►
Description
San Jose Astronomical Association Astroimaging Workshop. Held on-line in May of 2020.
A
But
first,
oh
also,
we
have
rashi
is
from
sjaa,
is
gonna
help
me
watch
the
youtube
for
questions
and
a
little
later
on
bruce,
who
runs
the
imaging
special
interest.
Group
will
also
be
joining
and
he's
going
to
be
helping
me
demo,
some
equipment
and
software
and
whatnot,
not
after
we're
done
with
the
slides.
A
So
let
me
go
to
the,
but
first
here's
a
little
blurb
about
sjaa.
Let
me
get
my
camera
out
of
the
way
here.
In
this
presentation,
I've
tried
to
include
whoops
switched
off
the
wrong
thing.
There
tried
to
include
qr
codes
wherever
there's
urls,
so
you
can
point
your
smartphone
and
click
rather
than
trying
to
write
down
urls
that
aren't
clickable
in
the
in
the
youtube
stream.
So
san
jose
astronomical
association
sjaa.
We
have
two
main
ways
to
see.
A
What's
going
on
with
us,
one
is
the
sja.net
website
and
then
the
other
one
is
we
use.
Meetup.Com
sj
is
where
all
our
public-facing
events
are
scheduled,
and
you
probably
know
that
because
that's
how
you
rsvp'd
for
for
this
but
you'll,
see
there
that
that
were
a
super
active
club
with
lots
of
things
going
on
which
include
oh
here's
on
the
left
is
what
our
website
looks
like,
and
you
know
there's
tabs
with
resources
across
the
top
and
then
on
the
right.
We
have
the
the
meetup.
A
And
new
this
month,
due
to
the
whole
covet
thing
we
starting
to
have
a
lot
of
online
content,
so
there's
four
different
youtube
channels
at
the
moment.
We'll
work
on
maybe
consolidating
things.
But
you
know
my
my
personal
channel
is
where
I've
been
posting
pre-covered
stuff.
So
that's
the
first
one
here,
and
that
goes
back
to
the
days
when
I
was
just
starting
the
hobby
with
dslrs
and
smaller
scopes
and
all
that
sort
of
stuff
and
then
there's
our
the
general
sja
website.
A
I'm
sorry
youtube
channel
where
you'll
find
this
presentation
when
it's
over
and
additional
things
that
I've
helped
with
the
streaming
on
and
then
we've
got
a
couple
other
sites
of
the
cosmos
channel,
where
basically,
the
intro
to
the
night
sky
and
sites
of
the
cosmos
talks
are
going
to
be
held,
and
then
solar
sunday
has
its
own
channel
at
the
moment
too.
So
those
are
the
live
online
channels.
A
Okay,
so
we
do
in
town,
star
parties
at
hoagie
park
in
san
jose.
We
have
the
quick
start
program
to
help
people
get
started
in
the
hobby
and
find
out
if
they're
interested
in
what
they're
interested
in
before
they
go
and
spend
money.
We
have
a
telescope
loaner
program
which
also
helps
with
that
same
type
of
thing.
A
We
do
school
star
parties
and
we
also
have
monthly
speakers
right
after
our
our
board
meeting
at
hoagie
park
and
those
are
those
are
now
online,
as
well
click
intro
to
the
night
sky
classes.
We
have
a
library
on
site
at
hoge
park
with
astro
books,
including
astro
imaging
besides
my
program,
which
is
more
hands-on
imaging.
We
also
have
the
imaging
special
interest
groups
which
meets
roughly
on
third
tuesdays
of
the
month,
where
we
have
speakers
regarding
astro,
imaging
and
or
group
discussions
and
and
share
techniques
and
whatnot.
A
A
B
A
For
instance,
my
events
without
covid
being
involved
are
at
little
oovis
osp,
as
I
mentioned,
and
then
we
have
dark
site
star
parties
at
rancho,
canada
de
oro,
which
is
one
of
their
open
space
sites.
We
do
have
swap
meets
a
couple
times
a
year,
which
is
fun
good
way
to
to
buy
and
sell
astro
gear.
We
have
solar
observing
once
a
month
on
sunday
at
hoagie
park
that
same
sunday
we
have
fix-it
sessions.
A
If
you've
got
a
problem
with
your
scope,
you
can
come
in
and
get
advice
or
get
help
to
get
it
fixed,
and
then
the
club
does
a
number
of
for
for
members
not
for
the
general
public.
We
have
private
viewing,
slash
imaging
from
dark
sites
from
the
osp
and
and
other
places,
and
all
of
this
you
get
for
just
twenty
dollars
a
year.
So
it's
a
great
it's
a
great
deal.
I
think
so.
Let's
move
on.
C
A
Clicked
a
few
too
many
times
here,
all
right
tonight's
agenda.
So,
as
I
mentioned
normally,
I
do
a
lecture
that
covers
kind
of
all
aspects
of
nighttime
sky
photography
which
might
be
nightscapes
star
trails,
time
lapse
or
somewhat.
You
know,
wider
fields
of
of
the
sky
and
it's
a
lot
of
material
to
cover
and
I've
covered
it
a
bunch
of
times
and
it's
available
online.
A
A
But
it's
it's
a
little
hard
to
to
avoid,
but
we'll
see
how
we
do
and
then
we'll
talk
about
the
hardware
that
that
bruce
and
I
will
be
using
tonight
and
we'll
talk
about
the
software
stack
or
the
combination
of
software.
That
bruce
and
I
will
be
using
tonight-
they're
different,
just
as
our
rigs
are
different
and
then
we'll
do
a
live
demo
of.
Actually,
you
know
taking
some
astro
images
and
as
part
of
that
I'll
be
also
demoing.
A
Some
live
stacking
which
you
might
do
if
you
wanted
to
share
astro
imaging
with
with
an
audience
in
a
in
a
quicker
way
than
your
typical
long
exposure
astrophotography,
which
is
what
we'd
normally
do
for
deep
space
and
there'll
be
a
couple
other
things
thrown
in
along
the
along
the
journey
here.
But
let's
get
let's
get
started
so
light
pollution.
A
A
How
do
we
deal
with
that
and-
and
you
know
being
I
I
choose
to
image
from
here-
because
I
can
have
a
semi-permanent
setup
and
image
from
my
my
office
in
the
house-
an
image
while
I
sleep
and
all
that
good
stuff
and
my
rig's
too
big
to
really
haul
around
anyway.
But
you
know
I
choose
to
do
that
despite
all
this
light
pollution,
and
so
how
do
we?
How
do
we
deal
with
that?
A
So
there,
these
bands
of
light
are
called
hydrogen
alpha,
singly
ionized
sodium,
which
is
called
s2
and
doubly
ionized
oxygen,
which
is
called
o3
and
then
there's
one
or
two
objects
that
are
that
are
hydrogen
beta.
But
for
the
most
part,
imagers
use
just
these
three
bands
and
then
the
the
lighter
colors
here
are
what
your
your
rgb
red,
green
and
blue
filters
would
would
look
like,
and
they
try
to
put
these
notches,
or
at
least
this
one
here
where
some
of
that
sodium
vapor
mercury,
vapor
stuff
might
be.
A
And
so
you
assign
you
take,
you
know
monochrome
camera
with
these
filters,
and
then
you
assign
them
red,
green
or
blue
in
any
combination
that
that
looks
good
to
you.
I
wanted
to
bring
in
here's
if
we
overlay
this
here's,
what
a
light
pollution
filter
might
look
like.
So
this
is
if
you're
got
a
color
camera,
for
instance,
and
you're
not
getting
because
you
have
a
color
camera
you're
not
going
to
be
doing
narrow
band
and
we'll
talk
about
that
in
a
little
bit.
A
A
I
was
just
glancing
at
the
youtube:
there
don't
see
any
questions
yet
feel
free
to
free
to
chime.
In
with
with
questions,
the
other
thing
that
you
can
do
from
light
pollution
is,
is
be
patient
and
collect
lots
of
data.
So
yes,
it's
not
going
to
be.
You
know
you
go
to
a
dark
site
and
image
for
45
minutes
and
come
away
with
some
data
that
you're
going
to
then
process.
A
That's
not
going
to
happen
from
a
light
pollution
area,
but
you
can
get
the
same
end
results
by
just
increasing
the
total
exposure
time.
So
my
rule
of
thumb
now
for
for
here
in
union
city
is
10
hours
of
integration
per
filter.
I
try
to
get
to
that
point
before
I
even
try
to
process
anything
and
yes,
that
might
be
you
know
like
45
minutes
or
an
hour
or
something
equivalent
from
a
from
a
dark
site.
A
But
again
the
upside
for
me
is
with
automation.
You
know
I
can.
I
can
sleep
while
my
rig
does
the
does
the
work
and
so
patience
does
pay
off.
So
as
just
as
an
example
here,
here's
one
of
my
images.
So
this
is
the
eagle
nebula
m15
and
it
contains.
If
you
look
closely
right
here
in
the
center,
you
might
recognize
the
pillars
of
creation,
which
is
a
fame
famous
hubble
shot.
A
In
fact,
let's
take
a
look
so
there's
the
hubble
shot
right
there
next
to
mine-
and
you
know
not
too
shabby
if
I
do
say
so
myself.
If
you
blow
this
up.
Of
course,
the
hubble
is
is
much
more
detailed
because
hubble
doesn't
have
to
deal
with
with
the
scene
in
the
atmosphere
which
we'll
talk
a
lot
about
tonight.
So
it's
crystal
sharp
and
also
you
know
it's
got
a
2.4
meter
mirror
and
I've
got
a
12
inch
mirror
so
anyway,
but
I
can
do.
A
I
can't
operate
the
hubble
from
my
from
my
office,
but
I
can't
operate
my
rig
so
all
right.
So
what
do
we
mean
by
deep
space
when
we
talk
about
astro
imaging?
So
what
we
mean
is
galaxies
and
nebulae
for
the
most
part-
and
I
guess
I
should
include
globular
clusters,
so
those
are
deep
space
objects
versus,
say
you
know
milky
way
shots
or
some
of
the
some
of
the
bigger
nebulae.
A
Even
I
wouldn't
put
in
this
category,
you
know
I
would
call
it
wide
field
like
the
north,
american
nebula
or
the
california
nebula,
or
some
of
the
the
h2
regions
are
bigger.
Some
of
the
dark
nebulas
are
bigger,
but
you
know
galaxies
and
bright.
Emission
and
reflection.
Nebulae
are
what
we
mean
by
deep
space.
A
Unfortunately,
in
terms
of
the
overall
hobby
of
nighttime
photography,
you
know
it
it's
going
to
be
the
most
expensive.
It's
going
to
be
the
most
complex,
it's
going
to
be
the
most
mechanically
sensitive
and
will
kind
of
hit
this
point
again
and
again,
and
that
kind
of
drives
what
what
makes
it
so
fiddly
right
and
there's
because
of
all
those
things,
interacting,
there's
lots
of
failure
points,
and
so
you
just
you
just
deal
so
multiple
software
and
hardware
working
together.
A
A
And
so
on,
the
left
we
have
the
helix
nebula,
which
is
one
of
the
you
know
to
me.
Most
amazing
objects
in
the
sky
because
it
looks
just
like
a
human
eye
with
an
eyelid
and
and
everything
it's
kind
of
spooky,
but
there
it
is
so
also
called
god's
eyes
nebula
and
that's
a
false
color
image
in
the
in
the
hubble
palette.
You'll
see
it
in
a
in
a
lot
of
different
a
lot
of
different
colors
arrangement,
but
this
is
the
one
that
that
I
did
and
then
on
the
right.
A
C
A
So,
to
go
a
little
bit
more
into
the
the
challenge
of
deep
space,
astrophotography
right
so
up
here
on
the
on
the
left,
we
sort
of
have
the
minimalist,
you
know,
put
a
camera
on
a
telescope
and
call
it
good
and
don't
get
me
wrong.
You
can
start
that
way
and
there
are
people
that
get
very
excellent
images
with
not
much
more
equipment
than
just
that.
A
A
What
most
people
are
doing
is
more
like
this
bottom
picture
here
right,
so
they're
hanging
a
lot
of
gear
on
their
mounts
and
they're
automating
everything
and
what
what
that
ends
up
being
is
you
know,
you're,
sort
of
a
jack
or
jill
of
of
all
trades
right,
so
you're
you're,
an
amateur
astronomer
you're.
You
need
patience
and
perseverance,
because
all
this
stuff
has
to
work.
You
know
together.
You
need
to
know
a
little
bit
about
optics.
You
need
to
know
a
little
bit
about
mechanics.
A
You
need
to
know
a
little
bit
about.
Electronics,
you've
got
to
use
computers
and
software.
If
you're
also
into
do
it
yourself
stuff,
you
can
go
nuts
with
3d,
printing
and
adreno
arduino,
sorry
projects
and
similar,
and
then
there's
also
some
some
artistry
involved
when
you
get
into
the
image
processing.
A
So
for
me,
as
a
as
a
silicon
valley
engineer,
it's
kind
of
like
the
perfect
storm
of
a
lot
of
different
things
that
I
like
to
do
so
that's
where
I
got
sucked
into
the
into
the
hobby.
So
those
are
the
challenges,
but
you
know
what
we're
here
to
help
right.
So
sja
is
here
to
help
so
we've
got.
You
know
a
community
of
astro
imagers
that
hang
out
on
a
mailing
list.
Google
group!
That's
for
club
members,
we
do
have
the
fix
it
session
I
mentioned
before.
A
We
have
workshops
and
sig
meetings
and
then
we're
starting
to
have
these
online
resources,
and
then
we've
got
the
there's
a
typo
here,
it's
supposed
to
say,
field
clinics,
private,
imaging
observing
for
club
members.
Only
right,
so
you
can
go,
hang
with
your
club,
buddies
at
a
darkish
site
and
do
imaging
and
help
each
other
out
and
that's
typically,
what
happens?
Is
you
learn
from
each
other
and
and
help
each
other
out
at
these
private
events?.
C
A
So
why
not
just
camera
and
and
telescope
what?
What
is
the
reason
that
you
need
to
go
more
complex
than
that?
Well,
first
of
all,
your
your
terrestrial
camera
daytime
photography.
Camera
is
going
to
be
a
color
camera,
which
means
it's
got
what's
called
a
bayer
matrix
of
filters
in
front
of
the
sensor.
So
every
four
pixels
has
one
red,
one
blue
and
two
green
filters
in
front
of
those
four
pixels
and
that
limits
what
you
can
do.
A
It
makes
it
difficult
to
do
narrow
band,
because
there's
already
color
filters
in
the
way
and
another
issue
with
daytime
cameras
is
that
they
typically
have
a
large
part
of
the
ir
filtered
out.
And
all
of
this
has
to
do.
You
know
why
are
there
two
green
pixels
and
why
is
the
ir
filtered
out
and
all
that
has
to
do
with
trying
to
match
the
camera
sensors
to
the
color
reproduction
of
the
of
the
human
eye?
A
Also,
you
know
certainly
with
the
new
mirrorless
cameras
the
camera
companies
have
made
a
decision
to
put
them
in
the
market
without
so
much
of
the
ability
to
control
them
remotely
with
computers.
It's
not
a
technical
challenge,
it's
something
they
decided
to
do
to
position
them
in
the
market
versus
a
more
expensive
dslr.
A
The
other
thing
that
I
would
note
is
you
know
when
you
buy
a
terrestrial
camera,
you
know
every
year,
there's
more
and
more
megapixels
and
it's
supposed
to
be
better.
Well,
it's
better,
for
you
know
daytime
imaging.
It's
you
know
now
you
can
do
4k
or
even
6k
video
with
these
things,
but
none
of
that
really
helps
with
nighttime
photography
of
the
sky,
because,
what's
really
limiting
your
your
resolution
is
the
roiling
of
the
atmosphere.
A
But
there
are
some
mitigations.
You
know
for
some
of
these
restrictions
that
we
just
that.
I
just
talked
about
right.
So
there
are
for
color
cameras.
There
are
two
or
three
different
manufacturers
doing
either
tri-band
or
dual
band
filters
that
are
sort
of
like
super
light
pollution
filters
that
that
try
to
cut
down
and
just
show
you
the
bands
again
of
the
nebulae.
But
it's
going
to
be
a
little
bit
different
because
of
the
you
know
the
oxygen
3
being
right
between
green
and
blue.
A
They
can't
split
that
out
into
another
color
like
you
would
with
the
narrow
band
and
monochrome
camera,
but
they
do
have
that
and
then
back
in
the
day
when
ccd
cameras
were
very
expensive
and
all
there
was
in
terms
of
dedicated
astro,
some
people
did
take
dslrs
and
modify
them,
and
one
of
the
modifications
was
to
chemically
remove
that
bayer
matrix
and
a
lot
of
cameras
got
ruined
and
you
often
had
sensors
with
some
dead
rose
or
something.
But
you
could
do
that.
A
A
You
know
those
older
cameras
are
all
you
need
and
you
can
buy
those
already
astro
modified.
You
know
with
this
ir
modification
all
day,
long
for
three
or
four
hundred
bucks
on
on
ebay
or
what
have
you
just
check
the
shutter
count
other
than
that
you
should
be
good
to
go,
but
then
that
you
know
the
big
reason.
A
A
Let
me
pop
myself
back
on
here,
and
so
we
need
to
track
the
stars
or
the
objects
across
the
sky,
and
you
know
it
takes
good
mechanics
to
do
that
accurately.
That's
getting
back
to
that
arc
second
accuracy
again,
which
will
hit
again
and
again
so
better
mounts
and
sky
models
are
a
reason
for
that.
Improved
tracking
and
auto
guiding
is
gonna
help
you
get
that
much
more
accurate,
so
auto
guiding
you
know.
A
The
mechanics
of
the
mount
are
gonna
track
at
a
certain
rate
and
that's
it,
but
the
the
so
there's
going
to
be
some
inaccuracies
due
to
gears
and
dirt
and
green
in
the
grease
and
whatnot
in
your
in
your
mount,
but
with
auto
guiding
you
can
correct
for
that
by
having
a
typically
a
second
camera
and
potentially
a
second,
even
a
separate,
separate
telescope
connected
to
your
mount
like
see
right
here.
This
guy's
got
a
guiding
scope
on
top
of
his
main
telescope,
so
he's
got
a
guiding
camera
and
an
imaging
camera.
A
So
the
auto
guider
will
look
at
a
star
and
just
focus
on
that
one
star
and
see
how
it
appears
to
move
relative
to
the
camera
frame
and
it'll
send
corrections
to
the
mount
to
speed
up
or
slow
down
to
keep
that
perfectly
centered.
You
know
back
in
the
days
astronomers
used
to
ride
up
in
the
cage
of
of
their
telus,
the
big
telescopes
and
with
a
joystick
manually
with
their
eye
glued
to
you,
know
a
finder
scope
and
manually
keeping
the
star
on
the
on
the
crosshair.
A
So
today
we
have,
we
have
auto
guiding
software
to
do
that,
for
us
also
auto
focus.
So
you
know
with
this
rig
up
here
I
mentioned
you
know
you
could
get
focused
with
the
aid
of
a
baton
off
mask
or
something
at
the
beginning
of
the
night
and
you'd
be
good
to
go
for
a
while.
But
what
happens
is
the
temperature
changes
as
the
as
things
cool
off,
and
so
that
means
things
shrink,
and
so
that
actually
changes
your
your
focus
point,
and
so
you
would
have
to
keep
focusing
periodically
over
the
night.
A
A
So
that's
just
part
of
the
this
whole
automation
that
we'll
talk
about
next
here
right.
So
we
want
to
automate
everything
so
that
we
can
do
things
like
you
know
all
night
imaging.
So
when
I
first
started
in
this
hobby
again,
dslr
great
dslr
control,
program,
backyard,
eos
or
backyard
nikon,
you
know
I
could.
I
could
track
and
object
across
the
sky
up
to
the
meridian,
which
is
the
you
know,
the
the
zenith.
A
Unless
I
wanted
to
stay
up
and
manually,
do
that
meridian
flip
to
come
back
around
through
polaris
and
and
back
the
other
way,
and
that
has
to
do
with
german
equatorial
mounts
which-
which
I
don't
really
cover
in
this
talk,
but
all
of
the
the
astro
imaging
mounts
or
let's
say
95
percent
of
them
are
german
equatorial
mounts.
They
can't
cross
the
the
meridian
directly.
They
have
to
go
back
through
polaris
and
come
at
it
from
the
from
the
other
side
to
avoid
banging
the
camera.
A
If
you've
got
a
long,
refractor
banging
the
camera
into
the
mount
leg
or
something
so
without.
If
you're
gonna
sleep
through
that
meridian
flip,
you
need
a
bunch
of
automation
right
because
you
need
to
you
know,
stop
tracking
turn
off
the
auto
guide
or
you
know,
slew
do
the
do
the
meridian
flip
come
back
around
get
back
on
your
target
turn
the
auto
guiding
back
on.
You
know
maybe
check
the
auto
focus
because
you
had
mirror
flop
or
or
something
you
know.
A
A
A
C
A
All
right,
oh,
I
must
have
neighbors
streaming
netflix
or
something
okay.
So
I
was
saying
the
first
point
that
that
I
want
to
make
you
know
about
an
astro
imaging
system.
You
know
well
you're,
probably
thinking
oh
well,
what
telescope
and
what
camera,
but
that's
really
not.
The
first
thing
you
want
to
think
about
the
most
important
thing
is
the
mount
it's
all
about
the
mount,
and
this
is
where
we
come
back
to
this.
You
need
this
arc.
Second
accuracy
right.
A
A
A
You
know
if
you're
gonna
spend
more
than
10k
and
people
people
do
you
know,
then
maybe
it's
like
50
on
them
out,
but
the
you
know
the
mount
should
be.
The
first
thing
you
pick
and
the
most
important
thing,
because
your
hobby
is
going
to
be
so
much
easier
and
so
much
enjoyable.
If
you're
not
fighting
the
mount
to
get
good
tracking
and
to
get
round
stars
to
get
good
guiding,
it's
just
so
much
more
enjoyable
with
a
quality
quality
mount.
A
But
then,
when
you
want
to
upgrade
you,
don't
only
are
going
to
be
upgrading
your
telescope,
but
you're
also
going
to
have
to
upgrade
the
mount
because
the
payload
it
might
be
accurate
enough,
but
the
payload
capacity
isn't
going
to
be
enough
as
you
as
you
move
up.
So
you
know,
buying
buying
amount
once
instead
of
buying
it.
A
You
know
the
the
atlas
pro
is
really
the
minimum
amount
that
that
I
would
recommend
and
there's
you
know
the
the
capacity
and
some
of
the
upgrades
that
that
mount
has
the
belt
drive
the
saddle,
the
extra
thick
counter
weight,
et
cetera,
et
cetera,
that
you
would
have
to
add
to
a
lesser
amount.
You
know
make
make
it
a
a
good
package
deal,
and
so,
but
you
know,
spending
think
about
spending
around
two
thousand
dollars
on
an
amount
as
a
minimum.
A
B
Click
glenn.
I
just
want
to
quickly
interject
yeah.
Some
people
want
to
do
like
very
wide
field,
deep
sky
and
there
are
less
expensive
options
if
you're
doing
a
dslr
with
a
camera
lens
at
this
point
and
that's
a
good
way
to
start
actually
for
a
lot
of
people.
So
you
might
want
to
talk
about
that.
The
star
adventure,
okay,.
A
Yeah
again,
thanks
bruce
this.
This
talk
is
mainly
on
the
deep
deep
space
stuff
and
we'll
talk
about
fields
of
view
and
stuff
in
a
little
bit
here,
but
yeah,
certainly
for
a
dslr
and
a
small
refractor
or,
like
bruce
said,
a
camera
lens.
There
are
less
expensive
ways
to
go
which
make
it
very
portable
and
lightweight.
A
But
again
that
that's
limited
with
with
what
you
can
do,
you
know,
in
terms
of
when
you
start
to
do
galaxies
and
and
nebulae
okay.
So
let's
move
on
to
the
telescope,
so
there's
kind
of
two
schools
of
of
thought.
One
school
of
thought
is,
you
know,
hey.
This
hobby
is
hard
enough.
Let's
not
start
with
a
super
long
focal
length.
That's
that's
going
to
be
fiddly,
you
know,
let's
start
with
a
small,
inexpensive
refractor
and
have
a
wider
field
or
even
like
bruce,
was
saying
a
camera
lens.
A
You
know
again,
depending
on
what
your
your
your
goal
is
in
terms
of
of
objects,
and
so
you
know,
aperture
is:
is
king
and
the
biggest
aperture
bang
for
the
buck
is
going
to
be
some
type
of
reflector
and
the
most
popular
ones
for
imaging
are
are
either
rc's
or
sct's.
Now
we
can
talk
about
the
variations
of
those
and
imaging
newtonians
and
and
whatnot,
but
from
for
my
money,
rcs
are
the
are
the
biggest
bang
for
the
buck
and
and
then
scts
are
quite
popular
as
well.
A
That
said,
you
know:
big
refractors
are
less
fiddly
in
terms
of
something
called
collimation,
you
know,
keeping
all
the
optical
components,
aligned
they're
easier
to
to
operate
and
maintain,
but
they
do
cost
more
for
the
most
part,
and
you
know
they
make
beautiful
images
with
no
diffraction
spikes.
If
you
don't
like
diffraction
spikes,
then
you
get
a
big
refractor.
A
So
bruce
this
is
actually
a
picture
of
bru.
Let
me
put
my
mouse
on
the
right
screen,
so
you
can
see
it
here.
This
is
actually
a
picture
of
bruce's
rig,
which
one
of
bruce's
rigs,
which
is
a
pretty
much
the
the
biggest
amateur
refractor
right,
is
a
152
inch,
triplet
yeah.
So
that's
an
amazing
scope,
okay
and
then
there's
also
one
other
flavor
that
we
can
talk
about
that's
becoming
kind
of
popular
and
it's
pretty
new.
A
A
I
eventually
fumbled
up
my
way
around
to
that.
Okay,
great
yeah-
and
you
know
this
is
you'll-
see
the
cameras
on
the
front
of
this
thing
which,
which
causes
its
own
set
of
problems
right.
You
can't
have
a
big
filter
wheel.
There
you
got,
you
know.
If
how
are
you
gonna
get
your
wires
in
and
out
of
there
without
causing
diffraction
spikes?
A
You
don't
like
or
something
you
know
so
there's
and
and
it's
it's
so
my
thing
is
it's
like
a
race
car
right,
it's
extremely
high
performance,
but
it's
also
very
fiddly,
right,
very
precise,
spacing
and
alignment
and
all
that
stuff
to
to
get
that
performance
out
of
it
might
be,
you
know,
is,
I
should
say,
a
good
eye.
If
you're
going
to
do
one
shot
color,
you
know
that's
an
awesome
scope
and
they
come
in
8
and
11
inches.
A
A
A
A
So
this
is
a
cool
chart,
often
used
right
so
you're.
If
you
hold
your
fist
up
at
arm's
length
it
it
covers
about
a
10
degree
space
of
of
the
sky
right.
So
then
we
can
go
down
to
one
degree,
with
your
pinky
finger
and
then
from
there
we're
off
into
the
arc
minutes
and
and
arc
seconds
and
remember
we
said
the
the
arc.
Second
is
a
golf
ball.
Nine
kilometers
out
and
I've
got
another
analogy
for
that
as
as
well.
A
So
when
we
come
to
then
the
field
of
view,
this
is
means,
you
know
what
is
your
telescope
going
to
be
able
to
see
on
the
sky,
so
you
kind
of
need
to
know.
Well
what
is
it?
What
are
the
sizes
of
things
on
the
sky,
not
in
terms
of
light
years,
width
or
something,
but
because
you
know
how
they
are
on
the
sky
depends
on
how
far
away
they
are,
how
close
they
are
not
just
on
how
big
they
are
right.
A
A
A
You
can
count,
maybe
there's
20
or
something
I
don't
know
so,
there's
a
few
of
those
but
most
galaxies
and
bright
nebulae
are
you
know
in
tens
of
of
arc
minutes,
they're
not
degrees
across
their
tens
of
arc
minutes
across
and
then
there's
even
smaller
objects
that
you
might
want
to
image.
A
planetary
nebula
and
you
know
smaller
galaxies
further
away.
Galaxies
tend
to
be
less
than
say
six
arc
minutes
across.
A
So
you
know
it's
hard
to
say
what
people
have,
but
I
I'd
say
your
typical
deep
space
field
of
view
might
be
30
to
60
arc
minutes
across.
So
here's
a
couple
examples,
so
you
know
on
the
wider
side,
this
is
kind
of
an
iconic
framing
of
m81
and
m82
right.
So
you
get
two
galaxies
in
one
frame
and
you're
going
to
need
about
60
arc
minutes.
A
But
that's
you
know
this
is
31
and
a
half
by
24
say
say:
arc
minutes
right
so
somewhere
between
those
two
is
what
you're,
you're,
typically
going
to
want
to
shoot
for
to
get
most
deep
space
objects
without
having
to
do
mosaics
or
frames.
You
know
multiple
frames
of
these
to
put
together,
put
together
a
picture.
C
A
A
A
Okay,
so
again
we
talked
about
on
the
surface
of
the
earth
as
opposed
to
like
the
hubble
space
telescope.
You
know
seeing
this
roiling
of
the
atmosphere
limits.
Our
resolution
and
the
typical
it's
scene
is
measured
in
in
arc
seconds
and
typical
amateur
scene,
and
by
that
we
mean
you
know
down
on
the
on
the
ground
or
maybe
a
mountaintop,
but
not
a
carefully
planned
observatory
site
right
observatory
sites
are
very
carefully
planned,
not
just
to
be
high
up
in
the
air,
but
to
have
this
laminar
laminar.
A
That's
a
typo
two
arc.
It
should
say
two
arc
seconds
so
therefore
using
sampling
theory,
the
what
you
need
to
do
to
get
that
maximum
resolution
in
a
photo
would
be
to
have
one
arc
second
per
pixel,
so
one
pixel
on
your
camera
would
see
one
arc
second
of
sky,
and
so
we
go
back
to
you
know
after
a
certain
point,
more
pixels
don't
help
because
you
can't
get
any
finer
resolution
because
of
the
of
the
scene.
A
So
there's
a
couple
things
that
that
you
can
do
about
that,
because
what
what
happens
is
modern?
Sensors
get
have
more
and
more
pixels
as
the
pixels
get
smaller
and
smaller
and
it
becomes
actually
difficult
with
the
modern
cmos
cameras
to
to
have
even
you,
you're
always
going
to
be
over
sampling
you're
going
to
have.
A
You
know
like
half
an
arc
second
per
pixel
or
0.4
or
0.3,
or
something
so
one
of
the
things
that
astrophotographers
typically
do
for
deep
space
is
they
add
a
focal
reducer
which
can
can
help
you
get
back
more
towards
this
one
arc?
Second
per
per
pixel
rule
of
thumb
right,
so
it's
going
to
lower
the
focal
ratio
ratio.
It's
going
to
widen
your
field
of
view,
but
it
will
eat
back
focus
and
back
focus
is
where
I
drew
the
line
on
this
being
beyond
the
the
scope
of
the
this
particular
lecture.
A
Okay,
I
already
talked
about
the
the
pixels
are
really
small
these
days
and
so
there's
a
number
of
ways
to
to
calculate
both
the
the
field
of
view
and
the
arc
seconds
per
pixel.
So
I've
posted
the
the
formulas
here
on
the
slide.
But
you
know
that's
the
the
hard
way
so
there's
lots
of
you
know
stellarium,
as
a
planetarium
program
can
do
this.
There's
lots
of
web
pages
and
other
online
facilities
calculators
that
can
that
can
do
these
calculations
for
you.
A
There
isn't.
Excuse
me,
there's
an
older
program
called
ccd
calc,
that's
really
nice
and
it
also
has
like
stellarium
it'll.
Show
you
the
images
of
your
your
target.
You
know
what
they
look
like
in
a
in
a
field
of
view.
There's
a
one
of
the
telescope
simulator
sites.
I
forget
which
one
there's
probably
more
than
one
does
a
similar
thing.
A
So
you
can
you
can
try
out
different
combinations
of
stuff
there
and
we'll
talk
about
another
way
in
in
a
minute
and
then
the
other.
The
other
point
I
want
to
make
here
when
considering
cameras
and
stuff
is,
you
know,
sensor
size
really
drives
the
cost,
and
it
does
so
for
like
three
or
four
reasons
right,
so
you
can
get
a
great
astro
cam
and
I'm
referring
here
to
the
zwo
asi
1600
is
a
super
popular
astro
camera.
A
A
So
just
the
cost
of
the
camera
you
know
goes
up
as
you
as
you
increase
sensor
size,
but
there's
some
other.
You
know
effects
that
happen
too.
So
you
need
bigger
filters
right,
so
you
might
get
away
with
a
one
and
a
quarter
inch
or
maybe
31
a
millimeter
filter,
for
you
know
that
four
thirds
inch
sensor.
A
A
Oh,
I
see
50
50
millimeters.
This
should
say:
yeah
got
it.
Five
nanometers
1.25
inch
filter.
This
is
five
nanometers
50
millimeters
for
that
full
frame
sensor.
You
know
you
jump
from
460
dollars
to
725
dollars,
but
wait.
You
know
you
need
six
or
seven
filters
to
cover.
You
know
the
rgb
and
the
narrow
band
and
everything
so
that
can
really
multiply
the
cost
of
your
of
your
rig
and
and
of
course,
you
need
a
telescope.
That's
going
to
produce
an
image
circle
at
prime
focus.
A
That
is
what
we
call
flat
to
that
same
width
right.
So
it's
one
thing
to
make
a
telescope
that
makes
a
small
image
circle
that's
flat,
but
it's
more
difficult
and
costly
to
produce.
You
know
a
bigger
flat
image
circle,
so
you're
going
to
spend
more
on
the
ota
you're
going
to
need
a
larger
focuser
if
you're
using
a
focal
reducer
you're
going
to
need
a
larger
focal,
reducer,
flattener
and
you're
going
to
need
larger
filters.
So
all
those
things
are
driven
by
this
by
the
size
of
the
sensor.
A
A
So
here
you
see,
I
searched
for
a
canon,
t3i
right.
So
it's
giving
me
all
images
that
were
taken
with
the
camera
with
a
canon
t3i.
So
you
could
you
could
search.
You
know
what,
if
I
bought
this
rc
and
and
an
asi
1600.
What
can
I
do
with
that?
And
what,
if
I
had
a
focal
reducer
or
didn't,
have
a
focal
reducer?
A
So
then
you
can
search
and
see
what
people
people
are
doing
and
and
to
also
you
know
they.
They
have
this
technical
card.
That
tells
you
more
details.
Well,
what
filters
did
they
use?
How
many
exposures
did
they
take?
How
long
were
they
did
they
cool?
What
temperature
did
they
cool
to
and
all
that
all
that
stuff
you
can?
You
know
what
was
the
arc
seconds
per
pixel?
All
of
that
information
is
available
here
on
on
astra
bin.
A
All
right
so
again
tonight
we're
going
to
be
using
a
couple
different
rigs.
My
rig
here
in
union
city
is
this
12
inch
rc
truss
again,
the
rc
is
the
same
optical
design
as
the
hubble
space
telescope.
It's
the
optical
design
that
is
used
by
most
modern
observatory
telescopes,
although
they
you
know
they
may
have
segmented
mirrors
or
whatnot,
but
in
general
they're
this
richie
crichton
design
optical
design.
A
A
A
Okay
and
if
we
zoom
in
a
little
bit
here,
you
know
I'll
call
this
the
the
instrument
package
right
and
I
started
calling
it
that,
because
I
actually
have
a
small
refractor
that
I
can
take.
You
know
this
whole
section
off
and
put
it
on
the
small
refractor
and
do
wider
wider
field
stuff.
But
this
is
my
instrument
package,
so
you
know
there's
a
focuser
here
and
then
I
have
do
it
yourself
made
that
into
a
rotator
with
3d
printed
parts
and
stuff.
A
A
And
then
we
have
something
called
an
on
axis
guider,
so
you
may
have
heard
of
off
axis
guider.
This
is
an
on
axis
guider.
So,
basically,
what
it
is
is
that
what's
called
a
cold
mirror
at
a
45
degree
angle
and
the
reason
it's
called
a
cold
mirror
is
the
cooler
wavelengths
of
light,
namely
visible
light
come
in
here
and
bounce
off.
A
As
for
your
imaging
camera,
and
that
way
you
don't
have
to
worry
about
finding
guide
stars,
which
is
something
that
you
might
have
to
do.
If
you
have
an
off
axis
guider,
okay-
and
we
just
have
a
a
different
camera
angle
here
again,
showing
you
know
the
some
of
the
rotator
stuff
and
the
electronics
for
the
rotator
filter,
wheel
and
imaging
camera.
A
He
has
a
commercial,
focuser
and
rotator
combination,
a
moonlight
night
crawler
and
then
he's
got
the
same
focal
reducer
and
the
same
on
ag,
and
it
looks
like
a
zwo
filter
wheel
and
it's
probably
a
asi
something
cwo
camera
on
there,
and
then
he
has
the
the
guide
camera
on
the
back
of
the
the
on
egg.
So
that's
a
very
similar
instrument
package
to
what
I'm
I'm
running.
C
C
A
C
C
A
A
C
A
A
When
you
rotate
that
package
you'd
manually
you'd
have
to
recalibrate
your
auto
guider,
because
you've
now
rotated
how
it
relates
to
the
mountain
and
everything
right.
The
camera
has
moved
against
the
sky
and
the
mount
model
and
all
that,
but
with
a
electronic
rotator
it
can
keep
track
of
and
report
hey
I've
now
rotated
30
degrees
and
phd2.
The
auto
guiding
software
will
see
that
and
compensate
for
it.
So
you
don't
have
to
to.
A
Yep,
okay,
let's
move
on
and
we're
getting
close
folks
we're
getting
close
to
the
to
the
to
the
demo.
So
hang
with
me
a
little
bit
further
here.
So
let's
talk
about
the
software
side
of
things
for
a
minute.
So
these
days
there
are
lots
of
choices.
In
fact
it's
a
embarrassment
of
riches.
I
guess
you
would
say
it.
It
seems
like
there's
just
so
many
things.
I
can't
like
try
them
all
and
see
which
one
one
is
best.
You
know
it
used
to
be
in.
In
my
world
view.
A
You
know
it
was
backyard
nikon
and
backyard
eos
for
dslrs
and
sequence
generator
pro
for
everything
else,
and,
and
there
were
more,
but
those
were
the
big
ones
right.
But
now
you
know
you.
First
of
all,
you've
got
multiple
platforms.
Right.
You've
got
raspberry,
pi
some
people
image
with
their
smartphones
or
tablets.
A
You've
got
always
had
windows.
People
want
to
use
macs,
there's
linux,
you
know
so
there's
all
these
different
platforms
now
and
you
know
now-
there's
free
and
open
source
or
commercial
software
for
doing
all
this
stuff
and
what's
gonna,
you
know,
drive
some
of
that.
Those
choices
are
gonna,
be
you
know,
are
you
going
to
do
the
the
dslr
or
mirrorless
camera
versus
a
dedicated
astro
camera,
and
what
is
the
level
of
automation
that
that
you're
going
to
try
to
achieve
you
know?
A
You
know
stay
up
all
night
and
do
things
manually
or
are
you
gonna
sleep
and
and
let
it
do
its
dudes
automated
thing
and
then
there's
also
the
choice
of
you
know
point
solutions
versus
all
in
one
type
of
thing
right
so
do
you
want
to
buy
one
program,
that's
going
to
do
it
all
or
or
even
a
free.
You
know
open
source
program.
That's
going
to
do
it
all
or
do
you
need
individual
programs
that
are
really
super
good
at
just
their
one
or
two
or
three
tasks?
A
A
Eco,
slash
indy
has
a
bunch
of
bunch
of
names.
But
but
that's
you
know,
it's
an
all-in-one
runs
on
all
platforms.
Open
source,
you
know,
runs
on
a
raspberry
pi,
you
know
so
those
those
are
you
can
even
buy
it
as
an
as
an
appliance
that
you
know
is
gonna
run
from
your
smartphone
right,
asi,
air
or
stellarmate
would
be
examples
of
raspberry
pi's
that
come
with
k-stars
pre-installed.
A
So
that's
one
approach.
I
mentioned
the
backyard
eos
and
and
nikon
and
there's
another
popular
one
called
apt,
and
that's
the
one
that
I
think
that
has
sort
of
reversed
engineered
the
mirrorless
cameras.
I
don't
have
any
first
hand
experience
with
that,
but
when
I
say
when
I
tell
people
that
mirrorless
cameras
can't
be
used,
they
they
tell
me
that
apt
can
can
do
it
so
great,
and
then
you
know
sort
of
the
more
traditional
lots
of
automation.
A
Examples
would
be,
you
know:
sequence
generator
I
mentioned
which
I'll
be
demoing
tonight.
There's
a
new
comer
open
source
nina,
that's
very
popular
bruce
is
gonna,
be
for
the
for
the
first
time
I
think
using
voyager
tonight
and
then
there's
kind
of
a
an
oldie
but
a
goodie
right.
So
the
the
professional
observatories,
the
the
itelescope.net
and
and
telescope
live
and
other
things
that
are
that
are
built
to
be
remotely
operated,
are
probably
running
maxim,
dl
and
and
acp.
A
A
Let
mount
leveling
on
and
on.
Okay,
we're
we're
going
to
follow
objects
right,
so
we're
going
to
use
the
auto
guider
for
that
and,
as
I
mentioned,
that
you
know,
improves
and
works
with
the
mount
driver
to
more
accurately
track
the
objects
as
as
they
move
across
the
night
sky,
we're
going
to
focus
on
objects.
A
So
you
have
to
you,
know,
manage
all
of
that
and
and
then
for
the
fifth
f.
I
came
up
with
film
film
objects,
which
is
you
know,
you
gotta
make
sequences
of
exposures
and
filters
to
put
this
all
together
right.
So
how
many
of
of
how
long
exposures
and
of
what
filter
you
know
are
going
to
make
make
my
target
image.
So
those
are
the
things
that
that
this
software
stack
needs
to
do
for
you.
C
A
So
what
I'm
going
to
be
showing
you
tonight
in
terms
of
the
software
stack,
is
I'm
going
to
be
using
stellarium,
which
is
a
free
planetarium
program,
I'm
going
to
be
using
eq
mod,
which
is
a
free
mount
driver
for
those
orion
sky,
watcher,
sinta,
oem,
flavors
of
of
mount
and
I'll
be
using
push
here.
Dummy
version
two
is
the
auto
guider
software.
A
Okay,
phd2
is
how
people
usually
say
it,
and
I'm
also
going
to
be
doing
a
focus
lock,
although
I
will
demonstrate
sgp
doing
autofocus,
but
focus
lock
is
how
using
that
on
ag
device.
How
I
continuously
real
time
focus
all
through
the
all
through
the
night
and
even
during
imaging
it's
adjusting
the
the
focus,
okay
and
then
I'll,
be
using
sequence
generator
to
do
everything
else,
and
I
will,
on
top
of
that
I'll,
be
showing
some
live
stacking,
that
this
was
a
something
we
put
together
to
do.
A
The
visual
star
party
online
flavor
of
our
events,
and
so
this
was
a
way
of
getting
a
color
image
up
on
the
screen
in
a
hurry,
even
though
we've
got
mono
monochrome
cameras
with
with
filters.
So
we'll
talk
about
that
and
that's
I've
only
found
one
piece
of
software
that
does
that
it's
called
astro
toaster,
it's
free
and
it
works
with
another
piece
of
free
software
called
deep
sky
stacker.
A
A
A
A
Yeah,
any
other
questions
rob
says
he
recognized
one
of
his
images:
yeah
it
was
his
m81
and
m82.
That's
one
of
the
things
that
that
you
know
I've
done
with
stellarium
and
if
you
download
stellarium
and
you
download
the
user
guide,
and
you
look
at
chapter,
eight
you'll
see
my
name
because
I
wrote
chapter
eight
in
chapter,
eight
or
part
of
chapter
eight
part
of
chapter
eight
is
about
putting
your
own
images
into
stellarium
or
maybe
there's
an
image.
You
love
off
of
astra
bin.
A
That's
not
yours,
but
you
really
love
it
and
so
how
to
put
those
images
in
stellarium
accurately
on
the
sky,
so
that
all
the
stars
line
up
and
when
you
go
to
look
at
well.
What
does
m81
m82
look
like
in
my
field
of
view
and
stellarium
you'll
get
you
know,
rob's
image,
should
you
choose
or
or
your
own
so
anyway,
I
did
that
a
while
ago-
and
that
comes
with
python
scripts
and
stuff
to
to
make
that
happen.
A
But
then,
recently
I've
started
curating
a
list
of
sjaa
astro
imager
photos
and
putting
them
in
stellarium.
So
far,
we've
got
68
deep
sky
objects
in
there
and
I'll
probably
keep
keep
growing
that
so
it's
just
kind
of
fun
to
to
go
in
stellarium
and
see
somebody.
You
know
their
image
in
there
in
that
planetarium
program,
so
yep
all
right.
So
let's
dive
into
it
here.
A
A
So,
for
instance,
you
know,
sjaa
has
a
number
of
places
where
we
typically
have
star
parties
and
private
viewing
events.
So,
for
instance,
here's
you
know
the
the
sidewalk
at
hogey
park
in
san
jose
and
that
sidewalk
points
north,
and
this
is
where
they
do
the
in-town
star
party.
So
there's
a
a
landscape
for
that
right
and
then
you
know
we
were
looking
at
rcdo
a
minute
ago
and
what
do
we
have
coyote
valley?
A
Anyway,
the
little
little
oovis
is
here.
Here's
mendoza
ranch
is
another
place
that
we
do
private
viewing
from
down
in
morgan
hill
right.
So
these
landscapes,
you
know,
have
a
utility
besides
just
being
kind
of
fun.
In
that
you
know,
I
think,
there's
where
was
it
well,
there's
you
know
you
can
see,
there's
big
trees
and
stuff
that
might
get
in
your
way
of
of
lower
objects.
A
There's
one
big
tree
here
somewhere.
I
don't
see
it
right
at
the
moment,
but
anyway,
so
there's
landscape
you
can
put
in
stellarium
too
and
I'll
show
you
in
a
minute.
You
know
I
put
in
one
for
my
my
home
observing
location.
So
I
know
when
things
are
behind
my
neighbor's
house
or
my
house,
or
what
have
you
let's
go
back
to
well?
No,
this
is
fine,
we'll
just
go
from
here.
A
A
You
know
showing
the
sky
for
visual
observers
right,
so
we
can
take
the
constellation
lines
away.
We
can
put
the
constellation
lines
in.
We
can
take
the
constellation
labels
away,
you
can
label
stars
and
deep
space
objects
and
all
of
that,
so
this
is
kind
of
a
good
visual
approach
and
then
the
other
thing
I
talked
about
how
this
is
a
full-on
planetarium
like
you,
would
go
to
a
planetarium
and
see
a
show
is.
A
A
Then
it
goes
to
the
object
and
then
it
zooms
in-
and
you
know
this
again-
is
a
sjaa
image
right.
Take
the
stars
away
that
so
that
you
know
I
can
manually
put
them
back
here
for
a
minute
so
see
the
stars
are
all
lined
up,
but
they
kind
of
some
of
them
bloat
some
of
the
stars
in
the
image.
So
it's
not
super
attractive.
A
A
A
A
A
I
think
yep
yeah,
oh
yeah,
so
you
can
probably
see
the
big
dipper
better
now
and
there's
some
other
light
action
going
on
and
so
we'll
see
planes
and
stuff
come
across
here.
But
this
is
up
on
my
roof,
and
so
I
can
see
when
there's
clouds
and
stuff,
but
let's
go
ahead
and
jump
over
to
the
to
the
telescope.
A
Okay,
so
this
is
my
telescope
computer,
and
here
we
have
stellarium
yet
again,
but
it
looks
a
little
really
different
now
right,
so
you
know,
the
constellations
are
gone,
the
constellation
lines
are
gone
and
now
we've
got
this
grid
pattern
here,
what's
going
on
with
that?
So
you
know
this
is
the
the
right
ascension,
the
ra
and
declination
deck
grid,
that's
important
when
you're,
when
you're,
imaging
and
and
for
finding
things
according
to
their
coordinates
and
then
there's
a
couple
other
lines
that
are
important
to
me.
A
A
A
Okay,
so
I
have,
I
have
a
pretty
good
view
other
than
my
neighbor's
house,
being.
You
know,
like
literally
six
feet
away
from
my
telescope,
but
what
can
you
do
so?
This
is
the
the
stellarium,
and
you
can
see
here.
This
orange
reticle
is
is
representing
where
my
telescope
is
pointing,
and
that's
because
of
this
mount
driver,
eq
mod
talking
to
stellarium.
A
So
you
know
what
you
can
do
with
that
is
pick
some
object
in
the
sky,
so,
for
instance,
we
can
click
on
m3
or
search
for
it
and
go
to
it
right.
So
my
mount
is
unparked.
It's
not
flashing
that
it's
in
park
mode
and
I'm
probably
going
to
hate
myself
for
doing
this,
but
just
so
we
can
have
the
fun
of
watching
the
the
mount
move.
A
A
A
A
A
Let
me
see
my
notes
here.
What
I
want
to
go
to
next
is
I
usually
sort
of
warm
up
the
software
before
it
all
connects
together.
So
the
next
thing
I
do
is
I
go
into
the
auto
guiding
software,
and
I
see
here
that
I've
already
connected
connect
the
image
as
I'm
sorry,
the
guiding
camera
and
the
mount
driver.
A
And
just
to
prove
that
we're
going
to
be
able
to
guide
well.
Actually
I
can
let
it
pick
the
best
guide
star
it
likes
that
one
and
I've
one
of
the
advantages
of
having
a
semi-permanent
setup
is
you
know
you
don't
have
to
recalibrate
phd2
every
time,
so
this
is
calibration
from
you
know
a
week
ago
or
so,
and
so
we're
we're
already
auto
guiding,
but
we're
actually
gonna
we're
not
completely
on
the
target
yet.
So
that
was
just
to
to
prove
that
things
were
gonna
work
right.
A
So
I'm
gonna
stop
that
okay
and
then,
let's
go
on
to
the
last
piece
of
software,
which
is
sequence
generator
pro
so
a
lot
of
stuff
going
on
here
and
you
know,
there's
a
lot
of
little
widgets.
These
tools
around
the
edge
are
are
widgets
and
you
can
arrange
them
differently
and
decides
which
one
decide
which
ones
are
important
to
you.
The
the
this
is
just
the
setup
that
that
I
use
you
got
some
histograms
here
and
some
statistics
about
the
the
images
as
they
come
in
here.
A
You
can
control
the
size
of
the
the
image
that
you're
looking
at.
I
actually
don't
look
too
much
at
this
section
here,
but
this
is
supposed
to
be
a
a
high-level
view
of
what's
going
on
and
then
over.
Here
we
have
a
graph
of
the
number
of
stars
and
that
are
detected
in
their
quality
of
focus
and
there's
a
widget
here
for
the
real-time
focusing
which
I'll
show
in
a
little
bit,
and
then
we
have
camera
temperature.
A
A
A
A
Then
you
have
a
control
panel
with
tabs
for
each
of
your
types
of
gear,
the
camera,
the
filter,
wheel,
the
focuser,
the
telescope,
meaning
the
mount
plate
solving
auto,
guiding
and
miscellaneous
other
stuff,
which
in
my
case,
would
be
the
rotator
okay.
And
then
this
window
here,
which
is
always
seems
to
be
in
the
way
of
everything,
is
the
the
sequencer.
A
So
this
is
where
you
plan
out.
You
know
here's
my
my
m3
and
I
want
you
know
three
events,
a
red,
a
green
and
a
blue
and
I'm
for
live
stacking
purposes.
I'm
just
going
to
do
30
second
exposures,
but
obviously
you
would
do
longer
exposures,
but
I'm
just
going
to
take
a
bunch
of
them
forever.
Basically,
so
that's
where
you
do
that,
and
then
here
is
where
you
connect
just
like
in
in
phd2,
where
you
connect
the
different
pieces
of
equipment.
A
So
right
now,
if
I
want
to
rotate,
I
can
use
this
manual
rotator,
which
is
that
thing
where
you
know
it
tells
me,
move
it
five
degrees
and
I
run
out
and
move
it.
What
I
think
are
five
degrees
and
run
back
in
the
house
and
do
that
thing
and
then
up
here
you've
got
your
mount
and
your
focuser
and
your
filter
wheel
and
your
your
camera.
So
that's
where
you
connect
that
stuff.
A
A
A
So
now
sgp
knows
where
we
were
in
the
sky
and
it's
going
to
tell
the
mount
and
the
planetarium
hey.
You
said
you
were
appointed
at
m3,
but
you
were
actually
off
by
a
155
pixels
in
ra
and
905
pixels
in
deck.
Get
your
act
together
right,
so
the
mount
driver
is
going
to
update
its
model
of
the
sky
repoint
the
telescope
to
where
m3
should
be,
and
then
the
process
is
going
to
repeat
until
the
error
is
less
than
a
user
specified
value
which
in
my
case
I
think,
is
50
pixels.
A
If
I
remember
oh
yeah,
total
error
anyway
yeah.
I
think
it's
oh
here.
It
is
down
here,
50
pixels,
yeah,
50
pixels,
but
you
can
see
that
we're
dead
on
m3
already
right,
there's
m3
a
globular
cluster
and
in
fact
yes,
we
have
success.
So
that's
that's
plate
solving.
So
that's
the
first
thing
now
we're
dead
on
target
and
if
I
go
back
in
here
in
stellarium-
and
I
can
turn
those
stars
off,
you
can
see
better
yeah
see
we're
right
on
m3,
okay.
So
that's
all
good.
A
A
I
can
brighten
the
display
up
a
little
bit,
okay
and
by
the
way
the
stars
look
funky
in
here
on
purpose
because
of
that
on
ag
autofocus
system
and
that's
a
little
more
detail
than
I
want
to
go
into
right
now,
but
the
the
funny
shape
of
the
star
is
actually
caused
by
astigmatism
and
it
uses
it's
there
on
purpose,
to
figure
out
when
it's,
when
it's
in
focus
and
and
when
it's
not.
Let's
leave
it.
Let's
leave
it
at
that.
So
we'll
start
guiding.
A
And
go
back
over
here
and
I
want
to
demonstrate
one
more
thing
in
sgp
before
we
actually
start
sequencing.
So
again
you
know.
Normally,
I
use
this
focus
lock
thing,
but
I
just
want
to
demonstrate
what
a
sgp
autofocus
run
looks
like
so
we're
in
the
control
panel.
Here
we're
going
to
go
to
focus
and
we're
going
to
see.
I
have
use
autofocus
unchecked,
but
I'm
going
to
click
run
just
to
run
it
manually.
A
A
So
if
we
get
to
two
or
below,
where
we're
you
know
getting
good
amateur
quality
scene.
So
what
this
thing
is
doing
is
it
it?
You
know
pushed
the
focuser
out
away
from
where
we
were
by
a
certain
amount
and
then
it's
going
to
walk
it
back
in
taking
an
exposure
at
each
step
and
we
should
get
a
nice
v
curve
right.
So
it's
it's
out
of
focus.
It's
going
to
get
better
better,
better
than
worse,
worse,
worse
and
it's
going
to
then
plot
a
curve
against
that
to
predict.
A
C
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
So
it's
actually
going
to
repeat
that
process
because
it
wasn't
super
happy
with
it,
but
anyway
that's
the
the
autofocus
routine,
that's
in
sgp,
so
I
just
wanted
to
show
that
before
I
do
my
normal
thing,
which
is
because
not
everybody's
going
to
have
this
on
egg
stuff
before
I
start
this
whole
process.
So.
A
C
A
A
A
So
I'm
not
even
going
to
wait
for
that
like
like,
I
normally
would,
but
we
can
go
ahead
and
just
start
the
sequence
now,
so
I'm
just
going
to
click
on
run
sequence,
and
it's
asking
me
if
I
want
to
start
right
now,
because
normally
you
would
have
this
target
marked,
as
you
know,
slew
and
slew
to
it
and
start,
and
I
have
it
off
right
now,
because
we
manually
got
on
the
target
ahead
of
time.
So
I'm
saying
yes,
I
want
an
image
from
here.
A
A
A
A
So
I'm
cheating
a
little
bit
here,
because
this
this
is
showing
live.
Stacking
results
from
last
night
of
these
images
that
were
taken
last
night
during
the
armchair
star
party,
but
just
to
continue
that
same
session,
monitor
stack,
auto
refresh,
and
this
is
the
progress
bar
here.
So
what
this
is
doing
is
it's
mo.
A
A
Already
created
a
red
stack
and
now
it's
working
on
the
on
the
green
stack
and
then
the
blue
stack,
etc.
So
that's
if
you
were
doing
a
virtual
star
party,
a
way
to
quickly
get
astro
images
up
in
in
color
is
live
stacking
with
astro
toaster
and
then
there's
other
programs
that
will
live
stack
but
they're,
typically
just
monochrome
images
from
a
given
filter.
C
A
B
Okay,
less
bandwidth
for
the
camera,
now,
okay,
so
this
is
voyager.
I
I
have
been
using
sequence
generator
pro
like
lan
for
a
couple
of
years,
and
and
I
have
a
love,
hate
relationship
with
it.
There
are
some
things
about
it
that
I
really
love
and
some
things
about
it.
It
sometimes
lets
me
down.
It
sometimes
fails,
and
I
I
got
the
software
a
while
back
when
sale
before
there
is
the
price
actually
and
right
now
it
goes
for
a
little
over
a
hundred
dollars.
B
B
One
thing
I
like
about
it
is
that
it
interfaces
with
other
software
that
I
have,
for
instance,
my
mount
it's
a
software
bisque
mount.
It
came
with
a
program
called
the
skyx
pro
and
that
actually
always
is
running
in
the
background.
Whenever
I'm
running
my
my
paramount
mx
plus
mount
and
it
acts
as
a
driver
for
the
mount,
but
more
than
that
it
has
built-in
plate
solving,
that's
really
excellent
plate
solving.
B
B
So
when
it's
looking
for
something
it
looks
it
up
in
the
database
on
the
sky
x,
I
believe,
and
it's
it
will
plate
solve
to
make
sure
that
it's
on
target
and
rotated
and
and
then
it
actually
also
interfaces
with
the
guiding
software
that
I
use
phd,
which
is
a
free
guiding
software.
Glenn
has
talked
about
showing
you
guys
and
from
what
I
can
tell
having
set
it
up
over
the
past
couple
hours.
B
It
looks
solid,
the
more
I
look
at
the
interface,
the
more
I
like
it,
and
this
is
kind
of
like
jumping
off
a
cliff.
I
I
did
start
a
sequence
and
then
stopped
it.
I
didn't
want
it
to
actually
go
too
far,
but
I
looked
you
know
there
were
a
couple
of
hiccups
that
I
had
to
figure
out,
but
I
was
able
to
get
it
figured
out
within
a
couple
hours
which
says
something
about
the
software
and
the
interface
so
right
now,
all
my
gear
is
connected.
B
B
It's
a
nightcrawler
focuser
made
by
moonlight.
It's
a
really
nice
focus
here.
The
the
autofocus
routine
that
it's
going
to
use
is
part
of
its
software
rather
than
putting
part
rather
than
the
one.
That's
in
the
sky
x.
It's
going
to
use
a
part
of
voyager
to
do
the
auto
focusing,
and
it
has
a
few
different
ways
of
doing
it
in
voyager,
which
just
pretty
cool,
and
I
have
a
flat
device,
called
a
flip
flat
that
acts
as
a
cap
at
the
end
of
the
telescope.
B
It's
automated
and
this
software
can
open
it
and
close
it,
and
it
actually
has
a
built-in
light
panel
that
it
can
light
up
at
varying
degrees
of
brightness,
so
that
you
can
do
flat
frames
to
calibrate
and
correct
deficiencies
in
your
your
optical
train,
whether
it
be
a
dust,
bunny,
a
dust
speck,
a
you
know,
water
spot
or
something
that
makes
a
a
spot
on
your
image.
You
can
calibrate
it
out
with
flat
frames.
B
Glenn
probably
already
went
over
that.
It
also
makes
up
for
the
deficiency
that
you
sometimes
have
called
vignetting,
where
you
have
light
drop
off
around
the
edges
of
your
frame
and
with
this
imaging
train,
I
do
have
a
little
bit
of
that.
So
it's
good
to
do
flats.
It
also
actually
does
you
know
even
finer.
B
You
would
think
that
it
would
be
kind
of
a
gross
large
issue
that
it
would
be
taken
care
of
when
it's
dust
spots
and
things
like
that,
but
actually
it
does
more
than
that
down
on
the
sensor
level.
From
what
I
understand
as
far
as
the
surface
of
the
sensor
and
the
way
that
the
pixels
are
set
up,
it
can
actually
help
take
care
of
deficiencies
there
too.
B
So
without
further
ado.
Let
me
see
here
so
this.
This
tab
right
here
called
on
the
fly,
is
where
my
sequence
is
set
up
and
they
also
have
something
called
drag
script
which
I
have
not
played
with
yet
drag
script
allows
you
to
somehow
visually
drag
in
different
things.
I
I
guess
maybe
using
these
over
here,
you
can
somehow
set
up
a
script
on
the
fly
by
putting
putting
different
parts
of
your
sequence
in
there,
but
tonight
I'm
going
to
do
the
on
the
fly
part.
B
I
actually
played
solved
on
an
image
that
I
had
done
before
a
couple
nights
ago.
I'm
going
to
be
imaging
messier
101,
which
is
also
known
as
the
pinwheel
galaxy,
so
I
basically
opened
it
up
solved.
It
we
can
do
that
again,
actually
just
hit
solve
and
it
will
solve
it,
and
it
will
ask
me
if
I
want
to
use
it
to
to
populate
the
target
and
I'll
say
yes,
I
can
go
over
here.
I
actually
set
up
my
sequence
with
this
button.
B
I
have
it
set
up
to
do
red,
green
and
blue
filters.
It's
going
to
do
by
slot,
which
means
that
it's
going
to
actually
do
three
of
the
reds.
Then
three
of
the
greens
and
three
of
the
blues,
and
then
it's
going
to
go
back
around
and
start
over
again,
and
it's
going
to
do
that
10
times
it
is
going
to
do
300
seconds
for
red
and
120
seconds
each
for
the
green
and
blue.
B
B
B
B
A
C
B
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
A
A
A
C
A
C
B
B
A
C
A
B
B
I
have
I
have
been
having
some
network
issues
normally,
I
would
be
using
a
router
that's
out
on
our
back
patio.
Basically,
we
keep
it
in
a
solarium
like
a
sun
room
back
there,
and
it
just
runs
in
that
sunroom
and
hasn't
been
a
problem
until
today,
at
which
point
I
think
it
got
too
hot.
It's
a
little
warm
out
today
warm
out
today
and
that
caused
a
problem.
So
anyway,
here
we
are,
it
looks
like
it's
exposing
see.
B
B
I
can
see
the
scrolling
the
log
that's
going
by
here
with
with
everything
that's
going
on,
but
there
is
another
part
of
a
voyager
called
the
fit
viewer,
and
actually
I
already
have
it
running
back
here.
So
let's
take
a
look
using
their
fitz
file
viewer
and
see.
If
I
have
something
that
we
can
look
at
that
has
come
in
through
that
sequence
would
be
red
images.
I
guess
those
are
flats
that
I
did
earlier.
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
Maybe
I
could
get
a
little
bit
better
focus
with
the
autofocus.
I
do
have
an
onag
in
there.
I
I
need
to
tweak
the
the
the
settings
in
the
onag.
A
little
bit
decided
not
to
use
it
tonight,
but
it
is
guiding
through
that
and
one
of
the
nice
things
about
the
onag
aside
from
using
focus
lock
for
consistent
focus.
All
the
time
actually
is
it's
using
a
cold
mirror.
I
believe
they
call
it
and
it's
splitting
the
visible
light
off
and
sending
that
to
the
imaging
camera.
B
B
You
know
at
any
given
time
which
makes
you
your
it's
basically
correcting
more
for
the
fluctuations
of
the
mount
itself
because
of
the
the
gearing
and
the
worm
gear
of
the
mount
having
little
bumps
and
irregularities
in
it.
That
causes
the
mount
to
not
be
completely
perfect
for
tracking,
so
our
guiding
is
really
essentially
the
guiding
is.
Is
there
to
take
care
of
the
inaccuracies
of
your
mouth?
B
A
A
Helping
out
and
doing
a
demo
and
taking
a
risk
on
demoing
something
that
that
he's
not
super
familiar
with.
I
appreciate
that
and
thanks
to
rashi
also
for
helping
out
with
the
youtube
stream
keeping
an
eye
on
that,
and
let
me
just
go
back
to
my
powerpoint
here
for
the
outro
yeah.
So
we've
got
maybe
five
minutes.
If
anybody
has
any
questions
and
if
not
I'll
go
to
the
final
slide.
A
A
A
There
we've
got
the
sja
imaging
sig
program,
the
special
interest
group
that
bruce
runs
and
we've
got
the
the
meetup
there
as
well.
So
those
are
qr
codes.
You
can
point
your
smartphone
at
or
copy
down
the
the
urls
so
yeah.
So
thanks
for
watching
and
we'll
see
you
next
month
with
either
something
similar
or
maybe
we'll
be
out
at
little
euvis
we'll
have
to
see
what
what
happens
with
the
whole
covid
19
thing.
So,
thanks
and
we'll
see
you
next
month.