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From YouTube: OSE Hydraulics - Open Source Microfactory STEAM Camp
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A
The
hydraulics
are
a
means
of
transferring
power,
so
there's
direct
mechanics,
there's
electrical
drive,
there's
hydraulic
drive,
there's
pneumatics
hydraulics
is
perhaps
the
most
torque
dance
kind
of
a
medium
power,
dense
and
torque
dance
of
the
media
of
the
engineer's.
It's
not
a
hydraulics
is
not
really
an
engine.
A
It's
it's
a
way
to
utilize
power
through
through
means
of
high
pressure,
fluid
flowing
through
pipes
through
hoses
and
how
it
works
is
that
you're
you're
using
a
high
speed
end
like
engine
regular,
like
3600,
psi,
spinning
a
pump,
a
pump
with
a
relatively
small
displacement
that
spins
very
fast
and
pressurizes
the
fluid
to
typical
working
pressures
around
2,000
psi
for
the
kind
of
stuff
we
do
around
2,000
to
3,000
is
a
typical
hydraulic
system.
Hydraulics
go
up
to
5,000
and
more
in
high
pressure,
the
higher
end
of
the
hydraulic
spectrum.
A
This
is
different
than
its
kind
of
like
water,
except
water
like
water,
in
your
faucet.
That's
hydraulics
too,
but
you're
not
using
that
to
run
any
machines
you're
using
that
just
as
hydraulic
circus,
that's
water
delivered
to
your
house
and
if
you
irrigating,
that's
that's
also
hydraulics,
but
that's
you
know
maybe
like
50
psi.
10
psi,
so
regular
water,
irrigation
type
of
stuff
is,
is
on
the
order
of
tens
of
psi.
I
am.
B
A
Okay,
great
microphone
is
on
little
track
here,
so
we're
talking
when
we
talk
about
the
power
transmitting
hydraulics
of
interest,
we're
talking
on
a
scale
of
2,000
to
3,000
psi,
typically,
where
cylinders
and
hydraulic
motors
are
rated
for
the
very
common
ones
that
you
get
through
standard
supply
streams,
supply
chains.
The
comparison,
though,
for
a
lot
of
people
to
ask.
Well
why
don't
you
be
designing
electric
tractors?
Electricity
is
the
way
of
the
future
and
so
forth.
A
C
A
Right,
so
that's
that's
a
point
about
how
you're
actually
generating
that
high-pressure
fluid
power
a
lot
of
times.
It
happens
through
simple
engines
so
like,
for
example,
our
power
cube.
We
have
a
regular
gasoline
engine,
an
engine
that
can
also
run
on
other
fuels.
We've
run
it
also
on
wood,
gas,
not
wood,
gas,
but
char
gas.
So
a
charcoal
gasifier
that
we
made.
A
We
also
ran
a
power
cube
off
that,
but
you
can
run
that
off
solar
power,
electric
power,
the
the
generation
of
fluid
pressure,
happens
by
running
a
pump
a
high-pressure
pump,
and
that
the
force
required
to
run
that
pump
can
come
from
anything.
It
could
be
an
engine,
it
could
be,
an
electric
motor
could
be
solar.
There's
good
applications
for
solar
hydraulics
well
talked
a
little
bit
about,
but
the
cost
effectiveness
is
really
there
for
the
heavy
duty
functions
like
tractors
and
equipment.
A
Hydraulics
are
very
good
for
very
dirty
environments,
because
they're
completely
sealed
systems
you
can
think
of
hydraulics
is
the
advantage
of
that.
Over
mechanics
is
that
hydraulic
engines
are
constantly
constantly
lubricated,
because
the
working
fluid
is
in
oil,
so
the
lifetime
of
hydraulic
system
tends
to
be
rather
high
and
good
for
very
dirty
environments,
because
the
systems
are
closed,
with
seals
and
closed
and
closed
systems.
A
The
cost
performance
is
about
Tanna
over
electrical
consider
doing
a
tractor
with
a
big
hi
big
hole,
regular
hydraulics
on
the
tractor
versus
an
electrical
tractor,
well,
the
components
for
the
electronics
between
power,
electronics,
batteries
or
the
actual
motors
themselves
cost.
There
is
much
bigger.
You
can
look
at
some
of
the
comparisons
for
a
hydraulic
motor,
a
typical
hydraulic
motor
that
we
use
may
cost
like
$300.
Maybe
$400
like
the
big
wheel
motors
that
we
use
for
about
40
horsepower
of
power
handling
ability.
Well,
what
will
it
will
do?
A
A
regular
electric
motor
for
at
that
scale
costs
few
thousand
dollars
so
about
a
factor
of
10
or
the
cost
of
the
system,
and
the
simplicity
is,
is
definitely
an
advantage
for
what
hydraulics
can
provide
like
when
I
built
the
first
tractor?
How
do
you
do
that?
Hydraulics
are
highly
modular,
so
I
looked
at
okay.
My
tractor
broke
I
gotta,
build
me
one,
because
I
want
to
control
my
costs
on
my
equipment
and
evaluating
that
electric
is
completely
out
of
the
question
based
on
price.
A
Mechanical
power
is
rather
complicated
due
to
complicated
transmission
mechanisms
and
transmissions
tend
to
wear
out
that's
exactly
what
wore
out
in
a
tractor
and
I
had
to
pay
$2,000
to
get
it
repaired,
and
then
it
broke
again
after
two
weeks.
So
those
are
fragile
systems,
but
hydraulics
are
readily
available
modular
option
that
you
can
use
that
at
relatively
low
cost.
So
the
first
choice
was
okay:
let's
build
a
hydraulic
power
unit.
At
that
point
we
did
not
have
power
cubes.
We
were
thinking
about.
A
Okay,
let's
do
whatever
we
can
and
then
we
went
more
modular
to
self-contained
hydraulic
power
units
within
our
own
frame
that
you
can
interchange
between
different
devices.
But
we
started
with
hydraulics
because
of
their
cost
and
performance
aspects.
We
coupled
the
motors
directly
to
the
wheels
and
built
a
tractor,
a
box
with
wheels
run
on
hydraulics.
A
So
when
you
think
conceptually
about
that,
you've
got
the
frame
the
power
unit
and
wheel,
drive
and
conceptually
it's
simple
and
then
you
can
add
hydraulics
like
cylinders
for
a
loader
arm
and
thus
conceptually
it's
not
super
complicated,
something
that
a
novice
with
basic
understanding
of
the
systems
can
do
and
a
lot
of
farmers
they
deal
with
hydraulics
they're.
Their
tractors
have
hydraulic
power
take-off
to
run
different
machines.
They
also
have
power
take-off,
which
is
standard
standard,
mechanical
shaft,
but
most
farmers
deal
with
hydraulics
and
that
is
a
power.
A
A
A
Six
spline
six
blind
shaft,
that's
how
they
come
these
things
that
stick
out
of
the
back
of
a
tractor,
these
six
spline
things.
What's
a
good
one
like
this
thing
here
that
comes
out
of
the
power
take-off
Wikipedia,
that's
on
the
back
of
a
tractor,
it's
a
shaft
that
you
can
attach.
Are
there
thanks
to
now,
there
are
motors
like,
for
example,
in
our
applications.
You
can
get
a
hydraulic
motor.
That's
got
a
shaft
like
that.
A
Exactly
for
that
purpose,
so
those
motors
are
around
three
hundred
dollars,
so
you
can
power
like
20
to
30
horsepower
for
one
of
these
motors
to
power
all
kinds
of
implements,
so
you
can
take
existing
agricultural
implements.
You
can
attach
them
back
to
the
life
track
or
our
open
source
tractor.
So
let's
take
a
look
a
little
bit
about
hydraulics
101
what
it!
What
are
we
talking
about?
There's
a
page
on
the
wiki
called
exactly
that
hydraulics
101
and
you
can
take
a
take,
a
look
at
some
basic
circuits
and
what
the
components
are.
A
A
Continuing
your
fluid
means
that
you're
not
creating
or
or
losing
fluid.
That's
a
principle.
When
you
design
a
circuit,
you
have
to
make
sure
that
if
you
have
some
fluid
going
into
a
component,
you
better
make
sure
you
have
some
plumbing
that
takes
it
back
out.
Otherwise,
the
system
kind
of
doesn't
work.
Modularity
is
a
great
aspect
of
it,
because
hydraulic
components
can
be
treated
as
as
individual
modules.
What
are
some
basic
hydraulic
components,
so
we
can
go
actually
looking
at
a
place
like
surplus
Center.
A
So
if
you
go
to
surplus
center
comm,
it's
kind
of
almost
like
a
primer
for
what
like,
if
you're,
building
some
hydraulic
device,
its
webpage
kind
of
shows
you
all
the
important
parts
of
a
hydraulic
system.
So
you
start
with
you
got
hydraulic
cylinders
and
motors
as
the
actuators,
the
things
that
actually
move,
but
at
the
heart
of
it
you've
got
hydraulic
pumps
which
to
describe
one.
Let's
describe
one.
A
A
hydraulic
pump
is
a
device
that
you
connect,
so
let's
click
on
a
hydraulic
pump
like
one
of
these,
but
just
to
show
you
let's
go
to
one
cubic
inch
displacement
pump,
so
you
can
click
on
like
one
cubic
inch
and
what
the
price
versus
performance
of
that
is,
but
the
numbers
they're
actually
pretty
good.
It
costs
you
about
a
hundred
bucks.
Ok,
these
are
like
0.55
cubic
inches,
but
at
the
1
cubic
inch
realm
you're
talking
about
handling
about
20,
even
30
horsepower
of
power,
which
is
like
wow.
A
You
/
revolution',
so
the
fluid
compartment
that
you're
pumping
every
revolution
is
one
cubic
inch,
which
is,
if
there's
3600
revolutions,
that's
about
12
gallons
a
minute
or
so.
If
I
recall
right,
it's
about
12
gallons
per
minute,
we're
talking
around
around
that
kind
of
value.
But
if
you
take
a
look
at
one
of
these
pumps,
it's
only
it
fits
in
your
hand.
It's
like
five
pounds.
That's
pretty
amazing
for
handling
like
20
30
horsepower
I
mean
what's.
A
So
if
you
talk
about
an
electric
motor
would
be
like
this
and
300
400
pounds,
I
mean
they
make
more
advanced
motors
these
days,
but
that's
typical
for
a
20
20
horsepower
engine
you're
talking
about
a
hundred
pounds,
I
mean
because
the
pump
is
just
that
the
it's
like
it's,
not
the
source
of
energy.
It's
the
thing
that
produces
the
high
falutin
pressure,
but
the
fact
that
you
do
that
from
such
a
tiny
device,
it's
relatively
inexpensive,
makes
it
wow,
there's
great
opportunities
for
doing
this
at
very
low
cost.
So
you
can
build
some
device.
A
That's
based
on
you
say,
have
an
engine.
You
connect
a
hundred-dollar
pump
to
it
and
a
bit
of
a
fluid
filter,
some
hoses
and
the
costs
can
be
kept
relatively
low,
especially
that
these
components
can
be
reused
and
recycled.
There's
the
thing
that
connects
them
are
hoses
and
fittings
that
you
plug
one
next
to
the
other.
So
let's
go
through
some
some
of
these
more
of
these
components
on
a
surplus
center
page,
so
you
can
have
actually
a
visual
of
what
that
looks.
Like
so
you're
you're,
generating
the
high-pressure
fluid
power
through
the
pumps.
A
Then
you
got
to
control
that
that
power
you
have
valves,
you
can
turn
power
on
and
off
in
two
directions.
Like
you
like
two
directional
valve
bi-directional
valve,
you
pull
one
way
so
a
thing
with
a
leather.
It's
like
a
they've,
probably
seen
these
various
places,
a
one
spool
valve
with
a
lever
that
can
control
fluid
motion
in
one
direction
and
the
other.
A
So,
for
example,
you're,
say
you're
powering
a
motor
can
make
it
spin
one
way
or
the
other
and
a
general
price
point
for
these
valves
is
once
again
it's
about
$100
per
channel
about
$100
per
per
20
horsepower,
or
so
like.
You
can
see
these
one
spool
log
splitter
valve
there
and
okay,
the
ones
yeah
they're
like
a
hundred
or
two
hundred,
some
of
the
first
ones
I
look
at.
But
if
you
took
up
talk
about
multiple
spools
that
you
can
be
controlling
multiple
motors
and
you
can
also
connect.
A
If
we
talk
about
our
automated
systems
for
connecting
Arduinos
to
this
and
making
automation
happen
instead
of
the
operator
actually
pushing
and
pulling
on
those
valves,
you
can
have
a
hydraulic
solenoid,
which
is
a
switch
just
like
a
water
switch
in
your
in
your
washing
machine,
which
turns
on
the
water.
This
thing
the
hydraulic
solenoid,
can
switch
fluid
at
high
pressure
of
2,000
or
3,000
psi.
So
that
would
be,
if
you
go
back
on
the
surplus
enter
you
get
into
the
solenoids
valve
section,
which
is
yeah.
A
A
A
You
have
the
ability
to
you,
your
Universal
controller
small
mark
arduino,
z',
then
connected
to
hydraulic,
saw
as
if
then
you're
handling
many
many
horsepower
for
heavy-duty
machines
and
that's
a
very
useful
thing
to
know,
and
this
kind
of
power
is
well
within
us.
Within
the
realm
of
DIY,
the
prices
are
relatively
low.
These
are
simple,
just
on/off
switches
that
we're
not
talking
about
anything
complex
or,
like
variable
flow
pumps,
we're
talking
about
just
pumps
that
are
on/off
if
you
spin
the
engine
so
fast,
they
pump.
A
So
you
know
accordingly
to
that
to
that
speed,
and
but
it
does
get
you
basic
drive
systems
like
our
tractor,
like
the
brick
presses
and
other
devices
ironworker,
maybe
the
hole
puncher
that
we
build
and
we
also,
for
example,
the
lathe.
In
a
in
the
workshop.
We
put
a
hydraulic
motor
on
that,
so
we
can
run
it
off
a
power
cube
as
well.
So
you
can
use
this
mechanical
power
for
everything
you
can
use.
A
That,
for
like
one
option
we
have
here
is
to
actually
use
hydraulic
motors
as
the
spindle
that
we
mount
on
a
heavy-duty
CNC
mill
axis
because
for
the
very
heavy
duty
applications,
the
the
larger
size
machines,
CNC
machines
are
actually
hydraulic
because
you
need
that
power
and
elect
corresponding
electrical
motors
would
be
much
more
expensive.
So
definitely
call
savings
for
the
much
larger
machines
for
smaller
machines.
B
A
Great
application
of
hydraulics
would
be
a
robotic
arm
which
requires
a
lot
of
strength.
Question
No,
okay,
yep
Michael.
Can
you
get
precise
movie?
Well,
if
you
do
encoders,
you
can
do
that.
So,
just
like
we
can
put
encoders
on
electric
motors,
you
can
do
encoders
on
hydraulics
so,
and
that
would
depend
on
how
you
devise
that
system.
For
example,
the
hydraulic
motor
that's
connected
to
some
kind
of
a
gear
down.
You
can
definitely
put
an
ax
motor
on
that
and
then
you
get
very
precise
motion.
So
definitely.
C
A
Yeah,
why
not?
Why
not
so
definitely
feedback
systems
on
that
we
haven't
done
such
yet.
We
haven't
done
any
of
the
automated
like
tractors,
but
we
have
done
automated
machines,
like
the
brick
presses
at
this
point,
some
more
parts
to
go
through
surplus
centre,
as
the
I
mean
we
source
a
lot
of
stuff
from
surplus
centre,
and
it's
not
exactly
super
reliable
but
for
prototyping
applications.
It's
it's
good
when
you
can
get
low-cost
parts
and
they're
interchangeable,
so
we
use.
A
We
use
a
lot
of
this
stuff
to
get
valves
some
other
valves,
so
you
what
you're
doing
is
controlling
fluid
and
just
to
make
it
once
again
the
analogy
between
fluid
hydraulic,
fluid
power
and
electrical
circuits.
You
can
make
analogies
to
like
to
the
different
components
like
a
valve.
Here's
the
equivalent
of
a
switch
the
hose
is
the
equivalent
of
a
wire
capacitor
is
the
equivalent
of
a
hydraulic
accumulator.
A
It's
a
machine
that
pressurizes
the
fluid
by
through
some
inert
gas
or
some
other
means
or
even
a
spring,
and
it
you
can
pump
a
bunch
of
hydraulic
pressure
in
there
and
it
can
release
it
over
time
to
for
storage.
For
inductors,
you
have
like,
what's
the
equivalent
of
a
hydraulic
conductor,
I
don't
know
what
is
that
for
the
capacitor?
It's
it's.
Definitely
the
hydraulic
accumulator
I'm,
not
sure
what
that
is,
I,
think
there's
kind
of
like
buffers.
B
D
A
Not
sure
they're
for
gonna,
but
you
have
different
things
like,
for
example,
a
diode
in
an
electrical
system
which
is
a
one-way
valve
would
be
the
equivalent
of
a
check
valve
in
a
hydraulic
system,
and
you
can
make
various
other
analogies
to
help.
You
understand
that
between
electricity,
water
and
fluid
power
in
general,
so
for
hydraulic
valves.
What
else
do
we
have?
We
have
flow
control
like
little
needle
valves
where
you
can
turn
down
a
flow,
so
you
can
get
a
particular
speed
to
a
to
a
component
pressure.
A
The
reversal
of
motion
or
the
stopping
of
motion
is
a
huge
impulse
at
that
point,
so
you
want
to
be
able
to
instead
of
like
jerking,
suddenly
to
a
stop.
You
want
to
cushion
that,
so
it
just
slows
down
very
gradually,
and
that
would
be
with
the
cushion
valves
or
pressure
relief
valves
in
the
system.
How
do
you
connect
things
here?
So
you've
got
hydraulic.
A
Yeah,
let's
talk
about
that,
you
got
hydraulic
pumps,
you
got
down
the
circuit.
You've
got
hoses
and
valves.
You've
got
components.
How
do
you
connect
all
of
these
together
with
fittings
and
we'd
like
to
use
Quick
Connect
fittings
a
lot
of
times,
because
you
can
screw
on
a
coupler
that
plugs
in
and
unplugs
under
with
fluid
inside
of
it
with
minimal
leakage?
A
A
So
when
you
make
a
connection,
there's
absolutely
zero
leakage
coming
out
of
that
with
the
ball
valve
style
valves,
you
get
a
little
bit
of
leakage
every
time
you
connect
and
disconnect
the
component,
but
that
is
very
useful
because,
on
the
back
of
a
tractor,
the
hydraulic
takeoffs
mean
you've
got
these
quick
connectors
in
the
back
of
a
tractor.
You
don't
have
to
like
wrench
anything
you
just
plug
it
in
by
hand
by
pulling
back
a
spring-loaded
ring,
and
these
things
look
like
juster.
So
you
can
see
what-what
quick,
couplers,
look
like.
A
These
are,
these
are
red
like
say
this,
this
coupler
one
goes
into
the
other.
You
don't
have
to
do
any
wrenching,
they
simply
snap
into
place
and
it's
very
convenient,
because
now
you
can
have
a
machine
like
a
tractor
and
you
can
be
powering
your
wood
chipper,
your
sawmill
with
it.
You
can
be
powering
your
lathe,
like
you
know,
in
a
right
now
we
can
take
the
live
track,
drive
it
into
the
workshop
and
power,
our
lave
with
lathe,
with
it
through
Quick
Connect
couplers.
A
So
we
like
to
use
Quick
Connect
couplers
just
about
on
anything
here
because
we're
doing
a
lot
of
experimenting
and
prototyping.
So
it
allows
you
to
the
quick,
rapid,
prototyping
activity
there.
So
that's
connections.
Otherwise
you
have
screw
on
fittings.
So
there's
all
kinds
of
fittings
and
adapters,
so
you're
connecting
one
component
to
another.
You
can
be
teeing
out
doing
right-angled
bands
or
other
things,
there's
two
main
types,
one
that
ones
that
are
all
rings
types
where
there's
a
rubber
o-ring
that
makes
a
seal.
A
So
it's
quite
easy
to
make
those
seal
up
if
you're,
using
just
standard
national
pipe
thread,
which
is
the
thread
that
does
not
have
an
o-ring.
They
call
it
like.
The
spiral
of
you
can
have
leakage
down
that
whole
thing,
so
use
thread
tape
on
that
to
make
it
not
leak,
but
those
in
any
case
when
you
make
initially
making
the
connections
the
typical
way
to
do
that.
Is
you
screw
things
in?
A
So
if
you
can
turn
a
wrench,
you
can
make
the
connections
in
the
hydraulic
system,
and
you
have
to
think
about
well
how
much
pressure
do
I
need
to
close
up
half-inch
fitting
verses
like
a
one-inch
fitting,
like
one-inch,
gets
to
be
some
serious
wrenching
happening
there,
but
like
half-inch
water
inch
3/8,
that's
pretty
easy
to
do.
We
typically
run
on
one
half
and
hoses,
which
can
get
you
up
to
about
20
gallons
per
minute.
A
You
might
want
to
do
like
15
or
so,
but
think
about
that
if
you're
running,
20
gallons
per
minute
at
3000
psi
through
a
half
inch
hose.
It's
pretty
amazing
because
this
thing
is
flexible
and
it
looks
like
pretty
weak,
but
it's
transferring
40
horsepower
of
power.
Man.
That's
a
lot
think
about
a
mechanical
shaft.
That's
spinning!
We
use
hydraulics
for
another
reason
that
safety
we're
eliminating
the
idea
of
having
mechanical
connections
that
you
can
get
wrapped
up
in
in
the
case
here.
A
A
Is
possible
I
I'd
say
that
yeah,
if
you
get
in
a
direct
line
of
an
explosion
like
that
yeah,
it's
dangerous,
I
haven't
had
any
soon.
This
particular
explode
here,
there's
hoses
that
that
you
gotta
watch
out
for
because
hoses
will
flex
making
wear
out
it's
a
really
good
idea
to
put
hose
protectors.
So
from
the
hose
side,
that's
the
really
vulnerable
part.
A
Otherwise,
the
metal
I
mean
it's
kind
of
hard
because
for
it
to
just
explode
under
pressure
like
that,
it
can't
happen
by
all
means,
and
it
can
happen
when
you
have
impulse
shocks
like
say:
you're,
you
Ram
your
bulldozer
into
a
tree.
I
mean
that's
going
to
be
a
you
know,
a
big
good
tree.
That's
gonna,
send
some
massive
massive
forces
that
the
even
probably
a
bulldozer
is
not
designed
for
like
just
to
hit
something
and
come
to
a
complete.
Stop.
That's
an
impulse.
A
The
Heaviside
step
function
here,
where
the
changed
the
change,
the
rate
of
change
of
that
with
time
is
so
high,
and
that's
that
corresponds
to
a
huge
force.
This
huge
force.
So
that's
the
kind
of
thing
you
gotta
watch
out
for
under
normal
operation.
If
you're,
not
you
know
so
you're
driving
a
tractor
and
you're,
not
you
know,
you're
just
driving,
you
have
a
you
know,
holds
this
for
the
cylinders.
Next
to
you.
E
E
E
A
B
A
D
D
A
A
Right,
okay,
so
let's
explain
that
we're
talking
about
here
is
called
open
centre
hydraulics.
What
I'm
pointing
you
to
here
there's
a
distinction
between
two
kinds
of
valves
like
so
take
a
look
at.
Let
me
share
my
screen
again:
take
a
look
at
directional
control
valves
on
the
surplus
centre
site.
So
now
you
actually
a
good
question.
You
know
you're
actually
designing
a
circuit
and
you
go
into
circle
centre
and
you
read
what
that
valve
says.
It's
a
once
like.
A
Let's
take
a
look
at
the
first
one,
one
spool
brand
is
the
brand
I
guess
name
double-acting
valve
with
flow
control.
Okay,
I,
don't
know
what
that
is.
I'm
gonna
have
to
look
and
click
on
it
to
see
whether
it's
open
center
or
closed
centre.
So
what
you're
referring
to
is
when
the
valve
is
in
neutral
position,
there's
free
flow
through
it
and
then
it's
because
its
continuity
of
the
fluid,
that's
the
application
of
that
principle,
but
there.
D
D
A
D
A
Exactly
right-
and
you
said
that
if
you
wire
up
the
circuit
in
parallel,
so
that
means
say
you
split
the
fluid
into
two
paths
and
you
have
two
loads
if
one
load
is
much
easier
to
push
than
the
other
you'll
get
all
the
fluid
going
through
there,
because
this
is
continuity
of
fluid
path
of
least
resistance.
A
river
will
flow
like
where
it
can
the
most
easy.
It
won't
flow
uphill,
that's
the
same
thing
here
here:
activating
a
parallel
device.
That's
got
more
resistance
on.
That
is
like
going
uphill,
so
you
get
zero.
A
Two
little
fluid
flow
through
it
now
in
a
in
a
series
circuit.
If
it
goes
through
one
component,
you
can
make
it
such
as
goes
through
one
component
returns
and
then
goes
through
the
other
component,
so
you'll
get
sharing
of
that
power
and
you're
reducing
the
pressure
in
each
component,
but
the
flow
will
be
the
same.
So
if
you're
breaking
up
fluid
flow,
you
get
less
flow.
If
you're
continuing
through
series,
then
you're
continuing
the
same
amount
of
fluid
flow
but
you're
reducing
the
pressure
in
a
parallel
route,
you're
retaining
the
pressure,
reducing
fluid
flow.
D
A
So
back
in
this
is
the
first
tractor
and
if
you
look
at
a
view,
history
well,
how
old
is
this
thing
2008?
So
this
was
done
originally
in
2008,
here's,
the
basic
mechanical
design
with
range
of
motion,
and
then
you
go
down
a
little
bit
the
Ostrow
Strack
open
source
tractor.
Maybe
that's
what
I
called
it
those
another
tractor
out
there.
This
was
based
on
called
CAD
track,
which
was
a
tiny
one,
that
it
was
the
initial
inspiration
for
this.
But
when
I
looked
at
that
it
was,
it
was
basically
like
a
baby
tractor.
A
We
needed
something.
A
little
bigger,
but
I
called
it.
Austrack
for
open
source
track
based
on
cat
track
was
the
other
one.
But
okay
take
a
look
at
the
diagram
click
on
it.
So
what
are
we
doing
and
it's
a
little
bit
complicated?
But
what
you
see
is
we
have
how
many
valves
we've
got
a
to
spool,
open,
Center
valve,
going
to
the
left
side
and
splitting
that,
so
this
is
one
spool.
A
So
you
got
two
levers:
well,
two,
two
spools
on
each
side,
but
one
levers
for
the
wheels
one
lever
is
for
the
wheels
on
that
side.
But
what
you
see
here
with
these
simple
arrows
is
that
out
of
that
valve,
you're
you're
taking
out
this
is
a
conceptual
diagram.
It's
not
using
technical
symbols
but
you're
taking
and
dividing
that
fluid.
That
means
this
is
parallel,
so
we're
driving
one
side
like
that
and
one
side
is
playing
the
fluid
into
the
two
other
on
the
other
side.
Now.
Does
that
make
sense?
I
don't
know.
A
I
think
I
actually
changed
that,
because
if
this
is
an
articulating
tractor
which
it
was
you're
not
gonna,
be
steering
that
I
don't
think
it
makes
sense
to
steer
that
way.
What
you
probably
want
to
do
is
consider
the
front
and
the
back.
That's
two
parallel
units,
so
you
send
all
the
fluid
divide
that
to
the
two
front,
wheels
and
then
send
the
other
fraction
of
the
fluid
and
divided
into
the
two
back
wheels.
Now,
if
those
two
spools
are
in
the
same
valve
I,
don't
recall
this
happening,
you
can
wire
up.
A
Whichever
way
you
like
you,
it's
like
what
makes
sense
for
that
application
in
a
skid
steering
application.
You
want
to
have
you.
We
found
that
this
is
not
a
good
way
to
go,
because
if
one
wheel
gets
stuck
in
the
mud,
it
just
spins,
because
it's
got
less
resistance,
so
this
system
is
gonna,
get
you
stuck
in
a
muddle
all
the
time.
What
you'd
want
here
in
the
system
is
to
go
through
one
wheel
and
then
go
through
the
other
wheel.
A
So
if
one
wheel
spins
out
in
the
mud,
the
other
wheel
is
still
gonna
be
spinning
and
it's
gonna
pull
you
out.
So
that
would
be
like
a
skid
steering
kind
of
a
thing
you
have
to
consider
what
exactly
the
condition
is,
so
you
can
set
up
drive
that
could
be
played
a
lot
with
this
like,
for
example,
if
you
have,
if
you
have
one
spool
valve
you
can
make
that
say:
you
have
an
articulating
tractor
and
a
one
spool
valve,
so
you,
the
control
of
the
direction,
is
independent.
A
You
can
have
one
spool
valve
that
just
does
forward
and
reverse
and
an
articulating
cylinder
gets
you.
The
control
back
motion
control
so
so
two
spools
gets
you
full
control
over
that
tractor,
but
you
can
wire
like
when
you're
going
forward.
You
can
wire
that
in
series
or
parallel,
if
you
want
to
guarantee
you
get
less
stuck,
you
do
it
series,
but
in
series
you're
dividing
up
the
pressure.
So
you
get
less
force,
you
get
more
speed
but
less
force.
A
So
you
you
have
to
kind
of
consider
exactly
how
much
power
you
have
how
fast
you
want
to
be
going
and
so
forth.
But
an
interesting
system
is
using
two
two
valves
to
get
two
speeds
automatically.
So
that's
actually
pretty
interesting
right
now
the
weight
left
track.
Four
is
six.
Rather
the
set
up,
we
can
change
to
two-wheel
or
four-wheel
drive
simply
by
disconnecting
the
the
wheels
well.
A
A
Let's
just
take
parallel,
you
got
back
and
pull
forward
and
forward
and
back
you
have
another
valve
downstream
that
connects
to
one
and
one
side
to
the
one
side
and
on
the
other
side,
I'm
gonna
explain
this
right,
but
I'm
a
little
confused
on
it.
But
if
you
can
design
valve
systems
so
that
if
you
pay
attention
how
you
do
the
parallel
versus
series,
you
can
use
two
valves
with
a
total
of
three
spools
to
attain
two
speeds,
and
this
goes
into
details.
A
I'm,
not
sure
we
need
to
get
into
that
right
now,
but
it's
like
it's
like
an
electronics.
You
can
make
really
weird
things
happen
just
by
putting
resistors
and
capacitors
and
other
things
and
like
routing
things,
a
different
way.
It's
really
like
that
here
because
you
have
the
variability
in
terms
of
say,
you
got
a
four
wheel
machine.
You
can
go
from
anywhere
between,
like
four
like
one
and
four
valves
to
control
the
wheels
you
can
have
a
valve
for
each
SEP
separate
wheel,
so
you
cannot
have
absolutely
full
control.
A
You
can
have
that
being
out
electric,
where
you
have
like
anti
skids,
whatever
is
breaking
or
whatever,
but
you
can
have
one
two,
three
or
four
like
one,
two
or
four
or
product,
probably
common.
So
you
can.
You
can
wire
up
the
system
in
so
many
ways
and
you
can
have
like
a
different
amount
of
speeds
in
each
case
like
if
you've
gone
with
an
tires.
If
you've
got
four
motors
and
you
take
everything
in
series,
then
you
can
be
going
really
fast
with
low
torque.
A
Then
you
can
have
like
a
second
valve
downstream
of
that
is
maybe
two
two
spools
and
now
you're
sending
one
valve
to
the
front
set
of
wheels
one
to
the
back
set
you're
gonna
be
going
half
as
fast
you're
gonna
have
twice
the
torque.
You
have
four
valves
and
you
you
send
like
individual
parallel
fluid
to
each
one
of
those
or
even
just
another.
Another
valve
that's
just
connected
in
parallel,
as
opposed
to
series,
then
you're
going
to
be
going
four
times
as
with
four
times
as
much
torque
with
four
times
less
speed.
A
So
you
can
control
how
you're
delivering
the
fluid
to
all
the
wheels
like.
If
you
have
four
motors,
you
have
four
ways
all
different
like
at
least
one
two
or
at
least
three
speeds
I'm,
seeing
seeing
there
you
have
the
speed
where
everything
is
in
series,
so
you're
going
really
fast.
You
have
the
speed
where
it's
all
in
parallel,
you're
going
really
slow,
but
super
high,
torque
I
think
you
can
divide
it
back
up.
A
So
there's
at
least
three
speeds
in
there
they're
attained
by
how
you
wire
up
the
the
hydraulic
system
with
all
the
different
valves.
So
it's
quite
interesting
because
you
don't
have
to
have
you
don't
have
to
have
gear
downs
here,
it's
like
a
mechanical
transmission.
Typically,
you
have
some
kind
of
a
gear
down
that
you
know
a
transmission
box.
That
does
that,
for
you
with
multiple
speeds.
Here
you
can
do
it
you're.
The
equivalent
of
the
transmission
is
how
you
wire
up
the
circuit,
the
valve
circuit,
that
you're
putting
onto
the
system.
A
So
it
gets
pretty
hairy
and
complicated
in
different
things,
but
you
can
really
do
a
lot
of
different
things
with
a
very
simple
open,
Center
system,
you're
pumping
fluid
constantly
it's
a
closed
loop,
open
center
means
it's
flowing
through
until
you
activate,
and
then
you
send
fluid
to
a
certain
component.
But
yes,
there's
a
lot
of
insights
and
practice
that
you
can
get
on
it.
A
But
the
basic
system
is
okay,
I
have
a
valve
or
say
you
know
simple
system,
skid
steering
tractor
one
valve
for
the
left
side,
one
valve
for
the
right
and
there
you
go
that's
the
start
of
a
decent
system.
You
know,
then
you
can
get
more
complicated.
You
get
familiar
with
that
and
you
start
thinking
hey
what?
If
I
did
this
once
you
wire
it
up?
You'll
see
like
oh
yeah
wow,
this
this
works.
A
This
doesn't
and
then
you
modify
and
you
think
about
it
more
and
then
get
more
complicated
right
now
we're
to
the
point
where,
in
the
first
first
tractor
I
didn't
really
think
that
you
can
have
like
multiple
speeds.
How
do
you
do
that?
We
just
said:
okay,
let's
get
a
tractor
working
at
all
right,
so
that
wasn't
even
a
consideration
right
now
we're
saying
how
can
we
get
one
two
or
three
speeds
low
medium
high,
just
with
no
transmission,
but
just
by
using
hydraulic
valves,
which
is
an
interesting
question.
So.
B
A
I
would
say
you
start
as
always
you
to
start
with
a
design
requirement.
So
you
say:
okay,
what
is
the
like?
You
probably
say:
oh
I've
got
this
engine
I'm
gonna
make
a
tractor.
Maybe
that's
like
a
practical
case
for
a
lot
of
people,
so
you
say:
okay
I've
got
this
much
horsepower.
Then
you
got
to
look
into
some
hydraulic
calculations
to
see
okay.
What
does
that
give
me?
So,
let's
maybe
go
on
to
the
next
section,
which
is
some
basics
of
hydraulic
calculations
in.
A
A
So
you
start
there
so
that
one
of
the
important
things
is
the
horsepower
to
drive
a
hydraulic
pump
and
you
have
a
simple
formula
based
on
what
psi
do
you
want
to
get
a
PSI
refers
to
how
much
torque
you
will
have,
and
so
you've
probably
designed
around
comfortable
value
like
like
around
2000,
psi
and
gallons
per
minute.
That
means
how
much
if
you
pick
out
a
certain
pump,
so
you
got
your
engine
and
you're
picking
out
a
hydraulic
pump.
A
A
A
The
second
one
is
used
to
calculate
the
second
line
here
is
used
to
calculate
the
size
of
a
pump.
Will
the
kind
of
well
the
horsepower
needed
for
a
particular
pump.
The
first
one
is
it
lets.
You
know
how
much
like
if
you
know
that
you
have
a
system,
that's
a
3,000
psi
and
it's
like
one
gallon
per
minute.
You
know
that
system
is
two
horsepower
of
power.
A
Efficiency
is
typically
you
measure
around
85%
efficient
for
hydraulic
systems.
You
can
calculate
hydraulic
motor
torque.
If
you
send
that,
then
your
selecting
motor,
so
you
designing
a
tractor
you're
gonna,
pick
out
a
hydraulic
motor
based
on
first
of
all,
the
gallons
per
minute
that
your
pump
can
put
out
and
the
PSI
that
your
pumpkin
put
out.
So
you
make
sure
that's
that's
there
and
then,
after
you
select
your
motor,
you
can
calculate
okay.
This
is
how
much
torque
I'm
gonna
have
there.
A
By
taking
the
pressure
times
the
motor
displacements
or
like
before,
we
said
one
cubic
inch
displacement
for
the
pump.
That's
for
a
pump
side
side.
The
motors
will
typically
be
more
than
one
cubic
inch.
They're
slower
like
ten
cubic
inches
or
twenty
or
something
it
could
be
anything
above
one
or
even
less
than
one,
but
typically
the
pumps
are
a
very
small
displacement
because
they're
spinning
very
fast
and
the
motors
are
typically
larger
displacement
because
they're
the
ones
spinning
slower
but
putting
out
more
torque.
A
But
you
can
calculate
exactly
how
much
that
torque
you
will
get.
So
you
take
a
look
at,
for
example,
our
life-track
motors,
like
wheel.
Let's
take
a
look
at
wheel
motors,
similar
to
what
we
use
right
now
so
say
you
take
this.
This
beefy45
cubic
inch,
dynamic,
motor
you're,
saying
okay.
Is
that
good?
For
my
tractor?
A
You
look
at
it.
You
look
at
its
pressure.
Okay,
it
runs
at
1500
psi.
Okay,
so
you're
gonna
have
to
set
your
valves
to
release
at
1500,
because
that's
what
the
motor
is
rated
for
if
your
system
is
2,000
psi,
but
it's
got
45
cubic
inch
displacement,
so
it's
gonna
be
quite
strong.
This
thing
is
about
ten
thousand
inch
pounds.
In
other
words,
it's
like
a
force
at
1
inch.
You
would
have
10,000
pounds
of
force.
That's
a
lot
so
at
for,
like
a
20
inch
wheel
at
a
10
inch
radius.
A
A
How
fast
did
I
want
this
thing
to
go
if
I
put
certain
wheel
size
on
it,
and
if
that
thing
is
rated
for
a
hundred
rpm,
you
can
calculate
visible
goals
so
and
so
fast
you
have
to
look
at
the
flow,
because
that
speed
is
comes
from
from
that
particular
flow
of
twenty
gallons
per
minute.
So
if
you
have
that
amount,
you
can
get
your
speed
of
a
hundred
rpm
from
that
particular
motor.
So
if
you
only
have
like
like
a
ten
horsepower
or
something
power
cube
yeah,
you
can
absolutely
use
this.
A
B
B
A
B
A
A
We
were
designing
one
that
had
hydraulic
power,
take-off
motors
that
spun
at
about
400
rpm,
or
so
we
calculated
that
such
a
motor
would
guess
about
50
miles
per
hour,
or
so
so
you
just
have
to
look
at
yeah,
there's
all
kinds
of
motor
sizes
and
shapes
and
forces.
So,
yes,
you
can
make.
There
are
hydraulic
cars.
They
are
not
particularly
popular,
probably
I.
Think
it's
problem
because
of
the
father.
I
think
it's
because
of
the
85
percent
efficiency
versus
a
95
percent
efficiency
of
a
regular
transmission.
A
A
So
the
point
is:
if
you've
got
big
cylinders
like
5-inch
cylinders
with
like
2,000
or
3,000
psi,
the
numbers
that
come
out
there
is
about
20
tons
of
like
40,000
pounds,
they're
very
strong,
so
you
can
really
run
some
high
high
power.
Yeah
just
really
high
force
applications,
and
if
that
cinder
is
bigger,
like
you
can
you
know
it's
correspondingly
larger?
The
force
is
correspondingly
larger
than
that.
So
there's
basics
of
calculations.
B
A
B
A
The
system
hydraulic
motors
are
part
of
our
set.
Actually,
so
that's
one
of
the
50
machines
so
we'd
like
to
make
them
as
well
the
the
idea
there
is
that
you're
milling
the
gears,
because
typically
a
gear
pump
would
be
just
simple
gears,
but
it's
very
precise
I
have
to
mesh
quite
nicely
in
order
to
be
efficient,
otherwise
you're
leaking
a
lot
of
fluid
through
and
it
wouldn't
be
that
efficient.
So
the
tolerances
are
pretty
high,
it's
more
than
normal.
Machining
can
do
so.
B
A
B
B
D
A
Cinders,
you
have
rubber
seals
that
also
give
me
3d
printers.
So
there's
a
great
deal
there,
where
you
can
make
the
machining
happen.
Machining
happens
with
a
CNC
machine
part
and
you've
got
rubber
seals
that
that
can
be
3d
printed,
and
that
would
be
a
great
application
of
3d
printing.
That
can
be
certainly
be
done
so
that
that's
a
certain
case
good
case
for
the
3d
printing
part
and
Aidan
has
designed
the
universal
cylinder
builder.
So
you
can
take
a
look
at
an
open
source
cylinder
where
you
can
select
the
parameters.
It's
on
the
wiki.
B
A
Yeah
he's
got
that
in
free
cat,
so
if
you
have
the
capacity
machine
that
it's
good
and
what
happens
now,
what
is
the
cylinder?
So
it's
an
easiest
way
to
do.
It
is
you've
got
two
two
ends.
One
end
has
a
hole
for
the
rod.
It
will
have
to
be
a
wiper
seal
around
that
you
need
fittings
where
the
fluid
actually
goes
in
one
side
and
comes
out
the
other
there's
a
piston
there's
an
end
cap.
The
tubing
is
that
is
pretty
relatively
precise.
It's
honed,
there's
a
precise,
chrome-plated
rod.
A
A
B
A
Pneumatics
sorry
I
think
less
because
they're
lower
pressure,
so
it's
easier
for
pneumatics
talk
about
hydraulic
diagrams
and
let's
go
sir,
oh
yeah,
I
kind
of
showed
the
diagram
of
the
the
life
track,
but
that's
not
using
hydraulic
symbols.
So
if
you
want
to
get
look
at
look
at
the
real
hydraulic
symbols,
look
at
designing
a
hydraulic
system,
hydraulic
circuit,
symbol,
template.
A
You
can
draw
professional
diagrams,
there's
a
bunch
of
symbols
that
you
can
learn
for
the
valves
and
for
all
of
that,
if
you
won't
get
into
that
necessarily
right
now,
but
you
can
learn
about
like
all
these
circuit
diagrams,
which
show
the
internals
of
how
the
valves
work
and,
on
page
two
so
power
cubes,
is
what
we
use
so
on
a
wiki.
You
have
the
power
cube
page.
You
can
look
at
that
nice
is
that
connected
to.
C
C
A
Can
take
a
look
at
this
nice
video
of
the
power
cube
assembly
to
get
a
get
a
hint
of
what
actually
goes
into
a
power
cube?
It's
a
nice
eight-minute,
full
assembly,
video
and
once
again
we're
using
the
frame
here.
This
was
back
in
the
Stone
Age
when
we
used
angle
for
the
frame
which
we
have
to
since
bound
takes
much
longer
time
to
build
a
frame
that
way
you
want
to
use
flats
and
work
out
of
six
flat
sides,
not
twelve
angles,
just
the
numbers.
A
They
are
scary,
it's
twice
as
many
parts
and
you
have
to
align
them
all.
That
kind
of
tells
you
that
it's
not
as
easy
as
it
sounds,
but
people
think
oh,
it's
an
angle,
that's
the
shape
of
a
frame,
but
it's
not
it's
not
as
efficient.
You
can
take
a
look
at
the
powders.
We've
built
power,
cubes
based
on
gasoline
engines,
regular
gasoline
engine
that
ran
on
char
gasps.
That's
the
picture
on
the
osc
workshops,
Facebook
page
Facebook
group.
A
A
We
did
that,
for
example,
we
plugged
in
a
one
horsepower
power
cube
into
the
wall
in
the
workshop
we
connected
it
to
the
Quick
Connect
couplers
of
life-track,
and
we
drove
the
five
thousand-pound
live
track
on
a
on
a
micro
power
cube
out
of
out
of
a
wall
socket
and
that
thing
moved,
like
you
know
like
30,
some
like
30
feet
or
10
feet
a
minute
very
slow.
But
the
point
was
it
still
had
the
same
torque
you.
Could
it
could
still
move
that?
So
I
was
a
little
experiment.
We
did.
A
You
want
to
if
it's
unmanned,
then
you
can
let
it
just
out,
go
out
there
and
do
its
own
thing.
If
you
have
batteries,
then
you
can
discharge
them
rapidly
to
have
high
power,
so
you
can
do
whatever
you
like,
and
there
I
think.
There
is
a
good
case
for
something
like
that.
If
you
don't
want
to
go
into
the
batteries,
the
slow-moving
autonomous
vehicles
are
a
good
idea,
because
batteries
right
now
are
not
essentially
at
this
point.
They
are
not
a
very
ecological
like
like
for
lithium-ion
batteries.
A
That's
a
lithium
as
a
scarce
resource,
there's
only
200
years
according
to
known
estimates,
but
if
the
car,
the
lithium-ion
industry
really
takes
off
with
a
lot
of
electric
vehicles,
that's
going
to
get
eaten
up
within
decades,
so
go
for
other
things
like
maybe
solar,
hydrogen
or
something
so
designing
hydraulic
systems.
Let's
start
with
hydraulic
instruction
set
simple,
like
you
know,
you
can
do
this
today.
Click
on
this
fab,
2
light.
It's
a
thing
like
here.
We
have
a
bunch
of
hydraulic
fittings
components
like
valves,
hydraulic
motors
and
things
that
we
commonly
use.
A
I
draw
the
coolers
because
you
have
to
dissipate
the
heat
engines
so
right
in
there
like
this,
we
use
as
a
template
for
cutting
and
pasting
parts
when
we
use
a
Construction,
Set
approach,
but
right
there,
you
have
a
bunch
of
fittings
and
couplers
that
you
can
pretty
much
draw
a
bunch
of
these
together
and
design
a
full
circuit
by
including
hoses
in
between
them.
So
we
like
to
take
it
from
this
construction
step
approach.
This
is
useful
because,
for
example,
you
can
draw
up
an
entire.
A
Let's
see
we
started
before
we
go
there,
we
start
a
hydraulic
fittings
library,
so
these
are
parts
in
free
CAD
that
we're
actually
using.
So
that's
that's
useful,
so
that
the
admissible
parts
that
we
know
that
work
for
us
they're
right
in
the
library,
so
you
can
download
this-
doesn't
have
a
lot
of
variety
at
this
point
right
now,
it's
only
seated,
but
that's
where
we
take
every
single
component
that
we
use
and
we
throw
that
into
free
CAD
by
either
downloading
step
files
off
the
internet
or
just
drawing
from
scratch.
A
So
that's
useful
to
build
that
up,
so
we
can
do
full
design
now,
there's
also
hydraulic
visual
Bills
of
material
when
we
design
say
the
the
loader
arms
of
the
power
cube.
This
is
actually
the
loader
arm
module
hydraulic
schematic,
we're
actually
here
breaking
down
into
every
single
component
from
the
power
cubes.
It
opposes
the
quick
connectors,
the
fittings
to
the
valve
more
hoses,
cushion
valve
further
fittings
and
fittings
and
then
hydraulic
cylinders.
This
is
like
broken
down
to
the
very
detail.
A
You
can
do
this
and
it's
useful
because
then
you
can
understand
like
study
this
of
this
I,
don't
think
we
were
doing
too
much
hyperlinking
there,
but
you
can
hyperlink,
though,
so
you
click
on
that.
Okay,
you
get
that
part,
so
we
can
find
out
more
about
it
since
this
example
of
a
visual
Bill
of
Materials,
which
is
useful
for
understanding
things
pretty
quickly.
There's
also
software
out
there,
like
I'll
point
out
one
like
a
drag
and
drop
I
drop
the
real
hydraulic
schematic
software
where
basically
drag
and
drop
well.
A
This
is
an
open
source,
but
for
the
programs
out
there
it'll
be
useful
to
have
these
part
libraries
within
as
simple
as
between
google
docs
or
in
free
cab
or
like
in
libre
cad,
where
you're
just
dragging
and
dropping
these
part
libraries
into
the
design.
So
you
can
do
a
quick
one
using
accepted
standard
symbols.
B
A
A
So
what
about
any
open
source
hydraulic
design
software?
There
is
some,
but
it's
not
there's
summon
in
different
areas.
When
I
looked
up
hydraulic
design,
you
got
other
hydraulic
design
like
not
exactly
what
we're
talking
about
with
high-pressure
hydraulics,
but
these
guys
are
simulating
water
resources
how
water
is
going
to
flow
across
the
surface
yeah.
That's
that's
open
source,
but
it's
not
exactly
high-pressure
hydraulics
Matthew.
D
D
A
A
So
for
hydraulics.
Besides
just
the
hydraulics
analysis,
you
want
to
do
range
of
motion
analysis
like
okay.
If
you
design
a
tractor
like
how
do
how
deep
will
it
dig
with
its
backhoe,
so
what
we
can
do
actually
free
CAD
like
we
did
some
stuff
in
libre
CAD,
where
we
basically
drew
things
up
and
work
that
in
the
brake
hat,
so
you
can
kind
of
get
some
some
ideas
of
what's
going
on
in
the
system,
but
it
turns
out
that
free
CAD
is
quite
good
at
it.
A
Within
sketcher
we
didn't
get
into
constraints,
but
in
sketcher
you
can
draw
lines
of
all
sorts
and
he
can
constrain
something
like,
for
example.
This
thing
will
be
that
long
and
straight,
like
you
have
another
thing
that
long
and
you
can
vary
that
angle.
You
know
you
can.
If
you
move
one
you
can
rotate.
It
say
you
fix
that
pivot.
Then
you
can
rotate
this
arm
around
the
pivot.
A
So
when
you
get
like
really
good
at
that,
just
constraining
what
like
holding
one
thing
steady,
whereas
while
you
move
a
whole
bunch
of
other
parts
depending
on
what
constraints
you
have
on
that,
you
can
completely
simulate
a
design
of
like
say,
you're,
designing
a
loader
where
you
have
to
understand
like
how,
based
on
the
pivot
locations.
How
is
that
thing
going
to
move
in
space
and
time
right?
So
it
got
that
part
of
precut
is
useful
for
range
of
motion
design.
A
Like
I
mean
syringe
like
it
could
be
syringes
or
it
could
be
3d
printed
like
syringes
only
gets
you
so
much
geometry
variation,
I'm
saying
with
3d
printing
you're,
getting
whatever
kinds
of
real
geometries
that
you
have
so,
instead
of
just
like
a
fake
faked
ups,
that
gets
you
some
info,
but
if
your
3d
print,
you
can
have
exact
replicas
of
the
thing
you're
gonna
build.
You.
A
A
It
is
relieved
pretty
quickly
so
protective
clothing
and
eyewear
like
when
I
when
I
Drive,
the
tractor
I,
you
know
I
have
full
body
clothing
and
an
eyewear,
because
I
don't
want
any
explosions
in
in
general,
you
will
around
hydraulics,
especially
if
you're,
building
them
and
and
experimenting
with
them.
You
want
to
protect
your
eyes,
never
had
anything
particular
happen
here
with
with
hydraulics
outside.
Sometimes
people
getting
sprayed
and
gently.
A
What
else
to
say,
mounting
mounting
of
motors
and
hydraulics,
we
kind
of
covered
that
with
and
we're
gonna
cover
a
little
bit
more,
that
we
covered
shafts
and
and
bearings.
We're
gonna
cover
couplers
in
a
little
more
detail,
with
a
critical
thing
about
these
things
like
if
you
can
connect
a
motor
to
a
wheel
or
to
another
or
a
cylinder
effectively
to
move
an
arm.
It's
it's,
basically,
that
it's
pivots
mounting
points
and
how
you
connect
the
components
because
they're
high
force
you
have
to
connect
them
very.
A
A
A
Hose
routing
is
also
a
huge
issue
in
this,
because
once
you
get
your
entire
system
going
and
you've
got
a
bunch
of
hoses,
that's
like
the
next
step.
In
the
final
cleanup,
you
want
to
have
a
neat
system
that
you
don't
have
hoses
all
over
the
place
that
can
break
pinch
or
hurt
you
if
they
they
break
so
hose
routing.
At
the
end
of
the
day,
once
we
get
a
final
design,
we
probably
want
to
run
as
much
of
that,
not
in
rubber
but
in
steel.
A
So
you
get
steel,
hosing
steel
tubing
that
you
Bend
that's
safer
than
hoses,
because
it's
not
as
likely
as
hoses
to
break,
and
it
can
be
attached
firmly.
So
only
the
joints
would
be
hoses
and
everything
that
we
can.
We
keep
it
as
metal
for
a
long
life,
because
hoses
do
wear
out.
They
do
wear
out
with
the
Sun
and
so
forth,
yeah.
A
So
that's
kind
of
just
about
all
I've
got
on
that,
but
really
hydraulics
are
quite
accessible
for
for
people
if
you
want
to
do
heavy
force
applications
and
that
could
be
for
cars
and
tractors.
I'd
like
to
personally
personally
I
do
like
the
idea
of
a
hydraulic
car,
even
though
it
may
be
less
efficient,
say
I'm,
reusing
parts.
A
F
F
E
A
B
A
That's
right,
so
water
would
be
a
great
candidate
if
he
can
get
away
from
a
couple
of
issues.
One
is
that
is
rust.
If
you
use
standard
components
like
standard
parts
are
steel.
Well,
what
about
stainless
steel
there
are.
There
are
systems
that
are
run
on
water,
so
think
about
that
and
design.
Let's
start
running
on
underwater
instead
of
hydraulics,
your
you'll
be
I,
guess
the
limits
there,
some
of
that
might
be
like
freezing
in
the
winter.
So
you
have
to
address
that
issue.
A
Lubricity
is
the
other
thing:
oil
gets
you
a
nice
cushion
between
metal
parts.
Water
doesn't
do
as
well
on
that,
so
there's
more
abrasion,
so
people
have
typically
gone
to
oils.
Now
there
is
good
news
on
the
oils,
because
there
is
such
a
thing
as
bio,
hydraulic
fluid,
and
that
is
canola
oil
with
additives
to
make
it
not
degrade
over
time
so
start
growing
canola.
Unfortunately,
there's
not
a
single
plant
of
non-gmo
kemal
canola
today,
but
there
you
go
also
antonio,
our
variable
displacement
hydraulic
motors,
much
more
expensive.
Do
you
use
them
yeah?
A
You
named
it
because
they're
much
more
expensive.
We
do
not
have
not
used
them
to
date,
because
there
are
several
factors:
two
or
three
or
four
five
times
more
expensive
I
was
looking
for
variable
displacement
pumps
you
can
get
a
hydraulic
pump
for
$100
I.
Think
the
closest
I
ever
saw
was
like
between
500
and
$1000
for
variable
displacement.
I,
don't
even
recall
anything
like
less
than
a
thousand
bucks.
A
Actually
we
did
look
at
a
little
bit
and
if
you've
got
insights
on
that,
maybe
they
went
down
in
price,
but
that
system
is
just
completely
different.
The
complexity
is
there
because
what
you
actually
have
in
stuff,
just
a
simple
gear-
you've
got
a
what's
known
as
a
wobble
plate
which
changes
its
angle
to
pump
variable
amounts
of
fluid.
So
the
Google
it
online
variable
displacement
pump.
But
it's
not
a
simple
rotor.
It's
a
much
more
complex
device,
swashplate
yeah,
so
yeah
we
haven't
used.
We
haven't
touched
it
too
expensive
right
now.