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From YouTube: Town of Hilton Head Island - Town Council Special Called Meeting, January 31, 2023 at 4 PM
Description
Town Council Special Called Meeting, January 31, 2023 at 4 PM
Meeting Agenda available at https://hiltonheadislandsc.gov/towncouncil/agendas/
A
C
A
Next,
we'll
move
on
to
appearance
by
citizens,
just
a
reminder
to
those
addressing
Town
Council.
Each
citizen
has
three
minutes
to
address
Town
Council.
At
the
end
of
the
three
minutes,
you're
asked
to
conclude
your
comments.
Citizens
are
asked
to
maintain
a
decorum
suitable
for
the
meeting
and
refrain
from
using
profane,
abusive
or
obscene
language.
If
you
have
any
document
for
Town
Council,
please
give
the
document
to
the
town
clerk
after
you
finish
your
comments
to
Town
Council
Krista.
Do
we
have
anyone
signed
up
to
speak
today?
Yes,.
F
Good
afternoon
I'm
Wendell
Sutton
I
have
lived
at
239
Jonesville
Road
for
22
years.
The
development
which
has
occurred
during
the
past
21
years
has
been
in
keeping
with
the
community.
We
are
community
that
has
supported
the
town
of
Hilton
Head
through
the
purchase
of
personal
property
on
Jonesville
Road,
my
career,
my
neighbors
include
various
professional
Fields
such
as
medicine,
education,
Insurance,
construction,
business
and
service
professions
such
as
firemen
and
Deputy
sheriffs.
In
short,
we
are
committed
our
personal
professional
lives
to
our
community,
which
includes
Hilton,
Head
and
especially
Jonesville
Road
Community.
F
Many
of
us
could
have
chosen
to
live
in
gated
communities
or
Bluffton.
We
did
not.
We
devave
diversity.
We
unite
under
a
common
desire
to
have
a
density
level
of
development
that
allows
for
the
privacy
of
our
personal
land.
We
want
a
community
that
has
safe
roads,
access
for
emergency
vehicles
that
allows
us
to
ride
our
bikes,
walk
our
dogs
and
is
not
dangerous.
F
We
do
not
believe
the
increase
in
the
density
to
243
homes
through
the
development
of
Bailey's,
Cove,
Twin,
Oaks
and
tidelines.
One
and
two
will
perpetuate
the
values
of
our
community.
These
developments
will
undo
what
we
all
have
worked
so
hard
to
build,
protect
and
be
a
part
of
an
island
community.
F
G
G
G
Our
concern
continues
to
be
safety
and
proper
planning.
Land
acquisition
on
Jonesville
will
go
a
long
way
in
preventing
the
threat
of
overdevelopment
I.
Believe
all
of
you
share
this
Desire
with
us.
You
have
today
the
opportunity
to
preserve
the
character
of
Jonesville,
however,
and
unfortunately,
I
cannot
join
you
in
an
executive
session.
Town
rules
won't
allow
it
so
I
humbly.
Ask
that
you
seriously
consider
the
residents
of
Jonesville
consider
the
best
future
for
Hilton
Head.
G
H
Out
of
respect,
skip
Hoagland
windmill,
Harbor,
Mr
Perry,
first
I
will
not
address
you
as
a
qualified
mayor
giving
you
admitted
you
are
just
a
part-time
figurehead
due
to
your
full-time
job
as
a
loan
officer
and
being
a
part-time
mayor
is
a
disservice
to
the
taxpayers
that
you
purport
to
represent,
and
you
stated
you
will
not
support
transparency.
Is
this
because
it
would
harm
your
friend
chamber,
Bill
Miles,
who
pays
himself
500
000
salary
from
this
from
stealing
our
tax
money?
H
And
worse,
will
you
and
council
members
continue
letting
dishonest
Town
employees,
Orlando
lawyers,
grouper,
Coltrane,
keep
handing
out
fraudulent
chamber
contracts,
budgets
and
Audits,
and
why
is
group
are
still
employed
after
pleading
guilty
to
three
ethics
violations?
This
Council
keeps
unanimously
voting
to
fund
the
chamber
with
millions
of
tax
dollars
without
the
proper
oversight
and
appropriate
Accounting.
In
fact,
Bill
Miles
said
he's
how
he
spends
his
money.
Is
his
private
as
privately
is.
It
is
his
secret
sauce
and
none
of
counsel
and
taxpayers
business.
H
Also,
all
taxpayers
are
now
chamber
members,
including
me,
since
tax
funds
were
used,
correct,
attorneys,
Coltrane
and
finger
drafted
a
fraudulent
DMO
contract
that
also
benefited
miles.
Town
generates
fraudulent
budgets
Audits
and
hides
real
numbers.
Therefore,
last
five
years
must
be
forensically
audited.
H
Our
a
tax
committee
has
been
corrupted
seating
chamber
supporters
to
keep
recommending
millions
of
dollars
to
the
chamber
and
another
illegal
business
entity
called
The
Low
Country
Golf
Owners
Association,
whose
Partners
include
Bill
miles
past
a
tax
chairman,
Brad
marrow
and
Kerry
Corbett
to
property.
Legally,
with
his
magazine
locally
Perry,
the
chamber
is
all
illegally
tax
funded,
no
non
non-profits
must
be
defunded
or
more
lawsuits
must
be
filed.
It's
all
illegal.
You
got
to
look
at
that.
H
You
can't
keep
doing
it,
and
this
would
be
just
like
the
lawsuit
we
filed
against
you
for
two
million
dollars
to
see
Pines
for
the
dredging
of
Harvard
count.
It
was
illegal.
Lastly,
I
want
the
welcome
to
Hilton
Head
sign
removed
in
front
of
windmill
Harbor
coming
onto
the
island.
This
is
a
lie,
and
it's
not-
and
this
is
not
Hilton
Head,
Jenkins
Island
and
who
approved
this
and
who
and
who
it
is
who
approved
this
and
who
have
anybody
else
signed.
B
A
K
Fort
Fremont
closes
out
a
350-year
legacy
of
coastal
fortifications
in
Port
Royal
sound
beginning
in
the
mid
16th
century.
It
also
represents
the
closing
chapter
of
America's
coastal
defense
system
before
the
dawn
of
air
power.
Fort
Fremont
is
an
example
of
the
most
advanced
military
technology
of
its
time.
It
would
parallel
the
B-17
and
aircraft
carrier
of
World
War
II.
The
F-35
of
today
Fort
Fremont
was
an
important
part
of
the
Beaufort
culture
very
similar
to
Paris
Island
and
the
Marine
Corps
Air
Base.
Today.
L
They
called
the
navigational
Point
La
Punta
de
Santa
elen,
the
point
of
Santa
Elena,
and
what
the
Spanish
explorers
discovered
is
that
Port
Royal
sound
is
a
unique
piece
of
geography.
It's
the
deepest
natural
Harbor
south
of
the
Chesapeake
Bay,
possibly
south,
of
New
York,
the
channel
into
Port
Royal
sound.
This
I
find
a
remarkable
geological
fact.
L
It
became
the
first
capital
of
Florida
and
they
explored
the
back
country
from
this
location
for
more
than
a
century,
with
the
object
of
building
a
highway
from
This
Magnificent
Harbor
to
Mexico
City.
So
the
sound
was
known
to
the
Spaniards.
It
was
known
to
the
French,
who
actually
got
here
first
and
followed
and
created
the
first
Protestant
colony
in
the
New
World
on
Paris
Island
over
my
shoulder
and
that
colony
was
a
failure.
The
Spaniards
replaced
them.
L
It
was
part
of
Spanish
Florida
when
the
English
arrived
150
years
later,
and
this
was
became
as
a
consequence,
a
Battleground
in
the
18th
century,
between
Spanish
interests
in
Florida
and
Saint
Augustine
and
the
English
colony
in
Carolina
and
in
Charleston
and
back
and
forth.
These
wars
went
many
of
them,
Naval
Wars,
many
of
them,
employing
as
all
the
sailors
Knew
by
then
the
magic
of
Port
Royal
sound
when
the
Civil
War
came,
Confederates
defended
the
harbor,
but
it
was
basically
indefensible
against
large
Naval
forces.
L
in
a
four-hour
Cannon
Aid,
which
would
have
been
deafening
from
where
we're
sitting
Was
Heard
for
miles
from
Savannah.
Nearly
to
Charleston
it
was
called
The
Day
of
the
big
gun
shoot
during
the
Civil
War.
This
Harbor
that
we're
looking
at
was
filled
with
ships.
It
would
be
hundreds
of
ships
in
this
Harbor
there
was
a
thousand
foot
dock
with
a
railroad
on
top
off
of
Hilton
Head.
L
L
So
this
was
a
major
U.S
government
installation
in
the
heart
of
the
South.
It
was
the
headquarters
of
the
U.S
army
Department
of
the
South.
But
more
importantly,
it
was
the
headquarters
of
the
United
States
Navy
South
Atlantic,
blockading
Squadron,
so
the
biggest
ships
in
the
Navy
were
here,
and
so
it
became
and
and
that's
really
where
the
story
of
Fort
Fremont
starts
with
that
huge
Civil,
War
military
operations
and
installations
on
Hilton
Head
on
Saint
Helena
Island,
on
Paris
Island
and
in
Butte.
M
Civil
War
we're
going
to
see
a
massive
change
in
technology.
That's
going
to
revolutionize
the
military.
During
the
Civil
War,
we
had
Ironclad
ships,
we
had
rifled
cannons,
but
they
were
all
made
out
of
iron
and
they
were
not
terribly
effective,
but
it's
technology
is
going
to
change
after
the
Civil
War.
We're
going
to
see
steel
produced
and
steel
is
much
harder.
So
now
we
have
a
new
materials
to
make
armor
out
of
for
ships.
So
we
can
have
these
armored
ships
made
with
steel
in
a
much
more
resistance.
A
shot
because
I
have
steel.
M
I
can
make
stronger
barrels
for
my
guns.
I
can
rifle
and
machine
these
much
better
and
the
rifling
is
the
spirals
that
are
cutting
the
barrel.
That
allows
it
to
shoot
further
with
more
accuracy,
and
we
can
also
now
have
breech
loading
guns
that
can
lock
from
behind.
So
I
can
load
my
gun
from
behind
I
don't
have
to
drive
the
whole
black
powder.
Muzzle
loading
Cannon
head
before
now.
M
You
can
put
it
in
with
greater
precision
and
can
put
it
through
much
more
armor
than
anything
we
had
in
1860s
World
difference.
A
military
historian,
ER
Lewis
would
say
that
the
change
between
the
Civil,
War
and
1890
in
artillery
technology
was
the
greatest
that
would
be
seen
since
invention
of
artillery
in
the
14th
century
to
the
introduction
of
the
nuclear
projectile
in
the
1950s.
So
there's
been
a
huge
change
in
gun
technology.
At
the
same
time,
it's
not
just
the
steel
but
also
the
powder
that
fires.
These
guns
is
different.
M
We
have
new
chemical
makeup
and
so
like
cordite
is
invented
now
and
it's
still
a
widely
used
military
explosive.
Even
today,
smokeless
power
is
invented
during
this
period
of
time,
and
it's
not
just
chemical
composition,
but
it's
the
details
of
how
you
make
the
grain
how
fast
they
burn.
So
much
like
the
skill
of
firing.
A
solid
rocket,
solid
fuel
rocket,
it's
that
same
kind
of
technology
has
been
developed
in
these
gunpowder
and
this
new
powder.
So
our
weapons
of
this
day
are
much
much
greater.
M
M
They
are
now
equipped
with
these
fine
long
range
guns
and
they
now
become
the
dominant
threat
of
the
late
19th
early
20th
century.
This
is
the
threat.
The
French
and
English
would
bombard
cities
like
Cairo
and
reduce
them
to
Rubble
because
they
were
unable
to
defend
them.
So
this
is
how
the
world
was
seeing
the
threat
from
this
new
technology.
Big
battleships,
are
the
threat
of
the
era
and
new
guns
and
fortifications
on
the
ground
or
what
you
have
to
have
to
defend
against
them.
L
One
of
the
most
important
and
first
things
that
happened
after
the
Civil
War
is
they
built
a
railroad
to
Port
Royal
found
which
didn't
exist.
It
was
the
first
connection
of
the
Sea
Island
to
the
mainland.
The
advantage
of
that
railroad
is
it
brought
coal
to
Port,
Royal
South.
So
when
the
coal
was
delivered,
the
Navy
followed.
M
In
1872,
Robert
Smalls
was
in
the
South
Carolina
legislature
and
he
pushed
through
a
resolution
to
the
Secretary
of
War,
calling
for
them
to
put
a
Navy
station
on
Paris
Island
and
eventually
he
would
go
into
Congress
where
he
would
continue
his
support
for
a
Navy
station.
Here
in
the
Beaufort
Port
Royal
area.
They
eventually
opened
a
Navy
station
here
and
a
cooling
station.
L
They
created
in
the
1890s
on
Paris
Island,
the
largest
Dry
Dock
in
the
United
States.
This
is
the
period
when
the
U.S
Navy
was
switching
from
sail
to
steam.
All
the
Navies
of
the
world
need
coaling
station.
This
was
the
principal
Kohli
station
because
of
the
railroad
for
the
Caribbean
and
South
American
us
fleets.
This
would.
M
Be
the
biggest
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk.
In
fact,
it
is
the
only
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk
Virginia,
that's
capable
of
taking
these
new
modern
battleships
of
these
new
modern
armored
Cruisers.
So
this
becomes
at
this
point
a
strategic
Navy
Basin
that
it
provides
coal
and
it
provides
top-line
support
to
the
ships
and
they
can
repair
the
hulls
of
even
the
biggest
ships
in
the
U.S
Navy.
M
Following
the
Civil
War
National
strategy
and
emphasis
in
the
United,
States
shifted
from
to
recovery
from
war
and
all
of
our
Coastal
fortifications
went
into
neglect.
The
military
was
busy
taming,
the
west
and
Coastal
defenses
became
something
that
was
no
longer
important
and
the
rest
of
the
world
technology
is
moving
forward
and
they're
developing
these
battleships
they're
developing
new
high
quality
artillery,
and
this
is
going
on
worldwide
and
in
1885
president
Grover
Cleveland
appointed
Endicott
board.
M
This
was
headed
by
secretary
War,
Endicott,
William
Endicott,
and
the
board
would
meet
initial
report
in
1886
and
they
said
the
conditions
of
our
Coastal
defenses
were
just
unbearably
cannot
be
allowed
to
stay
like
that,
and
they
made
recommendations
for
fortification
and
improvements.
They
identified
29
places
that
needed
fortifications
and
11
of
which
were
critical
in
that
list
of
29,
Savannah
and
Charleston
on
the
list.
But
Beaufort
is
not
on
the
list.
It'll
take
international
events
to
bring
Beaufort
into
the
play
of
modern
Fort
technology.
L
So
the
USS
Maine
was
here
on
patrol
and
in
the
harbor
and
while
they
were
in
the
harbor
several
times,
they
entertained
the
local
population.
So
the
merchants
and
the
social
leaders
and
the
political
leaders
of
Beaufort
were
invited
to
come,
have
lunch
with
the
captain
of
the
ship.
Captain
sigsby
and
the
officers
got
to
know
the
people.
The
people
got
got
to
know
the
officers.
The
crew,
which
was
large,
would
go
ashore
on
payday
and
make
friends
with
everybody
in
town.
M
At
that
point,
somebody
in
the
war
department
realized
that
we
had
this
big
Dry
Dock,
the
only
Dry
Dock
in
the
South
that
could
take
on
and
repair
these
big
Capital
ships
that
were
in
our
Navy
we're
going
to
start
operations
against
a
power
in
the
Caribbean,
and
this
fort
was
totally
undefended
and
that's
what
put
Fort
Fremont
on
the
map
we
had
to
have
a
fort
here
to
defend
the
coaling
station,
and
especially
this
big
Dry
Dock,
as
well
as
this
fine
Harbor.
That's
here.
L
And,
of
course,
that
event,
which
killed
300
or
more
Sailors
on
the
ship
was
very
much
followed
by
the
local
news
media
and
very
much
lamented
by
the
many
friends
that
the
crew
had
made
here.
The
destruction
of
the
USS
Maine
was
a
personal
matter
to
Beaufort
and
to
Port
Royal
South
and,
of
course
it
was
the
Spanish-American
War
and
the
attempt
to
defend
this
Harbor
again,
which
led
to
this.
The
creation
of
Fort
Fremont,
the
United
States
declared
war
on
Spain
in
in
April
1898.
M
And
by
early
may
we
had
temporary
batteries
in
place
here.
Submarine
mines
were
in
place
and
in
the
summer
they
would
actually
place
the
mines
across
the
Beaufort
river.
Behind
me,
the
temporary
batteries
were
a
temporary
expedient.
They
were
located
to
my
left
about
a
thousand
yards.
They
immediately
began
construction
of
what
would
become
Fort
Fremont.
The
large
batteries
would
House
of
large
guns
battery
four
Nance,
the
rapid
fire
guns.
The
smaller
battery
was
completed
by
June
of
1898.
L
M
N
Well,
Fort
Fremont
was
named
for
a
Major
General
John
Fremont.
He
was
actually
a
local
boy,
so
to
speak.
He
was
born
and
grew
up
in
Savannah
Georgia,
just
south
of
us,
and
went
to
college
in
the
College
of
Charleston,
just
north
of
us
in
Charleston.
He
served
in
the
army
and
primarily
initially
as
a
Explorer
as
army.
Forts
were
generally
named
for
army
officers
and
he
was
connected
locally.
N
We
are
sitting
in
the
number
three
gun
position
of
a
three
gun
battery
Jessup,
which
had
three
10
inch
to
disappearing
carriage,
large
caliber
guns,
breach
loading
guns.
Their
purpose
was
to
engage
the
warships
that
might
be
entering
the
harbor
and
Port
Royal
sound
we're
here
now
at
the
second
battery
that
was
part
of
Fort
Fremont.
This
is
battery.
Four
Nance
was
named
for
army
officer
that
was
actually
killed
during
the
Spanish-American
War.
During
the
Battle
of
San
Juan
Hill
battery
Finance
mounted
two
British
made
4.72
inch,
Armstrong
quickfire
guns.
N
They
were
called
quick
fire
because
they
loaded
were
loaded
with
a
complete
cartridge
and
it
in
time
of
action.
They
could
fire
four
to
six
rounds
per
minute.
The
purpose
of
battery
for
Nance
was
to
defend
the
Minefield,
which
was
the
other
component
of
the
Endicott
Coast
artillery
or
or
Coast
defense
system,
a
Minefield
with
controlled
mines
controlled,
meaning
that
they
were
connected
electrically
to
Shore
and
could
be
fired
on
command
from
Shore.
N
That
control
station
would
have
been
probably
shared
with
the
plotting
room
and
in
order
to
protect
the
Minefield.
Obviously,
an
enemy
would
want
to
interfere
with
that
might
send
vessels
small
ships
in
here
at
night
to
try
to
interfere,
and
this
battery
would
take
those
vessels
Under
Fire.
If
there
was
some,
there
was
suspected
that
they
were
doing
something
to
interfere
with
the
mines,
such
as
pulling
up
the
cables
and
cutting
those
the.
M
P
The
life
for
the
soldiers
at
Fort
Fremont
was
disciplined
and
regimented.
They
even
had
meal
times
were
specified
lengths
of
time
15
minutes
for
lunch.
15
minutes
at
breakfast,
20
minutes
of
supper.
They
had
to
practice
their
skills.
They
were
training
and
doing
maintenance
constantly.
If
you
can
imagine
with
these
big
guns,
they
had
to
have
skills
in
and
practice
the
skills
in
artillery
mind
laying
signaling,
which
involved,
in
our
case
at
Fort,
Fremont
the
use
of
the
fire
control
tower,
which
was
pretty
sophisticated
and
advanced
signaling
technique.
P
Then
they
also
had
to
practice
the
typical
military
skills
marching
and
drilling
Small
Arms,
fire,
first
aid
and
so
forth.
In
addition
to
that,
they
also
had
participated
in
athletics.
They
had
physical
training
PT
and
they
also
had
sports
teams.
So
this
was
to
keep
them
physically
fit
so
that
they
could
continue
their
their
duties
because
they
were,
it
was
pretty
rigorous
at
Fort,
Fremont.
M
L
In
1901,
the
mayor
of
Charleston
and
the
United
States
Senator
Pitchfork
Ben
Tillman
from
South
Carolina,
wanted
this
to
move
from
Beaufort
County
to
Charleston
County,
because
there
are
more
votes
in
Charleston
County
and
the
mayor
wanted.
The
U.S
Corps
of
Engineers
in
the
Navy
to
dredge
the
harbor
in
Charleston,
because
battleships
in
those
days
required
26
feet
of
water
Charleston's
natural
Harbor
is
15
feet
of
water.
Port
Royal
is
30..
You
know
what,
in
order
for
Charleston
to
sustain
its
Port,
its
commercial
Port,
it
had
to
dredge
the
harbor.
L
L
M
The
fort
did
its
job
build
a
deterrent
for
anybody
that
wished
to
attack
these.
It
provided
protection,
in
fact,
the
whole
endicotta
system,
although
never
challenged
in
this
era.
Here
in
the
United
States,
provided
some
300
major
guns,
Coastal
guns,
to
protect
major
areas
and
left
the
United
States
at
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
with
his
well-defended
Coastline
as
any
place
in
in
the
world.
But.
L
I
I
would
just
like
to
say
that
it's
a
magnificent
artifact
of
an
era
and
it's
an
era
that
has
been
neglected.
The
turn
of
the
20th
century,
the
naval
station
across
the
river
here,
and
so
it's
a
it's
a
piece
of
History,
that's
disappearing
and
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
preserved
it
for
the
use
of
the
public
and
as
a
memorial
to
that
moment
in
history,
Fort.
K
Fremont
closes
at
350-year
story
of
Homeland
Security
addressing
European
imperialism
in
the
19th
century.
It's
a
tale
of
how
geography,
technology
and
National
Security
creates
a
transition
for
America
to
become
a
global
power.
It's
also
a
wonderful
snapshot
of
America.
In
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
a
valued
partnership,
working
in
tandem
to
preserve
the
fort's
integrity
and
promote
the
historical,
natural
and
cultural
aspects
of
the
Court
most
important.
We
are
always
looking
for
creative
ways
to
enhance
visitor
experience.
K
I
I
E
Q
T
E
E
Water
east
of
the
Continental
Divide
drains
to
the
Atlantic,
while
water
west
of
the
Divide
flows
to
the
Pacific
and
one
drop
of
rain,
can
cross
many
different
watersheds
along
the
way,
as
runoff
flows
into
rivers,
streams
and
storm
drains.
The
water
picks
up
trash
dirt
bacteria,
toxic
chemicals
and
fertilizers.
Free
pollutants
that
is
extremely
hazardous
to
the
environment
and
the
consequences
of
polluted
runoff
exist
worldwide.
E
E
W
Many
cases
people
mistakenly
identify
large
discharge
pipes
in
the
water
as
the
problem,
but
that
may
not
be
the
problem
it
may
be
coming
from
agricultural
runoff.
It
may
be
coming
from
storm
water
runoff
over
parking,
lots
and
impervious
surfaces.
Every
Watershed
is
different
and
you
need
to
look
at
each
Watershed
in
its
own
terms
and
then
think
systematically
about
how
you
remediate
how
you
clean
up
that
watershed.
C
E
T
X
Pollutants
in
the
water
affect
Surfers
because
we're
actually
the
indicator
species
with
all
the
pollutants
when
we're
in
the
waters
we're
ingesting
it
through
our
skin
and
our
mouth.
Even
if
people
don't
take
a
swab,
Olive
water
and
still
getting
into
our
systems
our
ears
any
orifice
on
your
body
and
it
causes
infections,
it
can
cause
colds
sore
throats
at
the
very
least
I.
T
Z
Most
of
the
bacteria
that
you're
going
to
see
and
you're
going,
it
comes
from
feces
and
when
you
put
under
the
UV
light
you're
going
to
see
a
different
kind
of
color,
it's
a
fluorescent
sign
that
there
is
a
bacteria,
and
that
was
it's
called
E
coli.
That
one
definitely
is
a
feces
from
animals
or
it
could
be
humans.
Also.
E
T
X
E
E
After,
the
flood
of
27,
massive
levees
were
put
in
place
and
while
they
helped
protect
the
Lower
Mississippi
River
Basin
from
flooding,
the
levees
and
other
human
activities
would
ultimately
harm
the
Watershed
in
unforeseen
ways.
The
gulf
state
of
Louisiana
is
the
Terminus
of
the
Mississippi
River,
the
mighty
Watershed
that
drains
41
percent
of
the
area
of
the
lower
48
states
into
the
Gulf
of
Mexico.
V
AB
AB
E
So
what
exactly
is
causing
this
dead
zone
in
the
Gulf
hypoxia
develops
when
an
area
of
water
receives
excess
pollutants,
primarily
an
overabundance
of
nutrients
which
produce
large
algae
blooms
that
die
off
and
lead
to
low
oxygen,
and
since
the
Mississippi
gets
fed
by
tributaries
that
flow
through
31
states.
That
adds
up
to
a
staggering
volume
of
contaminated
runoff.
W
V
AD
S
It's
just
rot.
This
is
just
a
fact
of
of
life.
The
way
we
treat
our
water
systems
because
we
use
them
as
our
garbage
dumps,
we
use
them
to
dilute
our
pollutants
and
things
like
that
and
it
flows.
Downstream
I
believe.
The
statistic
is
that
if
you're
in
New
Orleans
the
water
that
is
going
by,
you
has
passed
through
human
guts,
something
like
three
or
four
times
before
it
gets
to
you.
S
E
E
Eliminating
the
hypoxic
Zone
will
take
more
than
saving
our
Wetlands.
Reducing
nutrient
runoff
in
the
Mississippi
River
Watershed
is
the
heart
of
the
problem.
It's
an
issue
involving
over
half
the
states
in
the
nation
and
a
vast
array
of
Industries,
particularly
farming,
which
uses
nitrogen-rich
fertilizer
to
grow.
AC
V
E
E
In
January
of
1996,
one
of
the
most
devastating
winter
storms
in
history
slammed
the
East
Coast
snow
dumps
on
New
York
and
throughout
the
Northeast.
Corridor
schools,
airports
and
roads
are
shut
down
by
the
time
it's
over.
The
blizzard
and
resultant
flooding
caused
three
billion
dollars
in
losses
and
187
lives
are
taken
and
in
the
Catskill
Mountains
of
Upstate
New
York,
the
snow
melt
triggers
another
potentially
devastating
crisis.
Y
AF
AG
What
we're
looking
at
here
is
a
main
tributary
of
the
Esopus
Creek
during
flooding.
We
were
seeing
a
lot
of
sediment
coming
out
of
the
stream.
The
clay
gets
into
the
water
column
and
it
becomes
very
turbid,
and
then
it
makes
it
very
difficult
to
treat
and
clean
that
water
so
from
a
water
quality
perspective.
We're
very
concerned
about
erosion,
the.
Y
We
have
a
very
exciting
program
with
the
Watershed
agricultural
Council,
where
we
are
working
with
local
farmers.
We
look
at
how
they're
handling
the
animals
so
that
the
runoff
associated
with
manure
fertilizer
and
that
that
farm
activity
isn't
getting
into
the
the
streams
around
our
reservoirs.
This.
AH
Water
here
is
basically
the
water
you're
going
to
be
drinking
down
in
the
city
and
I
feel
I've
got
a
responsibility
to
try
my
best
to
keep
it
clean
for
when
it
gets
down
there.
It
used
to
be
when
it
rained
here
on
the
farm.
The
water
that
ran
away
from
the
the
back
of
the
barn
here
was
full
of
mud,
manure,
and
it
would
just
run
Brown
and
right
into
the
Stream
two
years
ago.
We
would
spread
every
day,
we'd
have
to
take
it
out,
spread
it
on
the
fields.
AH
E
AI
AE
E
X
W
Paved
concrete
surfaces
asphalt,
parking,
lots
sidewalks.
The
question
is:
do
we
need
to
have
as
many
as
we
do,
because,
to
the
extent
that
you
have
too
much
impervious
surface,
the
water
is
not
retained
on
site,
it
doesn't
soak
into
the
ground,
it
runs
off,
picks
up,
speed
carries
pollutants
and
contaminants
into
the
water
body.
One.
E
Strategy
for
preventing
storm
water
runoff
is
occurring
at
the
new
Ford
Rouge
Center
in
Dearborn
Michigan.
This
remodeled
truck
plant
is
covered
by
a
green
roof.
The
size
of
eight
football
fields
planted
with
a
porous
ground
cover.
It
reduces
the
amount
of
polluted
runoff
released
into
the
Watershed.
AJ
W
C
When
you
change
your
used
motor
oil,
you
don't
dump
it
into
the
street
everybody's
got
to
clean
up
after
their
pets.
Obviously,
that's
a
big
concern.
Fertilizers,
herbicides
pesticides
make
sure
you
don't
use
them
anytime,
there's
any
chance
of
rain
coming
up
in
the
near
future
when
you're
irrigating,
your
lawn
in
your
garden,
make
sure
that
you're
not
over
spraying
and
causing
all
those
chemicals
to
end
up
getting
into
the
storm
drain
system.
The
only
way
we're
going
to
solve
the
problem
is,
if
everybody
does
their
part,
we.
E
AK
AL
Immediately
following
the
Civil
War
and
following
reconstruction
and
I
was
shocked.
It's
almost
like
a
horror
movie
when
you
think
that
the
vampires
did
and
all
of
a
sudden
they
come
up
out
of
the
casket,
and
you
think,
damn
I
thought.
I'd
put
a
stake
in
your
heart.
I
thought
that
the
worst
I'm
most
pernicious
heinous
aspects
of
anti-black
white
supremacy
were
long
gone
and
that
I
was
naive
about
that
and
we've
seen
a
rise
in
hate
speech,
anti-Semitism
anti-gay
attitudes
and
people.
AL
When
people
become
frightened,
particularly
about
their
economic
future,
they
look
for
scapegoats
and
the
scapegoats
traditionally
have
been
Jewish
people,
women,
gay
people
and,
of
course,
in
this
country,
people
of
color.
So
it's
a
a
moral,
a
lesson:
let's
don't
go
back
to
what
happened
with
the
Royal
back
to
reconstruction.
AK
AL
It
was
one
of
the
greatest
heroes
of
the
Civil
War
and
reconstruction
served
five
non-consecutive
terms
in
Congress
because
he
was
constantly
being
accused
yet
of
stealing
money
and
misappropriating
funds.
They
were.
There
was
a
mythology
sanctioned
by
the
discipline
of
History
located
at
Columbia
University
called
the
Dunning
School,
led
by
historian
Professor
Dunning,
and
they
found
every
way
to
traduce
the
achievements
of
black
people,
and
that
has
only
been
undone
by
historians
since
Dubois
published
black
reconstruction
and
most
notably
under
the
leadership
of
another
Columbia.
AL
Professor
professor
Eric
foner,
with
whom
we
made
a
reconstruction
series.
He
was
our
chief
consultant
plus
we
have
over
40
historians,
doing
modern
Cutting
Edge
scholarship
on
reconstruction
that
whom
we
feature
in
the
series.
So
it's
very
much
a
collective
series
and
it's
very
much
a
Counterpoint
to
the
received
interpretations
of
reconstruction
fabricated
by
the
Dunning
School.
AL
AK
AL
Carolina
was
Ground
Zero
for
reconstruction
because
it
was
a
majority
black
state,
the
there's,
a
famous
1872
lithograph
of
the
first
colored
Senator,
and
the
members
of
the
House
of
Representatives
and
three
of
those
men
in
that
lithograph
were
from
South
Carolina.
When
Richard
T
Greener
graduated
from
Harvard,
the
first
black
man
to
graduate
from
Harvard
in
the
class
of
1870.
Where
was
the
land
of
opportunity?
Was
it
in
New
York?
Was
it
in
Boston?
AL
Was
it
in
Philadelphia
Charleston,
came
to
Charleston
and
went
to
Colombia
and
served
on
the
faculty
and
took
law
classes
there?
The
a
black
man
from
England
from
Liverpool
England,
Robert,
Brown
Elliott,
came
to
to
Boston
in
1867.
The
British
Navy
could
smell
the
opportunity,
headed
straight
to
South
Carolina
and
worked
for
Richard
Harvey
Kane's
newspaper
then
was
elected
to
congress
very
eloquent
man,
and
this
was
where
it
was
at.
This
is
where
it
was
happening
and
when
I
interviewed
representative
Clyburn
his
office
in
the
in
the
Congress
well.
AL
I
mean
it's
like
a
museum
you
go
in
there
and
all
these
brothers
are
on
the
wall
and
we
talked
about
the
fact
that
South
Carolina
had
a
black
majority
in
the
House
of
Representatives.
You
can't
imagine
that
now,
South
Carolina,
even
in
the
18th
century,
was
called
negro
country.
It
was
a
black
State
and
very
soon
that
was
dismantled.
So
it's
no
surprise
that
many
of
the
most
vicious
battles
over
race
occurred
here,
because
it
was
an
attempt
to
control
this
black
majority.
AL
B
B
AA
A
A
J
D
D
G
G
A
Krista
before
we
before
we
call
the
roll
I
would
like
to
say
one
thing
in
that:
it's
a
great
impact
or
reduction
of
impact
on
the
community
on
Jonesville
Road.
It's
also
a
great
reduction
of
impact
on
those
on
Hilton
Head,
Spanish,
Wells,
Road,
Spanish,
278
and
Spanish
Wells
light.
It
goes
above
and
beyond
just
that
area
so
understand
that
it
has
greater
value
with
that
said
Crystal
will
you
call
the
roll
please?
Yes,.