
that
research.
D
A
A
Flexible
circuits
means
the
substrate
on
which
you're
printing
the
circuits,
like
a
like
a
circuit
board,
is
typically
very
stiff,
but
yet
you
can
paste
your
conductive
leads
and
your
your
paths
onto
flexible
things
just
like
they
have
flexible
solar
panels.
That's
an
example
of
a
another
flexible
circuit
where
the
flexible
panels
are
very
lightweight,
also
so
goodway's.
Here's
some
really
good
examples
of.
A
Let's
talk
about
so
applications,
real,
quick
on
page
three
applications
controllers:
we've
done
the
basic
level
of
Expo
exposure
to
the
universal
controller
for
robotic
motion
combining
combining
arduino,
z'
and
sensors.
So
sensors
are
really
that
feedback
like
humans
have
feedback
like
eyes
and
ears
and
other
sensors
to
navigate
the
environment.
You
can
add
logic
and
and
or
so-called
reason,
to
do,
microcontrollers
by
adding
different
sensors,
so
combining
arduino
with
all
kinds
of
sensors
that
you
can
get
these
days.
You
can
make
your
own
temperature
controllers
yeah.
A
Yeah,
so
a
lot,
a
lot
of
different
applications
like
take
take
any
kind
of
an
automated
automated
system
that
you
get
off
the
shelf.
A
lot
of
that.
The
good
thing
about
that
is
that
those
advanced
semiconductor
chips
that
are
typically
the
sensors
yeah
they're
available
for
dirt
cheap
and
we
have
the
ability
to
buy
any
of
them
at
low
cost
to
make
all
kinds
of
electronic
devices.
So
you
know,
like
a
infrared
thermometer.
A
You
know
you
can
put
a
plastic
case
with
an
arduino
and
a
sensor
that
detects
infrared
radiation
and
converts
that,
through
the
arduino
to
a
temperature
things
like
that,
do
you
name
it?
You
can
do
everything
from
like
a
water
misting
system,
a
mist,
timer
system
for
your
greenhouse
to
your
brick
press
controller,
to
a
controller
of
a
tractor
using
arduino
and
sensors.
You
can
add
remote
control
where,
instead
of
communicating
through
wires,
you
there's
very
easy,
accessible
modules
or
going
remote
control.
A
And
that's
that's
the
one
the
craze
of
Internet
of
Things
is
about
it's
like
everyone.
Now
has
a
computer
and
a
cell
phone
people
are
these
days
adding
sensors
to
just
about
anything
and
connecting
that
to
the
Internet,
which
is
the
most
grand
surveillance
scheme
or
data
scheme.
You
can
use
that
for
all
kinds
of
purposes,
I
guess,
from
the
security
perspective,
a
lot
of
people
are
concerned
about
it
that
you
know
people
are
grabbing
data
everywhere.
If
you
buy
a
different
particular
device
and
it's
not
open
source.
A
A
It's
very
easy
these
days
to
connect
through
very
tiny
modules,
connect
to
the
Internet
and
capture
data
from
just
about
anything
with
with
self-contained
power
units
that
can
last
I,
don't
know
how
long
they
last
but
I
mean
just
tiny
little
batteries
that
you
have
something
embedded
in
an
object
that
just
lives
there
and
can
send
send
information
back
and
be
connected
to
the
Internet.
You
know.
B
One
note
about
security
is
one
of
the
concerns
is
that
a
lot
of
these
things
aren't
well
protected,
so
they
want
they've
been
written
poorly
and
they
can
be
accessed
from
the
internet
and
other
people
can
read
the
sensor
data
so
be
aware
of
that.
Try
to
look
up
your
security
stuff
when
you,
if
you're
making
these
things
yeah
yeah.
A
And
so
far
we
talked
about
very
simple
controllers
like
like
Arduino,
but
there's
actually
much
higher
power
processors
like
the
Raspberry
Pi
or
Beagle
bone.
Those
are
two
well-known
open
source
ones
where
the
Beagle
bone
is
very
much
open
source.
The
Raspberry
Pi
is
somewhat
open
source
but
they're
also
very
low-cost,
kamal
computers.
Now
a
Raspberry
Pi
is
so
powerful
and
that
even
the
PI
is
raspberry,
pi
zero,
which
costs
five
dollars.
A
A
So
you
can
basically
take
like
the
relevant
thing
from
the
global
village.
Construction
Set
perspective
is
what
about
adding
the
closed
loop
material
cycles
to
electronics?
Well,
we
can
like,
when
it
comes
to
your
cell
phone.
If
you
use
a
Raspberry
Pi,
there
are
open
source
cell
phone
programs
for
Raspberry
Pi.
For
us
the
relevance
would
be
things
like
open
source
cell
phones,
tablets
or
small
computers
that
you
can
now
run
using
open
source
platforms
like
the
Raspberry
Pi.
So
like
a
tablet,
think
of
a
3d
printed
tablet.
A
You
can
get
touchscreens
really
easily
off
the
internet
and
that's
doable
and
a
lot
of
people
are
not
doing
that
because,
of
course
you
can
get
Samsung
or
whatever
your
Apple
or
whatever
iPad
or
they're
a
little
more
refined,
but
that
kind
of
capacity
is
rapidly
following
the
industry
standards
so
that
you
can
buy
the
screen.
You
can
buy
the
high
power
processors
and
as
simple
as
a
Raspberry.
Pi
gets
you
to
that
amazing
level
of
functionality,
and
that's
man
right.
A
There
are
billions
of
dollars
worth
of
products
to
be
developed,
and
so
a
lot
of
people
are
develop,
being
open
source
wares
like
that.
There
are
even
Libre
computers
right
now,
where
the
design
blueprints
for
those
computers
are
open-source,
but
the
actual
chips
are
not
open-source
themselves.
So
you
can't
you,
can
you
have
to
buy
the
chips,
but
you
have
information
on
how
they
connect
together,
but
with
a
$5,
Raspberry
Pi
or
maybe
a
$20
or
more
advance,
Raspberry
Pi,
which
is
a
tiny
thing,
the
same
size
as
an
Arduino.
A
A
C
D
A
D
C
D
A
Well,
that's
what
I'm
trying
to
say
know
about
this
because
we
can
be
making
our
own
like
I'd
love
to
have
my
own
pad
or
even
this
computer,
that
it's
based
on
Raspberry
Pi
right
now.
Raspberry
Pi
is
not
really
great
enough
to
do
things
like
free
CAD,
which
I
use
often
and
all
that,
but
it's
getting
there,
but
for
basic.
A
Like
surf
the
internet,
computer
email
pad
kind
of
a
deal,
absolutely
let's
get
on
that
product
and
develop
that
because
that's
it's
completely
feasible
and
you
got
touch
screens
that
are
you
know,
a
twenty
bucks,
40
bucks
or
whatever
for
a
nice
resolution.
I
mean
look
at
that.
Some
of
these
prices
start
looking
at
it,
but
it's
pretty
amazing.
There
are
certain
certain
up
open
projects
out
there
like
zero
phone,
which
is
an
open
source
phone
based
on
a
PI
zero,
which
is
the
$5
chip.
A
So
you
get
a
relatively
inexpensive
phone,
but
even
if
it
costs
you
a
hundred
bucks
for
that
phone
you're
talking
a
lifetime
designed
because
you
can
modify
all
the
components
forever
and
you
can
replace
them,
you
can
upgrade
them.
That's
the
beauty
of
that
once
again,
it's
not
that
you
necessarily
pay
less
upfront,
because
you
can.
You
can
hardly
compete
with
industrial
system
of
mass
production,
but
you
can
knock
the
socks
off
it
because
it's
not
gonna
live
for
one
or
two
years.
It
can
live
forever.
A
B
B
A
Yeah,
so
pretty
amazing
power,
and
it
lends
itself
I
mean
the
practical
products
are
open-source
phones,
open
source
tablets
and
and
basic
computers
that
today
are
absolutely
doable.
You've
got
the
3d
printers
for
the
case.
You've
got
the
chips
that
you
embed,
the
micro
processes,
the
raspberry
PI's
and
other
components
that
you
can
embed
in.
That
would
make
us
very
sorry
and
make
a
very
attractive
product
I
mean.
Maybe
it
won't
be
as
tight
packed
as
the
other
one,
but
it
can
still
be
very
small
like
for
a
phone.
D
A
A
D
C
A
Then
so
you
say
you
design
it
in
the
open
source
software
and
then
you
export
it
and
give
it
to
a
fabrication
shop
that
one
of
those
big
chip
manufacturers,
a
lot
of
them
take
contracts
and
you
can
get
a
bunch
of
them
produced,
so
so
that's
all
doable.
So
what
are
the
some
of
the
open
source
design
tool
chains?
I
mentioned,
there's
up
to
the
microprocessor
chip
design.
All
of
that
is
open.
Source
you've
got
kicad
ki
CA
d,
which
is
the
key
open
source
designer
which
allows
you
to
export
files.
A
A
There's
other
more
like
human,
centric
and
stuff
kicad
ders
Fritzing
a
package
called
freak
Fritzing,
it's
once
again
it's
open
source
and
it
allows
you
to
design
simple
circuits,
it's
more
like
drag-and-drop
style,
the
package,
that's
the
dopant
source
simulator
of
circuits
called
cukes,
quite
Universal,
Universal
circuit
simulator.
That's
what
it
is
and
then
you
get
into
the
design
the
designs
themselves
of
how
you,
how
you
understand.
Well,
if
you're
working
with
come
like
the
unveiling
of
the
black
boxes,
you
can
work
with
Arduino
sand.
A
There's
a
lot
of
lot
of
information
on
Arduino,
go
to
Arduino,
dot,
CC,
and
you
can
google
Arduino
this
Arduino
that,
like
Arduino
based
spot
welder,
Arduino
controlled
vacuum
cleaner
about
one
of
those
robotic
vacuums,
you
name
it,
google,
it
and
you'll
see
it.
So
it's
it's
pretty
robust
and
active
for
what
what
you
can
do.
A
If
you
have
the
actual
physical
circuit
designs
designed
and
in
kicad,
you
can
actually
support
them
into
freecad,
so
we
can
look
at
them
in
3d
with
all
the
components
they
have
the
part
libraries
for
them
too,
so
that
kind
of
stuff
is
available,
but
yeah
the
3d
printed
phone,
the
modular
3d
printed
phone,
the
modular
seed.
Your
printed
tablet,
I
think
those
are
two
high
priorities
that
every
single
person
on
the
planet
could
do.
So
we
talked
about
products
that
have
a
billion
dollar
or
more
market
they'll,
certainly
qualify
for
that.
A
A
A
If
you
go
to
the
d
3d
cnc,
certain
milk
page
on
the
wiki,
you
can
download
the
blueprints
for
a
circuit
mill
and
actually
start
milling
them,
and
you
have
to
buy
the
copper
clad
boards
which
are
like
a
dollar
a
piece
or
so
or
however
much
they
are,
and
then
you
can
make
your
own
circuit
on
these
boards.
I
mean
basically
what
a
circuit
mill
does
is
edges.
It
mils
away
the
complex,
circuitry
pattern,
which
is
the
substitute
for
you
having
to
carefully
and
wire
up
a
bunch
of
components
to
one
another.
A
It's
kind
of
the
basic
idea.
What
a
circuit
is
it's
like
an
organized
way
to
put
all
your
components
onto
so
circuit.
Mel
is
a
one
way
to
do,
and
we
talked
about
the
3d
printed
circuits
as
placeholders
or
the
control
panel.
The
universal
control
controller
that
we're
doing
is
another.
It's
like
a
circuit
to
because
it's
essentially
a
board
to
which
you
mount
all
kinds
of
electronic
components.
A
C
C
C
Photocopy
it
and
shrink
it
to
the
size
of
about
three
by
five
inches
and
then
photocopy
and
onto
glossy
paper,
it's
important
to
have
glossy
paper,
because
the
photocopy
toner
does
not
stick
as
well
to
the
glossy
paper.
So
once
you
have
a
three
by
five
inch
print
out,
you
cut
it
out
and
put
it
face
down
onto
the
copper
board.
C
You
have
to
be
very
sure
to
clean
the
copper
board,
make
sure
there's
no
residue,
no
fingerprints,
we
scrape
it
down
with
steel
wool
and
we
have
this
stuff
called
glue
gun
and
you
scrape
it
down
with
that,
make
sure
it's
very
very
clean.
Then
we
put
it
down
onto
the
copper
board
and
tape
it,
and
then
we
put
it
about
twenty
times
through
a
laminating
machine,
so
the
laminating
machine
heats
it
up
and
transfers
the
toner
I
have
a
feeling.
You
could
probably
also
use
an
iron
or
some
other
ways.
C
We
just
use
the
laminating
machine
and
it
was
fun.
So
finally,
we've
got
this
when
you
take
it
out
of
the
laminating
machine.
After
it's
20
times,
three
you'll
see
that
the
circuit
pattern
has
been
etched
on
to
the
board,
so
the
final
step
is
to
go
up
to
the
chemistry
lab
and
make
sure
the
chemistry
teacher
is
there
and
the
few
all
good,
because
the
next
part
is
a
little
dangerous,
not
something
you
want
to
try
unless
you
have
a
little
bit
to
be
a
crabber
experience.
C
So
we
essentially
take
me
trionic
acid,
which
is
used
for
pools,
balancing
the
ph
at
fooders,
the
kind
of
a
mix
of
hydrochloric
acid
at
a
certain
concentration
and
then
off
the
shelf.
Again,
some
hydrogen
peroxide
3%,
both
of
them
are
readily
available.
The
first
one
for
about
$6
comedian
from
the
local
hardware
store
the
other
one's
about
$3
from
the
pharmacy.
So
we
put
them
in
a
two
to
one
ratio:
two
parts,
hydrogen
peroxide
to
one
part
periodic
acid,
and
then
we
throw
the
circuit
board
in
there
in
a
plastic
container,
very
important
plastic.
C
Container
engine
in
there
in
takes
about
five
or
six
minutes.
If
the
peroxide
is
too
a
good
you'll
note
that
peroxide
is
in
a
it's
an
opaque
container.
One
thing
we
were
in
the
hard
way
we
left
it
overnight.
A
few
nights
for
the
weekend
came
back
on
Monday,
it
didn't
work,
it
turns
up
a
peroxide
degrading.
There
didn't
work,
we
have
to
use
fresh
peroxide
or
two
cementite,
okay
container,
so
that
it's
fun,
so
the
circuit
etches
off
very
nicely.
C
You
clean
it
up
with
lots
of
water,
make
sure
you've,
cleaned
up
and
didn't
leave
any
drips
of
muriatic
acid
around
make
sure
you're
using
a
fume
hood
one
evening
that,
because
it's
very
noxious
the
fumes
and
well-ventilated
whatever
it
is,
and
then
we
have
our
circuits.
So
we
are
like
a
computer
engineering
class
this
year
and
we're
making
a
whole
set
of
circuits.
One
of
the
applications
could
be
to
be
a
school
board
for
the
OSE
motor
we'd
like
to
completely
open.
D
A
C
C
C
Yeah,
nothing
to
gain
in
a
game
as
long
as
you
keep
it
in
the
dark
and
that's
the
problem
we
had.
We
had
clear
containers
like
this,
so
the
light
it
degraded
the
peroxide
and
it
was
no
bigger,
so
you
just
have
to
find
an
opaque
container
and
we
should
give
to
losing
the
game
and
being
according
to
the
internet.
I
haven't
tried
a
because
we
only
did
them
in
very
small
batches
and
we
just.
D
A
We've
got
some
metal
parts
in
there,
basically
connecting
nichrome
iron
casing
that
in
fiberglass
sleeve,
so
that
it
doesn't
doesn't
short-circuit
anywhere
and
putting
insulation
around
that
and
in
a
structure
that
looks
similar
to
what
you
see
on
a
printer
in
a
workshop.
But
it's
a
little
next
version
of
that
which
is
much
more
solid,
as
one
of
the
things
you
want
to
have
is
a
very
solid
print
bed
surface
so
that
you
can
go
fast
without
shaking
your
print
like
because
I
mention
about
inertia.
A
A
In
the
last
version,
what
I
used
was
sheet
metal,
which
is
like
flashing
for
a
house
I
cut
out
a
shape
out
of
that,
but
it's
not
strong
enough
that
it
tends
to
wobble
a
little
bit
more
than
I
would
like,
and
you
want
absolute
stiffness
down
to
a
fraction
of
a
mother
like
it,
cannot
move
by
less
than
layer,
width
or
even
the
step
with
you
want
it
to
be
absolutely
stiff.
So
we're
gonna
build
that
today.
D
A
A
You
know
from
that
kind
of
same
system
or
like
a
hot
plate
for
chemistry
or
anything
like
that
or
or
a
heater
or
chemistry,
mm-hmm,
radiant
floor
or
radiant
flooring.
Unless
you
have
really
really
abundant
a
electricity
from
the
Sun
yeah,
it's
an
option.
Turning
electricity,
which
is
a
high
grade,
form
of
energy
into
heat
temper
into
temperature.
That's
wasteful,
but
there's
a
hundred
percent
efficient.
A
C
D
A
E
A
E
A
A
A
A
You're
gonna
get
into
trouble
with
very
basics
like
connecting
LEDs
and
smallbasic,
so
you
can
and
that
make
it
better
in
the
future,
as
we
discover
some
some
pace
that
are
that
when
they
settle
they're
very
highly
conductive,
but
right
now
that
doesn't
really
exist.
There's
at
least
two
orders
of
magnitude
I
think
it's
more
than
two
orders
of
magnitudes
like
100
or
thousand
times
less
conductivity.
It
will
work
for
basics,
but
not
for
power,
not
for
I
power.
It'll
just
evaporate
from
the
heat,
so
yep,
okay.
So
thank
you
very
much.